final paper chem research

8/20/2019 Final Paper Chem Research

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Math Science Technology Center

The Effect of Temperature and Color on the Chemical Reactions within Glow Sticks

Merna Sana, Niki Qureshi !""y Girardot


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Ta"le of Contents

Introduction......................................................................................................................................1

Review of Literature........................................................................................................................3

Problem Statement...........................................................................................................................5

Experimental Desin........................................................................................................................5

Data and !bservations....................................................................................................................."

Data #nal$sis and Interpretation......................................................................................................%

&onclusion.....................................................................................................................................1'

#ppendix #( )low Stic* +ox........................................................................................................11

#ppendix +( Loer Pro................................................................................................................1,

#ppendix &( Randomi-ation..........................................................................................................1,

#ppendix D( Lit Sensor.............................................................................................................1,

#ppendix E( D!E /ormulas and Sample &alculations.................................................................1,

0or*s &ited...................................................................................................................................1,


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INTRO


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Re#iew of $iterature


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e experiment performed below inspected low stic*s2 and te effect of temperature and

color on its luminescence. Luminescence is te emission of lit b$ an obect. ree different

colored low stic*s were used( red2 reen2 and blue. #ll tree of wic were to be measured at

different temperatures. e selected temperatures consisted of 1'4&2 ,'4& and 3'4&. e low

stic*s emittance of lit was ten measured under te influence of tese factors. !btainin exact

measurements of te luminescence re6uired te use of a lit sensor. Lit sensors use

potodiodes2 wic are a t$pe of 7potodetectors8 tat convert lit intensit$ into a measurement

of voltae2 wic are lux 9#mbient:. Lux measures illuminance in te form of one lumen per

s6uare meter. Lumens2 or luminous flux2 measure lit output 9Difference:. 0en lit enters a

lit sensor2 it breaces te top of te potodiode. ;ost potons2 wic are a 6uantum of

electromanetic radiation2 9Poton: pass a tin top la$er2 and move into te next area were

electron pairs are formed. is ten ultimatel$ contributes to te potocurrent. e potocurrent

is proportional to te absorbed lit intensit$ 9Pascotta:.

e anatom$ of low stic*s contributes to its luminescence2 or its 7low8. # visual of te

anatom$ is provided in /iure 1 below. #s /iure 1 below sows2 tere is a li6uid cemical

inside low stic*s2 called dibut$l ptalate 9&1:. It is a clear2 oil$2 colorless li6uid tat is low

in toxicit$ but can irritate te e$es2 s*in2 and mucous membranes 9Excitin:. Some low stic*s

don?t use dibut$l ptalate2 and tese ave a small lass vial inside te plastic. e vial contains

a mixture of $droen peroxide 9=,!,: dissolved in ptalic ester 99&9&!!=:,:. #round te

lass vial is anoter cemical called pen$l oxalate ester 9&1>=1'!>:. e dibut$l ptalate is te

most danerous out of ever$tin above2 but is not deadl$ 9&irelli:.


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/iure 1. =ow Lit Stic*s 0or*

In /iure 1 above2 a low stic* is sown2 alon wit te displa$ of it bein fractured2

resultin in te release of cemicals tat react to create lit.

)low stic*s undero a t$pe of reaction associated wit cemiluminescence.

&emiluminescence is defined as te product of lit emittance2 wit te absence of eat2

trou cemical reactions. 0en te low stic* is bro*en and te inside lass vial as been

ruptured2 te cemical reaction produces cemical ener$ wic is ten absorbed. 0ile tis

cemical reaction occurs2 te electrons inside of te low stic* enter a ier ener$ state2 as

sown in /iure , below. en2 te electrons bein to slow down into a lower ener$ state2 and

lit ener$ is emitted. is is a result of te electrons reacin its round state2 wic is wen

cemicals are nonreactive2 or in te least reactive state possible. #ll of tis ten results in te

transmittance of lit. In te process of tis2 =$droen Peroxide2 = ,!,2 oxidi-es te different

cemicals in te stic*. !xidation occurs wen te $droen peroxide mixes wit te ptalic


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ester and decomposes2 leadin to te emittance of lit. @ar$in colored low stic*s contain

different confiurations. ese diverse cemical structures result in te emittance of different

amounts of ener$ 9#natom$:.

/iure ,. Electron Statese diaram above sows te c$cle tat an electron oes trou in a

cemiluminescence reaction 9Excitin:.

0en examinin te visible lit spectrum2 te fact tat ener$ correlates wit color can

clearl$ be reali-ed. 9sown in /iure 3 below:. e visible lit spectrum is te referencin scale

of wic colors are more visible and emit te most lit. Eac color transmits different si-ed

wavelents. e wavelent si-es are affected b$ wat state te electrons are in. #s mentioned

in te previous pararaps2 wen an electron is in an excited state2 or state of reater movement2

it as reater ener$ wic terefore elps increase te wavelent si-e. e lent of te

wavelents directl$ affects lit emittance2 wic is w$ colors tat ave a lare span of

difference in te visible lit spectrum were cosen for tis experiment. 0avelents tat are

spread out2 or tout to fit witin te left reion of te visible lit spectrum2 are *nown as te

colors tat sine te britest. us bein said2 violetAblue is te britest2 wile reen colors are

midBrane and red colors are to be cateori-ed as 7barel$ perceptible8.


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/iure 3. @isible Lit SpectrumIn te diaram above2 te relationsip between wavelent and te colorAvisible lit

spectrum is sown 9Excitin:. #s te colors deviate from te middle of te spectrum to te left2

te wavelents increase.

In te experiment tat was conducted2 tere was a selection of tree var$in colored low

stic*s( blue2 reen2 and red. #s previousl$ stated2 tese tree colors were specificall$ cosen for

teir ranes on te visible lit spectrum. In /iure > below2 te cemical confiurations of all

tree of tese particular colored low stic*s are sown 9&ompound:. Eac individual colored

low stic* obtains different structures. is2 in turn2 means tat eac different colored low stic*

as a different vibranc$ 9)arcia:. e different vibrancies occur due to te different si-ed

wavelents as discussed in te above pararaps. e red2 Rodamine + 9&,C=31&l,!3 :2

colored low stic* formation is ver$ complex compared to tat of te blue one2

Dipen$lantracene 9&,


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/iure >. e &emistr$ of )low Stic* &olors

e diaram above sows te different structures for eac color in low stic*s. ese

different molecular constructions contribute to producin te different colors.

&olor is not te onl$ attribute tat affects te lit intensit$ of low stic*s. emperature

ma*es a sinificant impact on tis as well. #n experiment was conducted previousl$2 pertainin

to te effect of temperature on low stic*s. In tis experiment2 several low stic*s were

submered in different temperatures of water2 for an unspecified amount of time. e water

temperatures were 1'4& for cold2 3'4& for ot and ,'4& for room temperature. e same metod

was used for te experiment performed and discussed below2 but te amount of time te low

stic*s were submered in te water was , minutes. /urtermore2 te executors of te prior

experiment fractured te low stic*s in a dar*ened area2 and merel$ too* pictures as a

comparison for te luminescence of tese obects. In te experiment performed below2 a different

metod was used. e low stic*s were placed in a dar*ened container2 and te comparison for

te emittance of tese items were anal$-ed from te measurements of lit2 ta*en from a lit

sensor 9Lit:.


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......................e correlation between temperature and te lit intensit$ of low stic*s is easil$

compreensible.

e luminosit$ of low stic*s is a result of various cemical reactions2 wic were previousl$

explained. ese cemical reactions2 tat te low stic*s endure2 are a result of a multitude of

molecules siftin and collidin. #s stated in te inetic ;olecular eor$2 particles are in a

state of constant2 random motion tat is continuall$ collidin wit eac oter and te walls of

teir container. #n increased temperature induces an increased suppl$ of ener$ for tese

moleculesF tus2 resultin in faster and reater collisions. is ten ultimatel$ leads to a reater

lit intensit$ 9+atema:. e opposite effect occurs for wen a temperature is lowered. In

wicever case2 temperature directl$ affects te rate of reaction of te molecules tat produce te

luminescence 9,.1:. ese scientific findins and aspects from te experiments previousl$

mentioned were applied for te researc experiment conducted below. Due to tis2 te data

collected in tis experiment was able expand on previousl$ collected data and provide reater

insit to cemiluminescence.


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%ro"lem Statement

Problem(

e purpose of tis experiment is to identif$ te effect of different colors and varied

temperatures on te lit output2 or te luminescence2 of low stic*s.

=$potesis(

If provided wit various low stic*s tat are te colors of red2 blue2 and reen2 awic are

submered in different temperatures of water2 te water wit te iest temperature of 3'4 &2

alon wit te color tat is te most ritward on te visibilit$ spectrum2 wic is blue 9>5' to

>%5 nm:2 will result in te reatest amount of luminescence from te low stic*s2 ranin

around 1>' lux.


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Data

e independent variables of tis experiment were te color of te low stic*s2 and te

temperature of te water te stic*s were submered in. e colors were red 9ranin from %5 to "5' nm: 2 and blue 9>5' to >%5 nm:. is variable2 avin been

measured before te experiment was conducted2 was based off te wavelents of eac color on

te visibilit$ spectrum. e temperatures were measured in derees &elsius2 and were measured

to be 1' 4&2 ,' 4&2 and 3' 4&. e dependent variable was luminescence2 wic was measured

in lux. # two factor D!E was used for te statistical anal$sis of tis data.

E&perimental 'esign

;aterials(

Lit Sensor 9'.1:1' !mnilow blue low stic*s

1' ite Lite red low stic*s1, ite Lite reen low stic*s

imer

'4 & /ree-er

ermometer 9'.1:1'' ml )raduated &$linder

3' Solo cups 953, mL:)lowstic* +ox

Loer Pro

3' 4& Incubator

SetBGp(

1. Randomi-e te trials for eac run.

,. Pour >'' mL of water into a solo cup and place it in te 3' 4& incubator2 leave in for ,> ours.

3. Pour anoter >'' mL of water into a solo cup and place te cup in te free-er2 leave in for roul

1' minutes before experiment.

>. Place low stic* box witin a dar* or diml$ lit room 9refer to appendix:.


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5. =ave Lit Sensor positioned properl$ b$ pusin te wand trou te ole on top of

te box and te Loer Pro connected 9refer to appendix:.

Procedure(

1. a*e te solo cup from eiter te incubator or fride dependin on te desiredtemperature of water.

,. ;easure te temperature of te water wit a termometer. If te temperature as reacedte temperature needed2 proceed. !terwise2 ive te water time to cool down or warm

up.

3. 0itout activatin te selected low stic*2 immerse te low stic* into te water all tewa$ for , minutes.

>. Remove te low stic* from te cup2 and wipe it toroul$ to remove an$ water

droplets.

5. =oldin te low stic*2 bend it until it crac*s and ten sa*e it for 15 seconds.


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/iure 1. Experimental SetupA;aterials

/iure 1 above displa$s te materials needed and te basic set up of te experiment

conducted.

able 1Experimental /actors of Incubation emperature and &olor

able 1 sows te factors tat are oin to be tested trouout te experiment.

'ata and ("ser#ations

Logger Pro

Glow Stick Box

Timer Thermometer

Solo cu !lle"

with 400 mL o#

w$ter

Light Se%&or

Glow &tick&


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able 1. Experimental /actors of Incubation emperature and &olor

e table sows te factors tat were tested trouout te experiment.

able ,. Run 1 rial !bservations +etween &olor and emperature

e table above sows te observations tat were made durin te first run. In tis run2

different researcers crac*ed te low stic* eac time. /urtermore2 it ad been conducted

trouout te span of , da$s. #lso2 te timin of sa*in te low stic*s were ta*en b$

countin to 15.


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able 3. Run , rial !bservations +etween &olor and emperature

e table displa$ed above sows te observations tat were made trouout te second

run. In tis run2 te same person crac*ed and soo* te low stic* eac time. is run ad been

completed in one da$. In addition2 a stopwatc was used to time te 15 seconds for te sa*in2

resultin in better consistenc$.


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able >. Run 3 rial !bservations +etween &olor and emperature

e table for run 3 sows te observations tat were made trouout te tird run. In

tis run2 te same person crac*ed and soo* te low stic*s eac time. is run also ad been

conducted trouout , da$s2 because te incubators ad stopped wor*in on te initial da$. e

sa*in was timed for 15 seconds on a timer for tis run as well.


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able 5. Lux ;easurement for )low Stic*s

e table above sows te recorded amount of lux ta*en from te red2 reen2 and blue

low stic*s2 all of wic ad var$in temperatures.

Data #nal$sis


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&onclusion


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#PPendix # and +


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#ppendix &( Randomi-ation

;aterials(

iBspire &H calculator

Procedure(

1. urn on te calculator and open a calculator pae.

1. Press te menu button.

,. Scroll down to 75( Probabilit$8 and press enter.

3. Scroll down to 7>( Random8 and clic* enter.

>. Select 7,( Inteer8 and press enter.

5. e displa$ of 7randInt9:8 sould now be on $our screen. Enter te first number wanted

for te rane of numbers tat te randomi-ation includes. /or example2 if te numbers 1

trou " are to be randomi-ed2 enter 1.


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#ppendix E( D!E and Sample &alculations

# D!E anal$-es te effect of factors. o anal$-e te effect of a sinle factor2 its low averae

must be subtracted from its i averae.

Effect 9J:#vB 9B:#v

Sown in fiure 1 below is a sample calculation usin tis formula.

Effect 9J:#vB 9B:#v

"'.,% B 3'.C'

3%.>%

/iure 1. Sinle /actor Effect E6uation

/iure 1 sows te sample calculation of findin te effect of a factor.

e anal$sis of te interaction effect of two factors is also needed in a D!E. is calculation

re6uires te slopes of te dotted and solid sements. 9Refer to /iure 3 on te Data #nal$sis:.


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e slopes are found b$ subtractin te low K value 9$1: from te i K value 9$,:2 and dividin

b$ ,.

m $,B$1,

Sown in fiure , below is a sample calculation for te formula above.

m $,B$1,

".%C lux,

1>.5" lux,

".,% lux

/iure ,. Slope E6uation

/iure , above sows an example of a calculated slope e6uation.

e interaction effect is ten calculated b$ subtractin te slope of te dotted sement 9S,: from

te slope of te solid sement 9S1:.

Interaction Effect S1 B S,

Sown in fiure 3 below is sample wor* of te interaction effect.

Interaction Effect S1 B S,

".,% lux B ,.'% lux

5.,' lux

/iure 3. Interaction Effect

e fiure displa$s te interaction effect e6uation wit sample numbers.

# prediction e6uation is used in a D!E to interpolate results. /or tis e6uation2 te rand averae

must first be ta*en2 ten added to tat would be te effect of te temperature divided b$ two

followed b$ te addition of te effect of color divided b$ two and all finised wit te addition


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of te interaction effect of bot te temperature and color2 divided b$ two. oise is added as

well2 wic accounts for an$ errors or lur*in variables. /or te parsimonious prediction

e6uation2 te same formula is followed2 but wit onl$ sinificant factors.

# sample of te formula is sown below.

/iure >. Prediction E6uation

e fiure above displa$s te prediction e6uation alon wit sample wor*.


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0or*s &ited

,.1. Rate &onstants of Elementar$ Reactions. Elementary Reactions ,.1 9n.d.:( 53B


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+atema2 &ara. Examples of a Stron Effect at emperature =as on &emical Reactions.

Education. Demand ;edia2 n.d. 0eb. ,, ;ar. ,'15. Mttp(AAeducation.seattlepi.comAexamplesB

stronBeffectBtemperatureBcemicalBreactionsB>"31.tmlN.

+rewer2 &aroline. THE T!D" O# THE $MO!%T O# &I'HT $ '&OW TIC( EMIT 9n.d.:( n. pa.

&ar$ #cadem$2 ,'1,. 0eb. 1< ;ar. ,'15.

Mttps(AAcascience !ct. ,'1>. 0eb. 1C

;ar. ,'15.

Mttp(AAwww.compoundcem.comA,'1>A1'A1>Alowstic*sA)

Difference +etween Lux and Lumens. Chris. )emini Lits2 n.d. 0eb. 1% ;ar. ,'15. Mttp(AAeminiB

lits.comAexploreAluxBandBlumensN.

Excitin Electrons. Making the Chemical Connection at the !ni)ersity o+ Edinurgh. .p.2 n.d. 0eb.

,' ;ar. ,'15. Mttp(AAwww.cemicalconnection.or.u*Acemistr$AtopicsAview.pp

topic3Qeadinno5N.

)arcia2 ;itc #. )low Stic*s( =ow Do e$ 0or*. Chemistry log . .p.2 ,'15. 0eb. 1C ;ar. ,'15.

Mttp(AAwww.cemistr$Bblo.comA,'13A'"A3'AcemsummerBcarnivalBlowBstic*sBowBdoBte$B

wor*AN


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)low Stic*s. The .oison Center . &arolinas Poison &enter2 n.d. 0eb. ,' ;ar. ,'15.

Mttp(AAwww.ncpoisoncenter.orAbod$.cfmid11"N.

=arris2 om. =ow Luminol 0or*s. =owStuff0or*s. =owStuff0or*s.com. 0eb. 1% ;a$ ,'15.

Mttp(AAscience.owstuffwor*s.comAluminol3.tmN.

=elmenstine2 P.D. #nne ;arie. =ow Do Litstic*s 0or* )lowstic* &emistr$. $out Education.

.p.2 5 Dec. ,'1>. 0eb. 1< ;ar. ,'15.

Mttp(AAcemistr$.about.comAodAowtinswor*fa6sAaAowlitstic*s.tmN.

=istor$ of )low Stic*s in te ;ilitar$. History o+ 'lo* ticks in the Military. ;ilitar$2 n.d. 0eb. 13

;a$ ,'15.

Mttp(AAmilitar$lowstic*s.comApaesA=istor$BofB)lowBStic*sBinBteB;ilitar$.tml N.

Lit Stic* &emistr$. &ight tick Chemistry 9n.d.:( n. pa. cienti+ic $merican #rontiers. 0eb. 1C

;ar. ,'15. Mttp(AAwwwBtc.pbs.orAsafA1,'"AteacinAteacPD/3.pdfN.

#S#. #S# Science. @isible Lit. .p.2 n.d. 0eb. 1C ;ar. ,'15.

Mttp(AAmissionscience.nasa.ovAemsA'%Ovisiblelit.tmlN.

Pascotta2 Rudier. Potodiodes. Encyclopedia o+ &aser .hysics and Technology. RP Potonics

&onsultin )mb2 n.d. 0eb. 1% ;ar. ,'15. Mttp(AAwww.rpBpotonics.comApotodiodes.tmlN.

Poton. Merriam-Wester . ;erriamB0ebster2 n.d. 0eb. 1% ;ar. ,'15. Mttp(AAwww.merriamB

webster.comAdictionar$ApotonN.


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emperature and te Rate of &emical Reactions. &oolcosmos. 0eb. 1, ;a$ ,'15.

Mttp(AAcoolcosmos.ipac.caltec.eduAs$stemAmediaOfilesAbinariesA1,'N.

e &emiluminescence of Luminol B Introduction. e &emiluminescence of Luminol B

Introduction. Gniversit$ of +ristol. 0eb. 1% ;a$ ,'15.

Mttp(AAwww.cm.bris.ac.u*Awebproects,'',AfleminAintro.tmN.

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