final pro thesis
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 01
Introduction
1.1 Overview
In previous years, due to reduction in natural resources for generating energy, energy efficient
technologies have taken a great importance internationally. Especially illumination sources
which are used on very high scale. Street lights are one of them. Street light system uses many
technologies, now a day’s HID lamps are used most. Whereas power consumed by HID lamps is
very large and also they release CO2 on a great scale thus effecting the environment and also
affecting the national power supply system. But on other hand LED’s system consume less
power and their life time is also more than HID lamps. LED’s system is becoming now a most
popular and economical source due to its less power consumption and large life time. This
technique also has dominated other techniques and technologies due to its advantages.
1.2 Statement of Problem
Now a day’s mostly street lights works on light intensity, they are switched ON when intensity
of light is decreased to some critical value and switched OFF when intensity of light is above
some critical value. This is the working of streets lights normally used now a day. In our project
we have used some techniques to reduce power consumed by street lights thus making the street
light system less dependent on national grid and also we have make it most economical street
light system. We have used brightness adjustment system which also helps in decreasing the
power consumed. Two points are the core of this project first LED’s technology and second
brightness adjustment control. We have chosen LED’s panel because they have less power
consumption and their life time is very large as compared to other illumination technologies. Our
project working is that when in the evening light intensity becomes less than the critical value
then lights are switch ON and after mid night they automatically switched OFF based on real
clock value. After mid night it works on vehicle and human movement sensed by sensors
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installed at each pole of light. Lights will be ON in that region through where vehicle is moving.
These lighted poles will move with the vehicles means that poles above the vehicle remain ON
and previous poles will be OFF and next 5-6 poles will be ON. These cycles continues with the
vehicle. This also helps in reduction of power usage. Also we can make the street lights
independent of national grid by using solar panels on each pole. Installation cost of such system
increases but as they will be independent from national grid and uses their own power so their
installation cost will be recovered and they will become profitable. Also we can make them more
reliable by using wireless control system that will detect a fault and send error report to based
station so we will easily know the type of fault and on which pole so maintenance can be easily
done without manually checking each tower devices on daily bases to run the streets lights
perfect. This project can be enhanced to further stages such as solar panels installation and
control system installation. This all system will lead us to independent street lighting system that
will be economical more efficient and self fault detection system will help in maintenance.
1.3 Purpose of Project
LED technology has a disadvantage that they have higher prices which are compensated by lack
of wiring. They require low maintenance due to their life timing and reliability. The most
important advantage is their less power consumption therefore they are becoming the most
efficient technology.LED street light is now becoming the fundamental answer to improve our
life style and it also improves the structure and facilities in our society in a most economical
way. The LED system can save up to 75% electricity and their light quality is very good. As
HID lamps they don’t have any harmful atmospheric emissions thus don’t pollute the
environment. In HID lamps intensity of light remains constant at some power and it can’t be
change by changing the power whereas LED’s technology based system intensity can be halved
by reducing power to half value of full intensity power value. This is its advantage we have used
in our project that is we have used different brightness for vehicle and human.
1.3.1 Auto Brightness Adjustment
Usually street lights are switched ON at evening when some light detecting device gives a signal
and switch OFF when device give signal at the morning. Intensity of light range is fixed in the
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device above and below of that value causes the light to ON or OFF. Also streets lights are
remained ON for whole night when they are no traffic on the road. This is not economical to ON
streets light for whole night. To overcome this we have used sensed lighting system which works
on movement of human and vehicle. Traffic on the roads remains high before mid night so lights
are kept ON for mid night and after mid night traffic on the road decreases so lights are switched
OFF, now sensor starts its work and switches the light on the base of vehicle or human
movement. As LED has a property to decrease its intensity when power delivered to it is
decreased. By using this property of LED’s we have developed such a system that increases or
decreases its brightness linked with vehicle or human movement. As vehicles required high
intensity of light so for them high intensity value is set and for human it is set to low value. This
system also works during day time when light intensity decreases below the critical value due to
clouds or fog etc.
Components of Intelligent Street Lightening System
220V Power Supply
12V Step Down Transformer
Passive Infrared (PIR) Sensor
Pic16F877A Microcontroller
Voltage Regulator
DS1307 Real Time Clock
Light Crystal Display (16x2)
Resistors (10k,220ohm,2.7k), Capacitors (10uF,104uF,27pF,1000uF)
Testing LED’s
Oscillator 4MHz
2 Relays for IR Sensor & 2 Relays for LED Panel
2 NPN Transistors (C945)
2 PNP Transistors (2SA1015)
LED Panel with two Rows
Thermister (variable resistor , 10K)
IR Photodiode (receiver)
IR LED ( Transmitter)16
Full Wave Rectifier Circuit
1.4 Applications of Intelligent Street Lightening System
They are widely used due to following reasons
No need to control street lights manually.
Electrical power saving.
Increases life time of street lights.
Intelligent Street lights.
Economical and Efficient System.
Less Maintenance required.
1.5 Intelligent Street Lightening System Disadvantages
LED light is more concentrated, so be sure to the secondary optical design, make the light
intensity distribution
Only single LED is low power to get high power multiple parallel LED’s will be used.
LED’s has low color rendering index.
Due to error in manufacturing process it causes “yellow” problem.
1.6 Summary
The purpose of this project is to provide such a system which is reliable, most efficient and
economical to install for betterment of citizens of a city. Also this project helps to overcome
power consumption in a country like Pakistan which is energy deficient country. It is based on
some facts that how to reduce power usage, decrease maintenance efforts and to built a reliable
system. We have used LED technology that uses less power and its brightness can be control by
decreasing or increasing the power which also helps in decreasing the power usage. Lighting
system will work as it will be ON at evening depending on light intensity value and remains ON
for mid night and then it will work on sensing the vehicle or human movement. Also the
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brightness will be decrease for human and at the evening when full brightness is not needed. So
by using these techniques we have save a lot of power.
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Chapter 2
Literature Review
2.1 Importance
Main function of street lighting system is to help pedestrians and vehicles in finding their way on
the road when there is darkness and nothing can be seen. Thus the intelligent street lightning
system 100% fulfill this purpose with high efficiency. Photodiodes thus turn on and turn off the
LEDs according to available amount of light and amount of vehicles and pedestrians on the road,
so there is no need of lamplights in the presence of this efficient technology. Now in the presence
of this improved technology we don’t rely on high intensity discharge lamps. LED focuses
strong light on the photodiodes due to its high capability of focusing light and also due to its
efficiency of output energy. Street lighting system also reduces the crime accidents in the
residential areas and also reduces road accidents where there is population around road and
markets.
2.2 Street Lighting Technology Comparison
There is a comparison between different types of street lights used these days and previously
according to their working procedure, construction, economical aspects, time of installation, cost
and maintenance etc.
2.2.1 Street Lighting Today
At the present time street lighting systems we usually uses discharge lamps of high intensity,
often use HPS high pressure sodium discharge lamps. At one side they are beneficial because
such HPS lamps provide huge amount of photonic light which consume electricity up to a very
low level. However when we look photonic calculations of light so it is observed that High
Pressure Sodium discharge lights are inappropriate in using as lighting for night time. The main
purpose of using white LEDs is that white light equipment’s are observed to two driver
peripheral sight and also enhance brake reaction time of driver up to 24%. While using 19
calculations of light through S-P, there is need to reduce HPS lamp performance by a minimum
value of 75%. If a comparison is made between metal halide and high-pressure sodium lamps
then the result will be almost same that both lamps have equal photonic light levels, a street
which is brightened by a metal halide illumination at night time was reliably observed by bright
equal to that brightened by a HPS(high pressure sodium) system. Modern technologies of street
lightening, e.g. induction lights and LEDs lights that illuminate the street light with equal high
intensity as sodium vapor lamps butt consume electricity at very low wattage and lower photonic
lumens that can easily replace the present street lightning. Conventional stipulations in vicinity
of Photonic adjusting for different forms of lights which renders departments of street lights for
testing, implementation and usefulness from these recent technologies for street lightning
system.
2.3 Street Lighting Technology Comparison with other
Technologies
2.3.1 Incandescent Lamps
Incandescent Lamps are widely used light lamps which are invented by a famous electrical
scientist “Thomas Edison” about 150 years ago in 1879. They have a benefit of low initial cost,
good color delivering but have low efficiency. They have almost short life period as compare to
other technologies and have also have very high wattage as compared to CFLs and halogen
lamps that have exactly the same brightness as Incandescent lamps, or output light. Incandescent
lamps give rise luminance by heating up a metal filament which is enclosing by a glass of low
weight. Efficiency of incandescent lights can be observed from this point that 90% of total input
energy is consumed as heat and 90% input energy is converted in useful light. They are usually
use in the areas where there occur more theft accidents or willful wanton of light illuminations.
In these areas a high changing of these lights occurs due to their efficient use and low cost. But
in all way they are very wasteful as compared to output, efficiency and almost in all aspects. We
cannot compare LED lights and incandescent lights because of their 5% efficiency and a few
hour of life period and those LEDs have 7% more efficiency.
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Table 2.1: Comparison of street lighting systems
Technology
Of light
life
period
per watt
lumens
Coloring
temperature
Index of color
rendering
Time of
light
Basic considerations
(incandesc
ent light)
2.001 -
6.00110 – 16 3.901K 45 instantaneous low efficiency, less life time
(mercury
vapors
light)
13.002 -
25.00314 – 49 3.095K 16 - 50 17 min Low efficiency, UV rays,
(metal
halide
light)
11.005 -
16.0065 – 101
4.005-
5.308K75 14 min UV rays, also consist of mercury
(compact
fluorescen
t light)
13.004 -
21.07052 – 73
3.781-
7.201K87 15 min
less life , illuminate with dim light in
cold weather , also consists mercury
vapors
(induction
light)
61.003 -
101.01075 – 91
3.701-
7.502K78 spontaneous
Huge cost, , consists lead vapors,
badly heat affected
Light
emitting
diodes
50.002 -
100.01071– 155
2.207-
5.401K83 - 91 spontaneous high initial cost relative to others
2.3.2 High Intensity Discharge lights
HID consists of:
Mercury Vapor lights
Metal Halide lights
High Pressure Sodium lights21
2.3.3 Mercury Vapor Lights
Mercury Vapor Lamps were produce about 67 years ago in 1948. It was an improved technology
at a high level as compared to that of incandescent lamps, and also has high intensity of light as
compared to incandescent and florescent lights. At initial time of their introduction peoples did
not liked them due to their bluish green light. Other disadvantages of mercury lamps is that the
large amount of their output light is ultraviolet light, and depreciation occur in them that
phenomenon is that their brightness become dim and dim with the passage of time. When
mercury lamps were initially introduced they have the coating of special substance made of
phosphors inside the bulb to help correctness the deficiency of red light from mercury vapor
lights. The Ultraviolet light help in production of the phosphor, while giving out a more high
level white light. Mercury lamps are called color corrected lights. Many mercury lamps have
white appearance.
2.3.4 High Pressure Sodium lights
HPS were invented about 45 years ago in 1970 and are these lamps are also most commonly
used in street lights and also have more efficiency as compared to mercury vapor lamps and
halide lamp. The big disadvantage is that they emit low intensity yellow light. These lights
produce light of low intensity which has low intense colors. These lights are also create
difficulties for police departments because in the presence of this light the real color of clothes of
thief are changed, which is difficult to distinguish for an eye witness. Sodium vapor color
corrected lights are available but are more expensive than other technologies. But the
disadvantage of these lights is that they have low brightness and have low efficiency.
Most commonly used sodium vapor lights are, high-pressure and low-pressure sodium lights.
Between both of them high pressure sodium lights are most commonly use. But LPS have more
efficiency than High Pressure Sodium lights, but they form a wave of yellow light having colors
cannot be differentiated. LPS lamps have low intensity of light as compared to HPS therefore
they are used for low heights for providing lights , such as in the tunnels, where the limited
lighting control has low a liable level where high pressure lights are not liable to use. Another
disadvantage of HPS lights is that they contain high intensity of mercury and also vapors of lead.
Unsafe disposal of these bulbs can cause very dangerous for human beings and wild life and can
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contaminate the food and cause environmental pollution. Due to low intensity, high cost and high
diffusion of mercury and lead to the environment HPS and LPS are low deficient to use as street
lightening.
2.3.5 Fluorescent Lamp
Fluorescent lamps first developed in 1930s. These lamps are common types of the discharge
lamps in which gas glows due to small current. Fluorescent lamps have more efficiency as
compared to incandescent lights on the other side are less efficiency than those of high efficiency
LPS lamps. Main disadvantage of using fluorescent bulbs is that their size is somewhat large and
also they emit unidirectional lights. These lights contain lead and mercury whose diffusion on
explosion in atmosphere is very harmful for environment. Due to directionality these lamps
should be mounted at very high at the lamp post. Fluorescent lamps have no useful aspects to be
use as street lights, but they are very famous for use in the parks and outside the buildings and
homes as to provide lightening in the gardens.
2.3.5.1 Packed Fluorescent Light
Packed fluorescent lamps are mostly using lamps in this era due to their advanced technology.
These lamps are being commonly used as street lighting rather than the fact they are present in
deficiency at this time. But they are less reliable and thus improvements should be made in them.
They have some disadvantages related to them that high heat buildup in them cause their
explosion, low life , and also have a major problem that their light become dimmer and dimmer
when the weather is getting cold. Also they have mercury which is major cause of pollution.
Compact fluorescent lamps have high efficiency and that of CRI is about 85. These lamps may
give rise a color temperature about 3500 K and their light becomes low light about that of color
temperature.
2.3.6 Induction Light
Induction lights are new technology in present time. Induction lamps use radio frequency which
produce the electric field, which produce some gases to produce light. Induction lights are very
closely related in aspect that these lights have low start up time and they work at the peak
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efficiency same like that of LED technology. This technology has some major advantages on
other technologies and they are major step toward the LED lighting system. But a major
disadvantage of induction light technology is that there is low dispersion and directionality of
light as compared to advanced LED technology. Their life is reduced due to production of heat in
them and also due to containing lead in them which leads them toward the severe environment
pollution.
2.4 LED Lights
Light emitting technology is very fast increasing technology in the world due to their output,
their efficiency and more reliability as compared to all other technologies. In all aspects LED
technology take a high lead on all other technologies which have more disadvantages as
compared to their advantages. As the initial high cost of LED technology is very high but in spite
of it they are more efficient lights in reducing electricity consumptions, high reliability and also
this technology is environmental friendly. But if we want to take the full advantage of this
technology there is need to differentiate between low quality technologies and LED
technology, as the low quality technologies have increased in the whole the world as
compared to LED. So main purpose is render supply of other technologies.
2.4.1 Distinction of High Quality LED on Low Quality LED Lights
LED lights are most recent and most advanced technology as compared to other technologies
which have developed many years ago and are less advanced. The most difficult work which is
to be performed is the production of LED lightning system because as more efficient technology
is this, more hard work is require for its production and developing in the aspect that these LED
light system requires a combination of better production, materials of a very high character and a
quality of being produce able in amount and performance. All companies that produce LED
lamps cannot produce the same high quality LED lamps because it is most difficult technology to
design and manufacture. As LED technology is growing day by day many different companies
are manufacturing the low quality LED lamps which bad impacts toward this efficient and
advanced tech technology. LEDs of bad quality have many disadvantages as compared to other
technologies use for street lightning but advanced high quality LED lamps take a considerable
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lead on other technologies in aspects of all parameters. Experienced manufacturers of LED lights
are very less in numbers which produce high quality LEDs and more produce low quality LEDs.
Thus efficient street lightning system requires high quality LED lamps.
As compared to other technologies life of LED lights is very high which 50-100 years is. Also
lumen/watt of LEDs is very high as compared to other technologies which are 70-150. Color
temperature is low which is 3.00 – 6.40. CRI of LEDs is fairly high as compared to other lights
which are 83-90. Ignition time is instant and most important thing is consideration which
includes only high initial cost but in other technologies their considerations are production of
heat, production of gases, pollution due to mercury and lead and fade colors dispersion, low life.
But if we look toward LED technology it is best technology in all aspects and low or no
limitations which are mentioned above in all other technologies thus it has proved that LED
technology is more efficient technology in present era.
2.4.2 How Much Money Can you Save by Using LED’s
Let the average house holders use 50 light bulbs. All the light bulbs are of 80 watts. Now we can
see that how much power is consumed by 50 bulbs of 80 watts each.
Total Wattage = 50 bulbs X 80 watts = 4000 watts (2.1)
This power consumption is very high .If same number of LED bulbs are used in house as CFL
bulbs each having wattage of 15 watts. Thus an easy comparison can be made between two
technologies in order to check their wattage consumption.
Table 2.2 LED’s Vs. Incandescent bulbs
All bulbs provide equal
brightness
Single light wattage Wattage used for whole
house
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Incandescent lights80 watts 4000 watts
LED lights 15 watts 750 watts
This comparison shows that there is quite difference in power consumption between a in
candescent bulbs and efficient LED bulbs. In other words we can say that by using LED lights
we can save 3250 watt power thus can save a lot amount of energy and thus save money.
2.4.3 Cost of Electricity
Let us suppose that the cost of electricity in the Pakistan is 12 per kilowatt hour it means that if
we use 1,000 watts for an hour, cost of the electricity will be Rs.12000.
2.4.4 Time in which Lights are turned on
Suppose for example, that each house uses lights for 6 hours per day. Let 30 days in a month (on
average), for 6 hours per day.
6 hours X 30 days = 180 hours (2.2)
Including all factors let’s make a comparison between LED lights and incandescent lights on the
basis of the cost of their energy consumption. The formula is:
KW used X Cost per kWh X Hours Used = Monthly Lighting Costs (2.3)
Kilowatt is 1,000 watts; now divide the wattage by 1,000 for this formula.
Monthly Cost of using Incandescent Bulbs is
4.000 X Rs.12 X 180 hours = Rs. 8640 (2.4)26
Monthly Cost of Using LED light Bulbs
0.750 X Rs.12. X 180 hours =Rs. 1620 (2.5)
Now it has become clearer from this example that LEDs consume very less light as compared to
other lights and thus low in cost.
2.5 Related Projects
2.5.1 Street Lighting with Automatic Brightness Control Based on Climatic
Situations and Movements of Vehicle
The project is a remote streetlight monitoring and controlling system which is based on LEDs
panel and also wireless sensor network. The system is set on automatic control of street lights.
This automatic control can be attaining by a right adjustment according to the seasonal
variations. Another important aspect of this project is that, this system can run in controlled
Condition. In this controlled mode, we can take an enterprise to control lights of streets through
PC monitor. This system also contains function of time cut-out and automatic control periods if
we want to conserve more electricity, importantly when vehicles pass by these lights, the light
will illuminate automatically, and then after a fix time they turn off. This project can save a great
amount of energy and cost as compared to other lamps which keep turn on all night. The projects
also rely on the amount of traffic on the road, thus transmitting the road conditions to monitor.
Another advantage of this project is that this system comprises of an auto-alarm which will be
ringing in the condition when light get damage and the serial number of light will be shown on
computer screen, thus no difficulty to find damaged light and thus repaired the damaged light.
The system can be used in all areas which need timely control system such as streets, stations,
mining, schools etc. In addition to these functions, this system contains a digital temperature
sensing device and humidity sensor, thus this system not only based on street lights but also on
temperature and humidity.
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Figure: 2.1 Brightness Adjustments Technique
2.5.2 Automatic Street lighting using Induction Lamp
The main purpose of this project is time monitoring and also contains the management of the
nights lights both for vehicles and human as a pedestrian, moreover this system presents the
more efficient and more efficient system and also is a stable system, can operate under all
weather conditions and whole night at automatic control basis thus saves a lot amount of
energy from consumptions. It is the efficient system of lightning for urban areas. This
technology reduces the energy as well as cost also this is an efficient project to reduce other
difficulties in sense of lightning. This system thus saves the life of peoples by eliminating
accidents. This system can also base on automatic patrol of street lights and have an
automatic function. This system can save a considerable energy by using induction lamps as
the street lights they have a control function and also data acquisition function. This system
contains expand functions: such as dimming and brightness control, cooperate with induction
lamps to adjust light brightness, under the premise that does not affect the lighting; achieve
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the maximum energy saving effect. Thus it is concluded that a maximum energy can be
saved by automatic brightness adjustment induction lamp systems.
2.5.3 Intelligent Light Emergency Ballast for Fluorescent Lights
Main working using the common emergency light systems is to provide the low light brightness
level, when there occurs failure in line voltage. Therefore for this purpose it becomes necessary
to store the energy in battery to provide the electricity to the lamp when a fault or failure occurs
in them. In such type of illuminating systems the internal faults and damages e.g. overcharging
of the battery, damaged lamps and failure the main purpose of a common emergency lighting
system is the supply of a low level of lightning when a line voltage failure occur. Thus, it is
essential to store energy in a battery to supply the lights if failure occurs. In this type of lighting
systems the internal faults and damages e.g. overcharging of battery, faulted lamps and failure of
starting network should be observed and corrected by experts. Because of this, the intelligent
lighting prototype can test and observe its function in twelve days and input results into a LED
screen. With these types of specifications they can test themselves also check their position of
function and have a tendency to display their internal faults and damages. Also by doing so, cost
of the maintenance can be decreased up to a precise level. The main purpose is the commutation
of the line voltage which can be sensing block that showed in the systems by a complex
microprocessor based. The system is more efficient in a way that it has a more flexible, for
instant, so that become difficult to communicate the many devices with a computer, which can
check the position of every object every time. New emergency streets lightning systems are more
energy saving. Another important feature is the saving of money for mass production process
importantly whether a microprocessor with the programming in ROM can be used. Thus system
becomes more efficient of saving the cost and also saves the energy consumptions.
2.5.4 Limitations & Bottleneck
Main purpose of intelligent street lightning system is to design such a system in which more
energy and cost can be saved it means that such system should have less limitations and
bottlenecks as compared to their disadvantages. Also these systems should be efficient, reliable
and also should provide intelligence about street lightning. Thus by doing so we can minimize
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the dangers of accidents and other crimes. First project demonstrated here is also an intelligent
street lightning system based on two stations, sending and receiving stations thus it is based on
vehicle movements and climatic conditions. This is also an energy efficient project but a main
limitation in this system is that it becomes some uneconomical system because when there occur
a fault in based station or sending station then intelligence process is interrupted and also this
system is some costly because more equipment’s are used here therefore such system becomes
uneconomical due to costly equipment’s present in the project. Second project which is
intelligent street lightning system using induction lamps is also have many advantages but main
disadvantage in this system is that it uses induction lamps for street lightning . This technology
has some major advantages on other technologies and they are major step toward the LED
lighting system. But a major disadvantage of induction light technology is that there is low
dispersion and directionality of light as compared to advanced LED technology. Their life is
reduced due to production of heat in them and also due to containing lead in them which leads
them toward the severe environment pollution. In third project smart lightning energy blast for
florescent lights it is also saves energy and cost but there are also some limitations of using
fluorescent lights in this project. One of the major limitations of fluorescent lights is that they are
often made larger thus they become inappropriate in using street lights. Thus their fitting become
more difficult. Another main limitation of fluorescent lights color of lightning. CFLs are unable
to use in street lightning because these lamps become dimmer in cold weather, thus they are
inappropriate lightning system to use in outdoors in winter season. And at last, perhaps one of
the major limitations is that they contain mercury. When mercury exposed in environment it
cause severe pollution. Thus intelligent street lightning system with automatic brightness
adjustment sensing human and vehicle movement presented in our project is most efficient
system of street light which use LED lights and also supply intelligence up to a good level which
is more economical.
2.6 Summary
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There are many technologies used for street lightning system which are incandescent lamps
and high discharge sodium lamps, fluorescent lamps and induction and many other
technologies. All of these technologies have more disadvantages then their advantages which
includes their more energy consumption and dangerous for environments. Thus LED
technology is best technology which removes all the effects and best in all parameters. The
other projects presented here are either costly or they use the technology which is cost
effective as well as cause pollution of environment. Therefore intelligent street lightning
system with automatic brightness adjustment sensing human and vehicle movement based on
LED technology best overcomes all limitations and bottlenecks presented by other
technologies and projects.
CHAPTER 0331
HARDWARE SPECIFICATIONS
3.1 Hardware Used with Technical Specifications
3.1.1 Microcontroller
A microcontroller is a small chip integrated circuit. It consists of a processor core, programmable
input output and memory. We have used PIC16F887A microcontroller which is a common
microcontroller and have many applications in industries, in control devices and in protection
devices.
3.1.2 PIC16F877A Architecture and Pin Configuration
PIC 16F877A is a microcontroller with 40 pin 8 bit and only 35instructions to learn. The core
architecture is very high-performance CPU. Its operating frequency is from 0-20 MHz with 5V
power supply. It has 256 bytes EEPROM memory and 368 bytes RAM.
Figure: 3.1 PIC16F877A Microcontroller
PIC16F877A pin configuration is shown in figure.
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Figure: 3.2 PIC16F877A pin configuration
3.1.3 Liquid Crystal Display
Liquid crystal display is a kind o display consists of two polarizing sheets with liquid crystals
between them. When a current passes through it crystals align themselves so block the passage of
light. In this way they work. In our project we have used 16x2 LCD.
Figure: 3.3 LCD 16x2
3.1.4 Voltage Regulator
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A voltage regulator is an electronic device which automatically keeps a constant voltage level
across a circuit. In our project we have used two voltage regulators. They are used at relays ends
to provide constant voltage to them because relays are very sensitive to voltages. A typical
voltage regulator is shown in figure given below:
Figure: 3.4 Voltage Regulator
3.1.5 Resistors, Capacitors and Diodes
In our project we have used many resisters with ratings 10K, 220 ohm, 2.7K used at voltage
regulators, at LED’s and at relays. We used capacitors with ratings 104uF, 27pF, and 1000uF at
oscillator, at voltage regulator circuits and at relays. Diodes used at full wave rectification
circuit.
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Figure: 3.5 Capacitor, Diode, Resister
3.1.6 Full Wave Rectifier Circuit
Our project works on DC system whereas power supply is in AC. So conversion of AC system to
DC system is done by rectifier circuit and then we use capacitors to filter the DC.
Figure: 3.6 Full Wave Rectifier Circuit
3.1.7 Step down Transformer
As our requirement in project is to have 12V whereas supply is 220V so we use step down
transformer to step the voltage down to 12V. Coil ratio is 10:1 means number of turns on
primary side is greater than that on secondary side. Use of transformer in project is to only to
step down the voltage to our required level.
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Figure: 3.7 Step Down Transformer
3.1.8 Oscillator
It is an electronic circuit used to produce sine wave or square wave. It produces periodic signals
for many devices such as microcontroller. The oscillator used in our project to provide periodic
signal to PIC16F877A microcontroller. The signal frequency that we have chosen for
microcontroller is 4MHz. They have positive feedback. Thus, the signal regenerates and sustains
itself. A typical oscillator is shown in the figure.
Figure: 3.8 Oscilator with its Symbol
3.1.9 Relays
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A relay is electrically operated switch and it has two operations first it detects the fault then it
gives the switch a signal to eliminate the faulty part of circuit from main circuit. Switching can
be electromagnetic, electromechanical etc. in our project we have used electromechanical relays
connected to IR Photo diodes. One diode is acting as receiver and other is acting as transmitter.
Relay detect the signal from the diode and ask the microcontroller to take suitable action. A
typical relay is shown in figure.
Figure: 3.9 Relay
The relay is connected to IR Photo diode through variable resister and Transistor. The internal
circuit of relay is given below.
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Figure: 3.10 Schematic diagram of Electromechanical Relay
3.1.10 Transistor
Transistor is an electronic device used as amplifier or as a switch. It is a semi conductor device
with three terminals called as emitter, collector and base for connection to external circuit. In
PNP transistors material used is N-type, doped between two p-type materials whereas in NPN
transistor p-type is doped between 2 n-type materials. As shown in figure.
38
Figure: 3.11 PNP & NPN Transistors
In our project it is used as switching device. A small current passing through one part of a
transistor will make a bigger current flow through other part of transistor. The small current as a
result switches on the larger one which is essential for all computer chips work.
3.1.11 Thermister
A Thermister is a temperature dependent resister whose resistance changes with time. These are
very sensitive to temperature therefore used as inexpensive and reliable temperature sensors.
Thermister are widely used for simple temperature measurements. They can’ be used for high
temperature due to some limitations but in their working range they are mostly used. Their
response time is very quick that’s why they are used. A Thermister whose resistance can be
increased by increasing the temperature are said to have positive thermal co-efficient. A
Thermister whose resistance decreases with an increase in temperature are said to have negative
temperature co efficient.
39
.
Figure: 3.12 Thermister
3.1.12 IR Photodiode
IR Photodiode is a photodiode and it is a semi conductor device that uses light as a input and
generates a current signal by creating a potential difference. It is a PN junction with reverse
biased phenomena. When light falls on the junction then it works. When there is no light on the
junction then reverse current is very small and also called as Dark Current. It works as when
light falls on junction then light transfer some of its energy to atoms of the junction that in a
result creates more electrons and reverse current increases. This phenomenon is called as inner
photoelectric effect. This current creates a potential difference that can be measured by using a
series resistor in some external circuit. IR photodiode can be used in zero bias which is also
called as photovoltaic effect. During zero mode it prevents the photoelectrons (electron
generated due to light on the junction) flow from out of device due to which a voltage builds up.
In reverse biased mode also called photoconductive mode. In this mode when light falls on the
junction it generates electrons which as a result increase the depletion region thus additional
current will increase the depletion region which result in the increase in light fall area on the
region and reverse current increase more rapidly.
40
Figure: 3.13 IR Photodiode
3.1.13 Infrared LED
Infrared light emitting diode is a electronic device which emits light of higher wave length which
are greater than visible light so these are invisible from us. The light which they emit is called
Infrared light. It is also called as IR transmitter and it lie in the range of 760nm wavelength. Its
appearance is similar to common visible LED. Its operating voltage is around about 1.4V and
current is nearly about 20mA. Resisters are usually connected in series to adjust voltages so that
it can be used for different operating voltages. In our project it used as infrared transmitter. When
a vehicle or human passes through it its lights blocked and the receiver on the other hand
generates a signal by using a relay. The relay sends this signal to microcontroller which decides
to switch ON the LED panels according to given programming algorithm burned in it. It is P-N
Junction diode, when activated it emits light. When a suitable voltage is applied electrons
recombine with electron holes and thus releases energy in the form of photons. It is usually have
small area and shaped in such a way to focus its radiations.
41
Figure: 3.14 IR LED
3.1.14 LED Panels
LED panels are used in our project which is fixed at street light towers on one side of road
repeated after measured intervals. The height of tower is designed with respect to light intensity
of LED panels. The LED panel consists of many rows of LED’s. Many rows are installed
because we can easily control the brightness of panel in this way. We switch ON some rows
when we need low brightness but when we need full brightness then we switches all rows. This
is done with the help of microcontroller. Microcontroller decides when to switch the rows of
LED’s but its decision depends upon the signal from relay connected to sensor that senses the
vehicle or human movement.
Figure: 3.15 LED Panel
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3.2 Programming
Device 16F877A
XTAL 4
ALL_DIGITAL=true
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
Declare LCD_TYPE 0 'in case we use alphanumeric then type 0 if graphical
then 1
Declare LCD_DTPIN PORTD.4 'this show that 4 pin interface with lcd and 4
data pins will start from b4....b7
Declare LCD_RSPIN PORTD.2 'declaring lcd reset pin
Declare LCD_ENPIN PORTD.1 'declaring enable pin
Declare LCD_RWPIN PORTD.0 'declaring read write pin
Declare LCD_LINES 2 'telling how much rows lcd has
Declare LCD_INTERFACE 4 '
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''SERIAL SETTINGS'''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
'CCP1_PIN = PORTC.2 ' PORTC.1 is the CCP1 pin on the 16F877 device
PORTB_PULLUPS=true
Symbol light1=PORTC.0
Symbol light2=PORTC.1
Dim i As DWord
Dim f As Byte
Dim freq As Word
freq=200
Cls
Cursor 1,1: Print " Welcome"
Low PORTC.2
DelayMS 3000
Cls
While 1=1
Cursor 1,1: Print "Evening "
Cursor 2,1: Print "Lit1:Off Lit2:Of"
If f=1 Then
For i=1 To 900000 Step 1
If PORTB.0=0 Then
Cursor 1,1: Print "Evening Person"
43
Cursor 2,1: Print "Lit1:On Lit2:Off"
High light1
While PORTB.0=0
Inc i
If PORTB.1=0 Then
Cursor 1,1: Print "Evening Vehicle"
EndIf
Wend
DelayMS 3000
Low light1
Cursor 1,1: Print "Evening "
Cursor 2,1: Print "Lit1:Off Lit2:Of"
EndIf
If PORTB.1=0 Then
Cursor 1,1: Print "Evening Person"
Cursor 2,1: Print "Lit1:On Lit2:Off"
High light1
While PORTB.1=0
Inc i
If PORTB.0=0 Then
Cursor 1,1: Print "Evening Vehicle"
EndIf
Wend
DelayMS 3000
Low light1
Cursor 1,1: Print "Evening "
Cursor 2,1: Print "Lit1:Off Lit2:Of"
EndIf
Next
f=0
EndIf
Cursor 1,1: Print "Night "
Cursor 2,1: Print "Lit1:Off Lit2:Off"
If f=0 Then
For i=1 To 900000 Step 1
If PORTB.0=0 Then
Cursor 1,1: Print "Night Person "
Cursor 2,1: Print "Lit1:On Lit2:On "
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High light1
High light2
While PORTB.0=0
Inc i
If PORTB.1=0 Then
Cursor 1,1: Print "Evening Vehicle"
EndIf
Wend
DelayMS 3000
Low light1
Low light2
Cursor 1,1: Print "Night "
Cursor 2,1: Print "Lit1:Off Lit2:Of"
EndIf
If PORTB.1=0 Then
Cursor 1,1: Print "Night Person "
Cursor 2,1: Print "Lit1:On Lit2:On "
High light1
High light2
While PORTB.1=0
Inc i
If PORTB.0=0 Then
Cursor 1,1: Print "Evening Vehicle"
EndIf
Wend
DelayMS 3000
Low light1
Low light2
Cursor 1,1: Print "Night "
Cursor 2,1: Print "Lit1:Off Lit2:Of"
EndIf
Next
EndIf
Wend
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3.3 Details about Software/ Algorithms/Tools
3.3.1 Visual Studio
As mentioned before MicroController is compatible of programming language e.g. C/C++ and
microC. In our project “Intelligent Street lighting System based on vehicle and human
movement” we have used microC language. We used MikroC for this language.
3.3.2 Compiler
It is software used to burn the programming to a microcontroller. Programming or burning a
microcontroller is a process of transferring programming of desired steps which are to be
performed by microcontroller from compiler to microcontroller. The programming of a
microcontroller is usually written in C, and assembly language etc. we have done programming
in C for our project. The compiler converts the coding of program into machine language which
is the language of microcontroller.
3.3.3 Soldering
Soldering is a process which joined the two metals same or different type by melting a solder
between the joints of two metals. Solder has a melting point less than the jointed metals. Solders
can be in different shapes, sizes, forms and alloys.
3.4 Summary
The components used in our project are described above with specifications, their operation and
their working with diagrams. The purpose of this project is to provide such a system which is
reliable, most efficient and economical to install for betterment of citizens of a city. Also this
project helps to overcome power consumption in a country like Pakistan which is energy
deficient country. It is based on some facts that how to reduce power usage, decrease
maintenance efforts and to built a reliable system. We have used LED technology that uses less
power and its brightness can be control by decreasing or increasing the power which also helps 46
in decreasing the power usage. Lighting system will work as it will be ON at evening depending
on light intensity value and remains ON for mid night and then it will work on sensing the
vehicle or human movement. Also the brightness will be decrease for human and at the evening
when full brightness is not needed. So by using these techniques we have save a lot of power.
47
CHAPTER 04
METHEDOLOGIES AND IMPLEMENTATIONS
4.1 Design of investigation
4.1.1 Objectives
Intelligent Street lighting system is to overcome the flaws which occur usually occurs in the
common street light systems. Firstly intelligent street lightning based on LEDs have many
advantages on other lightning systems due to its low energy consumptions , thus reduce the
overall cost and secondly it is environmental friendly system in which there occurs no pollution.
On the other hand other type of lamps used in street lightning cause emission of co2 which is
very hazardous for our environment. The first one, and maybe the most intuitive, is the use of
recent technologies for the sources of light. 1st consideration is based on LED technology which
is considered as best solution of these flaws but it initial cost of LEDs is little high. 2nd
consideration is that system is automatically controlled as there is no need to adjust brightness
manually and 3rd consideration is illumination of lights occurs only when there is vehicle or a
pedestrian is present on the road.
4.1.2 Back Ground
In previous days, street lights were manually controlled where there was a control switch which
was connected with every lamp post to turn on and off the lamps. So this was so called as first
generation street lighting system. And thus after this, another methodology was introduced that
was method of optical control. In this procedure there high pressure sodium lights were using in
this system. It can be observed that nowadays this procedure is using in all over the world. This
procedure is processing by setting an optic control circuit, change the resistance of light
dependent resistor so lights are shut down in all day and turn on when the intensity of day light
become low and becomes night. Street lighting system can be grouped on the basis of type of
lamps using for example incandescent lights, mercury vapor lights, metal halide lights, high
48
pressure sodium lights, low pressure sodium light, fluorescent light, compact fluorescent light,
induction light and LED lights. LED is familiar to be a best solution to recent street lighting
because of its deportment and its unlimited advantages.
4.2 Procedure
Intelligent Street lightning system with automatic brightness adjustment sensing human and
vehicle movement is saves the energy and cost by following methods:
4.2.1 Led Technology
Light emitting technology is very fast increasing technology in the world due to their output,
their efficiency and more reliability as compared to all other technologies. In all aspects LED
technology take a high lead on all other technologies which have more disadvantages as
compared to their advantages. As the initial high cost of LED technology is very high but in spite
of it they are more efficient lights in reducing electricity consumptions, high reliability and also
this technology is environmental friendly. But if we want to take the full advantage of this
technology there is need to differentiate between low quality technologies and LED
technology, as the low quality technologies have increased in the whole the world as
compared to LED. So main purpose is render supply of other technologies.
Figure: 4.1 LED
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4.2.2 Automatic Brightness Adjustment
Intelligent street lightning is based on automatic brightness adjustment. This brightness
adjustment is time dependent and flow of traffic dependent. So the brightness increases of street
lights is depend upon time of night. When there is evening time after 6pm, street lights turn on
with low intensity because of light is present is present with low brightness also when it became
the full night up to 12am lights will turn on with low intensity due to crowd of vehicles on the
road need less light because lights of vehicles themselves is enough. After 12 am when there is
full night and less flow of vehicles these lights will glow with full intensity until morning when
there is day light.
4.2.3 Intelligence
Intelligent Street lightning system main function is intelligence that is when a vehicle or a
pedestrian move on the road then lights automatically turn on and then turn off when they went
after a fix period which is pre settled. When pedestrian comes then it will display on the LCD
and when a vehicle comes in front of lights then they turn on for a fix time and then off thus state
of vehicle is displayed on the LCD so it is easy to know if vehicle or pedestrian is moving on the
road so this system provides an efficient intelligence.
4.2.4 Analysis Procedure
Let us suppose that the cost of electricity in the Pakistan is 12 per kilowatt hour it means that if
we use 1,000 watts for an hour, cost of the electricity will be Rs.12000
Now suppose for example, that each house uses lights for 6 hours per day. Let 30 days in a
month (on average), for 6 hours per day.
6 hours X 30 days = 180 hours (2.2)
Including all factors let’s make a comparison between LED lights and incandescent lights on the
basis of the cost of their energy consumption. The formula is:
50
KW used X Cost per kWh X Hours Used = Monthly Lighting Costs (2.3)
Kilowatt is 1,000 watts; now divide the wattage by 1,000 for this formula.
Monthly Cost of using Incandescent Bulbs is
4.000 X Rs.12 X 180 hours = Rs. 8640 (2.4)
Monthly Cost of Using LED light Bulbs
0.750 X Rs.12. X 180 hours =Rs. 1620 (2.5)
Now it has become clearer from this example that LEDs consume very less light as compared to
other lights and thus low in cost.
4.3 Implementation Procedure
4.3.1 Details about Hardware
51
Figure: 4.2 Circuit Diagram of Project
In this topic we are briefly explain the all hardware components which are use in our project.
There are total 4 circuit boards in this project. As shown in the hardware model of project.
Figure: 4.3 Hardware of Project
DC Supply section
Controller section
Relay section
LED Panel section
Sensing section
4.3.2 DC Supply Side Components52
Step down transformer
Bridge Rectifier
diodes ( 1K )
capacitor (1000uf)
Description
Step down transformer(220V to 12V and 50 mA)
We are using step down transformer of rating 220V/12V. It consists of primary 220 high voltage
side and secondary 12V low voltage side, and current is 50 mA; it converts 220V ac in to 12V
ac. Which is then passed to the rectifier bridge circuit?
4.3.2.1 Bridge Rectifier
Rectification (AC to DC) is done using bridge rectification. The input of bridge rectifier is ac and
output of rectifier is pulsating dc .the process of rectification is done by using a combination of
diodes known as bridge. during positive cycle of the input two diodes become forward biased
and two becomes reverse biased in this way half cycle is obtained at the output, during negative
cycle the reverse biased becomes conducting and other two becomes reverse biased in this way
the other cycle is used and output is pulsating dc.
53
Figure: 4.4 Bridge Rectifier Circuit
4.3.2.2 Capacitor (1000uF)
The pulsating dc is not good for the system so it passes through the capacitor filter which makes
it ripple free and output is constant dc supply.
In this way our constant dc supply is made this supply power to the controller as controller input
is dc and also supply dc to the relays.
4.3.3 Controller Section Board
4.3.3.1 PIC-Microcontroller (16F887A)
It is used in project for data communication between the grid, loads connected and the PC
monitoring and for the proper functioning of the system to make it reliable.
4.3.3.2 Pin Configuration
40 pins
1 pin, regulator circuit
Pin2, analog to digital
Pin3, analog to digital
Pin4, analog to digital
Pin5, analog to digital
Pin6 , analog to digital
Pin7 , analog to digital
Pin8, analog to digital
Pin9 , analog to digital
Pin10 , analog to digital
Pin 11, (+5v)
54
Pin 12, 31 (Ground)
Pin 13, 14 (crystal oscillator)
Pin 15,16 relay to PIR sensor
Pin19,20 relays to LED panel
Pin21 reset
Pin 22 enable
Pin27,28,29,30 output to LCD
4.3.3.3 Microcontroller Trainer
It consists of oscillator, capacitors and a resistor for its basic operation.
4.3.3.4 Crystal Oscillator
It is at pin no 13 & 14 gives clock pulses to controller for its operation.
Figure: 4.5 Oscillator
4.3.3.5 Relay Section Board
Relay 12V55
PIR sensor
Transistor PNP
Variable resistor
LED panel
4.3.3.6 Relaying Section
There are total 4 relays used in this circuit board for the purpose of controlling three devices.
Although we can control two sensors with two relays and two rows of LED panel are control
with other two relays.
4.3.3.7 Infrared Sensor
Passive Infrared sensor is electronic equipment that is used for detection of an object. It operates
when there are infrared rays present in its vicinity. Two basic types of passive infrared sensors
have following detail:
Thermal infrared sensor:
It operates on change of heat in the environment.
photo infrared sensor:
Photo infrared sensor utilizes the photo diode for the detection of infrared rays. In this project
photo infrared sensor is used. It consists of a LED as a transmitter and photodiode as a receiver
so any object is sensed by this transmitter receiver circuit.
Advantages of PIR sensor:
Some advantages and applications of PIR sensor are given below:
Detection of an object
Detection of motion
Detection of glass breakage
56
Detection of smoke
Measuring distance
Also use in robotics
For counting objects and more other applications
Passive infrared sensor circuit diagram is given below. It contains LED as infrared sending and a
photo diode for infrared receiver both act as are major components of this sensor. Photo diode
radiate infrared rays which when hit with any object in its way thus these rays move behind with
deflected angle. Infrared receiver observes rays which are deflected back. As photo diode is used
in this sensor for this reason it is known as photo infrared sensor.
4.3.3.8 Some Elements of Infrared Sensor
Infrared receiver TSFF5210
Photodiode
Resistor 100 ohm
Resistor 10kohm
Variable resistor 10kohm
IC LM358
IC LM358 is a comparator when Infrared receiver observes infrared radiations, LM358 becomes
high and thus LED is put on.
4.3.3.9 Transistor PNP
Signal comes at the base of power transistor and hence relay gets operated. Signal comes from
the passive infrared sensor.
57
Figure: 4.6 PNP Transistor
4.3.3.10 Transistor NPN
NPN transistor is used between the between for LED panel thus it carry the signal between the
microcontroller and relays on the basis of which relays operate for evening and night time.
Figure: 4.7 NPN Transistor
4.3.3.11 LED Panel
Panel consists of two rows of white LEDs. At evening time up to 6pm to 12 pm when there is
intensity of light due to high traffic one row of LED lights will be turn on and when there is
deficiency of vehicles on the road all LED panel will be illuminate with full intensity.
4.4 Software/ Algorithms/Tools58
4.4.1 MikroC
As mentioned before Microcontroller programming is compatible of programming language e.g.
C/C++ and microC. In our project we are using microC language which is uses as an interface
between PIR sensors, LCD and LED panel.
4.4.2 MicroC
It is denoted as microC. This language is general purpose language, OOP language, modern and
simple. It is suitable for applications written or both embedded system and hosted system. The
application written is C language or economical in requirement of memory and processing
power.
4.4.3 Specifications of programming language C++
C++ is used as general purpose programming language which is based on the C programming
language as described in ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Programming languages — C. In addition to the
facilities provided by C, C++ provides additional data types, classes, templates, exceptions,
namespaces, operator overloading, function name overloading, references, free store
management operators, and additional library facilities.
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Chapter 05
Results and Analysis
5.1 Presentation of the Findings
5.1.1 Result Procured in Chapter One
In chapter one we defined our project, merits and why we are choose this project. We defined the
LED technology which is basically the core of our project because LED technology is most
efficient technology in all aspects. Secondly automatic brightness control of street lighting
system is defined in which it is concluded that all street lightning system with automatic
brightness adjustment is save more energy in addition to LED technology used in this project.
Thus the main result concluded is that intelligent street lightning system with automatic
brightness adjustment is more cost saving, energy saving and more efficient intelligence
providing system.
5.1.2 Result Procured in Chapter Two
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In this chapter we discussed the technologies related to LED technology related studies of
intelligent street lightning system and also related projects of intelligent street lightning system.
In related technology comparisons we found that all other street lightning technologies related to
street lightning are fail to fulfil the all energy saving requirements and therefore these
technologies are more costly even they have low initial cost but their running cost is very high
and also they are more dangerous to the environment due to emission of mercury and lead. So
the result concluded is that LED street lightning technology is more energy and cost saving
though the initial cost is high and also environmental friendly. Projects related to our project
(intelligent street lightning system sensing human and vehicle movement with automatic
brightness adjustment) is more efficient project due to LED technology used in it also due to
intelligence of street lightning provision and most important thing is automatic brightness
adjustment which makes the street lightning system cost effective.
5.1.3 Result Procured in Chapter One
This stage consists of tools and techniques involved in our project with hardware and software
techniques used and their complete technical specifications. Project components enlisted with
their complete portrayal. Division based methodology to explain the techniques step by step and
at the end software that we have used which is Visual Basic, C++, C#, C programming is written.
5.1.4 Hardware Results
We divided hardware section of our project into different stages. They are Supply side, IR sensor
side, Transformer side and load side. In Supply side a step down transformer, bridge rectifier and
a capacitor is used that steps down and converts 220V AC to filtered 12V DC. This section is the
power supply of the complete intelligent street lightning system. A regulator circuit is connected
with the microprocessor to supply it. This is 5V regulator circuit which converts 12V DC to 5V
DC for microcontroller. Two regulator circuits are used, one for microprocessor and one for
relay circuit for the reason that one regulator cannot afford the power for both circuits. In PIR
sensor module 5V DC from PC to microcontroller (16F877A) 5V Dc supply is given to the PIR
sensor and thus to microcontroller. A crystal oscillator a pin 13, 14 that gives clock frequency for
61
the operation of microcontroller. LCD (16*4) displays the condition of light intensity if it is
evening or full night and also displays the presence of pedestrian or vehicle on the road. In short
this section provides visual monitoring and controlling. Transformers circuit side includes a step-
down and two voltage regulators are used. 220V are stepped down to 12V AC which is
converted to DC by bridge rectification thus 12V supply of step down transformer after
rectification converted into +5V supply and gives it to relay circuit for its operation and also to
microcontroller and other components. In short this side gives DC current for the operation of
relays. This is relay section which has relays to which are given 5V from regulator circuit from
the main DC supply. PIR sensors operate from microcontroller. PIR sensors have photodiode as
transmitter and LED as a receiver that uses 5V of regulator circuit. LED light will short circuit
the photo diodes and gives power to transistors and then relay gets turned on. Relay will transfer
to microprocessor and thus these 5V are given to LED panel through NPN transistors and relays.
Negative of all LEDs is common. Two rows of LEDs are used when there is evening time only
one row will be turn on through one relay connected to microcontroller and when there is full
night both relays will connected to microcontroller to turn on both the rows with full intensity.
This is load side of our project which are operated by relays.
5.1.5 Software Results
The software we implemented in our project to achieve our task is Visual Basic, C# and JAVA
AND C, C++ language. This enables us to detect the state of road if there is evening or full night
so illuminate the LED panel with low intensity and full intensity and also we come to know
about the object on the road f there is vehicle or pedestrian on the road. The programming take in
the intelligent street lightning based and automatic brightness adjustment based scheme in coding
which helps better energy saving and intelligent provision system.
5.1.6 Discussion of the Findings
In fact we developed a street lightning system which has three major specifications. The first
major advantage is use of LED technology in this system which is considered as a best
technology in all aspects and in all parameters. We can compare LED technology with that of
other technologies in all aspects. Only disadvantage of using LED lights is that these lights have
62
high initial cost but this initial cost is not due to their efficiency this is due to their high quality
scheme for their production because LED lights are not prepare like other cheap technologies but
a high experience and quality materials and lot of time is required in preparation of LEDs
therefore high initial cost of LEDs is not a problem but if we observe the running cost of LED
lights it is clearly find that LED lights are most efficient lights in purpose of energy saving and
cost saving. One another major aspect of using LED lights is that they cause no pollution due to
their explosion or disposal therefore it is find that LED technology is environmental friendly
technology. Thus it best meets the requirements to use them in intelligent street lightning system.
Second major specification is intelligent provision. Intelligence means the provision of such a
system in which can easily detect the evening time or full night time. Thus lights glow according
to time provide by intelligence system. Another intelligence system provide the information
about the object on the road either it human or vehicle on the road thus send both the results on
LCD for display. Third main and important feature is automatic brightness adjustment which
saves more energy as compared to use energy efficient LED technology. When it is evening time
as LED lights will glow with low intensity and at full night automatically brightness become full
due to deficiency of vehicles on road and full night time.
Figure: 5.1 Intelligent street lightning technologies (ISLT)
5.2 Intelligent street lightning technologies (ISLT)
There are following technologies if intelligent street lightning
LED Technology63
LED technology used in intelligent street lightning system makes it low cost street lightning
technique. Thus these lights give white bright light which make them more excellent source
for intelligent street lightning system.
Intelligence Technology
This technology provides the intelligence about the presence of pedestrian and vehicle on the
road and time period of evening and morning.
Sensing Technology
This technology is used to sense the presence of an object i.e. human or vehicle on the road.
This technology is based on PIR transmitter and receiver system and provides information of
object to microprocessor unit.
Automatic Brightness Technology
This technology is based on automatic variation of brightness of LED panel on the basis of
evening time and full night time.
Advanced Components
Advanced components such as relays, PIR sensors, LED panels and some controlling
components are present in this system.
5.3 Future Work
The project work has been studied and implemented a complete working model using a PIC
microcontroller. The programming and interfering of PIC microcontroller has been mastered
during the implementation. This work includes the study of energy saving system in many
applications. The design and verification of Automatic Street light successfully. The main
64
advantage of the present system is power saving. It requires the initial cost only for designing
and installation and not for utilization. Hence, such systems are very much useful for the
government to reduce the utilization of conventional power (generated by hydraulic power
stations).Therefore, such systems are once implemented on a large scale can bring significant
reduction of the power consumption caused by street lights. This initiative will help the
government to save this energy and meet the domestic and industrial needs. The other
advantages of the circuit are that it is simple circuit, avoids constant supervision of time and
flexibility in design. After having implemented this Intelligent System, what remains is the scope
for improvements. Firstly, we could directly go for Wireless Power Transmission which would
further reduce the maintenance costs and power thefts of the system, as cable breaking is one of
the problems faced today .In addition to this, controlling the Traffic Signal lights would be
another feature that we could look into after successful implementation of our system.
Depending on the amount of traffic in a particular direction, necessary controlling actions could
be taken. Also emergency vehicles and VIP convoys can be passed efficiently. Moreover,
attempts can be made to ensure that the complete system is self-sufficient on nonconventional
energy resources like solar power, windmills, Piezo-electric crystals, etc. We hope that these
advancements can make this system completely robust and totally reliable in all respects.
5.4 Comparison with Initial Goal
Our main purpose of designing this system is to make an intelligent street lightning system
which can saves more energy with respect to other energy saving projects through lightning. Our
goal was to construct the more efficient energy saving street lightning system which can save
energy up to more than 50% but we can design a system which can saves the total energy up to
30-40%. Our goal was to use a street lightning system which provide more intelligence about the
street lights and different times of day and night and can give full information about every object
on the road and at footpath but in this aspect we become success in designing some intelligence
which is not more enough as compare to our goal and future advancement of street lightning
system. Another goal was to build a system which can automatically vary the lights brightness
from evening to mid night and then from midnight to morning. In this aspect we also became
successful up to some level.
65
5.5 Reasoning for Short Comings
Our main goals which we have to achieve, they we cannot achieve because of following reasons
and short comings we have to design our project powered by the control panel but due to high
cost of control panel is so high that we cannot purchase a solar panel. Thus our system is
dependent upon the distribution supply. We cannot provide the efficient intelligent system due to
high cost of GSM system which is unaffordable by the students. Thus the end short coming is
that can we can design more efficient brightness control system due to reason of complex
programming and software is require building such a system.
What we achieved
But what matters here for us we successfully achieved to manage load by our intelligent street
lightning system by using two special techniques that favors’ both energy saving best provision
of intelligence.
5.6 Limitations
Energy consumption is major issue in the present era which is increasing day by day. There are
many different methods through which energy consumption can be controlled and can be saved
up to some extent. Our project is also about saving the electrical energy so we decided to save
the electrical energy through street lightning system. Intelligent street lightning system sensing
human and vehicle movement can save the energy up to a good extent but this energy saving is
up to 35-40% so energy saving greater than 50% could not achieved. Moreover the programming
used in microcontroller is C++ which have some limitations that it is difficult to build
programming through C++ and also difficult to understand by a user. Another limitation of
intelligent street lightning is that it Our goal was to use a street lightning system which provide
more intelligence about the street lights and different times of day and night and can give full
information about every object on the road and at footpath but in this aspect we become success
in designing some intelligence which is not more enough as compare to our goal and future
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advancement of street lightning system. Another goal was to build a system which can
automatically vary the lights brightness from evening to mid night and then from midnight to
morning. In this aspect we also became successful up to some level. We successfully gain the
requirements of energy saving by intelligent street lightning system up to an extent which we can
do with our best hard work and intelligence. But there are some limitations in our project which
we have explained and Insha Allah we will try to overcome them in future by designing an
intelligent street lightning system which will give better output like a system which we have
described to design in future.
5.7 Summary
In this chapter we discussed results we achieved its comparison with other similar projects and
discussion of the findings. This chapter contains all the results about hardware and software of
this project and about the feasibility of hardware and software. Also we discussed above the
intelligent street lightning technology and our future goal for making improvements in intelligent
street lightning system for saving more energy. Thus comparison of our project with initial goals
are discussed which we could not achieved and reasons behind them and at last the limitations of
this project are discussed. We talked about what we claimed initially and what we can't
accomplish our limitations and recommendations.
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CONCLUSION
The project is all about energy saving by doing some intelligent things with street
lighting. This system offers ease of maintenance and energy savings. It is obtained by providing
highly economical LED technology. The proposed system is particularly suitable for the roads in
Remote urban and rural areas where traffic is low at all times and there is less need of traffic
lights. Also this system is quite economical and anyone can invest in this to save money, power
and time. The lifetime of LED street lights is usually 10 to 15 years. Quick turn on and off:
Unlike fluorescent lamps, which take time to heat up once switched on, LEDs come on with full
brightness instantly. Also we can vary the brightness during evening and night time by using a
highly efficient intelligence system. The equipment used like microcontroller, LED, voltage
regulators, capacitors, PIR sensors and LCD etc. are easily available and less costly. Overall the
system is very good system which saves power and cost by less initial cost. This system can be
improved if we could directly go for Wireless Power Transmission which would further reduce
the maintenance costs and power thefts of the system, as cable breaking is one of the problems
faced today .In addition to this, we can use SCADA system but its initial cost is high and its
expensive system. Moreover, attempts can be made to ensure that the complete system is self-
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sufficient on nonconventional energy resources like solar power, windmills, Piezo-electric
crystals, etc. We hope that these advancements can make this system completely robust and
totally reliable in all respects. All in all we can say by keeping in mind the overall scenario of the
initial cost, power consumption and other factors this system looks very economical and
efficient. This is done by replacing sodium vapor lamps by LED and adding dimming technology
to it. E-Street provides an effective measure to save energy by preventing unnecessary wastage
of electricity, caused due to manual switching of street-lights when it is not required. The system
is versatile, extendable and totally adjustable to user needs.
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