final report
TRANSCRIPT
SUMMER TRAINING REPORT
IOCL PANIPAT
ETHANOL DOPING (Marketing Complex)
Kamal Aggarwal
B.Tech, Chemical Engineering,
Dr. B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology,
Jalandhar
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I have completed my 8 weeks of Industrial Training at IOCL Panipat
successfully in Effluent Treatment Plant (Marketing Division). It was a great
learning experience for me and I tried to cover all the aspects of refining within
my limitations.
At the outset, I would like to thank Mr. Ravi Sharma (Chief Terminal Manager
– Marketing Terminal, IOCL Panipat) for providing me the opportunity to do a
project at Indian Oil Corporation limited.
I would also like to thank Mr. Vinod Sharma (Sr. Manager) and to all
concerned for their support in making my training successful.
I wish to express my gratitude to my supervisors, Mr. Prakrin Kumar,
Mr. Abhishek Gupta, Mr. jaipal singh who was abundantly helpful and
offered invaluable assistance, support and guidance.
I would also like to thank Mrs. Aditi Sharma for her concerned support.
Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. - A Brief Overview
Indian Oil Corporation Limited, or Indian Oil, is an Indian state-
owned oil and gas company headquartered at Mumbai, India. It is India‟s largest
commercial enterprise, ranking 125th on the Fortune Global 500 list in 2010.
Indian Oil and its subsidiaries account for a 47% share in the petroleum
products market, 34.8% share in refining capacity and 67% downstream sector
pipelines capacity in India. The Indian Oil Group of Companies owns and
operates 10 of India's 19 refineries with a combined refining capacity of 65.7
million metric tons per year.
Major Divisions:
It comprises of three major divisions viz. Refinery, Pipeline and Marketing.
REFINERY:
At present, Indian Oil controls 10 of India‟s 20 refineries.
The strength of Indian Oil springs from its experience of operating the largest
number of refineries in India and adapting to a variety of refining processes
along the way.
Indian Oil in an excellent position to offer O&M services for latest technologies
such as distillate FCCUs, Resid FCCUs, hydrocrackers, reformers (both semi-
regenerative and continuous catalytic regeneration types), lube processing units,
catalytic de-waxing units, cokers, coke calciners, visbreakers, merox, hydro-
treaters for kero and gasoil streams, etc. Indian Oil refineries also have units for
producing specialty products such as bitumen, LPG, MTBE, Butene-1,
Propylene, Xylenes, Di-Methyl Terephthalate (DMT), polyester staple fibre
(PSF) and other petrochemicals like Linear Alkyl Benzene, Paraxylene (PX),
Purified Terepthalic Acid (PTA), etc.
Indian Oil‟s Refineries team have a deep understanding of the complexities of
all the process units of modern refineries and can offer comprehensive services
of a highly professional nature on different facets.
With strategies and plans for several value-added projects in place, IndianOil
refineries will continue to play a leading role in the downstream hydrocarbon
sector for meeting the rising energy needs of our country.
PIPELINE
IndianOil, the pioneer in cross-country petroleum product pipeline in the Indian
sub-continent constructed and commissioned its first petroleum product
pipeline, Guwahati-Siliguri Pipeline in the year 1964. Since then IndianOil has
mastered the art and technology of pipeline engineering. Over the last four
decades the pipeline network of IndianOil has grown to 10,899 km
IndianOil‟s sustained pursuit and implementation of proven safety and
environmental management systems have brought rich results. All operating
pipeline units have been accredited with ISO 9000 and ISO 14001 certificates.
The pipelines transport petroleum products from refineries to demand areas and
crude oil from import terminals as well as domestic sources to the inland
refineries.
MARKETING
Indian Oil provides a wide range of marketing services and consultancy in fuel
handling, distribution, storage and fuel/lube technical services.
With a formidable bank of technical and engineering talent, Indian Oil is fully
equipped to handle small to large-scale infrastructural projects in the petroleum
downstream sector anywhere in the country.
IOCL project teams have independently or jointly as a consortium, have set up
depots, terminals, pipelines, aviation fuel stations, filling plants, LPG bottling
plants, amongst others.
IOCL PANIPAT-INTRODUCTION
Panipat Refinery, the 7
th Refinery of Indian Oil, a Global Fortune 500 company
having vision to become a major, diversified, transnational, integrated energy
company, with national leadership and a strong environment conscience,
playing national role in oil security & public distribution. Panipat Refinery is
referred to as the country‟s technically advanced refinery. 6 MMTPA refinery
was built and commissioned in 1998 at a cost of Rs. 3868 Crore (includes
Marketing Complex & Pipelines installation). Refinery capacity has been
further augumented to 12 MMTPA in June 2006 at a cost of Rs. 4165 crore and
Rs. 850 crores are further invested in its expansion from 12 MMTPA to 15
MMTPA in 2009.It receives crude oil from Vadinar and Mundra Ports in
Gujarat coast. The refinery is designed for processing both indigenous &
imported crude oil. The refinery has processed about 30 types of imported crude
oil from countries like Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Dubai, Kuwait, Malaysia,
Nigeria and other African countries since commissioning.
Panipat marketing Complex envisages the product marketing facilities for
handling the products produced at the 15.0 MMTPA Panipat Refinery,
Panipat, Haryana. The terminal incudes storage tanks for the products such as
naphtha, Motor Spirit, Aviation turbine Fuel, High Speed diesel, Light diesel
oil, Superior kerosene oil, etc. with associated facilities including road and rail,
tank wagon loading, drainage facilities, road and rail network, pumping etc.
Indian Oil‟s marketing operations network of storage, distribution and supply
hubs is backed by efficient sourcing, on-time logistics, custom-designed
deliveries and round-the-clock after sales service and consultancy.
IndianOil's supply and distribution network is strategically located across the
country linked through a customized supply chain system backed by front
offices located in conceivably every single town of consequence.
PMC's fuel management system to bulk customers offer customized solutions
that deliver least cost supplies keeping in mind usage patterns and inventory
levels and to adopt safe and environmental friendly practices.
It has its own “lubricant and fuel testing laboratory” for quality check and better
fuel handling services.
Gasoline
Gasoline or petrol , is a toxic translucent, yellow-tinted liquid mixture, derived
from petroleum, which is primarily used as a fuel in internal combustion
engines. It is also used as a solvent, mainly known for its ability to dilute paints.
It consists mostly of aliphatic hydrocarbons obtained by the fractional
distillation of petroleum, enhanced with isooctane or
the aromatic hydrocarbons like toluene and benzene to increase its octane rating.
Automotive gasoline and gasoline-oxygenate blends are used in internal
combustion spark-ignition engines. These spark ignition engine fuels are
primarily used for passenger cars. They are also used in off-highway utility
vans, farm machinery and in other spark ignition engines employed in a variety
of service applications.
Gasoline is a complex mixture of relatively volatile hydrocarbons that vary
widely in chemical & physical properties and are derived from fractional
distillation of crude petroleum with a further treatment mainly in terms of
improvement of its octane rating. The hundreds of individual hydrocarbons in
gasoline range from c4 to c11.Small quantities of various additives are common,
for the purposes of tuning engine performance or reducing harmful
exhaust emissions.
In view of the auto fuel policy issued by Govt of India, more & more stringent
specifications oxygenates are being added to the gasoline. Oxygenate is an
oxygen-containing, ash less organic compound which can be used as a fuel or
fuel supplement. This has led to reduction of environmentally polluting factors
in gasolines.The most common oxygenate used for blending with petrol is
ethanol. Brazil and Sweden are the largest producers of vehicles that run on
ethanol-gasoline blended fuel. Brazil is the largest producer of ethanol and
therefore switched over to ethanol-blended fuel to reduce oil imports. 40% of
the Brazil cars are fueled with pure ethanol and the remaining 60% cars with
blended ethanol.
With the growing awareness of ethanol-gasoline blends, India has also initiated
the use of ethanol as an automotive fuel. In india 5%ethanol & 95% gasoline
mixture is used. Indian automobile engines can work with 8% ethanol blend
without any changes.
ETHANOL
Ethanol is an agricultural based product, mainly a by-product of sugar
industries, available in sugar belt areas. Doping of ethanol in gasoline is a well
established worldwide practice and is mainly used in countries like Brazil,
Mexico, USA, etc.
One of the main motivations for use of ethanol in MS is to improve air
quality by reducing pollution. It is primarily used in MS to meet minimum
oxygenate air requirements making fuel more eco-friendly.
TERMINOLOGY
1. Ethanol:
Ethanol is the pure chemical, otherwise known as hydroxyethane,
corresponding to the constitution CH3 CH2OH and molecular formula
C2H5OH.
2. Ethyl Alcohol (Absolute Alcohol):
Ethyl alcohol (absolute alcohol) is a clear, colorless and homogenous
liquid, consisting essentially of ethanol admixed with not more than 0.5% by
vol. of water.
3. Anhydrous Ethanol:
Anhydrous ethanol is essentially ethyl alcohol, which is denatured and is
meant for use as fuel in automobile engines. The IS 15464: 2004 prescribes
requirements, methods of sampling and test for anhydrous ethanol, which is
used either s such or more usually in admixture with petrol and diesel as a
fuel for automobile engines.
4. Denaturant:
Denaturant is a substance completely miscible in ethyl alcohol and of
such character that while its addition makes the material or any aqueous
dilution of it unpleasant and unwholesome for potable purposes, its presence
does not render anhydrous ethanol, either as such or doped with petrol or
diesel, unsuitable for use in automobile engines. The denaturant to be
admixed with ethyl alcohol and the proportion in which it is to be used shall
be as prescribed by law from time to time.
5. Prohibited Denaturants:
Specific mention must be made of some materials that have extremely
adverse effects on fuel stability, automotive engines and fuel systems. These
materials shall not be used as denaturants, for anhydrous ethanol for use in
automobile fuels, under any circumstances. They are as follows: Methanol
Pyrroles, Turpentine, Ketones and Tars (high molecular weight pyrolysis
products of fossil and non-fossil vegetable matter). Unless a denaturant, such as
a higher aliphatic alcohol or ether, is known to have no adverse effect on
gasoline-ethanol mixture or on automotive engines or fuel systems, it shall not
be used.
Motor gasoline
A volatile mixture of liquid hydrocarbons, generally containing a small
amount of additives, suitable for use as a fuel in spark ignition and internal
combustion engines conforming current BIS specification IS: 2796 and or as per
the requirement of the Gazette notification issued by Govt. of India from time to
time and or guideline issued by MOP & NG regulatory authorities from time to
time.
Ethanol doped motor gasoline
A fuel consisting primarily of motor gasoline doped with 5%vol./vol. of
denatured anhydrous ethanol for fuel conforming to motor gasoline
specification.
Oxygenate
Oxygen containing ash less, organic compound such as an alcohol or
ether which may be used as a fuel or fuel supplement.
Denatured anhydrous ethanol for fuel
Denatured anhydrous ethanol for fuel is made unfit for use as beverage by
addition of denaturants as per IS 15464 for Anhydrous ethanol for use in
Automotive Fuel Specification. In the following sections wherever the term
ethanol is used it refers to denatured anhydrous ethanol for fuel.
SALIENT FEATURES OF ETHANOL:
1. Ethanol is completely soluble in water, which presents potential
problems for storage and handling. However, Ethanol will not be significantly
degraded by small amount of clean water, though water addition dilutes its
values as a fuel.
2. A higher conductivity suggests that ethanol will dissipate static charges
that build up when pumping fuel transfers faster than motor gasoline, as static
electrical charges generated will be dissipated more quickly.
3. Viscosity of Ethanol is higher than that of motor gasoline. However, it
does not pose any problem in handling in cold weather.
4. The auto-ignition temperature of Ethanol is significantly higher thn that
of motor gasoline. This makes Ethanol less susceptible to ignition when
spilled on hot surfaces such as Engine Exhaust Manifolds.
5. The lower flammable limit of Ethanol is higher than Motor Gasoline.
This is another advantage over Motor Gasoline.
6. Pure Ethanol burns with a flame that is not clearly visible in bright
sunlight. However, Ethanol doped Motor Gasoline flame is visible.
Quality control
Quality control is a process by which entities review the quality of all factors
involved in production. Quality control emphasizes testing of products to
uncover defects, and reporting to management who make the decision to allow
or deny the release, whereas quality assurance attempts to improve and stabilize
production, and associated processes, to avoid, or at least minimize, issues that
led to the defects in the first place. It implies a complete overview and re-
evaluation of the specification of a product, rather than just considering a more
limited set of changeable features within an existing product. Quality protects the image of the organisation and control helps to meet
prescribed specifications.
Quality checks are carried out at various stages of stock handling
1. During receipt of stock.
2. During storage of stock.
3. Monthly tests.
4. During dispatch.
SAMPLING
It is the process of securing representative quantities from a part or from the
whole of a quantity of material for various tests.
Sampling of petroleum products is covered by
1. ASTM, D-270
2. IP-2546
3. IS:1447,1966
Types of samples
1. ALL LEVEL SAMPLE
CLOSED SAMPLER TO BE SUBMERGED AND
OPENED NEAR DRAW OFF LEVEL AND
RAISED AT A UNIFORM RATE SUCH THAT IT
IS NEARLY FULL WHEN IT COMES OUT.
2. TOP SAMPLE DRAWN BELOW 15 CMS. FROM TOP
SURFACE OF PRODUCT.
3. UPPER SAMPLE 1/6TH
OF THE DEPTH OF PRODUCT
BELOW TOP SURFACE IN A TANK.
4. MIDDLE SAMPLE ½ OF THE DEPTH OF PRODUCT BELOW
TOP SURFACE IN A TANK.
5. LOWER SAMPLE 5/6TH
OF THE DEPTH OF PRODUCT
BELOW TOP SURFACE IN A TANK.
6. COMPOSITE
SAMPLE
A. MIXTURE OF EQUAL QUANTITY
OF UPPER – MIDDLE – LOWER
SAMPLES. (>12‟)
B. UPPER & LOWER SAMPLES (6‟ –
12‟).
C. MIDDLE SAMPLE (<6‟).
7. BOTTOM SAMPLE
SAMPLE TAKEN FROM LOWEST PART
OF THE TANK.
GENERAL PRECAUTIONS FOR SAMPLING
1. SAMPLES SHALL NOT INCLUDE MATERIAL OTHER THAN
THAT TO BE SAMPLED.
2. SAMPLE DURING COOLEST PART OF THE DAY – PREVENT
EVAPORATION LOSS.
3. SAMPLE HIGHLY VOLATILE PRODUCTS WITH JUDGEMENT,
SKILL & EXPERIENCE.
4. SAMPLES SHALL BE DRAWN THROUGH GAUGE HATCHES OR
SAMPLING HATCHES GIVING DIRECT AND UNCONFINED
ACCESS TO THE BULK OF THE PRODUCT.
5. SAMPLES SHALL BE DRAWN BY APPROPRIATE METHOD IN
APPROVED CONTAINERS.
6. . STRAINERS AND FILTERS SHALL NOT BE USED IN
PREPARATION OF SAMPLES.
7. USE CLEAN AND DRY CONTAINER AND EQUIPMENT,
CONTAINER SHOULD NOT BE LEAKY.
8. USE SEPARATE SAMPLING EQUIPMENT FOR EACH PRODUCT.
9. RINSE EQUIPMENT AND CONTAINER PRIOR TO FILLING.
10. LEAVE EXPANSION SPACE.
Quality control measures for ethanol
Receipt of ethanol
1. Receipt of Ethanol:
1. Ethanol shall be received at depots in dedicated tank trucks. All care shall
be taken to prevent ingress of water into the compartments during
transportation.
2. The fittings in tank trucks used for transportation of ethanol to receiving
locations shall be the same as used for storage and handling of class „A‟
petroleum products.
3. The consignment of Ethanol must carry quality certificate as per IS 15464
specification covering the specification as per table no. 1 with foot note
under section 4. this quality certificate should also contain the batch
number and the name of the denaturant used along with its dosage.
2. On arrival, one litre top and bottom sample from each compartment of the
tank truck shall be drawn after the line content is drained off.
3. These samples should be tested for visual appearance and specific gravity
(SG) at 15.6 C / 15.6 C. for conversion of SG from ambient temperature to
15.6 C / 15.6 C, separate charts as per IS 2302 – Table 1 & Table 2 as well as IS
321 – Appendix B are to be used. The SG should be within +_0.0005 of the
dispatch Specific gravity. A composite sample should be made from these
samples for future tests. (Relative Density at 15.6 C / 15.6 C of IS 15464 as
mentioned in table 1 of section 4 is same as specific gravity in air 15.6 C / 15.6
C of IS 321, table 1.
Alternative to the above ASTM D4052 method for density and relative
density of liquids by digital density meter may be used for measurement of
specific gravity, however, the method under IS 15464:2004 will be the
referee method.
4. The above composite sample should be tested for the following
characteristics:
1. Appearance
2. Colour (Visual)
3. Ethanol Content % Vol. IS – 2302
4. Hydrocarbon contamination checks (Refer Clause 5.7)
Specific gravity at 15.6 C / 15.6 C for computing quantity can be calculated
from the percentage of Ethanol content using the table 1 & 2 of IS 2302 and
table 1, in appendix B of IS 321.
5. For determining Ethanol content IS 2302 tables for alcoholometry by
hydrometer method should be used.
6. Specific gravity can be derived by using the Ethanol content and the
Appendix B of IS 321. The specification, however, includes option to determine
specific gravity by the method given in IS 321.
7. To ensure that there is no contamination of hydrocarbon with Ethanol, take
50ml of water in 100ml clean graduated stoppered glass cylinder (A class), put
50ml of Ethanol at the top of it. Stopper the cylinder and shake thoroughly for
15 sec. Set aside the cylinder. Observe that water is fully soluble with Ethanol
and no layer is formed. This ensures no contamination of hydrocarbons with
Ethanol.
8. One litre composite sample of Ethanol from the tank truck should be drawn,
sealed, labelled and jointly signed by the driver/authorized representative of the
transporter and the receiving officer of the oil company. These samples shall be
retained for a period of 30 days. Only glass or stainless steel sample containers
should be used. Aluminium containers should not be used for storing Ethanol
samples.
9. Product can be decanted into tank, after ensuring that it conforms to the
requirements of the characteristics as mentioned in table no. 1 of section 4 as
well as physical verification carried out as per clause 5.3 and 5.4.
10. The unloading operations shall be carried out through special Nitrile rubber
or any other compatible hoses. Ethanol being hygroscopic in nature, utmost
precaution needs to be taken to ensure that there is no ingress of water or
humidity. Both the ends of the hoses after use shall be capped. 80 mesh strainers
(material as specified in section: 6) shall be provided before the pump / tank
inlet as the case may be. All safety precautions shall be taken as that for class
„A‟ product.
11. Appropriate recommended dosage of metal deactivator and Corrosion
inhibiter shall be added during the decantation of Ethanol from tank truck into
the storage tank, so as to ensure homogeneity of additives with Ethanol in the
storage tank. A separate operations and inventory logbook shall be maintained
for the additive.
12. The location shall maintain a Batch-Control Logbook tank-wise for receipt
of Ethanol in the storage tank as per the following format
STORAGE AND HANDLING OF ETHANOL:
1. Material recommendations:
The compatibility of Ethanol/Ethanol Doped motor gasoline with
material coming in contact while handling means not only that equipment
made from material will not deteriorate but also that the quality of
Ethanol as well as Ethanol Doped motor gasoline in contact with the
material will not degrade. The supplier/contractor will ensure in this
regard. It is recommended that integrity of all materials coming in to
contact with the fuel will be verified with „Soak testing‟ as per standard
engineering practice.
2. Nozzles, fittings, connectors, piping, pump and impellers may be of best
suitable material compatible with Ethanol as recommended for the storage
tanks.
3. Zinc, brass, lead, copper and Aluminium are some of the sensitive materials
known to be degraded while contact with Ethanol. Lead based solders are also
incompatible with Ethanol. Avoid using them.
4. Un-plated steel, Stainless steel, black iron and Bronze have shown acceptable
resistance to corrosion by Ethanol.
5. Non-metallic materials that degrade when in contact with Ethanol include
natural Rubber, Polyurethane, Cork gasket material, leather, polyester –
bounded Fiberglas laminate, Polyvinyl Chlorides, Polyamides and Methyl and
Methacrylate Plastics.
6. Non-metallic materials that have been successfully used with fuel Ethanol
include Buna-N, Neoprene rubber, Polyethylene, Nylon, Polypropylene, Nitrile,
Glass, Viton and Teflon.
7. Ethanol can be stored in a above ground or underground tank(S). Factors like
the size of the tank, the space available, requirements for stationary evaporative
emissions and safety aspects will determine which type of tank is best for use.
8. Epicoating is not recommended for the tanks proposed for storage of Ethanol.
9. Epicoating recommended in storage tank for general hydrocarbons may not
be compatible for system handling Ethanol/Ethanol Doped motor gasoline and it
may be ensured before any application or use.
10. Ethanol falls under the same handling and storage requirements as motor
gasoline within the provision of applicable norms.
11. Tank should be constructed of low carbon, cold finished steel and butt-
welded. Do not use any plated material tank.
12. The storage tanks and allied facilities for Ethanol shall be positively
segregated. The existing Class „A‟ product storage tank fitted with Pressure
Vacuum Valve (PV valve) can be used for storing Ethanol after thorough
cleaning. The tank shall be absolutely free from water at all times.
13. Ethanol storage tanks shall be cleaned once in two years or more frequently
depending on the need. Tank cleaning certificate shall be maintained as per
Appendix – A of IQCM. Date of tank cleaning and due date of next tank
cleaning shall be painted on the manhole cover. For underground tanks, the
details of tank cleaning shall be displayed on a suitable display card.
14. All level samples after receipt of first parcel in a newly commissioned tank /
after tank cleaning shall be sent to laboratory for Batch Formation Test (Clause
No. 9.2.2). The product from the tank shall be released only if the laboratory
confirms that the product meets specifications requirement in respect of the tests
carried out.
15. As Ethanol is hygroscopic and will absorb moisture from the air, Silica Gel
trap must be provided in the vent pipe of the tank to prevent ingress of moisture
into the tank. Regular check on the colour of silica gel shall be maintained (Blue
Colour) and shall need immediate replacement on showing signs of saturation
by way of change of colour. Say, Silica get turns from blue to pink after it
absorbs moisture.
16. The silica gel can also be reactivated on heating in an air oven for about one
hour at 110 C, till it again turns blue. Then it will become ready for re-use.
17. Other storage tank openings / pipeline fittings shall be airtight and the
threaded connections if any shall be tightened with the help of Teflon paste or
Teflon tapes. Bolted connections shall have gaskets of Teflon.
Colour Coding for Ethanol:
The colour band for Ethanol on the pipeline shall be purple (ISC No. 796). The
procedure for colour coding shall be in accordance with Clause 4.3.3 of industry
quality control manual for non aviation products (IQCM)
Quality Monitoring for Ethanol:
One litre composite sample of Ethanol from the storage tanks shall be collected
in stainless steel or glass container for monitoring tests and sent to the nearest
lab once in a month.
Doping of Ethanol in motor Gasoline and quality control checks:
At Depot / installation / Terminal:
It is necessary that adequate care be taken to ensure the correct dosage in online
doping of Ethanol with in motor gasoline. Ethanol is to be doped in motor
gasoline with the concentration of 5% v/v.
Manufacturing specification of motor gasoline to be kept at refinery end such
that the end product from marketing after doping 5% v/v Ethanol into motor
gasoline remains within specification IS 2796.
Procedure for doping anhydrous Ethanol in motor gasoline:
To ensure uniform doping of Ethanol with motor gasoline, online doping of
Ethanol shall be carried out through a closed system, with proper interlocks,
while maintaining efficacy of mixing Ethanol in the right proportion of 5% v/v
as per specification.
The quantity of Ethanol to be doped into the motor gasoline is worked out
for each compartment of the tank truck on the basis of 5% vol. of Ethanol in
motor gasoline. Doping shall be carried out by synchronizing with the total
delivery of desired 5% vol. of Ethanol with motor gasoline in that compartment.
This can be verified by test method given in appendix-1
An 80-mesh filter shall be provided on the delivery side of Ethanol storage
tank i.e. between pump and TLF Gantry point.
The following QC checks are recommended for the doping:
All samples shall be drawn, tested and retained as per the procedure laid
down in IQCM.
A sample of Ethanol Doped Motor Gasoline shall be drawn in each shift and
whenever there is a switch over of motor gasoline / Ethanol tank on an hourly
basis. The sample should be tested for appearance, density at 15 C and alcohol
content.
In case ethanol content of motor gasoline exceeds / less than the permissible
level of 5%, corrective steps are to be taken immediately.
Retention of ethanol doped motor gasoline sample from TLF shall be
followed as per IQCM requirements (before commencements of loading in each
shift and whenever there is a switchover of motor gasoline / ethanol tank). In
addition, one litre sample of ethanol from the storage tank should also be
retained for 15 days along with TLF sample(s).
Lab facilities required for testing:
At depot / installation:
Facilities required for the field test of Anhydrous Ethanol content:
Hydrometers / Alcoholometers (IS:3608 part 2 : 1987),
Thermometers,
Glass cylinders,
150ml graduated glass cylinder (A class) with stopper.
Specific gravity at 15.6 C/15.6 C for computing quantity can be calculated from
the percentage of ethanol content using the table 1 and 2 of IS 2302: 1989 and
table 1 of IS 321: 1964.
At QC labs:
As per full specification test of Ethanol other than copper content and methyl
alcohol content (Batch formation test) However, colour of Ethanol may be
slightly vary due to addition of special additive like, Metal deactivator and
corrosion inhibitors..
Tank Trucks for Transportation of Ethanol doped Motor Gasoline:
The tank trucks can be upgraded for the purposes as specified in IQCM for
handling non-aviation products and inspect from inside for cleanliness and dry
out any accumulated water or product before loading Ethanol doped motor
Gasoline.
The tank truck fit for transportation of motor gasoline shall be used for ethanol
doped motor gasoline. Adequate care shall be taken to ensure that the tank truck
fittings are absolutely airtight and no ingress of water or air is allowed.
The Epicoating applied in tank trucks for transportation of petroleum products
may not be compatible with ethanol doped motor gasoline. The compatibility
needs to be ensured before use of such tank trucks.
Handling of Ethanol doped motor gasoline at retail outlets:
Underground tanks, dispensers and fittings
Storage tank shall be suitable for class “A” product and openings/
pipeline fittings shall be airtight and the threaded connections if any shall be
tightened with the help of Teflon tapes. Bolted connections shall be provided
with proper gaskets. Storage tanks shall be thoroughly cleaned; ensuring
absence of any trace of water before commissioning on Ethanol doped motor
gasoline. Fill cap and dip cap fittings shall be watertight and have suitable
gaskets / packing to prevent entry of moisture.
The fill/dip caps shall be raised sufficiently high above the ground level. In case
these are situated in chambers, the chambers shall be constructed in a manner so
as to avoid entry of water into the tank and the caps positioned sufficiently
above the bottom of the chamber. The presence of any water in the underground
tank shall be checked by using water-finding paste every day. During the rainy
season the water shall be promptly removed from the tank.
Ethanol being hygroscopic in nature, utmost precautions needs to be taken to
ensure that there is no ingress of water or moisture in the storage tanks. Suitable
silica gel trap shall be fitted in the vent of the tank storing Ethanol Doped motor
Gasoline at Retail Outlet to prevent ingress of moisture. Regular check on the
colour of silica gel shall be maintained and it should be immediately replaced on
its change. The colour of silica gel turns from blue to pink after absorbing
moisture.
Sampling procedures at the retail outlets would be the same as mentioned in the
industry marketing discipline guidelines.
Dispensing units are typically manufactured with steel, cast iron, aluminium ,
brass, bronze and sometimes stainless steel components. “Ethanol doped motor
gasoline” should not pose problem with any of these metals. Normal dispensing
hoses can be used for “Ethanol doped Motor Gasoline”.
Receipt of Ethanol Doped Motor Gasoline:
1 The procedure will remain same as is being followed for un-doped Motor
Gasoline.
2 During rainy seasons, wherever the canopy is available, the tank lorry
shall be checked under the canopy, to avoid ingress of water. Tarpaulin
cover shall be used during tank lorry discharge. The dip cap of
underground tanks shall be kept closed during tank lorry unloading
operation.
3 Colour coding for dispensing pumps for Ethanol Doped motor
Gasoline:
The colour coding for the dispensing pumps used for ethanol doped motor
gasoline remains same as that of un-doped Motor Gasoline.
4 Fire fighting system:
The most accepted system is dry chemical powder (DCP), which works as
effectively on Ethanol fire as being used for motor gasoline fire. The
personnel should be informed about the properties of ethanol doped MS
and safe practices for operating, fuelling etc.
All staff in the retail Outlets must be trained in handling any emergencies.
Safety:
Ethanol comes under class „A‟ and hence all safety precautions need to be
taken as required for class „A‟ product. Ethanol is a flammable liquid with a
flash point of 13 C. it requires fire-fighting facilities like, alcohol type
concentrate foam (ATC) or CO2/Dry Chemical powder (DCP) extinguishers.
Ethanol material safety data sheet
Chemical formula : C2H5OH
Mol. Wt. : 46.07
Appearance and odour : clear,colourless with an ethereal odour
RON/MON : 108.6/89.7
Octane no. : 98-100
Reid vapour pressure : 2.3 psi
Ignition point
A) Fuel in air % : 3-19
B) Temperature : 4550C
Specific gravity : 0.7936
Boiling point : 780C
Solubility in water@210C : 100%
Flame visibility : poor
Flash point : 13.00C
Extinguishing media:
Carbon-di-oxide, dry chemical Powder & water for small fires and Polar
Solvent Foam for large fires.
Specific fire fighting procedures:
Use necessary protective equipment & breathing apparatus as would
normally be used when fighting fires where there may be danger of breathing
hazardous products of combustion.
Unusual fire and explosion hazards:
Flammable liquid
Stability:
Stable
Conditions to avoid in normal use (incompatibility, material to avoid):
May react vigorously with oxidizing material
Hazardous decomposition or by-products:
Combustion may produce Cox, NOx and reactive hydrocarbons. Hazardous
polymerization will not occur.
Health hazards:
Roots of entry inhalation / skin / ingestion
Acute and chronic health hazards:
May cause mucus membrane irritation, unconsciousness, respiratory failures
and death.
Toxicity:
Moderate
Signs and symptoms of exposures:
May cause dizziness, loss of balance and co-ordination
Emergency and safety procedures:
If swallowed, induce vomiting. If inhaled, remove person to fresh air. Give
artificial respiration if breathing has stopped and call a physician.
If splashed in eyes or on skin, flush immediately with copious amounts of
water.
Precautions for safe handling and use:
In case spilled, released out then eliminate all sources of ignition. Small
spills should be flushed with large quantities of water. Large spills should be
collected for waste disposal.
Waste disposal methods:
Do not allow entering sewers where vapours may become ignited. Incinerate
under the law. Explore for resale to supplier.
Precautions to be taken in handling and storage:
Keep away from heat, sparks and open flames;
Keep containers closed;
Use with adequate ventilation;
Use explosion proof electrical equipment and
Non-sparking tools.
Protective Controlled measures:
Air supplied mask to be used for a high concentration as a respiratory
precaution. Use protective rubber gloves and goggles for eyes. Eye bath and
safety shower is recommended as outer protective equipment.
Salient features:
Carcinogenic compounds are not present in pure Ethanol.
Test Method for Determination of Ethanol Content
A. In Ethanol (received by T/L):
For determining the percentage of Ethanol content table 1 and table 2 of
IS 2302: 1989 should be used.
B. In Ethanol doped motor Gasoline:
Method for determination of Ethanol content in 5% ethanol doped motor
Gasoline by using water – A Field Test
1. Scope:
This method covers the determination of ethanol content in ethanol
doped motor gasoline as field test at supply point. Retail outlet etc. by
using water. This method provides a test of on line ethanol doped
gasoline for ethanol content by % by vol. The method can suitably be
used for quality monitoring of ethanol doped gasoline for ethanol content
in downstream. In case of dispute the sample may be subjected to a
method ASTMD 4815 as referred in BIS IS 2796 Amendment 3, for
Motor Gasoline.
2. Apparatus:
a. 150ml glass stopper cylinder with 0.5ml graduation.
b. 10ml and 5ml glass pipette.
c. Water
3. Definitions:
a. Ethanol / Denatured Ethanol:
Ethanol is the pure chemical, otherwise known as hydroxyl ethane,
corresponding to the constitution CH3CH2OH and molecular
formula: C2H5OH. Nominally anhydrous ethanol made unfit for
beverage use by the addition of noxious of toxic materials
(denaturants) and same is used as ethanol for the purpose of this
test method.
b. Motor Gasoline:
A volatile mixture of liquid hydrocarbon, generally containing a
small amount of additives, suitable for use as a fuel in spark
ignition and internal combustion engines conforming to IS: 2796.
c. Ethanol Doped Motor Gasoline:
A fuel consisting primarily of motor Gasoline doped with 5%
vol./vol. of denatured anhydrous Ethanol for fuel conforming to
IS:2796.
d. Water:
Water is preferred for extraction procedure, but potable water may
be used.
4. procedure
1) Take 100 ml sample of ethanol blended gasoline under test in 150
ml graduated stoppered glass cylinder.
2) Add precisely 30ml water to the sample taken in a glass cylinder.
3) Shake the stopper cylinder vigorously for at least 30 seconds.
4) Loosen the stopper of glass cylinder to release the vapour pressure
in the cylinder but do not remove the stopper.
5) Tighten the stopper of glass and allow the stopper cylinder to sit
undisturbed at ambient temperature upright on the leveled surface
for a period of at least five minutes to allow the water-ethanol
mixture to settle to the bottom.
6) If separation of two layers is not complete lightly tap the cylinder
to encourage the complete separation.
7) Record the level of aqueous layer in glass cylinder by reading the
measurement at the lowest part of the meniscus.
8) Presence of ethanol % in ethanol doped gasoline= (volume of
aqueous layer in graduated cylinder) – 30ml.
5. Calibration on known ethanol content in EDP and its
extraction
1) Prepare twelve number of synthetic EDP with the concentration pf
1-12ml ethanol in 100 ml EDP.
2) Take 100ml sample in 150ml graduated stoppered glass cylinder.
3) Shake the stopper cylinder to vigorously for at least for 30
seconds.
4) Loosen the stopper of glass cylinder to release the vapour pressure
in the cylinder but do not remove the stopper.
5) Tighten the stopper and allow the stopper cylinder to sit
undisturbed at ambient temperature upright on the leveled surface
for a period of at least five minutes to allow the water-ethanol
mixture to settle to the bottom.
6) If separation of two layers is not complete lightly tap the cylinder
to encourage the complete separation.
7) Record the level of aqueous layer in glass cylinder by reading the
measurement at the lowest part of the meniscus.
8) Presence of ethanol % in ethanol doped gasoline= (volume of
aqueous layer in graduated cylinder) – 30ml.
9) Plot a graph on various values obtained for ethanol volume
extracted with water to the ethanol doped in petrol.
6. Calculation:
a. Observation made is to put on the graph and find
corresponding concentration of ethanol doped in petrol.
b. Whenever there is change in source of petrol, it is
recommended to re-plot the graph.
7. Report:
Report the fully corrected results to the nearest 0.5ml as the
ethanol water mixture and report after deducting 30ml.
8. Significance
The test method is employed to check the percentage of ethanol
in ethanol doped petrol, as ethanol is having more affinity for
mixing with water. The addition of water in ethanol doped petrol
extracts the present in the ethanol doped petrol in to aqueous
phase. The increase in the water level indicates the quantity of
ethanol in ethanol doped petrol.
Quality Tests for ethanol at PMC Lab.
1. For ethanol content and density.
An alcoholometer is a device that measures the concentration of ethanol in a
water-ethanol mixture. The depth to which an alcoholometer sinks in a water-
ethanol mixture is related to the mass density of the mixture, but the device is
calibrated to indicate the concentration of ethanol at some fixed temperature.
The density of a water-ethanol mixture varies with the temperature as well as
the concentration of ethanol; therefore, a correction table is required if one
wants to measure the concentration of ethanol at a temperature other than the
one at which the alcoholometer was calibrated.
Procedure
1. Pour your sample into a smooth, clear cylinder or jar that is dry or well
rinsed with a portion of the sample.
2. Make sure your sample is thoroughly mixed before testing.
3. Immerse the alcoholometer in the liquid to a point slightly below the
place where it naturally floats. Make sure the alcoholometer and liquid
are at rest and free of air bubbles.
4. Measure the temperature of the sample. Ideally, the sample temperature
should be equal to the temperature standard of the alcoholometer,
generally 60°F.
5. If temperature differences are unavoidable, correction tables can help to
adjust readings.
6. Take your reading at the point where the surface of the liquid crosses the
alcoholometer.
Alcoholometer
TEST FOR MISCIBILITY WITH WATER
PROCEDURE:
Mix 10ml of the material with 190ml of water in a suitable glass vine and
allow to stand at ambient temperature for minimum 10 min. Compare the
clarity of the mixture with that of an equal volume of water.
The material shall be taken to comply with the specified requirement, if
there is no noticeable difference in clarity between the mixture and water.
TEST FOR ALKALINITY AND DETERMINATION OF ACIDITY
REAGENTS:
1. Standard Sodium Hydroxide Solution- 0.1N.
2. Phenolphthalein Indicator- Dissolve 0.5g of phenolphthalein in 100ml
of rectified spirit and carefully add standard sodium hydroxide solution
till the colour is rendered faintly pink.
PROCEDURE:
1. Place 100ml of water and a few pieces of clean porous pot in a 500ml
conical flask of resistance glass, and boil gently for 5 min to eliminate
carbon dioxide. Cool slightly and add 100ml of the material. Boil gently
for a further period of 5 min. At the end of this period, close the neck of
the flask with a stopper carrying a soda-lime guard tube, and allow to
cool. When cool, examine for alkalinity; if not alkaline, titrate with
standard sodium hydroxide solution using a micro-burette.
2. Determine the specific gravity of the material at room temperature using a
specific gravity bottle or a pyknometer or a suitable hydrometer.
CALCULATION AND REPORT:
1. Report whether the material is alkaline or acidic
2. Calculate the acidity, if any, in terms of acetic acid and express as
percentage by weight of the material taken for the test:
Acidity (as CH3COOH), mg/l = 600 VN
Where
V= volume, in ml, of standard sodium hydroxide solution required for the
titration; and
N= normality of standard sodium hydroxide solution.
DETERMINATION OF RESIDUE ON EVAPORATION
PROCEDURE:
Evaporate, on a water bath, 100ml or more of the material to dryness in a
weighed, clean, dry platinum, silica or resistance glass dish. Dry the residue for
30 min in an oven at a temperature of 100 +- 2 C. Cool in a desiccator and
weigh.
CALCULATION:
Residue on evaporation,
Percent by mass = [(B-A)*100] / VS
Where
B = weight, in g, of dish after evaporation, drying and cooling;
A = weight, in g, of empty dish;
V = volume, in ml, of the material taken for the test; and
S = specific gravity of the material determined at room temperature.
DETERMINATION OF ALDEHYDE CONTENT
METHODS:
a. For low aldehyde content:
A suitable colour reaction is available when the aldehyde content (as CH3CHO)
is expected not to exceed 60 mg/I of the material. This is based on the
resinification that takes place and the yellow colour that results on treatment of
acetaldehyde with sodium hydroxide. The procedure described under F-4.1
provides as satisfactory qualitative limit test, but in case of dispute, the
quantitative procedure described under F-4.2 shall be adopted in the qualitative
procedure, acetals are also included as aldehydes.
b. For Higher Aldehyde Content
For materials containing 0.05 to 0.5 percent of aldehydes, only the quantitative
procedure described under F-4.2 shall be adopted.
APPARATUS:
Stoppered Flasks- Two each of 250 ml capacity and identical in shape, size and
colour.
REAGENTS:
Sodium Hydroxide Solution- dissolve 20 g of sodium hydroxide in water and
dilute to 100 ml with water.
Stock Solution of Hydroxylamine Hydrochloride- Dissolve 20 g of
hydroxylamine hydrochloride in 100 ml of water.
Metaphenylenediamine Hydrochloride
Aldehyde Free Alcohol- Re-distill rectified spirit over solid caustic soda or
caustic potash, add 2 to 3 g of metaphenylenediamine hydrochloride per litre of
rectified spirit, digest at ordinary temperature for several days or under a reflux
condenser on a stream bath for several hours and distil slowly, rejecting the first
100 ml and the last 200 ml of the distillate.
Standard Sodium Hydroxide Solution- 0.1 N.
Bromophenol Blue Solution- Dissolve 0.1 g of bromophenol blue in 1.5 ml of
standard sodium hydroxide solution of hydroxylamine hydrochloride with 100
ml of aldehyde-free alcohol, add 2 ml of bromophenol blue solution and then
add standard sodium hydroxide solution till the characteristic dichlroic
yellowish green colour is obtained.
PROCEDURE:
Qualitative Test:
Mix 10 ml of the material with 5 ml of sodium hydroxide solution and set aside
for 5 min.
The limits prescribed for aldehyde content (0.006g/100ml) shall be taken as not
have exceeded, if no yellowish colour is produced in 5 min.
Quantitative Test:
Take 50 ml of the material in a flask; add 25 ml of hydroxylamine reagent and
25 ml of distilled water. Allow to stand for 15 min. Meanwhile prepare a blank
in a similar flask by using 25 ml of hydroxylamine reagent and 75 ml of distilled
water. Titrate this solution with standard sodium hydroxide solution until the
characteristic dischlroic yellowish green colour appears. Titrate the sample
solution with standard sodium hydroxide solution until the colour matches with
that of the blank solution.
Calculation
Aldehyde content (as CH3CHO), mg/l= 880 (V-v) N
Where
V= volume, in ml, of standard sodium hydroxide solution required for the
titration;
v= volume, in ml, of standard sodium hydroxide solution required, if any, in the
blank; and
N= normality of standard sodium hydroxide solution.
SPECIFICATIONS OF PETROL
SR. NO. PROPERTY SPECIFICATION
1 Appearance Free from undisolved
water and visible
impurities.
2 colour Orange/ red
3 Density 710-770
4 Copper strip corrosion Not more than no. 1
5 DISTILLATION
RECOVERY AT
o 700C
o 1000C
o 1500C
o 1800C
FBP
RESIDUE %
10-40%
40-70%
>75%
>90%
>215
<2%
5 EXTENT GUM Max 40gm/m3
6 Lead content Max .005 %
7 Benzene content Max 3.0%
8 Sulphur content Max .05%
Quality tests for petrol at PMC lab.
1. Colour
Determination of the colour of petroleum products is used mainly for
manufacturing control purposes and is an important quality characteristic since
colour is readily observed by the user of the product. In some cases the colour
may serve as an indication of the degree of refinement of the material. When the
colour range of a particular product is known, a variation outside the established
range may indicate possible contamination with another product. However,
colour is not always a reliable guide to product quality and should not be used
indiscriminately in product specifications. Simply note down the colour by
visual appearance.
2. EXISTENT GUM IN FUELS
High gum can cause induction-system deposits and sticking of intake valves,
and in most instances it can be assumed that low gum will ensure absence of
induction system difficulties. However, the test by itself is not correlative to
induction system deposits. The test is applied to motor gasolines to measure the
oxidation products formed in the sample prior to or during the comparatively
mild conditions of the test procedure. Since many motor gasolines are purposely
blended with non-volatile oils or additives, the heptane extraction step is
necessary to remove these from the evaporation residue so that the deleterious
material, gum, may be determined. With respect to aviation turbine fuels, large
quantities of gum are indicative of contamination of fuel by higher boiling oils
or particulate matter and generally reflect poor handling practices in distribution
downstream of the refinery.
Test Procedure
A known amount of the sample i.e. 50 ml in a standard beaker is evaporated at
1500 C by passing heated air for 30 minutes. The beaker is taken out, cool and
weigh. Again give n-heptane washing to the beaker, dry it & weigh. This weight
gives the indicative of Gummy material where as before washing if the quantity
is more, it shows that it is contaminated/ adulterated with kerosene or other high
boiling liquid.
3. DENSITY
Accurate determination of the gravity of petroleum and its products is necessary
for the conversion of measured volumes to volumes at the standard temperature.
Gravity is a factor governing the quality of crude oils. However, the gravity of a
petroleum product is an uncertain indication of its quality. Correlated with other
properties, gravity can be used to give approximate hydrocarbon composition
and heat of combustion.
This test method covers the determination by means of a glass hydrometer of the
API gravity of crude petroleum and petroleum products normally handled as
liquids and having a Reid vapour pressure of 26 psi (180 kPa) or less. Gravities
are determined at 600F or converted to values at 60
0F by means of standard
tables. These tables are not applicable to non-hydrocarbons or essentially pure
hydrocarbons such as the aromatics.
Hydrometer
TEST SUMMARY
This test method is based on the principle that the gravity of a liquid varies
directly with the depth of immersion of a body floating in it. The floating body,
which is graduated by API gravity units in this method, is called an API
hydrometer. The API gravity is read by observing the freely floating API
hydrometer and noting the graduation nearest to the apparent intersection of the
horizontal plane surface of the liquid with the vertical scale of the hydrometer,
after temperature equilibrium has been reached. The temperature of the sample
is read from a separate accurate ASTM thermometer in the sample or from the
thermometer which is an integral part of the hydrometer.
Significance:
· Aromatics have the highest density.
· Paraffins have the lowest density.
· Cycloparaffins and Olefins have the intermediate density.
· Increase in density (above 770 Kg/M3) indicates the presence of possible
adulterants like Kerosene, Diesel, High Aromatic Naphtha (HAN) and narrow
cut aromatics like Benzene, Toluene, etc.,
· Decrease in density (below 710 Kg/M3) indicates the presence of possible
adulterants like SBP solvents, narrow cut solvents mainly aliphatics.
· Intermediate density (between 750 – 770 Kg/M3) indicates the presence of
possible adulterants like HAN, BTX (C6, C7 & C9 aromatics), etc.,
Copper corrosion test
This international method specifies a method for the determination of the
corrosiveness to copper of liquid petroleum products. Volatile products having a
maximum vapour pressure of 124kpa at 37.8 0C are included.
PRINCIPLE
A polished copper strip is immersed in a specified volume of sample and heated
under conditions of temperature and time that are specific to the class of
material being tested. Aviation fuels and natural gasoline are tested in a pressure
vessel and other products are tested under atmospheric pressure. At the end of
the heating period, the strip is removed, washed, and the colour assessed against
corrosion standards.
REAGENTS AND MATERIALS
WASH SOLVENTS
Isooctane of minimum 99.7% purity is the referee solvent.
POLISHING MATERIAL
Silicon carbide powders of 150 mesh size.
Adsorbent cotton of pharmaceutical grade.
APPARATUS
Copper strips, cut from smooth- surfaced, hard temper, cold-finished
electrolytic type copper of more than 99.9% purity.
The strips shall be 75mm (+/-) 2mm in length, and 1.5mm to 3.0mm in
thickness.
Strips must be free from pitting or deep scratches that cannot be removed by the
specified polishing procedures.
Pressure vessels constructed of stainless steel. The vessel should be capable of
withstanding a test pressure of 700kPa gauge.
Test tubes, of borosilicate glass. The internal dimensions shall be checked with
a metal strip copper inserted in test tube. When 30 ml of liquid is added, a
minimum of 5mm shall be above the top surface of the strip.
Test baths
Test bath should be capable of maintaining the product at the specified test
temperature within a range of 10C.
Temperature sensor,
For indicating the test temperature for liquid baths, a total immersion liquid in
glass thermometer is suitable, with graduation of 10C or less. It shall be
submerged in the liquid such that not more than 25mm of the thread extends
above the liquid surface.
Corrosion standards
For the evaluation of the tarnish at the end of the test.
Corrosion standards by ASTM
Preparation of test strips
Surface preparation
Remove all surfaces blemishes from all six sides of the copper strip with silicon
carbide paper or cloth for such degrees of fineness as are needed to achieve the
desired results efficiently. Immerse the copper strip in wash solvent. Withdraw
immediately for final polishing, or store for future use.
Rub the strip against the filter paper with a rotary motion. Protecting the strip to
contact with the fingers with an ash less filter paper.
Final polishing
Remove a strip from the wash solvent. Holding it in fingers protected by ash
less filter paper, polish the first with the silicon carbide powder and absorbent
cotton moistened with a drop of wash solvent. Wipe vigorously with fresh pads
of cotton pads and subsequently handle only with forceps. Do not touch the
strip with the fingers. Clamp in the strips and polish the main surfaces with
silicon carbide powder on adsorbent cotton. After polishing immerse it in
prepared sample.
Procedure
Place a 30ml test portion completely clear and free from any suspected or
entrained water in a chemically clean, dry test tube. Slide the copper strip into
the test portion in the test tube. Stopper with a vented cork, and place the test
tube in the test bath maintained the test temperature range of 10C. At the end of
the specified test period, remove the test tube. If during this process the level of
liquid decreases discard and start with the fresh solvent.
Strip examination
Empty the contents of the test tube into a suitably sized beaker, such as a 150ml
tall form, letting the copper strip slide in gently so as to avoid breaking the
beaker. Immediately withdraw the strip with the forceps and immerse it in wash
solvent. Withdraw the strip at once, dry with filter paper and inspect for
evidence of tarnishing corrosion by comparison with the corrosion standards.
Hold both the test strip and the standard strip in such a manner that light
reflected from them at an angle of approximately 450 will be observed.
Distillation
This method of test covers the distillation of motor gasoline. Distillation
characteristics of petroleum products are indicative of performance in their
intended applications. Petroleum product specifications generally include
distillation limits to ensure products of suitable volatility performance.
It gives an idea of volatility characteristics of the fuel. It can be determined by
· Non-fractionating type ASTM – Manual
· Non-fractionating type ASTM – Automatic
TERMINOLOGY
Initial boiling point
The thermometer reading which is observed at the instant that the first drop of
condensate falls from the lower end of the condenser tube.
End point or final boiling point
The maximum thermometer reading obtained during the test. This usually
occurs after the evaporation of all liquid from the bottom of the flask.
Dry point
The thermometer reading observed at the instant the last drop of the liquid
evaporates from the lowest point in the flask.
Decomposition point
The thermometer reading which coincides with the first indication of thermal
decomposition of the liquid in the flask.
Percent recovered
The volume in ml of condensate observed in the receiving graduate, in
connection with a simultaneous thermometer reading.
Percent recovery
The maximum percent recovered at final boiling point.
Percent total recovery
The combined percent recovery and residue in the flask.
Percent loss
it is the percent of material lost during the distillation. It is equal to ( 100-
percent total recovery).
Percent residue
It is the volume of the material left no evaporated in the flask.
Percent evaporated
The sum of the percent recovered in graduate and the percent loss.
APPARATUS:
1. Distillation flask
Distillation flasks of heat resistant glass and capacity 150ml.
2. Condenser and cooling bath
The condenser shall be made of seamless brass tubing, the capacity of the
cooling bath shall be not less than 5.55 litres of cooling media. Its main
pupose is to cool the vapours coming from the flask. Any cooling media
may be used like brine, crushed ice, cooling water etc.
For distillation of petrol. Temperature of cooling bath is kept at 4oC.
3. Heat source
a. Gas burner
Gas burner should be so constructed that sufficient heat from the
available gas can be obtained to distil the product at the specified rate.
A sensitive regulating valve and gas pressure governor to give
complete control of heating may be provided.
b. Electric heater
Electric heater may be used instead of a gas burner, provided it is
capable of bringing over the first drop from a cold start within the time
specified and of continuing the distillation at the specified rate. Heater
units of low heat retention, adjustable from
0-1000 W, have been found satisfactory.
4. Flask support
The top of the electric heater shall consist of a ceramic heat resistant flask
support board with a centre hole. Provision shall be made for moving the
heater unit, with its top in order to place the distillation flask so that direct
heat shall be applied to the flask only through the opening in the flask
support board.
5. Graduated cylinder
A 100 ml graduated cylinder with 1 ml subdivisions shall be provided.
Construction details and tolerances given in figure.
6. Thermometers
For partly or fully automatic apparatus and procedure, an alternative
means of measuring or recording temperature may also be used provided
this gives the same reading under distillation test conditions and has a
precision not less than that of the prescribed thermometer.
SAMPLE
a. in case of any product having a Reid vapour pressure of 655 mbar
or higher, cool the sample bottle to a temperature in the range of
13-180C. Collect the sample in the previously cooled bottle,
preferably by immersing the bottle in the liquid, where possible,
and discarding the first sample. Where immersion is not possible,
the sample shall be drawn off into the previously cooled bottle in
such a manner that agitation is kept at a minimum. Close the bottle
immediately with a tight-fitting stopper, and place it in an ice bath
or refrigerator capable of maintaining the sample at a temperature
not to exceed 150C.
b. Samples of materials that visibly contain water are not suitable for
testing. If the sample is not dry, and the initial boiling point is
below 660C, shake the sample with anhydrous sodium sulphate or
other suitable drying agent and separate it from the drying agent by
decanting.
Preparation of apparatus
a. Fill the condenser box to cover the condenser tube with any non-
flammable coolant which is suitable for the temperature required bt
table 1, such as chopped ice, water, brine or ethylene glycol
solution. If chopped ice is used add sufficient water to cover the
tube. If necessary make any suitable provision such as stirring or
air blowing, so as to maintain the required condenser bath
temperature throughout the test.
b. Remove any residual liquid in the condenser tube by swabbing with
a piece of soft, lint-free cloth attached to a cord or copper wire.
c. Measure 100 ml of the sample in the graduated cylinder and
transfer it as completely as practicable to the distillation flask,
taking care that none of the liquid flows into the vapour tube.
d. Fit the thermometer provided with a snug-fitting, well-rolled cork,
tightly into the neck of the flask so that the bulb is centred in the
neck and the lower end of the capillary is level with the highest
point on the bottom of the inner wall of the vapour tube.
e. Place the flask containing the charge in its support; and by means
of a cork through which the vapour tube has been passed, make a
tight connection with the condenser tube. Adjust the flask so that it
is in a vertical position, and so that the vapour tube extends into the
condenser tube for a distance of 25-50mm.
f. Place the graduate that was used to measure the charge, without
drying, into its bath under the lower end of the condenser tube so
that the end of the condenser tube is centred in the graduate flask
and extends therein for a distance of at least 25mm, but not below
the 100ml mark. Cover the graduate and extends closely with a
piece blotting paper. Maintain the level of the bath around the
graduate flask so that it is at least as high as the the 100ml mark.
g. Note the record and prevailing barometric pressure, and proceed at
once with the distillation.
AUTOMATIC DISTILLATION MACHINE
PROCEDURE
a. Apply heat to the distillation flask and contents. The heating at this
stage shall be so regulated that the time interval between the first
application of heat and the initial boiling point does not exceed the
prescribed limit.
b. Immediately after observing the initial boiling point, move the
graduate so that the tip of the condenser touches its inner wall.
Continue to regulate the heating so that the rate of condensation
into the graduate shall be uniform.
c. In the interval between the initial boiling point and the end
distillation, observe and record whatever data are necessary for the
calculation and reporting of the results of the test. These observed
data may include thermometer reading at prescribed percentage
recovered, or percentage recovered at prescribed thermometer
readings, or both. Record all volumes in the graduate to the nearest
0.5ml and all thermometer readings to the nearest 0.50C. also
record the final boiling point and also the percentage recovered at
final boiling point.
d. When the residual liquid in the flask is approximately 5ml, make a
final adjustment of the heat so that time taken to final boiling point
must not exceed the prescribed time.
e. Observe and record the end point or dry point, and discontinue the
heating. At the end point, observe if all the liquid has evaporated
from the bottom of the flask.
f. While the condenser tube continues to drain into the graduate,
observe the volume of condensate at 2 minutes interval until two
successive reading agree. Measure this volume to the nearest 0.5ml,
as percent recovery.
g. If the decomposition point is observed, discontinue the heating.
Deduct the percentage recovery from 100, report this difference as
percent residue and loss.
h. After the flask has cooled, pour its contents into the condensate in
the graduate and allow it to drain until no increase in the volume of
liquid is observed. Record this volume as percent total recovery.
CALCULATIONS
a. Make a table for temperature indicated by thermometer at
prescribed percentage recovered and plot a graph between the
percentage recovery and temperature indicated.
The distillation criteria of standard Petrol will be
Temp oC Distillate% by volume
IBP to report
70oC 10- 45
100oC 40 - 70
1800C 90 (minimum)
FBP 215
Residue % by volume 2 (maximum)
SIGNIFICANCE
1. Distillation characteristics of petroleum products are indicative of
performance in their intended applications. Petroleum product
specifications generally include distillation limits to ensure products of
suitable volatility performance.
2. The empirical results obtained by use of this distillation method have
been found to correlate with automotive equipment performance of
petroleum products relative to volatility.
3. Depending upon the nature of adulterant the IBP and FBP will vary.
4. Depending upon the nature of adulterant the E70, E100 and E180 will
vary.
5. Residue percent by volume depends upon the volatility of the
solvent. High boiling compound normally leaves more residue than
low boiling compound (eg: Kerosene, Diesel and High Aromatics)
6. Constant boiling temperature shows the possible presence of
adulterants like narrow cut solvents (aliphatic, aromatic or cyclic) like
Benzene, Hexane, etc.,
Hexane (64°C -- 70°C)
Benzene (80°C -- 82°C)
Determination of sulfur content
1. Scope
This International Standard specifies an energy dispersive x-ray
fluorescence (EDXRF) test method by the determination of the sulfur
content of motor gasoline, including those containing up to 2.7% (m/m)
oxygen, and of diesel fuels, including those containing up to 5%(v/v)fatty
acid and methyl ester (FAME, having sulfur content in the range 30
mg/kg to 500 mg/kg. Other products may be analyzed and other sulfur,
contents may be determined according to the test method; however, no
precision data for products other than automotive fuels and for results
outside the specified range have been established for this International
Standard. For reasons of spectral overlap, this International Standard is
not applicable to leaded motor gasoline lead-replacement gasoline
containing 8 mg/kg potassium to 20 mg/kg potassium, or to products and
feed stocks containing lead, silicon, phosphorous, calcium, potassium or
halides at concentrations greater than one-tenth of the concentration of
sulfur measured.
NOTE- For purposes of this International Standard, the terms „%(m/m)‟
and „%(v/v)‟ are used to represent the mass fraction and the volume
fraction of a material respectively.
2. Principle
The test portion, in a cup fitted with an X-ray transparent window, is
placed in a beam of exiting radiation from an X-ray tube. The intensity of
the sulfur K characteristic X-radiation is measured, and the number of
accumulated counts is compared with the curve constructed from sulfur
standards covering the range of sulfur contents under examination.
NOTE the exiting radiation may be either direct, or indirect via a
secondary target.
3. Reagents and materials
3.1 Diluent oil
a. The reference diluents oil is white oil (light paraffin oil) of high
purity, with sulfur content of 1 mg/kg maximum. However, if only one
type of matrix is to be analysed (e.g. motor gasolines), the accuracy of
results may be improved by using matrix-matched diluents. These
should match approximately the aromatic and oxygen content of the
material to be analysed, and should consist of high purity components
of less than 1mg/kg sulfur content.
NOTE Suitable components for the matched matrix diluent include
heptanes,2,2,4-trimethylpentane, toluene, xylenes, ethanol, methyl
tertiary butyl ether (MTBE), ethyl tertiary butyl
(ETBE), tertiary amyl methyl ether (TAME) and fatty acid methyl
ester (FAME).
b. For analysis of diesel fuels containing FAME at contents greater than
5%(v/v), a matched matrix diluent oil of the white FAME shall be
used.
3.2 Sulfur compounds
General
Sulfur compounds of known sulfur content shall be used for the
preparation of primary standards. The compounds given in 4.2.2 to 4.2.5
are suitable, and their nominal sulfur contents are given. Where the purity
of these compounds is less than 99% (m/m), either the concentrations and
nature of all impurities are to be known or certified reference materials
shall be used.
Dibenothipphene (DB), with nominal sulfur content of 17,399 % (m/m).
Dibutylsulfide (DBS), with nominal sulfur content of 21,915 % (m/m)
Thionaphthene (Benzothiophene) (TNA), with nominal sulfur content
of 23,890 % (m/m)
Dibutylsulfide (DBDS), with nominal sulfur content of 35,950 % (m/m)
Reference materials
Certified reference materials (CRMs) from accredited suppliers,
containing a range of sulfur concentration, are suitable alternative to the
compounds listed in 4.2 for use as calibration standards.
3.4 Quality control samples
Stable samples representative of the materials being analyzed, that have
sulfur content that is known by this test method over a substantial period
of time, or supplied commercially with value. Ensure before use that that
material is within its shelf life.
4. Apparatus
4.1 Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence analyzer
a. Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence analyzer, having facilities for
measuring and subtracting the background to give net sulfur intensities.
The instruments shall be capable of measuring the content of sulfur at 50
mg/kg with an error due to counting statistics of 3 % relative standard
deviation (RSD) maximum.
b. Source of X-ray excitation, with significant flux at X-ray energies
above 2.5 keV
c. Removable sample cup, providing a sample depth of at least 5 mm,
and equipped with replaceable X-ray transparent film.
NOTE the transparent film is normally of polyester or polycarbonate with
a thickness between 2 µm and 6 µm. Polyester film is the preferred choice
as samples of every high aromatic content can dissolve or enhancement
effects would be cancelled out when samples and standards are analyzed
using the dame material. It is important that standards and blanks are
measured using the same batch of film to avoid bias.
d. X-ray detector, with high sensitivity, and resolution not exceeding 800
eV at 2.3 keV
e. Means of discriminating between sulfur K characteristic X-ray and
other X-ray of higher energy (e.g. filters)
f. Signal conditioning and data handling electronics, including the
functions of pulse counting and a minimum of two energy regions (to
correct for background X-ray). When matrix of samples and standards is
not used, the instrument shall also be able to measure an energy region
corresponding to scattered radiation, and to use this measurement to
compensate for matrix effects. The latter measurement can also be used as
the second energy region specified above and used to calculate the
background.
NOTE Differences in carbon/hydrogen ratios, or oxygen contents,
between samples and standards can cause matrix effects which may lead
to bias in the analytical result.
4.2 Analytical balance, single-pan or double-pan, capable of weighing to
the nearest 0.1 mg.
4.3 Mixer, magnetic stirrer with PTFE-coated stirring rods.
4.4 Flasks, of 100 ml capacity, narrow-necked, conical, and made of
borosilicate glass.
5 Sampling and sample handling
5.1 Unless otherwise specified, samples shall be taken by the procedures
described in ISO 3170 or ISO 3171.
5.2 Store samples which contain light fractions (e.g. motor gasoline and
naphtha) in refrigerator.
5.3 Mix samples by gently shaking by hand prior to the removal of the
test portion.
5.4 Allow test portions to attain ambient temperature prior to analysis.
6 Apparatus preparation
6.1 Analyser
a. Set up the analyzer (5.1) in accordance with the manufacturer‟s
instructions. Whenever possible, the instrument shall be continuously
switched on to maintain optimum stability.
b. Purge the optical system with helium (99 % purity) following the
manufacturer‟s guidelines of minimum flush to ensure stability of
measurements.
6.2 Sample cups
It is recommended that disposable sample cups be used. If disposable
cups are not used, thoroughly cleaned the sample cups with an
appropriate solvent and dry before use. Do not re-use disposable cups.
Use the same batch of window material for each run of verification and
sampling analysis. Keep handling of window material to the absolute
minimum. Differences in window material thickness between batches,
or the presence of even partial finger marks, are sufficient to affect
results.
7. Calibration
7.1 General
Use either certified reference materials (4.3) or primary standards
prepared from sulfur compounds (4.2) dissolved in diluents oil (4.1) as a
basis for the preparation of two primary calibration standards.
7.2 Preparation of primary standards
a. Prepare two primary standards with sulfur contents of approximately
5,000 mg/kg and 1,000 mg/kg.
b. Weigh, to the nearest 0.1 mg, the appropriate quantity of diluents oil
(4.1), into a flask (5.4) and add the appropriate quantity of the selected
sulfur compound (4.2) or certified reference material (4.3), weighed to the
nearest 0.1 mg. Mix the contents of the flask thoroughly at room
temperature using the mixer (5.3).
Table 1 – Composition of primary standards based on nominal sulfur
contents
Approximate sulfur
content
mg/kg
White
oil
G
DBT
(4.2.2)
G
DBS (4.2.3)
g
TNA
(4.2.4)
g
1,000 50.0 0.29 0.23 0.21
5,000 50.0 1.48 1.17 1.07
c. Calculate the sulfur content, net of that included in diluents oil, wS, in
milligrams per kilogram to three decimal places in each case, from the
amounts of diluents oil and sulfur compound used as follows.
wS = 10,000
where,
mS is the mass of sulfur compound expressed in grams (g).
wSc is the sulfur content of the compound, expressed in percent mass %
(m/m).
mW is the mass of white oil, expressed in grams (g).
d. Store primary standards in tightly closed glass containers in a dark cool
place, preferably in a refrigerator. Before use, example for any phase
separation or discoloration, shake vigorously, and allow to stand to allow
removal of air bubbles. Discard any standard that shows sediment phase
or discoloration.
7.3 Calibration standards
a. Prepare calibration standards from the primary standards (8.2) in the
selected diluents oil, and calculate the exact sulfur content of the
calibration standard using the equation given in 8.2.3. Prepare calibration
standard of nominal sulfur content of 700 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg from the
5,000 mg/kg primary standard, and calibration standard of nominal sulfur
content of 500mg/kg and 100 mg/kg from the 1,000 mg/kg primary
standard. Use the reference diluent oil as the blank or zero point and the
1,000 mg/kg primary standard as the top point of the calibration.
Calibration standards of certified sulfur content in a specified diluents oil
(e.g. diesel), are suitable for analysis of known similar materials. Where
concentrations of less than 100 mg/kg are to be measured, additional
standards of sulfur content 25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg should be included in
the calibration.
7.4 Calibration procedure
a. When carrying out measurements at low contents ( < 100 mg/kg).
b. Carry out the calibration procedure in accordance with the manufacturer‟s
instructions both the sulfur K line and background intensity are measured
and to calculate net intensities for the sulfur line. If required for matrix
corrections, the scattered radiation (e.g. from an X-ray tube line) shall
also be measured.
c. Prepare the sample cup by covering the base of the cup with film, and fill
to a minimum depth of 50 % of the cup capacity. If closed cells are used,
provide a vent hole in the top to prevent bowing of the film during
analysis of volatile samples. Ensure that there are no air bubbles between
the window and the liquid, and that there are no wrinkles in the film or
sagging of the window.
NOTE Scatter from the sample cell and the sample may vary with depth,
and thus matrix corrections may be affected if the depth is not relatively
consistent.
d. obtain three reading on each calibration standard and run in random order,
taking a freash sample aliquot and cell for each reading. Set the counting
times for the sulfur K peak, and the background measurement (and the
scattered radiation if used) to be long enough to obtain an overall
precision estimate of better than 3% relative standard deviation (RSD) at
50mg/kg sulfur content [i.e. at 50 mg/kg sulfur content, results should be
within 3 mg/kg sulfur (95 % confidence)]. Measure the diluents oil as a
blank.
NOTE The objective at low sulfur levels is to obtain adequate counts to
satisfy the above requirements, with the reproducibility of measurement
improved in relation to the number of counts collected. At very low
sulfur levels, thus counting time is related to instrument count rate and the
background count rate (estimated from a sample with less than 1 mg/kg
sulfur). Where the manufacturer‟s data sheet does not recommend
specific counting times, the user should refer to the instrument,
manufacturer for the correct equation to estimate the required counting
time for each sulfur level.
e. Construct a calibration curve from the calibration standards. Check the
curve at a minimum of three points with certified reference materials or
laboratory secondary working standards of appropriate sulfur content and
diluents type, with sulfur values either assigned from determinations on
another instrument or directly traceable to a primary standard. Result
from this check shall be within the control limits allowed for each
standard. If the result fall outside these limits (after repeat tests), repeat
the primary calibration procedure.
Control limits are established from the laboratory statistical control
charts, but initial values should be set before experience is established.
Limits of the repeatability of this method, or 0.7 times the reproducibility,
are reasonable starting points.
f. From the primary calibration graph, assign set-up standards and use them
for frequent restandardization of the graph in order to compensate for
changes in instrument stability and sensitivity. Check the graph regularly
against calibration standards. Whenever tests on the calibration standards
show sulfur content results which differ from their assigned valued by
more than the repeatability precision limits of the test method, standardize
(prepare fresh set-up standards) or recalibrate the analyser. If the
instrument does not meet the minimum precision requirements or the set-
up standards do not give acceptable results even after repeated
recalibration, consul1t the instrument manufacturer. Provided the quality
control check remains within limits, recalibration is not required. If it is
outside the limits, follow the calibration given in 8.4.4.
NOTE 1 Set-up standards may be calibration standards. But are more
commonly secondary standards such as oils or the manufacturers‟
supplied setting-up samples (SUS).
NOTE 2 Instrument drift may be influenced by temperature.
NOTE 3 The typical frequency of primary calibration checks is daily, or
each time the instrument is used if less frequently.
8 Procedure
8.1 when carrying out measurements at low sulfur contents (< 100
mg/kg), follow the guidelines given in Annex B.
8.2 Prepare and fill the samples cup with portion as described in 8.4.3,
taking the same precautions as for test portion capacity, venting and film
continuity.
8.3 Take measurements for the sulfur K line and background (and scatter
peak if used) using the same counting time as used for calibration. Repeat
the measurement using a fresh test portion in a new cell, and calculate the
mea net count.
8.4 After every five to ten unknown sample analyses, analyse an
appropriate quality control sample. Each day analyse a blank sample. If
the values of these quality control samples or the blank fall outside the
control limits, recalibrate the instruments.
9 Calculation
Read the content of sulfur in the sample from the calibration curve, using
the mean count for each test portion, or by direct reading from those
analyzers which have computing facilities.
10 Expression of results
Report the sulfur content to the nearest 1 mg/kg.
11 Test report
The test report shall contain at least the following information:
a) A reference to this International Standards,
b) The type and complete identification of the procedure tested;
c) The result of the test
d) Any deviation, by agreement or otherwise, from the procedure
specified;
e) The date of the test.
BENEFITS of Ethanol doped Gasoline
1. Ethanol is a renewable fuel. Renewable fuels are fuels that we can make
again and again without depleting valuable resources in the earth.
Extracting crude oil from the ground depletes resources from the earth‟s
crust. The crops we use for ethanol, on the other hand, can be grown,
harvested, and grown again every year. This means that we can make
ethanol this year, next year, and the year after that by growing corn or
other crops. By using renewable fuels, we can preserve the resources that
are remaining in the earth - but still get the fuel our economy needs.
2. Ethanol reduces pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Ethanol
contains a higher percentage of oxygen than traditional petroleum-based
gasoline. Because of it, Ethanol burns more completely than petroleum-
based gasoline, and does not contribute to global warming like burning
petroleum-based fuels does. In fact, using ethanol as a motor fuel reduces
greenhouse gas emissions by as much as 46%. Using just 10% ethanol in
your gas tank reduces greenhouse gas emissions by up to 19%.
3. Ethanol does not pollute ground water. Because of ethanol‟s chemical
structure, ethanol phase separates when it comes into contact with water.
This makes it very safe for the environment because ethanol is
biodegradable. It also means that ethanol will not pollute ground water
like many other potential fuel sources could.
4. Ethanol Is Cheaper To Make Than Gasoline. Ethanol costs about 75
per gallon to make. Gasoline cost about $1.60 per gallon to refine. It only
costs about $30 to convert a car to be a flex fuel vehicle, but doing it can
save hundreds of gallons of fuel per year.
5. Ethanol Is Easy To Switch To. Ethanol can use today‟s vehicles, today‟s
fuel distribution infrastructure, and allows us to leverage today‟s
technologies in order to use these renewable resources. We can blend
ethanol with traditional gasoline in grades from E10 to E85. Even hybrid
vehicles can run off of ethanol.
6. Ethanol supports local farmers. Ethanol is produced in local markets
from available renewable resources, such as corn and sugar cane. When
you purchase ethanol, your money stays nearby, going to local farmers
that produced the crops used and the refineries that produced the fuel. But
when you buy gasoline, some of each dollar boosts oil companies‟ record
profits - and the rest goes overseas.
7. Ethanol reduces our dependence on foreign oil. About 45% of all of
American oil consumption is used as gasoline fuel for consumer vehicles.
By using ethanol as a substitute and/or additive to petroleum-based
gasoline, ethanol helps to reduce regional dependence on imported oil and
petroleum products. We import millions of barrels of oil and millions of
gallons of refined gasoline every day. By switching to ethanol and ethanol
blends, we can continue to grow our economy while reducing our
addiction to foreign oil.
8. Ethanol can be made from nearly anything. Though ethanol was first
made decades ago, the technologies used in today‟s ethanol industry are
still in their infancy. Most of today‟s ethanol production is made from
corn and sugar. The technology for using waste products, such as
unusable portions of crops, to produce cellulosic ethanol is on the horizon
- and it will completely revolutionize the way we fuel our cars.
Demerits of ethanol blended gasoline
1. Ethanol can absorb water and may cause serious problems in some
engines.
2. Production of ethanol requires significant energy and large
amounts of land. 3. •Fuels with more than 10% ethanol are not compatible with
non E85-ready fuel system components and may cause
corrosion of ferrous components. 4. Can negatively affect electric fuel pumps by increasing internal
wear and undesirable spark generation. 5. Is not compatible with capacitance fuel level gauging
indicators and may cause erroneous fuel quantity indications in
vehicles that employ that system. 6. Decreases fuel-economy by 15-30%.
PROJECT OBJECTIVES
To suggest an effective mechanism for dosing of
ethanol in petrol
Proper accounting of doped ethanol in petrol.
Existing mechanism of ethanol doping at panipat marketing
complex:
At panipat marketing complex petrol and ethanol are filled in truck tanks
separately. Corrosion inhibitor mixed ethanol comes from four underground
storage tanks to the TLF gantry in bay no. 2, 5 and 6. And petrol comes from the
storage tanks to bay no. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. First air is removed from the petrol
with the help of a deareator at every bay.
Here at IOCL Panipat marketing complex ethanol is doped in two ways:
1. Truck tank is first filled with ethanol from any of bay no. 2, 4 or 5.
Operator set the value of ethanol in meter according to the 5% of
the MS to be filled. The line is lowered in the opening of the truck
tank and then operator presses the start button to initialize ethanol
loading. After filling ethanol in every container it goes to the bay
no. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6. For the filling of petrol in bay no. 2, 4 and 5,
petrol comes from the same line from which ethanol comes.
2. In second case first petrol is filled from any of the bay no. 1, 2, 3,
4, 5 or 6. It is done as same way as done for ethanol. Operator sets
the amount of petrol to be filled in the meter and after filling petrol,
it comes to bay no. 2, 4 or 5 for ethanol filling.
After filling of ethanol and petrol in truck tank, a dip is immersed in each
container to measure the quantity of MS filled in it.
Among two ways of doping of ethanol in petrol described above the latter way
of doping is more effective. Because ethanol is denser than petrol so it settles
down and petrol will float on ethanol. If we first fill ethanol in truck tank and
then petrol, it will keep on floating on the surface of the ethanol and proper
mixing of ethanol and petrol will not be possible.
But if we first fill petrol and then we fill ethanol, latter will tend to move
downward towards the bottom of the truck container and petrol will tend to
move upward towards the surface. So that will provide adequate time for the
mixing of ethanol and petrol. So by this method proper mixing of ethanol and
petrol can be achieved.
SUGGESTIONS
Online doping of ethanol and petrol
For effective mixing of ethanol online doping of ethanol in
petrol must be used. In this type of doping ethanol and petrol
comes from their respective storage tanks, lines coming from
both the storage tanks joins at some point and ethanol and
petrol are mixed in the line itself. Now this mixture is filled
in tank trucks. This will provide sufficient time for the
mixing. Flow rates must be controlled to dose accurate 5%
ethanol in petrol.
Providing baffles at the end of the fill pipes so that the mixture of
ethanol and petrol enters in the tank with turbulent flow which
enhances the mixing of ethanol and petrol.