final report

CONFIGURATION OF VOIP NETWORK

Training Report

ON

VOIP (Voice Over Internet Protocol)

For the training undergone at

INFOWIZ Sec. 34 –A, Chandigarh

Submitted as a part of course curriculum for the degree of

Bachelor of Technology

In

Computer Science Engineering.

(Session: 2012-2016)

Under the Supervision ofRAKESH GARG

Submitted to - Submitted by - Gurmeet Singh Harpreet Kaur (Asstt. Proff. B.TECH (7th Sem.) Deptt.of CSE) Roll No. – 2912036

Department of CSE & IT

KURUKSHETRA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT

(KURUKSHETRA)


Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION:

In this project the main branch is connected to 2 other networks or locations using Microsoft and Cisco technologies. The main branch includes Domain Name Server, Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, Internet Information Services, Exchange Server, IP Phones, Cisco Switches, and Cisco Routers. It also includes Cisco Link sys wireless Router.

The project is based on the concepts of networking. It includes configuring different network devices such as Router, Switch connecting it with PCs and IP phones by using different types of connecting wires by allocating the IP Addresses to all the interfaces after the sub-netting of network id. The beauty of configuring network devices is that it helps users access the network with few constraints like allowing some to access the website but not allowing them to access the mail server on the internet on private IP address which are otherwise excluded by internet service provider (ISP).

Exchange server is used to provide messaging, support for mobile and web access to info. & support for data storage device. Main server & systems as well as exchange server relies on IP, DNS, DHCP, IIS and other technologies for communicating between themselves.

Switch here is Cisco switch which provides services like creation & management of systems and IP phones in main branch and it is the device which connects the devices in main branch, main router and links to other locations to each other in a network. The information from each system or device i.e. client or server in main branch, router, IP phones and from other locations passes through switch interface.

Main Router is responsible for communication between different networks that is, main branch and other networks. The main router here describes the best path to reach the system in a network from a system in another network.

IP Phones refers to the communication protocols, technologies & transmission technique involved in the delivery of voice communication. IP phones uses voice over IP (VOIP) technology allowing telephones calls to be made over an IP network such as the internet.

Other routers are used at the entrance of the each network. These routers Receives & send routing updates to and from main router which ensure the reliability of whole network.

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INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING:

What is Network?

In a network, there is more than one computer connected with each other through centralized device. They can share files and resources with each other.

Figure 1.1 Network

The rules governing computer communication are called protocols. All networks must have the following:

A resource to share (resource) A pathway to transfer data (transmission medium) A set of rules governing how to communicate (protocols)

The two main reasons for using computer networking are to provide services and to reduce equipment costs.

The following are specific reasons for networking PCs: Sharing files Sharing printers and other devices

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Enabling centralized administration and security of the resources within the system Supporting network applications such as electronic mail and database services.

Networks come in all shapes and sizes. Network administrators often classify networks according to geographical size. The following are the most common size classifications:

LAN:-

LAN stands for Local Area Network. The scope of the LAN is within one building, one school or within one lab.

Figure 1.2 LAN Network

WAN:-

WAN stands for Wide Area Network, in which two local area networks are connected through public n/w. it may be through telecommunication infrastructure or dedicated lines.

For instance: - ISDN lines, Leased lines etc.In which we can use WAN devices and WAN technology. You can also connect with your remote area through existing Internetwork called Internet.

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Figure 1.3 WAN Network

DEVICES:-

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HUB:-

Hub is centralized device, which is used to connect multiple workstations. There are two types of Hub: -

Figure 1.4 Hub

Types of hub:-

(i) Active Hub

In Active hub, it receives the frame, regenerate and then forward to all its nodes.

(ii) Passive Hub In passive hub, it has no special kind of memory. It simply receives the frame (data) and forwards it to all its nodes except the receiving node. It always performs broadcasting. In case of hub, there is one collision domain and one broadcast domain. In case of hub, the media access method is used CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection).

SWITCH:-

Switch is also used to connect multiple workstations. Switch is more intelligent than hub. It has special kind of memory called MAC address/filter/lookup table. Switch reads MAC addresses. Switch stores MAC addresses in its filter address table. Switch when receives frame, it reads the destination MAC address and consult with its filter table. If he has entry in its filter table then he forwards the frame to that particular MAC address, if not found then it performs broadcasting to all its connected nodes.

Figure 1.5 Switch

Every port has its own buffer memory. A port has two queues - one is input queue and second is output queue. When switch receives the frame, the frame is received in input queue and forward from output queue. So in case of switch there is no chance or place for collisions. In case of switch, the media access method is used CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/ Collision Avoidance). Switches provide more efficiency, more speed and security.

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There are two types of switches: -

(i) Manageable switches (can be configured with console cable).

(ii) Non-manageable switches.

We can perform LAN segmentation by using switches.

BRIDGE:-

Bridge is a hardware device, which is used to provide LAN segmentation means it is used for break the collision domain. It has same functionality as performed by switch. We can use bridge between two different topologies. It has fewer ports. Each port has its own buffer memory. It works on Data Link Layer of OSI model. It also read MAC address and stores it in its filter table. In case of bridge there is one broadcast domain.

Figure 1.6 Bridge

ROUTER:-

Router is hardware device, which is used to communicate two different networks. Router performs routing and path determination. It does not perform broadcast information. There are two types of routers: -

(i) Hardware Routers are developed by Cisco, HP.

(ii) Software Routers is configured with the help of routing and remote access. This feature is offered

by Microsoft. This feature is by default installed, but you have to enable or configure it.

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Hardware routers are dedicated routers. They are more efficient. But in case of software routers, it has less features, slow performance. They are not very much efficient.

Figure 1.7 Routers

LAN CARD:-

LAN card is media access device. LAN card provide us connectivity in the network. There is a RJ45 (Registered Jack) connector space on the LAN card. RJ45 is used in UTP cable. There is another led which is also called heartbeat of LAN card.

When any activity occurs it may be receiving or transmitting any kind of data. This led start blinking and also tells us the status of LAN card.

Figure 1.8 Network Interface Card (Network and Wireless LAN)

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LAN Topologies:-

BUS Topology:-

Cable Type – Coaxial

Connector Type – BNC (Bayonet Neill-Concelman), T type, Terminator

Coaxial – Thick Maximum length – 500 meters

N/w devices 100

Coaxial – Thin Maximum length – 185 meters

N/w devices 30

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STAR Topology : -

Cable type - UTP

Connector type - RJ45

Maximum Length – 100 meters (with proper color coding)

UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair)

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STP (Shielded Twisted Pair)

In case of hub media access method will be CSMA/CD.

RING Topology:-

Cable - UTP

There is token ring method used, so there is no collision chance.

Ethernet Family:-

Speed Base band

10 Base 2 200 meter Coaxial cable10 Base 5 500 meter Thick Coaxial cable10 Base T 100 meter Twisted Pair (UTP)10/100(present) Base 100 meter UTP100 Base T4 100 meter UTP 4 Pairs used100 Base FX up to 4 km’s Fiber Optic1000(Server) Base TX 100 meter UTP1000 Base FX up to 10 km’s Fiber Optic10000 Base FX Fiber Optic

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Color

Green – Green white

Orange – Orange white

Blue – Blue white

Brown – Brown white

Green cable has maximum twists.

Pin Configuration:-

Cross Straight

1 3 1 1

2 6 2 2

3 1 3 3

6 2 6 6

Straight Cable

1 Orange white - Orange white

2 Orange - Orange

3 Green white - Green white

4 Blue - Blue

5 Blue white - Blue white

6 Green - Green

7 Brown white - Brown white

8 Brown - Brown

Cross Cable

1 Orange white - Green white

2 Orange - Green

3 Green white - Orange white

4 Blue - Blue

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5 Blue white - Blue white

6 Green - Orange

7 Brown white - Brown white

8 Brown - Brown

RJ45 Connector

Advantages of Installing a Network in any organization/institute

Speed: Networks provide a very rapid method for sharing and transferring files. Without a network, files are shared by copying them to floppy disks, then carrying or sending the disks from one computer to another. This method of transferring files is very time-consuming.

Cost: Networkable versions of many popular software programs are available at considerable savings when compared to buying individually licensed copies. Besides monetary savings, sharing a program on a network allows for easier upgrading of the program. The changes have to be done only once, on the file server, instead of on all the individual workstations.

Security: Files and programs on a network can be designated as "copy inhibit," so that you do not have to worry about illegal copying of programs. Also, passwords can be established for specific directories to restrict access to authorized users.

Centralized Software Management: One of the greatest benefits of installing a network at a school is the fact that all of the software can be loaded on one computer (the file server). This eliminates that need to spend time and energy installing updates and tracking files on independent computers throughout the building.

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Resource Sharing: Sharing resources is another area in which a network exceeds stand-alone computers. Most schools cannot afford enough laser printers, fax machines, modems, scanners, and CD-ROM players for each computer. However, if these or similar peripherals are added to a network, they can be shared by many users.

Electronic Mail: The presence of a network provides the hardware necessary to install an e-mail system. E-mail aids in personal and professional communication for all school personnel, and it facilitates the dissemination of general information to the entire school staff. Electronic mail on a LAN can enable students to communicate with teachers and peers at their own school. If the LAN is connected to the Internet, students can communicate with others throughout the world.

Flexible Access: School networks allow students to access their files from computers throughout the school. Students can begin an assignment in their classroom, save part of it on a public access area of the network, and then go to the media center after school to finish their work. Students can also work cooperatively through the network.

Workgroup Computing: Workgroup software (such as Microsoft BackOffice) allows many users to work on a document or project concurrently. For example, educators located at various schools within a county could simultaneously contribute their ideas about new curriculum standards to the same document and spreadsheets.

Disadvantages of Installing a Network in any organization/institute

Expensive to Install: Although a network will generally save money over time, the initial costs of installation can be prohibitive. Cables, network cards, and software are expensive, and the installation may require the services of a technician. Requires Administrative Time: The Proper maintenance of a network requires considerable time and expertise. Many schools have installed a network, only to find that they did not budget for the necessary administrative support.

File Server May Fail: Although a file server is no more susceptible to failure than any other computer, when the files server "goes down," the entire network may come to a halt. When this happens, the entire school may lose access to necessary programs and files.

Cables May Break. The topology topic presents information about the various configurations of cables. Some of the configurations are designed to minimize the inconvenience of a broken cable; with other configurations, one broken cable can stop the entire network.

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http://fcit.usf.edu/network/glossary.htm#email


OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Model:-

OSI model is the layer approach to design, develop and implement network. OSI provides following advantages: -

(i) Designing of network will be standard base.(ii) Development of new technology will be faster.(iii) Devices from multiple vendors can communicate with each other.(iv) Implementation and troubleshooting of network will be easy.

FIGURE. 5.2 OSI Model

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Functions of Network Layers in Brief:

(1) Application Layer : -

Application layer accepts data and forward into the protocol stack. It creates user interface between application software and protocol stack.

(2)Presentation Layer :-

This layer decides presentation format of the data. It also able to performs other function like compression/decompression and encryption/decryption.

(3)Session Layer : -

This layer initiate, maintain and terminate sessions between different applications. Due to this layer multiple application software can be executed at the same time.

(4) Transport Layer : -

Transport layer is responsible for connection oriented and connection less communication. Transport layer also performs other functions like

a. Error checkingb. Flow Control:-

Buffering, Windowing, Multiplexingc. Sequencingd. Positive Acknowledgemente. Response

(5)Network Layer :-

This layer performs function like logical addressing and path determination. Each networking device has a physical address that is MAC address. But logical addressing is easier to communicate on large size network.Logical addressing defines network address and host address. This type of addressing is used to simplify implementation of large network. Some examples of logical addressing are: - IP addresses, IPX addresses etc.

(6) Data Link Layer:-

The functions of Data Link layer are divided into two sub layers(i) Logical Link Control defines the encapsulation that will be used by the NIC to

delivered data to destination. Some examples of Logical Link Control are ARPA (Ethernet), 802.11 Wi-Fi.

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(ii) Media Access Control defines methods to access the shared media and establish the identity with the help of MAC address. Some examples of Media Access Control are CSMA/CD, Token Passing.

(7) Physical Layer:-

Physical Layer is responsible to communicate bits over the media this layer deals with the standard defined for media and signals. This layer may also perform modulation and demodulation as required

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Chapter 2

PROJECT REQUIREMENTS

2.1 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

To complete the work on VOIP NETWORK, I need a help from some software requirements. Software requirements are as follow:

Cisco Packet Tracer:

Used to do the project work easily & proper understanding.

Windows 7:

It is an operating system. It is an interface unit between the user and hardware device.

Microsoft Office:

It is used to save the work done on the project.

2.2 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

CISCO ROUTER: 1 × 2811 series (modular)

Link sys wireless router (WRT300N)

SWICHES: 1 × Cisco 2960 series 24 port

8 × D-link 16 port

CABLES: Cat 5 and Cat 6

Console cable, Serial cable

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Length as per requirement

Clients/Nodes: Pentium 4 or up

Windows XP Professional

512 MB RAM

80 GB Hard Disk

IP Phones: 7960 IP phone series

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Chapter 3

ABOUT CISCO PACKET TRACER

3.1 Packet tracer overview

Software of Cisco Packet TracerPacket Tracer is a protocol simulator developed by Dennis Frezzo and his team at Cisco Systems. Packet Tracer (PT) is a powerful and dynamic tool that displays the various protocols used in networking, in either Real Time or Simulation mode. This includes layer 2 protocols such as Ethernet and PPP, layer 3 protocols such as IP, ICMP, and ARP, and layer 4 protocols such as TCP and UDP. Routing protocols can also be traced.

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Purpose:

The purpose of this lab is to become familiar with the Packet Tracer interface. Learn how to us

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3.2 Packet tracer features

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Chapter 4

NETWORK DESIGN

4.1 Network design:

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NETWORK DESIGN: (BACKEND i.e. ISP)

Fig. 4.1 (BACK END i.e. ISP)

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In the network structure, there are two branches- BRANCH 1- college of engineering and BRANCH 2- college of engineering, INTERNET i.e. so many ISPs (INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDERS).

BRANCH 1 has six LABS – ADMINISTRATOR ROOM, CPL1, CPL2, CPL3,

CPL4 and CPL5.

ADMINISTRATOR ROOM has end devices connected to Cisco 2960 series Switch-SWITCH 1.

CPL1 has end devices connected to Cisco 2960 series Switch-SWITCH 2.




CPL5 has end devices connected to Cisco 2960 series Switch-SWITCH 6

SWITCH 1, SWITCH 2 and SWITCH 3, SWITCH 4, SWITCH 5 and SWITCH 6 are connected via straight wires to SWITCH 0.

SWITCH 0 is connected to Cisco 2811 series Routers-ROUTER 0 via straight wire.

FTP server is connected to Cisco 2811 series Routers-ROUTER 0 for the service to BRANCH 1.

BRANCH 1 area is LAN 1 in my project and BRANCH 1 router is connected with so many ISPs i.e ( INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDER) via via cross-over cables.

Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) is configured on all Routers.

IP phones is connected with SWICHES by end devices in all LABS.

BRANCH 2 has four LABS – ADMINISTRATOR ROOM, C1 lab, C2 lab, C3 lab.

ADMINISTRATOR ROOM has end devices connected to Cisco 2960 series Switch-SWITCH 11.

C1 lab has end devices connected to Cisco 2960 series Switch-SWITCH 8.

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SWITCH 8,SWITCH 9, SWITCH 10, and SWITCH 11 are connected via straight wires to SWITCH 7.

SWITCH 7 is connected to Cisco 2811 series Routers-ROUTER 0 via straight wire.

BRANCH 2 area is LAN 2 in my project and BRANCH 2 router is also connected with so many ISPs i.e ( INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDER) via via cross-over cables.

Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) is configured on all Routers.

IP phones is connected with SWICHES by end devices in all LABS.

SWITCH 12 is connected via straight wires to ROUTER 7 and there is a NAT configured on the ROUTER 7 for SWITCH 12.

INTERNET i.e. so many ISPs (INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDERS :-

A google server, a yahoo server, a facebook server, Punjab Technical University server and a domain name server are inter-connected via cross-over cables.

4.2 Hardware Used:

Routers : Cisco 2811 Series. Switches : Cisco 2960 Series. Devices : Computers, Servers, IP phones. Other Media : Console cables, Ethernet cables, Serial cable etc.

4.3 Software Used:

Operating System : Windows 2003 SERVER, Windows XP, Windows7 etc. Front end tools : Cisco Packet Tracer, GNS3.

4.4 Device used in network

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Router and switch:

Fig. 4.2

Workgroup Switch:

Workgroup switches add more intelligence to data transfer management. Switches can determine whether data should remain on a LAN or not, and they can transfer the data to the connection that needs that data.

Fig. 4.3

ROUTER:

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910


Routers have all capabilities of the previous devices. Routers can regenerate signals, concentrate multiple connections, convert data transmission formats, and manage data transfers. They can also connect to a WAN, which allows them to connect LANs that are separated by great distances

Fig.4.4

Cables:

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Fig.4.5 Console Cable

R1

Internet


Fig. 4.7 Twisted Pair

Cabling:

A Straight-Through Ethernet Cable It use to connect:- Pc to Switch Router to Switch

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Fig.4.6 Serial cable


Fig. 4.8

4.4 Device configuration

Step 1: Cable the network as shown in the topology.

Attach the devices shown in the topology diagram and cable as necessary.

Step 2: Configure basic settings for the router and each switch.

Router to router:

To connectivity of router to router, first we have select serial ports from WIC 2T.

Fig. 4.9

Select serial ports:

Fig: 4.10

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Router to switch:

For connectivity of router to switch, we used straight wire at fast Ethernet port Fa0/0 to Fa0/1.

Fig. 4.11

Switch to switch: For connectivity of switch to switch, we used straight wire at fast Ethernet port Fat0/1 to Fat 0/3.

Fig. 4.12

Switch to servers and IP phones: For connectivity of switch to servers and IP phones, we used straight wire at fast Ethernet port.

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Fig.4.13

Chapter 5

IP ROUTING & ROUTINGPROTOCOLS

5.1 IP Routing:

When we want to connect two or more networks using different n/w addresses then we have to use IP Routing technique. The router will be used to perform routing between the networks. A router will perform following functions for routing.

(1) Path determination(2) Packet forwarding

(1) Path determination The process of obtaining path in routing table is called path determination. There are three different methods to which router can learn path.i) Automatic detection of directly connected n/w.ii) Static & Default routingiii) Dynamic routing

(2) Packet forwarding It is a process that is by default enable in router. The router will perform packet forwarding only if route is available in the routing table.

In this project, we are using only DYNAMIC ROUTING.

5.2 Dynamic Routing:

In dynamic routing, we will enable a routing protocol on router. This protocol will send its routing information to the neighbor router. The neighbors will analyze the information and write new routes to the routing table.

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The routers will pass routing information receive from one router to other router also. If there are more than one path available then routes are compared and best path is selected. Some examples of dynamic protocol are: -RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF

Types of Dynamic Routing Protocols

According to the working there are two types of Dynamic Routing Protocols.(1) Distance Vector(2) Link State

According to the type of area in which protocol is used there are again two types of protocol: -(1) Interior Routing Protocol(2) Exterior Routing Protocol

Distance vector routing algorithm - Class of routing algorithms that iterate on the number of hops in a route to find a shortest-path spanning tree. Distance vector routing algorithms call for each router to send its entire routing table in each update, but only to its neighbors. Distance vector routing algorithms can be prone to routing loops, but are computationally simpler than link state routing algorithms. Distance vector algorithms do not allow a router to know the exact topology of an internetwork. Also called Bellman-Ford routing algorithm.

Distance Vector Routing:

Pass periodic copies of routing table to neighbor routers and accumulate distance vectors Routers discover the best path to destination from each neighbor Updates proceed step-by-step from router to router

Link state routing algorithm - (also called Shortest Path First) Routing algorithm in which each router broadcasts (floods) or multicasts information regarding the cost of reaching each of its neighbors to all nodes in the internetwork. Link state algorithms create a consistent view of the network and are therefore not prone to routing loops, but they achieve this at the cost of relatively greater computational difficulty and more widespread traffic (compared with distance vector routing algorithms).

Convergence - The speed and ability of a group of internetworking devices running a specific routing protocol to agree on the topology of an internetwork after a change in that topology.

Convergence occurs when all routers use a consistent perspective of network topology (When all routers in an internetwork are operating with the same knowledge)

After a topology changes, routers must re-compute routes, which disrupts routing The process and time required for router re-convergence varies in routing protocols

Autonomous System (AS) - consists of routers, run by one or more operators, that present a consistent view of routing to the external world. (Routers under a common administration). The Internet Network Information Center (Inter NIC) assigns a unique autonomous system to enterprises. This autonomous

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system is a 16-bit number. A routing protocol such as Cisco's Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) requires that you specify this unique, assigned autonomous system number in your configuration.

Exterior routing protocols are used to communicate between autonomous systems. Interior routing protocols are used within a single autonomous system.

Interior IP Routing Protocols:

RIP - A distance vector routing protocol. IGRP - Cisco’s distance vector routing protocol. (supports multipath routing) OSPF - A link-state routing protocol. Enhanced IGRP - A balanced hybrid routing protocol.

IP Routing configuration tasks:

Global Configuration:

o Select a routing protocol, RIP or IGRP. o Assign IP network numbers without specifying subnet values.

Interface Configuration o Assign network/subnet addresses and subnet mask

Dynamic Routing configuration

Router(config)# router-protocol [keyword]

Defines an IP routing protocol (starts a routing process) protocol - RIP,IGRP,OSPF,EIGRP keyword - autonomous system

Router(config-router)# network network-number

The network subcommand is a mandatory configuration command for each IP routing process (allows the routing process to determine which interfaces will participate in the sending and receiving of routing updates)

network-number - specifies a directly connected network (must be based on

the NIC network numbers, not subnet numbers or individual addresses)

5.3 Routing Protocols:

Routed protocol used between routers to carry user traffic (Ex. IP, IPX) Routing protocol used between routers to maintain tables (Ex. RIP, IGRP)

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Routed protocol: - Protocol that can be routed by a router. A router must be able to interpret the logical internetwork as specified by that routed protocol. Examples of routed protocols include AppleTalk and IP.

Routing protocol:- Protocol that accomplishes routing through the implementation of a specific routing algorithm. Examples of routing protocols include IGRP, OSPF, and RIP.

A routing protocol describes:

How updates are sent What knowledge is contained in these updates When to send this knowledge How to locate recipients of the updates

RIP (Routing Information Protocol) - IGP supplied with UNIX BSD systems. The most common is IGP in the Internet scenario. RIP uses hop count as a routing metric.

IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) - IGP developed by Cisco to address the problems associated with routing in large, heterogeneous networks.

EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) -Advanced version of IGRP developed by Cisco. Provides superior convergence properties and operating efficiency, and combines the advantages of link state protocols with those of distance vector protocols.

OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) - Link-state, hierarchical IGP routing protocol proposed as a successor to RIP in the Internet community. OSPF features include least-cost routing, multipath routing, and load balancing. OSPF was derived from an early version of the ISIS protocol

Configuring RIP

Router#conf terRouter(config)#router ripRouter(config-router)#network <own net address>Router(config-router)#network <own net address>----------------------------Router(config-router)#exit

172.16.0.6

10.0.0.1 172.16.0.5 175.2.1.1

200.100.100.12

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R1


Router(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0Router(config-router)#network 172.16.0.0Router(config-router)#network 200.100.100.0175.2.0.0 via 172.16.0.6Configuring IGRP

Router(config)#router igrp <as no>(1 – 65535)Router(config-router)#network <net address>Router(config-router)#network <net address>Router(config-router)#exit

Serial E1 modem Serial E1

2048 k 2048 k256 kSync

Configuring EIGRP

Router(config)#router eigrp <as no>Router(config-router)#network <net addr.>Router(config-router)#network <net addr.>Router(config-router)#exit

Commands to configure OSPF

Router#conf terRouter(config)#router ospf <process no>

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Router(config-router)#network <net address><wild mask> area <area id>Router(config-router)#network <net address><wild mask> area <area id>Router(config-router)#exit

Wild Mask – Complement of subnet mask

Example 255.255.0.0 0.0.255.255

255.255.255.255 - Subnet mask

Wild mask

255.255.255.255 - 255.255.192.0 subnet mask

0.0.63.255 wild mask

R1Router(config)#router ospf 33Router(config-router)#network 200.100.100.32 0.0.0.3 area 0Router(config-router)#network 200.100.100.64 0.0.0.31 area 0Router(config-router)#exit

R2Router(config)#router ospf 2Router(config-router)#network 200.100.100.32 0.0.0.3 area 0Router(config-router)#network 200.100.100.128 0.0.0.63 area 0Router(config-router)#exit

5.4 Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP)

Internetworking functions of the 3Network Layer include 'network addressing' and 'best path selection' for traffic.

'Network addressing' uses one part to identify the path used by the router and one part for ports or devices on the net.

'Routed protocols' carry user traffic, while 'Routing protocols' work between routers to maintain path tables.

Network discovery for 'Distance vector' involves exchange of routing tables; problems can include 'slower convergence'.

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Configuring IGRP

IGRP is a distance vector routing protocol developed by Cisco. IGRP sends routing updates at 90-second intervals that advertise networks for a particular autonomous system.

Composite metric selects the path Speed is the primary consideration Supports multi-path routing Supports Equal-cost and Unequal-cost load balancing Versatility to automatically handle indefinite, complex topologies. Flexibility for segments having different bandwidth and delay characteristics. Scalability to function in very large networks.

Variables IGRP uses include:

Bandwidth Delay Load Reliability Maximum transmission unit (MTU)

MTU (Maximum transmission unit) - Maximum packet size, in bytes, that a particular interface can handle.

Router(config)# router igrp autonomous-system

Defines/selects IGRP as an IP routing process/protocol autonomous-system (AS) - Identifies the IGRP router processes that will share routing

information

Router(config-router)# network network-number

Specifies any participating attached networks network-number - Specifies a directly connected network: a network number, not a subnet

number or individual address

EXAMPLE:

Router(config)# router igrp 109

Selects IGRP as the routing protocol for AS 109.

Router(config-router)# network 1.0.0.0

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Specifies a directly connected network.

Router(config-router)# network 2.0.0.0

Specifies a directly connected network.

Router> show ip protocol

show ip protocol - Displays IP routing protocol, routing timers and network information associated with the entire router. The algorithm used to calculate the routing metric for IGRP is also shown as well as information about routing metrics (like hop count) and routing filters.

Router> show ip route

show ip route - Command that displays the contents of an IP routing table. The table contains a list of all known networks and subnets and the metrics associated with each

entry.

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Chapter 6

IP PHONES

6.1 IP Phones

A IP phone uses voice over IP (VoIP) technologies allowing telephone calls to be made over an IP network such as the Internet instead of the ordinary PSTN system. Calls can traverse the Internet, or a private IP network such as that of a company. The phones use control protocols such as Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), Skinny Client Control Protocol (SCCP) or one of various proprietary protocols such as that used bySkype. It is commonly refers to the communication protocols, technologies and transmission techniques involved in the delivery of voice communications and multimedia sessions over Internet Protocol (IP) networks, such as the Internet.

Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) is a signaling protocol widely used [citation needed] for controlling communication sessions such as voice and video calls over Internet Protocol (IP). The protocol can be used for creating, modifying and terminating two-party (Uni-cast) or multiparty (Multi-cast) sessions. Sessions may consist of one or several media streams.

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Fig. 6.1

Skinny Client Control Protocol (SCCP) is a proprietary network terminal controlprotocol. SCCP is a lightweight protocol for session signaling with Cisco CallManager. Examples of SCCP clients include the Cisco 7900 series of IP phones, Cisco IP Communicator softphone along with Cisco Unity voicemail server. CallManager acts as a signaling proxy for call events initiated over other common protocols such as Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), ISDN.A SCCP client uses TCP/IP to communicate with one or more Call Manager applications in a cluster. It uses the Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) over UDP-transport for the bearer traffic (real-time audio stream).

6.2 Configuration of IP Phones:

First you need to set the following topology ip phones / analog phones but connect phones to power one by one after finishing configuration:

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Next you will need to configure your switch with the following commands:

Switch(config)#interface range fa0/1 – 6Switch(config-if-range)#switchport mode accessSwitch(config-if-range)#switchport voice vlan 1 Then we need to configure our router to provide IP address to IP phones and set the calling numbers for phones , we will use CME call manager express embedded with router IOS itself. Router(config)#interface fa 0/0Router(config-if)#ip add 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0Router(config-if)#no shutRouter(config-if)#exit

Router(config)#ip dhcp pool HCLRouter(dhcp-config)#network 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0Router(dhcp-config)#default-router 10.0.0.1Router(dhcp-config)#option 150 ip 10.0.0.1Router(dhcp-config)#exit

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(Cisco recommends to use option 150 rather 066 to obtain the TFTP address to the IP phones Option 66 only allows 1 host, while option 150 can contain more than 1 ip address, which can be used for TFTP redundancy.) Router(config)#telephony-serviceRouter(config-telephony)#max-dn 10 ( max numbers on directory)Router(config-telephony)#max-ephones 10 (max number of phones)Router(config-telephony)#ip source-address 10.0.0.1 port 2000 (gateway can be used by phones)Router(config-telephony)#auto assign 1 to 10 Router(config)#ephone-dn 1 (phone number 1)Router(config-ephone-dn)#number 100 (phone calling number)Router(config)#ephone-dn 2 Router(config-ephone-dn)#number 101Router(config)#ephone-dn 3Router(config-ephone-dn)#number 102 Router(config)#ephone-dn 4Router(config-ephone-dn)#number 103Router(config)#ephone-dn5Router(config-ephone-dn)#number 104

6.3 Testing of IP Phones:

1. Select the series 7960 IP phone0.2. When we select any of IP phone, the below figure will be open

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Fig. 6.23. Plug the wire in the port to ON the device. Then select GUI.4. Click on the receiver.5. Enter the number of IP phone4 that is 103. Ring out to the IP phone 1.

The following will be open:

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Fig. 6.2

Fig. 6.3

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Fig. 6.4After receiving the receiver, now both IP phones are connected...

Fig. 6.5

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Chapter 7

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF PROJECT

Advantages of VOIP

Low call costs. Low cost of performing moves, ads and changes on a business VOIP phone

system. Increased functionality and integration with other IT business systems. Ability to have your land-line phone number follows you anywhere. Low infrastructure costs. Future proof.

Disadvantages of VOIP

Loss of service during outages. Without power VOIP phones are useless, so in case of emergencies during power

cuts it can be a major disadvantage. With VOIP emergency calls, it is hard to locate you and send help in time. Some times during calls, there may be periods of silence when data is lost while it

is being unscrambled. Latency and traffic. No standard protocol is applicable

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Chapter 8

FUTURE ENHANCEMENT

Future Enhancement:

Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is one of the hottest and most hyped technologies in the

communications industry. Businesses and consumers are already taking advantage of the cost savings

and new features of making calls over a converged voice-data network, and the logical next step is to

take those advantages to the wireless world. The most widely publicized benefit of VoIP is the ability to

save costs on long distance charges and to network multiple offices together. Businesses that have a data

connection between their offices can utilize VoIP technology to bypass long distance networks and

provide more efficient communications between offices. In a traditional setting, someone would have to

dial the phone number to a branch office, possibly paying a long distance charge for the call, wait for a

receptionist or automated system to answer and then become connected to the party they’re trying to

reach. Using VoIP, a person can simply dial an extension number and be connected immediately to a

party in another office, whether across town or around the world avoiding costly long distance charges.

A second benefit is in the design of many telephone systems, often called IP based systems. Rather than

traditional phone systems with their own wiring infrastructure, IP based systems use a data network

infrastructure. This convergence of voice and data into a single platform has tremendous advantages in

simplifying the administration of the communications network. Plus, IP utilizes data infrastructure that

most likely already exists in many companies.

A third benefit is the ability to have remote phones with a single telephone number. For example, an

employee could work out of their home in New York, utilizing a phone number with a California area

code. This enables corporations to truly take advantage of having a virtual office and or remote agents

working out of a variety of location

.

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Chapter-9

CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION:

The project “VOIP (VOICE OVER INTERNET PROTOCOL) NETWORK” is an effort to help the

readers understand the network scenario of corporate world. I thoroughly studied the available hardware

and software solutions available. In the market, before implementing them in my project. Moreover, I

developed this project at minimal cost. This project will definitely help users in some from or the

others, since it has been developed keeping both. Ease of use and understanding features in mind. I

planned to enhance this project in future, with help of various users input too.

Concluding compactly, through this project, I intend to serve the users the best and in turn serve myself

for there is a profound sense of satisfaction and pride.

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Chapter 10

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

Books: Author:

1. Cisco Certified Network Associate Study Todd Lammle

2. CCNA – study- guide Sybex

3. Computer Networking James F. Kurose

4. MCITP Darril Gibson

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final report

Documents

main router

ip phones

main branch

different network devices

main server systems

ip voip technology

ip addresses

exchange server