Personality Today!

Personality?

In this issue:

Rev i ew on th e mu st s ee mo vi e :G i r l , Inter ru p ted! ! See p g . 2 3

What is

Ho w do es p ers on a l i ty i nfl uen ce ca reer cho i ce? See pg . 7Sp ec i a l Co ver o n :Typ e A v s . Typ e B Perso n al i t y ! See p g . 1 1

Pers on a l i t y : H ow mu ch ca n we co nt ro l ? See pg . 1

Try the Keirsey Temperament

Test! Free!!See pg. 9

Are we l o s i ngou r em pathy? See p g . 1 7

Table of contents• Personality: How much can we control?...........................1

• Self Concept: How do you know when the reflection in front of the mirror is you?........................................4• Word Search: Find Some Personality..…………………………….6• How does your personality influence your career choice?.........................................................................7• Comic: How to get a personality….………........…………………8• Free Sample: Keirsey Temperament Sorter…………….........9• Special Cover: Type A vs. Type B…………………..………………11• Crossword Puzzle: Who did What?..................................16• News Cover: Are we losing our empathy?.......................17• Advice Column: Ask Alice!..………………………………………….19• Random Survey: Personality vs. Looks………………………….19• Projective Tests Hamper Advancement………………………..20• Comic: Personality Quiz………..………………………………………21• Personality Trivia………………………………………………………….22• Movie Review: Girl, Interrupted..…………………………………23* Advertisements and Classified not included.

By: Alice Dai, Devin Shuman, Juneau Lin, Miffy ChenAP Psychology 2009-2010 ©

Personality: How much can we control?

By Devin Shuman

Our personalities dictate all our interactions. How we approach someone new. How we feel when we fail a test. Our self-concept is at the core of our personality and it influences every aspect of our behavior: our ability to learn, to grow and to change. But where does our self image

come from? Did our parents make us outgoing or creative? The Big Five Personality Factors as determined by Dr Goldberg: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism, combine to describe our personalities. Each is a category in which you can be a scale of intensity, but what gives us those traits? Are we born curious, organized and energetic or do our experiences shape us into competitive, secure individuals? Even if we are born with a set personality does that mean we are unaccountable for our actions? Brain damage, tumors and diseases can all cause significant changes in an individual’s personality. When damage is delivered to the frontal lobe it can reduce your mental abilities, impair your judgment and cause both emotional and behavioral changes. A tumor can rob you of your inhibition, memory and temperament as the tumor increases pressure within your skull. If your spouse became more irritable, anxious, apathetic and/or obsessive over the course of a year would you notice a difference? Of course, you live with them, but would you attribute it to a medical reason or would you just blame them for “being in a bad mood.”

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We do not have the knowledge to attribute all our traits and their intensities to genetics yet but this is where our society is heading. Even if we could blame all our traits on genetics, our genetics determine our hair color and height but we have ways to work around those. We alter our physical traits all the time in society, so genetics shouldn’t be an excuse for our personalities either. Our traits are tendencies that make our lives flow smoothly and they become obstacles in our way. Some people have to overcome traits that are so extreme they require medication and a life time of therapy while for others, their traits simply determine their group of friends and ability to concentrate. Identical twins reared together or apart would have the same personality if genetics were to blame, however studies find that while identical twins share some of the same traits they do not have identical personalities. American psychologist John Watson claimed to be able to take any healthy, well-formed infant and bring them up to become any type of specialist. This claim correlates with the children in China who are raised from a very young age as athletes. Are they altering their personality traits to make them more competitive and obedient or are they simply shaping their outward behaviors? Personality goes beyond actions; it is our thoughts and beliefs. We definitely feel that we can control our thoughts and behaviors but are we born with tendencies that make those “choices” extremely predetermined? Our brains control out entire body so if our brain gets sick it can show itself in an infinite number of ways. So how much of our behavior are we accountable for? If we develop a tumor and we lose our sense of empathy are we responsible for our actions? Medical terminology and causes make actions easier to forgive, but what if the action was serious? If someone murdered your sister due to a rage caused by a tumor would you give them the death penalty, even if they could cure the tumor and the person would return to normal? And at what point are differences a disorder? Should we medicate everyone with traits that make them anything but completely pleasant to be around? Where we should draw the line is constantly being rethought and rewritten in courts and hospitals. Do we believe we have control because it is comforting or do we have control over all our actions, it is a question we must all answer on a individual basis for now.

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How do you know when the reflection in front of the mirror is you?

By Juneau Lin

Self concept is not just how one views them self. Self-concept consists of a many facets with links to characteristics, academics, gender roles, sexuality, racial identity and many more. Self concept is made up of permanent self-assessments, and the knowledge of your skills and abilities, hobbies, and physical capabilities. Self-concept is not just what is happening in the present timeframe, but also into the past, and future. Future selves represent what a person envision themselves to be, what they want to

become, and what they are afraid of becoming. They respond to goals, threats, hopes, fears, and standards. Possible selves can act as an incentive for the future, and they allow you to evaluate your current self.

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"the totality of a complex, organized, and dynamic system of learned beliefs, attitudes and opinions that each person holds to be true about his or her personal existence" (Purkey, 1988).

Self-concept is mainly developed through the conscious reflection of your actions, and feedback from others. Simply put, self-concept is not internal, but created through interaction with the environment, and reflection on that interaction. In terms of personality, your self-concept is an important behavioral factor, even more so then temperament, or personality traits. Temporal and social referencing is the act of comparing yourself from a point in the past, to a point in the present. This referencing is what leads to the self-examination that prompts an individual to make behavioral and/or environmental changes in order to maintain their self- concept. The way that you reference is usually

changing throughout your lifetime. While temporal referencing is usually common in childhood and old age, in a time where physical and cognitive changes are most easily seen, social referencing is mostly present in adolescence and adulthood, in the times when individual change is less appreciated. Successful friendships are key to the development of your self-concept. By having successful friendships, one has more

interaction, and comparison with others. With the lack of successful friendships, an adolescent is more often in isolation, and has a greater chance of making negative comparisons. In turn, this will lead to such individuals lacking the proper social skills needed to meet many needs in society. So how do you know when you are who you are? Well, its not easy to find out if you are not willing to form lasting, and successful relationships with people. The best way to develop your self-concept is to make more successful friendships, and get to know your environment!

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FIND SOME

By Devin Shuman

S O O U E W V L J S X P A T T ME T O O C X E F R U X A E P Y TL L S P N S X B K R H D L E P EF J X E A L T C N O D D J C E BE G I N T E R V E R S I O N B RF T C N P E A A U S J C A O J GF V B E E L V Y R C J T B C C GI Q I S C T E I O H V I T F J DC E G S C M R X T A Q O W L H IA D F E A Y S V I C L N Z E S DC S I R F E I O C H E A Q S E ZY B V Q B A O A I E N J U G O LR P E R S O N A S I A K B T L MU R S V R I R D M V D U N O U CO H H H M F Z U Q K X A G O O WP C O A J A S K A E F E C W L W

ACCEPTANCEADDICTIONANIMAANIMUSBIGFIVEEXTRAVERSION

INTERVERSIONNEUROTICISMOBJECTIVE TESTSOPENNESSPERSONASRORSCHACH

SELF CONCEPTSELF EFFICACYTYPE ATYPE B

PERSONALITY

(Answers on pg 17)

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The Holland Code is visually represented by six types and is arranged on a hexagon (as shown on the next page). The scores are calculated correlations between the different types, the shorter the distance between the corners on the hexagon the more closely they are related.

How does your personalityBy Alice Dai You have just graduated from high school and it is the summer before your freshman year at college. But instead of feeling relaxed, you just cannot get one thing out of your mind. What is it you may ask? Your career! But don’t stress because over 75% of students enter college undecided of their majors.

Did you know that your personality can greatly influence your career choice? The Holland Code was formulated by psychologist John L. Holland in order to articulate a person’s personality and how they would interact in work environments. His theory, by using six factor typology states that “the choice of a vocation is an expression of personality.” The Holland Code provides an in-depth interpretation on various vocational interests and thus can aid in your decision of a future career. He is most famous for developing The Vocational Preference Inventory and the Self Directed Search. Tests using Holland Personality Styles link vocational interests with personality. Different tests can provide different information, for example the relationship between job personalities and key characteristics, college majors, hobbies, abilities, and related careers. Holland’s theory does not limit an individual to just one type nor does it claim that there are “only six types of people in the world.” Instead, his theory assumes that any individual can be described as having an interest associated with any of the six types from most preference to least preference. As a result there are 720 (6!) different personality patterns.

influence your career choice?

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The Holland Code are referred to by their first letters as RIASEC.

So the next time you feel stressed or overwhelmed by a need to decide on a future career choice, why not just take a breath and take the Holland Code. If interest inventories and job classifications use this code as a vocational guidance, I’m sure you’ll find this personality test just as useful.

The six personality and work environment types described by Holland are as follows:

• Realistic - practical, physical, hands-on, tool-oriented • Investigative - analytical, intellectual, scientific, explorative• Artistic - creative, original, independent, chaotic • Social - cooperative, supporting, helping, healing/nurturing • Enterprising – competitive environments, leadership, persuading • Conventional - detail-oriented, organizing, clerical

By Alice Dai

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Try the

Do you prize in yourself…o a strong hold on realityo a vivid imagination

Which seems the greater fault…o to be too compassionateo to be too dispassionate

When the phone rights, do you…o hurry to get to it firsto hope someone else will answer it

Which do you wish more for yourself…o strength of willo strength of emotion

Your gender is…o Femaleo Male

To find your results and take the rest of the test, log on to…

www.keirsey.com/sorter

This sample only available in this issue!

KeirseyTemperame

nt Sorter!

By Juneau Lin

9

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In contrast, people with Type B personality are more laid back, easy going, and conflict avoiding. They usually live under a lower stress level but tend to be more productive when put under stress rather than destructive and anxious. People with Type B personality are less likely to suffer the health problems mentioned above, and generally live a longer life than people with Type A personality.

People with Type A personality are known for being more assertive, more aggressive, more impatient, and has a higher need to achieve above and beyond. They have also been associated with having high blood pressure, being more prone to heart diseases, and more short-lived due to their poor living habits and poor health condition.

The topic of Type A and Type B personality has been a popular topic in psychology since it has first been brought up in the 1950s. The specific qualifications for each personality remain ambiguous even until today among experts. However, there are some common characteristics acknowledged for each personality type.

Type A vs. Type B:Which personality are you?

By Miffy Chen

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1. Do you find yourself in a hurry more often than not?A. Yes B. No

2. Do you grind your teeth, when you're awake or asleep?A. Yes B. No

3. Do you find it difficult to fully listen to someone when they are talking, and usually think of other things at the same time? A. Yes B. No4. Do you believe that people are basically untrustworthy, and only think for themselves?

A. Yes B. No5. Do you usually read mail or sort papers while talking on the phone, or read while eating?

A. Yes B. No6. Do others tell regularly tell you to slow down or relax?

A. Yes B. No7. Do you find it difficult and frustrating to wait in line or sit in traffic?

A. Yes B. No8. Do you talk faster than most people, sometimes having to repeat yourself because others can't understand your fast speech?

A. Yes B. No9. Do you find your facial muscles to be tense much of the time?

A. Yes B. No10. Do you find yourself interrupting others when they speak?

A. Yes B. No11. Do you focus heavily on personal achievement, sometimes putting it ahead of relationships?

A. Yes B. No12. Do you have a significant need for recognition from others?

A. Yes B. No

Type A vs. Type B Quiz:Which personality are you?

Take the quiz to find out if you are the easily irritated Type A or the positive-even-if-the-sky-falls Type B!!

By Miffy Chen 12

Give yourself +1 point for every “A” you have and -1 point for every “B”.

13. Do you find yourself working stressful and high-demand jobs?A. Yes B. No

14. Do you eat faster than others, or leave the table as soon as you're done eating, even if others aren't finished?

A. Yes B. No15. Is your walking pace faster than most people's to the point that you need to make yourself slow down to keep pace with them?

A. Yes B. No16. Do you lose sleep thinking about rude or frustrating things people have done during the day?

A. Yes B. No17. Do you often get annoyed by the slowness of waiters, the rudeness of store clerks, and the idiots on the road?

A. Yes B. No18. Do you find yourself anticipating disasters often, always aware of what could go horribly wrong?

A. Yes B. No19. Do you find yourself sweating often, especially on your forehead and upper lip? Or, do you have dark circles under your eyes?

A. Yes B. No20. Do you find yourself being more competitive than most people?

A. Yes B. No

See next page for your result…In cat language!!

By Miffy Chen

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+10 ~+ 6You lean slightly towards Type A. You act out when you find yourself in situations you absolutely cannot stand. Advice: Next time when you feel like exploding, try breathing and counting to 10, maybe 20.

+20 ~ +11You are definitely a Type A!!! Advice: Sometimes it’s better to just slow down, breath, and enjoy life. Try something more relaxing for a change: knitting, gardening, or just taking a walk in the park. Having pets is also great way of relieving stress!!

+5 ~ -5You are a mix of Type A and Type B! You have the determination of a Type A, and the mellowness of a Type B! You know when to push yourself and when to let go on things. Keep up the good work!

-6 ~ -10You lean slightly towards Type B. You are mostly calm and relaxed. Advice: Be more aggressive from time to time.

-11 ~ -20You are definitely a Type B!!! Advice: The best things in life are worth fighting for. You need to figure out what is it that you value most, step up, and work for it!

By Miffy Chen

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What do you see?To find out more about your personality,you can purchase your own set of Rorschach Inkblot now for the incredibly low price of

$49.99!!By Miffy Chen

Call 1-800-234-567 to find out more.

By Alice Dai

15

ACROSS:2. Holland Codes (RIASEC, career path) (Hint: with middle initial).3. Classical conditioning.5. Social learning; Self-efficacy; Bobo Doll experiment.8. Person-situation controversy.10. Operant conditioning.11. Factor Analysis; 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire.12. Id, Ego, Superego; Defense Mechanisms.13. Archetypes (Self, Shadow, Anima, Animus, Persona)14. Self concept (real self, ideal self)15. Cardinal, Central, and Secondary traits

DOWN:1. Locus of control4. Hierarchy of Needs6. Big Five7. Extraversion, Neuroticism, Psychoticism9. Growth promoting climate; Client-centered therapy

Use the following clues to help you complete the following puzzle! Fill in the name of the psychologist who contributed to the work described in the corresponding clue.

WHO DID WHAT?(Answers on pg 19)

By Miffy Chen 16

Are we

By Devin Shuman

Researchers from the University of Michigan analyzed data from 72 studies done between 1979 and 2009 and found that college students’ feelings of empathy have declined drastically. There has been a 40% decline in empathetic concern over the years, especially after the year 2000. The researchers suggest that the decline could be due, in part, to an over-exposure of violent, negative media to our generation. Over-exposure to such images has been linked in other studies to increased apathy towards the victims in the images. With an increased use of the Internet and social media our generation is focusing more on ourselves than on those around us, some adults are even calling us “Generation Me.” While the Internet and media have spread the availability of information have they also lead us to loose our empathy? Cast your vote about the fate of our empathy at our website today!

S E T TE T O C E A E P Y TL S P N X R D E PF E A T N O D C EE I N T E R V E R S I O N BF N P E A U S C OF B E E V R C T CI I S C E I O H I FC G S C R T A O LA F A S I C N EC I I C H E A SY V O A I N J

P E R S O N A S I BI M O

M UA S

Answer to the word search on pg 6

ACCEPTANCE (5,10,N)ADDICTION (12,2,S)ANIMA (8,12,SW)ANIMUS (12,11,SW)BIGFIVE (3,7,S)EXTRAVERSION (7,2,S)INTERVERSION (3,5,E)NEUROTICISM (9,4,S)OBJECTIVETESTS (14,14,NW)OPENNESS (4,2,S)PERSONAS (2,13,E)RORSCHACH (10,3,S)SELFCONCEPT (14,11,N)

SELFEFFICACY (1,1,S)TYPEA (16,2,W)TYPEB (15,1,S)

(Over, Down, Direction)

By Devin Shuman

losing ourempathy?

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Hi, my name is Amy. My friends tease me about not having a personality! What should I do?

Random What do you look for in a friend?Someone with a personality or looks?

Ask Alice!Your guide to everything personality!

Dear Amy: First off, I think that your friends are just playing with you. Everyone has a personality because your personality types is the foundation from which you can make changes in your life. Your trends may not be paying as much attention to you as needed. I think you just need to spend more time with your friends and perhaps relax a little. If you feel that this is taking a toll in your life, perhaps you can join a counseling class as well? - Alice

By Alice Dai and Miffy Chen

By Alice Dai

Survey! Personality iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiLooks iiiiiiiiiiii

Answer to the crossword puzzle on pg 16

Did you get them all?

By Miffy Chen19

Projective tests are personality tests designed to let a person respond to stimuli, which is ambiguous. These tests are assumed to reveal hidden conflicts, and emotions. Projective tests are not analyzed by presuppositions on meaning, but for meaning itself. As such, there are criticisms that projective tests rely heavily clinical judgment. They lack reliability, and validity. Not to mention, there is no standardized data. Take for example, the Rorschach Inkblot Test. In which random inkblots ignite hidden thoughts and conflicts. However, the validity of the test is very poor. As each clinician may have different views, their reports are partly subjective. The Thematic Apperception test is also a projective test. It is widely known as the picture interpretation technique, as it utilizes a series of ambiguous yet invoking images to make the subject tell a story. However, the TAT cannot be proved to be valid or reliable. It is not standardized. The TAT series have been said to be out-dated, and hence create a negative story, more so then photos. How can we rely on projective tests then, if they lack reliability, validity, and standardization Obviously we should not practice the use of projective tests, and we should not use them as the main course of evidence. They do not provide the proper evidence, and they are only a little part of a large story. All in all, projective tests are out-dated, and are like one star out of the millions in the sky.

PROJECTIVE TESTS HAMPER ADVANCEMENT

By Juneau Lin

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By Juneau Lin

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Personality Trivia!

Who is the idea of “self-actualization” as a force in personality associated with?A. Havelock EllisB. Abraham MaslowC. Pierre JanetD. Alfred Adler

Who is famous for the split brain experiments?A. Roger Sperry B. FreudC. Neal MillerD. BF Skinner

Who is recognized for the principles of operant conditioning?A. BF SkinnerB. Carl RogersC. Karen HorneyD. Harry Stack Sullivan

While individual did not pioneer of a form of therapy?A. Carl RogersB. Arthur JanovC. Fritz PerlsD. Roger Sperry

Who is remembered for the concept of the “idealized self-image?”A. Anna FreudB. Margaret meadC. Melanie KleinD. Karen Horney

Are you a Type A Personality that is driven to memorize trivia?Do you know more of these facts than your friends?

1. B2. A3. A4. D5. D6. A

By Devin Shuman

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are? In the movie the doctors say that Lisa is still in the hospital because she doesn’t want to change while Susanna is able to leave because she makes the decision to fight it. However, portraying Susanna as able to readapt and go off her medications almost suggests that all it takes is willpower to fight a personality disorder. But if it only took willpower would there be anyone in psychiatric hospitals? If someone with a clinical disorder can “recover” from their illness by willpower then how does that reflect on the rest of us? Can we all change our personalities if we try hard enough? Girl, Interrupted seems to suggest that even if personality is innate we have the ultimate, the final decision on who we are, how we act, and what we think…

Movie to See: Girl, Interrupted.By Devin Shuman

“It's a very big question you're faced with, Susana. The choice of your life. How much will you indulge in your flaws? What are your flaws? Are they flaws?... If you embrace them, will you commit yourself to hospital?... for life?” - Dr. Wick

Girl, Interrupted Girl, Interrupted is based off of a bestselling memoir about Susanna Kaysen’s stay at a psychiatric hospital in the late 1960s. Susanna befriends the other occupants of her floor including a charismatic sociopath Lisa. This movie stars Winona Ryder, Whoopi Goldberg, and Angelina Jolie. Susanna is diagnosed with borderline personality disorder after she attempts suicide. Susanna suffers from an unstable self-image, impulsive self-damaging behaviors, suicidal thoughts and long-term feelings of emptiness. The doctors claim that in order to “recover” and leave the hospital Susanna must not accept her illness as “a gift” as Lisa does but must choose to change her thoughts and behaviors and fight her illness. However, Susanna is not even sure if she is borderline at first since the symptoms can generally be applied to almost anyone to some degree. To what degree do personality traits have to alter from the “norm” in order to qualify as disorders?The main question this movie brings up is how much of our personality is our choice? Is everyone in the hospital there because they have accepted their disorders as who they

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Girl, Interrupted has a few holes in it’s portrayal of mental illnesses. At one point Susanna mentions possible hallucinations which are not a typical symptom of Borderline Personality Disorder. Also those who leave the hospital are portrayed as leaving without any medications while I know in reality many live the rest of their lives medicated to some degree. This movie focused on the personalities and the way the patients adapted to the ward instead of focusing on their medications or explanations of their disorders. Lisa, the sociopath, receives shock therapy while in reality by the end of the 1960’s it was almost never used anymore.

By Alice Dai24

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Credits: By Miffy Chen

Alice Dai: - (Original Article) How does your personality influence your career choice? pg. 7~8 - (Comic) How to get a personality pg. 8 - (Ad) New personality pg. 15 - (Advice Column) Ask Alice! pg. 19 - (Survey) Random Survey: Personality vs. Looks pg. 19 - (Classified) Looking for psychologist specializing in personality disorders pg. 24 - (Classified) Looking for child psychiatrist pg. 24

Devin Shuman: - (Original Article) Personality: How much can we control? pg. 1~2 - (Classified) Bellevue’s Personality Research Center pg. 3 - (Word Search + Answer) Find Some Personality pg. 6, 17 - (Ad) Bellevue School of Child pg. 10 - (News and Trends) Are we losing our empathy? pg. 17 - (Ad) MRI pg. 18 - (Trivia) Personality Trivia pg. 22 - (Movie Review) Girl, interrupted. pg. 23~24

Miffy Chen: - (Ad) Rorschach Inkblot Set pg. 15 - (Original Article) Type A vs. Type B pg. 11 - (Quiz + Explanation) Type A vs. Type B pg. 12~14 - (Crossword Puzzle + Answer) Who did What? pg. 16, 19 - (Advice Column) Ask Alice! pg. 19

Juneau Lin: - (Original Article) How do you know when the reflection in front of the mirror is you? pg. 4~5 - (Ad) Keirsey Temperament Sorter pg. 9 - (Editorial) Projective Tests Hamper Advancement pg. 20 - (Comic) Personality Quiz pg. 21

Cover Page: Devin & MiffyEdit: MiffyPictures: Miffy

Credits: MiffyAppendix: Miffy

Appendix:

Viegas, Jennifer. "Nurture Not Nature." Nurture Not Nature. Web. 12 June 2010. <http://facstaff.uww.edu/mohanp/twinhumor.html>.

"Meningioma Brain Tumor: UCLA." Neurosurgery: Brain Tumor Surgery, Stroke, Minimally Invasive Surgery, Brain Aneurysms, Spinal Disorders, Trigeminal Neuralgia – UCLA. Web. 11 June 2010. <http://neurosurgery.ucla.edu/body.cfm?id=178>.

"Self-concept and Self-esteem." Educational Psychology Interactive. Web. 12 June 2010. <http://www.edpsycinteractive.org/topics/regsys/self.html>

Wikipedia contributors. "Holland Codes." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 10 Jun. 2010. Web. 12 Jun. 2010. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland_Codes>

"Undecided Students - Ivy Tech Community College." Ivy Tech Community College. Web. 12 June 2010. <http://www.ivytech.edu/fortwayne/ssas/undecided-students.html>.

Scott, Elizabeth. "Type A Personality Traits - Characteristics and Effects of a Type A Personality." Stress Management - Stress Information and Resources from About.com. Web. 12 June 2010. <http://stress.about.com/od/understandingstress/a/type_a_person.htm>.

Scott, Elizabeth. "The Type A Personality Quiz." Stress Management - Stress Information and Resources from About.com. Web. 12 June 2010. <http://stress.about.com/library/Type_A_quiz/bl_Type_A_quiz.htm>.

The Original Rorschach Website -- Home. Web. 12 June 2010. <http://www.rorschach.org/>.

Zucker, Kevin. "The Highlights Thematic Apperception Test." The Highlights. Web. 12 June 2010. <http://thehighlights.org/wp/?p239>

Alexander, Patrick. Hilarity Comics. Web. 12 June 2010. <http://www.comics.chickennation.com/comics/hilarity-comics/015_personality_quiz.png>."Empathy. Got Some? | Psychology Today." Psychology Today: Health, Help, Happiness Find a Therapist. Web. 11 June 2010. <http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/lights-camera-happiness/201005/empathy- got-some>.Girl, Interrupted. Dir James Mangold. Based on book by Susanna Kaysen. Columbia Pictures, 1999.

Images from Google Images.

By Miffy Chen

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