final report

Building Science 2 (ARC 3413)

Project 1: Lighting and Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design

SOCSO Rehabilitation Centre, Malacca

Ang Jia Pin 0315506

Christine Yap Zhe Xing 0316294

Chuah Say Yin 0315301

Joash Lim Yun-An 0317197

Khor Xin Suan 0316230

Teh Xue Kai 0317021

TABLE OF CONTENT

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Aims and objectives

1.2 Site study

1.3 Reason of selection

1.4 Measured drawing

1.5 Literature review of Light 1.5.1 Introduction of Light

1.5.2 Importance of Light in Architecture

1.5.3 Artificial Lighting

1.5.4 Natural Lighting

1.5.5 Lumen and Illuminance

1.5.6 Daylight factors and distribution

1.5.7 Lumen Method

1.5.8 Light Loss Factor (LLF)

1.5.9 Reflectance Value

1.5.10 Room Index

1.5.11 Room cavity ratio (RCR)

1.5.12 Coefficient of Utilization

1.6 Literature review of acoustic

1.6.1 Introduction of Acoustic

1.6.2 Importance of Sound in Architecture

1.6.3 Noise control

1.6.4 Sound Pressure level (SPL)

1.6.5 Reverberation Time

2.0 Precedent study

2.1 Lighting

2.2 Acoustic

3.0 Lighting 3.1 Site study and zoning 3.2 Research methodology 3.2.1 Precedent Studies

3.2.2 Equipment and Data Collection

3.3 Natural day lighting 3.3.1 Tabulation and interpretation of data 3.3.3 Daylight factor analysis 3.4 Artificial lighting 3.4.1 Materiality

3.4.2 Lighting fixtures 3.4.3 Lumen method calculation 3.5 Sun path analysis diagram 3.6 Analysis and lighting conditions of the zone

3.6.1 Housing constructing workshop and office

3.6.2 Storage and electrical workshop

3.6.3 On-site construction workshop and office

1

2

3

4-6

7-11

12

13-20

21-28

29-31

32-33

34-38

39-46

47-48

49-52

3.7. Conclusion of natural lighting and artificial lighting

3.8 Recommendations

4.0 Acoustic

4.1 Site study and Zoning

4.2 Research methodology

4.2.1 Precedent Studies

4.2.2 Measuring Devices

4.2.3 Procedure

4.2.4 Data Collection Method

4.3 Identification of Existing Acoustic

4.3.1 Internal Acoustic

4.3.1.1 Speaker

4.3.1.2 Ceiling Speaker

4.3.1.3 Air Conditioner Diffuser

4.3.1.4 Gym Equipment

4.3.1.5 Human Activity

4.3.2 External Acoustic

4.3.2.1 Air Handling Unit Room

4.3.2.2 Electrical Room

4.5 Material

4.6 Acoustic Analysis

4.6.1 Data Analysis

4.6.1.1 Peak and Non-Peak Hour Analysis

4.6.1.2 Peak Hour Analysis

4.6.1.3 Non-Peak Hour Analysis

4.6.1.4 External – Interior Acoustic Relationship

4.6.1.5 Acoustic Source Analysis

4.7 Acoustic Ray Bouncing Diagram

4.8 Calculation of Sound Intensity

4.8.1 Indoor Noise Source

4.8.2 Space Acoustic Analysis

4.8.3 Sound Reduction Index (SRI)


4.9 Conclusion of Acoustic

4.10 Recommendations

Reference

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

Lighting and acoustic is a primary element in architecture design and interior architecture. Good lighting design will make

a person appreciate the enclosed or open space more as they can clearly see the texture and colour of the surrounding.

These will affect the level of comfort in visuals of an individual. Different spaces require different lighting design to

introduce specific moods to the space. Acoustic design is as important as lighting as it will affect the comfort of the user in

that space as well. Especially in enclosed space there will be concerns on how to contain the noise inside and also

eliminating external noise source from penetrating in. In both designs the use of materials are very important. Materials

would either enhance the quality of space to have desired sound and light or worsen the user experience as it does not

provide proper requirement to a specific space.

The site that we chose is SOSCO Rehabilitation Centre in Malacca. This project is conducted in group of six. We carry

further our analysis by going to site visits and collecting data including measured drawings, lighting and acoustics

measurement using the equipment provided. The method of data collection is also photographed for record. Then

analysis and calculations done will be documented in a report format.

1.1 Aims and objectives

The objectives of the project are as following:

1. To understand the day-lighting & lighting and acoustic characteristics & acoustic requirement in a suggested space.

2. To determine the characteristics and function of day-lighting & artificial lighting and sound & acoustic within the intended space.

3. To critically report and analyse the space.

This project also aims to train our ability to produce a complete documentation on analysis of space in relation to lighting requirement. For example, natural and artificial lighting which could be shown in pictures, sketches and drawing and analysis of factors which effects the lighting design of a space. We are to explore and apply understanding of building physic eg. Lighting towards building / construction technology and building materials on existing building projects. Besides that we also should have the ability to evaluate and explore the improvisation by using current material and technology in relevance to present construction industry. Finally we learn the basic understanding and analysis of lighting layout and arrangements by using certain methods or calculations eg. Lumen method and PSALI as well as basic understanding and analysis of acoustic design layout and arrangements by using certain methods or calculations eg, Reverberation time and sound transmission and coefficient.

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1.2 Site study

Figure 1.2.1 Entrance at admission block.

Figure 1.2.2 Master plan of SOSCO Rehabilitation Centre.

(Source: http://architizer.com/projects/socso-rehabilitation-centre/media/1031274/)

Case study: SOSCO Rehabilitation Centre

Space of study: Gymnasium and Industrial Rehabilitation Centre

Address: Lot PT7263 [H.S (D) 18923] Bandar Hijau,Hang Tuah Jaya, Melaka 75450 Malaysia

This is the first rehabilitation centre in Malaysia. It combines the medical and vocational rehabilitation with an allied health institute.

SOSCO’s ‘Return to Work’ programme helps disabled patients undergo physical and vocational rehabilitation in order to rejoin

the workforce. Located on 55 acres of undulating landscape, a ‘primary spine’ for walking, wheelchair and buggy linked the

various clusters of buildings sequentially. This green certified complex (under the Malaysian ‘Green Building Index’) was

designed where nature via lush expansive landscape and ‘spirituality’ is an important element integral to the healing process.

Employing universal ‘access for all’ concept and Malaysian Standard (M.S), this project was intended to represent the best

planned rehabilitation facility suited to international standards.(“SOSCO Rehabilitation Centre”, n.d.)

http://architizer.com/projects/socso-rehabilitation-centre/media/1031274/

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1.3 Reason of selection

The site consists of mainly five blocks which are administration block, vocational rehabilitation block, medical rehabilitation

block, allied health block and hostel and dining block. The block that we chose to focus on is the medical rehabilitation block.

The reason for that choice is because in that area the quality of lighting and acoustics should be more soothing and comforting

to avoid triggering any unnecessary psychological stress in the process of healing. The surrounding of that block is rather quiet

and has some trees to help shade.

The space that we chose to analyse lighting is the industrial rehabilitation area where the space tries to imitate the surrounding

of an actual factory by having more artificial lighting than natural lighting and usage of hard material for flooring, walls and

ceiling. The materials found include concrete, glass and steel. It is a double volume area as in an actual factory there should be

space to place huge machineries inside and they did place a few minor machinery and a steel structural frame as well to add a

more realistic feel to it.

The other space that we chose to analyse acoustics is the gymnasium. The gymnasium area consists of not only just the usual

equipment for gym but also some exercise area especially for the disabled. There is also space to conduct aerobic exercises.

There are placements for speakers as well to make announcement in case of emergency. Since there are multiple activities

carried on there, it has different noise level at different hour and the material use would affect the reflection of noise.

1.4 Measured drawing

Figure 1.4.1: Ground floor plan-Industrial rehab.

(Source: SOCSO Rehabiltation Center)

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Figure 1.4.2: First floor plan-Gymnasium.

(Source: SOCSO Rehabilitation Center)

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Figure 1.4.3: Gymnasium ground floor plan.


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Figure 1.4.4: Industrial rehab plan.


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1.5 Literature Review of Light

1.5.1 Introduction of Light

Light visible by human and responsible to the sense of sight is known as visible light, which is called by scientists the

electromagnetic radiation in the family of waves. Whereas light sources are the medium which produce light. The unit to

measure light is Lux (IX), which describes the amount of light strikes the surface. The two type of lighting are natural

lighting and artificial lighting. Natural lighting comes from the source of sun, which contrast with artificial lighting comes

from an instruments that produce light.

1.5.2 Importance of Light in Architecture

In lighting analysis, many would measure and rely on numeric and scaled light level, collected with the unit of lux.

However, in the deeper relations and importance of light quality, it is much more intricate element that could be

determined not only through measurement, but also our senses (Fontenelle, 2008). For instance, lighting condition often

associates with the perception of space and influence the impression of texture, surface, colour and form. Besides,

regardless of artificial lighting or natural daylighting, they also serves to provoke different sensations and visual

experience to the occupants. Moreover, the properties of light in terms of its colours, spatial distribution of brightness,

shadows it cast, reflections it form as well as the colour of lighting would all be giving impact to the visual feelings.

1.5.3 Artificial Lighting

Artificial light are the technical instruments which produce light through the conversion of electrical energy into radiation

and light. . There are two types of light source, namely incandescent lamp which generate light via the radiation of a

filament at high temperature, and luminescent lamp which produce light through excited electrons (Raman, n.d.). Artificial

lighting are important not only to provoke or achieve certain experience of the space, but also to certain range of visibility

for the quality of the space. For instance, it is important to ensure the safety of the occupants in the warehouse and

working performance in an office as well as comfort the people in a space. Below shows the maximum lighting power

allowance for the spaces with particular usage.

Table 1.5.3: Unit power lighting. (including ballast loss allowance)

(Source: “MS 1525”, 2007)

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1.5.4 Natural Lighting

Natural lighting has to be properly designed in a building as it can bring great psychological impacts and benefits to the

occupants, decrease sick time and increase productivity in a working environment. (Keith, n.d.) The amount of penetration

of sunlight into a building depends on the orientation and size as well as the materials of the glazing. The visible

transmittance of the daylight fenestration system should not be less than 50% in order to take advantage natural lighting.

(“MS 1525”, 2007)

Besides, it should be designed in such a way that prevent directs solar radiation while allowing diffused light to ensure

effective daylight factor. This is because according to MS 1525 (2007), reduction of energy consumption for artificial

lighting due to appropriate allowance for natural lighting is much more greater than cooling energy required due to extra

glazed building envelop. As such, natural lighting has to be well-planned in order to ensure its effectivity in energy saving.

1.5.5 Lumen and Illuminance

Lumen is the unit of measurement of the total amount of light source whereas Illuminance measures the incident light that

strikes on the surface.

Illuminance is expressed in the unit of footcandle or lux. The closer the illuminated area is to the light source, the higher

the Illuminated values. The horizontal illuminance is referring to the incident ray landing on a horizontal surface whereas

vertical illuminances describes the illuminance landing on a vertical surface. Illuminance produced during daylight include

a vast range of 150,000 lux on a sunny day to 1,000 lux on a grey day in winter whereas moonlight is about 0.3 lux.

(“Illuminance Explained”, 2012)

Table 1.5.5: Standard illuminance level and working height.

(Source: https://www.wbdg.org/pdfs/usace_lightinglevels.pdf)

https://www.wbdg.org/pdfs/usace_lightinglevels.pdf

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1.5.6 Daylight factors and distribution

Daylight factors describes the amount of illumination available indoors relative to illumination of the outdoor at the same

time under overcast skies and it is expressed in percentage. In other word, it is the ratio of internal light level to external

light level as shown below. It measures the quality of daylighting in a room and to determine the sufficiency of the natural

lighting of a space. The higher the daylight factors, the more the natural light available inside a space.

DF = (Ei / Eo) x 100%

DF= Daylight factors

Ei =illuminance due to daylight at a point on the indoors working plane

Eo = simultaneous outdoor illuminance on a horizontal plane from an unobstructed hemisphere of overcast sky.

Table 1.5.6: Daylight factors and distribution.

(Source: “MS 1525”, 2007)

1.5.7 Lumen Method

Lumen method is an indoor calculation methodology used to identify the number of luminaries or lamp fixtures required to

achieve a given average illuminance level of a space. It is done by calculating the number of lamp installed to ensure it

has enough level of illuminance.

E= average illuminance over the horizontal working plane

n= number of lamps in each luminaire

N= number of luminaire

F- Lighting design lumens per lamp, ie. Initial bare lamp luminous.

UF= utilization factor for the horizontal working plane

LLF= light loss factor

A = area of horizontal working plane.

Zone DF (%) Distribution

Very Bright >6 Very large with thermal and glare problems

Bright 3-6 Good

Average 1-3 Fair

Dark 0-1 Poor

Note: The figures are average daylight factors for windows without glazing

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1.5.8 Light Loss Factor (LLF)

A numbers of environmental conditions will interfere the transmission of light when the light travels and leaves the light

fixtures which results in wasted lumens. (“Light loss factor”, n.d.) As such, it the conditions has to be taken into

consideration to ensure proper quantity and quality of light from the lighting system.

Table 1.5.8: LLF values for different spaces.

(Source: http://www.fuzionlighting.com.au/technical/lighting-calculations.php)

1.5.9 Reflectance Value

Table 1.5.9: Reflectance value for different spaces.

(Source: http://www.fuzionlighting.com.au/technical/lighting-calculations.php)

1.5.10 Room Index

Room index is the ratio of room plan area to half the wall area between the working and luminaire planes.

L = length of the room

W= width of the room

Hm= Hm mounting height above the work plane.

http://www.fuzionlighting.com.au/technical/lighting-calculations.php

http://www.fuzionlighting.com.au/technical/lighting-calculations.php

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1.5.11 Room cavity ratio (RCR)

Room cavity ratio is the ratio of room dimensions that used to determine how the light interacts with the room surfaces.

RCR = (5*H*(L+W))/A

L= length of room

W= width of room

A= area of room

H= Mounting height of the fixtures

(Source: http://www.controlbooth.com/wiki/?title=Room-Cavity-Ratio-RCR)

1.5.12 Coefficient of Utilization

The coefficient of utilization is a factor use to measure the efficiency of the light fixtures in delivering the light. The value is

depending on the type of the electrical fixtures, the numbers of the lamps, the distributions of the beam pattern, the

reflectance of the ceiling, walls, floor as well as the room cavity ratio (RCR).

Table 1.5.12: Coefficient of utilization.

(Source: http://phcjam.blogspot.my/2011/07/electric-lighting-lamps-efficacy.html)

http://www.controlbooth.com/wiki/?title=Room-Cavity-Ratio-RCR

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1.6 Literature Review of Acoustic

1.6.1 Introduction of Acoustic

Acoustic is derived from the Greek term Akouein, meaning ready to hear. Sound is mechanical waves in acoustic. Sound

is energy produced through vibration that can be transmitted by solid, liquid and solid. Sound is measured through

logarithmic scale known as decibel (db). Sound waves have qualities such as frequency, velocity, wavelength and power.

(Mehta, 1999)

1.6.2 Importance of Sound in Architecture

Sound embraces and transcends the spaces in which it occurs, opening up a consummate context for the listener: the

acoustic source and its surroundings unite into a unique auditory experience. (OASE78, 2009). Sound in terms of

loudness, pitch, frequency affects the comfort level and experience of a space. Hence, noise control is important to allow

the user to experience a comfortable space. (Szokolay, 2004)

1.6.3 Noise control

There are passive design strategies that a designer that helps in noise control. It is ideal for buildings to be built away

from industrial areas, airports, railways, highways and roads and development areas. Not only that, noise can be

controlled internally by selection of quiet equipment or enclosing equipment. (Cowan. J, 2000)

1.6.4 Sound Pressure level

Sound pressure formula:

SPL = 10 log ( )

where, log is common logarithm

P= Sound Pressure

Po= Standard reference pressure of 20 micro Pascal


Reverberation is the continued presence of audible sound after the source of sound has been stopped which was caused

by rapid multiple reflections between surfaces of a room. The time when reverberation loses its intensity and the decay of

sound level is reverberation time. Reverberation time depends on 3 factors: the volume of the room, total surface area

and absorption coefficients of the surfaces. (Cavanaugh, W.J & Wilkes, J.A., 1999)

Formula: t=

t= reverberation time (s)

V= volume of the room ( )

A= total absorption of room coefficient

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2.0 PRECEDENT STUDIES

2.1 Lighting

Introduction of Building

Kresge Foundation Office Complex Troy, Michigan

Figure 2.1.1: Front view of the complex.

(Source: http://www.asla.org/sustainablelandscapes/images/kresge/Kresge_3.jpg)

The Kresge Foundation is a non-profit organization which analyses the current energy and environmental performance of

its own facilities. The construction of the foundation was completed in 2006 which seats on a 2.77 acre site in an urban

site context in Troy, Michigan. The complex consists of a farmhouse (barn), courtyard office areas which houses 60

employees (Goins, 2011).

The complex received an award of Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) – Platinum Rating, as well as

other award for its’s high performance design.

Features of the Complex stated as below: (Goins, 2011).

General –

1) 26,000 ft2 total

2) 19,000 ft2 new, 12,500 below ground level

3) Oriented (long elevation) facing north/south

Occupant Comfort –

1) Daylighting and occupancy lighting controls

2) Low volatile organic compound (VOC) paints and finishes

3) Sun shades and light shelves

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Glazing/Faç ade –

1) Overall 30-50% window to wall ration, solar heat gain coefficient = .38

2) Super – insulated walls.

3) Heating, ventilation and air conditioning

4) New areas: ground source heat pump with underfloor ventilation

5) Old areas: ground source heat pump with underfloor ventilation

6) Mid-efficiency variable speed axial fan air handling units, variable speed pumps.

7) Ground source heat pump water-water service water heating

8) Demand controlled ventilation.

The Center for the Built Environment (CBE) focuses on linking occupant experience in measuring the building

performance and environmental quality of building through data collecting and comparison to CBE’s database of building

occupant satisfaction results (Goins, 2011).

Figure 2.1.2: Floor plan of the foundation complex.

(Source: http://kresge.org/sites/default/files/CBE_Kresge_Building_Study.pdf)

Lighting Background

The complex manage to achieve satisfying lighting performance and meets the standard requirement of occupancy

evaluation. Yet, CBE notices the lights are on in most offices even the natural day lighting are obvious and sufficient to lit

the interior spaces. Occupants were reported no using the lighting control which was installed which resulted to

opportunities in reducing lighting-related energy use. (Goins, 2011).

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Methodology

Researchers analysed lighting survey data and physical measurement. An evaluation was conducted through observation

of lighting system operational and informal interviews with the building engineer (Goins, 2011).

The objectives of PMP-based lighting measurements are to: (Goins, 2011).

Determine the building occupants’ satisfaction with the lighting,

Rate the building’s performance against benchmarks in a database of previously measured building,

Identifying the problems with the lighting and obtain clues using the occupants responses base of questions.

Taking measurement on various spots base of the important photometric parameters.

The first three objectives are covered by survey analysis and overall lighting evaluation while the fourth objectives are

measure during the two site visits to the site, one in winter and the other in summer. These illuminance measurement

were obtained from Minolta T-1H handheld illuminance meter, which contains liquid crystal display and detachable sensor

which provides the output in lux. Three types of environments were tested: 1) private offices, 2) open-plan offices and 3)

corridors. The measurement procedure differed in the three cases. The private and open-plan offices, the sensor was

located over the desk. Illuminance at the point of work was measured with the worker in normal working position. For

corridor, the sensor was located at 28 inches (0.70m) from the floor. Three lighting levels were measured in the private

office: 1) overhead lights and desk lamp switched on, 2) only overhead lights switched on, and 3) no electrical light on. For

the open-plan offices, only reading of lighting level is measured with overhead light on (Goins, 2011).

Daytime measurement were conducted during the winter visit, and nigh time measurement were conducted during the

summer visit (Goins, 2011). Daylight condition, date, hour and weather condition were recorded to provide evidence of

photometric measurement affection. Measurement were compared to illuminance levels recommended by the Illuminating

Engineering Society of North America (IESNA) (Goins, 2011).

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Results Analysis

The lighting receive the highest satisfaction rating among the IEQ areas. 80% of occupants were satisfied with the amount

of light in their workspace meanwhile 71% were satisfied with the visual comfort in the workspace. The Complex scored

79th percentile on overall lighting satisfaction within the CBE survey database (Goins, 2011).

Table 2.1.1: IESNA – Recommended illuminance levels.


Diagram 2.1.1: First floor private office illuminance spot measurement (March 4, 2010 9:15AM – 10.30AM).


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Winter Visits (daytime measurements)

Diagram 2.1.1 displays light levels with 1) all lights off, 2) only the overhead lights turned on, and 3) both overhead lights

and task light turned on in the first floor private office. Analysis: There was sufficient daylight in the morning so most of the

spaces did not require electrical lighting. Analysis 2: The corridor has exceeded the recommended illuminance level

although some corridor lights are required for emergency exit safety, most corridor lights can be dimmed or turned off

during adequate daylighting (Goins, 2011).

Figure 2.1.3: Southern open office area on first floor with evidence daylighting and light fixtures turned on.


Diagram 2.1.2: Corridor afternoon illuminance spot measurement (March 4, 2010 1:00PM – 1.30PM).


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Summer Visits (night time measurements)

Diagram 2.1.3: First floor private office evening illuminance spot measurement (10:50PM – 11.30PM).


Diagram 2.1.3 displays the night time light levels with only the overhead lights turned on compared to light levels with both

overhead lights and task light turned on in the first floor private offices. The light levels measured when only the overhead

lights were turned on were generally insufficient according to IESNA standards. When both the overhead and task light

were turned on, the lighting level was sufficient. (Goins, 2011).

Following are the Detailed Lighting Results:

/

Table 2.1.2: Illuminance measurement during

evening of August 17th for private offices.

(Source:

http://kresge.org/sites/default/files/CBE_Kresge_Buil

ding_Study.pdf)


evening of August 17th for open plan offices.

(Source:


ding_Study.pdf)


evening of August 17th for corridors.

(Source:


ding_Study.pdf)

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Winter Measurements


morning of March 4th for private offices.

(Source:


ding_Study.pdf)


morning of March 4th for open plan offices.

(Source:


ding_Study.pdf)


morning of March 4th for corridors

(Source:


ding_Study.pdf)

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Conclusion

Recommendations below are based on survey results and lighting measurement performed during both the winter and

summer visits:

Daylighting level was higher than the IESNA recommended level – indicates consumption of electricity is high.

Suggestion of short guidance in explaining the importance in regulating lighting in the office and the benefit of

doing so.

Computer screen inappropriately situated causing glare.

Suggestion of placement of screen should be orthogonal to window.

Illuminance levels in corridors during the day with the overhead lights switched on display daylighting level was

higher than needed.

Recommendation of increasing the dimming range of the overhead lamps.

Night time task illuminance levels were sufficient when the desk light was used but were not sufficient when only

the overhead light was used.

Overall the occupants were satisfied with the lighting system but the daylight harvesting system has not been tuned

to achieve the desired lower energy consumption.

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2.2 Acoustic

Introduction of Building

Church Gym and Multipurpose Hall

Figure 2.1.4: The interior of church gym and multipurpose hall.

This case study is done by eNoise Control in Westfield, USA which provides a full range of products and consulting

services for industrial noise control, noise cancelling, sound reduction, sound deadening, abatement and containment. It

was about problem of unwanted sound reverberation in the gymnasiums. The client has complained about the gym being

too noisy and the sound quality being poor. The distribution of the acoustic conditions throughout the space and the

effects of the renovation on the distribution are determined by carrying out experiments before and after the renovation

and installation. eNoise Control aimed to control the echo and make the environment comfortable for audiences. This has

to be done by intercepting the path of the sound reflection and dissipate the noise – with the right measures the echo can

be dropped to an acceptable level.

Diagram 2.1.4: Reverberation Chart.

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Acoustic Design Strategies

Wall - Fabric Wrapped Wall Panels

Figure 2.1.5: Fabric wrapped wall panels used on wall surfaces.

These are compressed fiberglass panels designed for installation to wall surfaces. They come in a variety of colors and

sizes and are ideal for gymnasiums, multipurpose rooms and churches for their sound absorption qualities.

Fabric Wrapped Acoustic Panels are an aesthetically pleasing solution to reverberant noise problems. Also known as

acoustical wall panels or acoustical clouds, these panels are typically 1″ – 2″ thick with a square or contoured chemically

hardened edge and wrapped with a fire retardant fabric. The panels are mechanically hung on walls or ceilings in patterns

or groupings that add to the rooms’ overall architecture.

Finishes

A variety of decorator fabrics are available. The standard is Guilford of Maine FR701 Style 2100. Other factory approved

fabrics include Deepa Textiles, Design Tex, Wolf Gordon, Momentum and Knoll. Customer specified fabrics can be

applied if it meets the manufacturing requirements.

Figure 2.1.6: Various mounting options for finishes.

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Acoustical NRC Rating

Dimension Acoustic NRC Rating

1/2″ 0.50 – 0.60

1″ 0.80 – 0.90

1-1/2″ 0.90 – 1.00

2″ 1.05 – 1.15

Table 2.1.7: Dimension of the finishes with their corresponding acoustic NRC rating.

Fire Rating

All components have a Class A/1 fire rating per ASTM E-84

Edge Detail

Figure 2.1.7: Edge Details.

Fibrous Wood Panel

eNoise Control’s FWP acoustical panels are composed of aspen wood fibres, bonded with an exclusive inorganic

hydraulic cement binder, and are formed in a continuous process under heat and pressure. They are abuse resistant and

are able to withstand the impact of thrown or kicked balls in gyms, yet are lightweight.

http://www.enoisecontrol.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/edge-detail.gif

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CEILING

a) Baffles

These units are 2′ x 4′ (other sizes available) fiberglass panels wrapped in PVC vinyl covering with grommets for vertical

suspension from the ceiling. This free hanging suspension of baffles allows the material to interrupt the path of noise and

curb the sound levels in a room. Baffles are available in a wide variety of colors and are a cost effective means of sound

control for gymnasiums.

Figure 2.1.8: Baffles.

Acoustic baffles are a low cost and non-intrusive solution to many common noise control problems. These ceiling or

overhead baffles absorb reflected noise bouncing off hard flat walls, floors, or ceilings. Baffles are an absorptive board or

sound barricade that can be placed around or between acoustic sources to provide sound isolation or deadening and

reduce acoustic leakage. A fundamental tool of noise mitigation is the use of sound baffles.

Most baffle products are easy to install and come in many styles such as PVC, Poly, Sailcloth, FDA, sound curtain, and

foam. They are an effective noise barrier when applied to walls and ceilings in building interiors to absorb sound energy

and thus lessen reverberation. Sound baffles are ideal for reducing reverberation times anywhere you encounter airborne

sound transmission.

Typically suspended from the ceiling, sound baffles may be used as acoustic wall panels as well to assist in reducing

reflective or reverberating noise. By definition, a sound baffle is any object designed to reduce airborne sound.

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b) Acoustic Banners

Multi-purpose facilities require a sound environment conducive to both athletic events and musical performances.

Acoustic banners combine ideal acoustical properties with cost-effective shipping and installation methods. Acoustical

banners can be hung in a loose catenary fashion or installed flush to the roof deck for a flat appearance with minimum

festoon. They allow free flow of air and integrate exceptionally well with existing sprinklers, lighting, and HVAC systems

and banners are completely encapsulated in moisture-resistant PVC. Acoustic banners reduce reverberation time and

sound intensity levels in harsh acoustical environments which results in increased speech intelligibility, better

communication and improved quality of sound systems.

Figure 2.1.9: Acoustic Banners.

Acoustic Banners are large, visually and architecturally pleasing sound absorbers. They can be hung in a loose flowing

fashion or installed flush to the roof deck for a flat appearance. They allow free flow of air and integrate exceptionally well

with existing sprinklers, lighting, and HVAC systems. Acoustic banners are completely encapsulated in moisture-resistant

PVC which protects the environment from any airborne fibers.

Installation of these materials reduce reverberation time in harsh acoustical environments from a disconcerting 4 to 9

seconds to a pleasant 1/2 to 2 seconds. Sound intensity levels are reduced simultaneously, which helps to create a more

peaceful environment. This results in increased speech intelligibility, better communication and improved quality of sound

systems.

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STAGES OF INSTALLATION AND MEASUREMENTS

Stage 1 – Initial Measurement & Test Installation

On first measurement the reverberation time was a whopping 3.8 seconds. This was done using an RT60 reading (see

reading in blue below) which is the time required for reflections of a direct sound to decay by 60dB.

Diagram 2.1.4: Initial RT60 reading showing reverberation time of 3.8 seconds.

1.5 seconds is considered an acceptable reverberation time for multi-purpose Gymnasiums, Halls & Events Centers

however this can only be attained with significant acoustic treatment.

Stage 2 – Installation of 90% of Panels

Encouraged by the initial results Stan and his helpers then installed panels on all the upper walls of the Gym (except the

top section at both ends which will be completed in the next school holidays).

Figure 2.1.10: Interior of the gym

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A third reading was then completed and the results were a dramatic reduction in reverberation times from 3.00 seconds to

1.8 seconds as shown below:

Diagram 2.1.5: Third RT60 reading showing reverberation time reduced from 3.0 to 1.8 seconds.

Diagram 2.1.6: Fourth RT60 reading showing a reverberation reduction from 1.8 to just under 1.5 seconds.

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Table 2.1.8: Reverb Analysis Program.

Conclusion

According to the reverberation time experiments carried out along the installation processes, a significant improvement

can be noticed in terms of the acoustic performance. The change in the acoustic environment of the gym due to the

suggested strategies can be seen clearly for all the acoustic parameters. As a result of the renovations, the RT values

decreased to the optimum reading. The design strategies specifically solved the issues by applying the acoustic panels to

the wall. The wood panels used in this case also reflect the considerations given by the eNoise Control regarding the

typology of activities take place. Ceiling wise, baffles and banners are two different approach to the issues but effective

and suitable in the same way. Both strategies are common to be utilized in sports orientated spaces. Overall performance

of those strategies are effective and now the gym is noise-free and having the echo level at the optimum rate.

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3.0 LIGHTING 3.1 Site study and zoning

The Industrial rehabilitation area intends to stimulate the real industrial condition to help patient heal mentally by

overcoming their fear of working on site. Hence, it is separated into 5 different zones to give variety of industrial work

condition. The four columns in the center of the area is to further define the space. In order to make it more realistic the

space is placed next to a basement parking where the patients could hear lorry moving in and out of the area. Besides

that, they have also specially added sound effects for the entrance when it is open and closed. The two roller shutters

placed there functions as an access for the patients as well as visually enhancing the atmosphere of a stimulated

industrial area. The double volume area is also to mimic an actual factory condition.

Figure 3.1.1: Exterior landscape of industrial rehab Figure 3.1.2: Zone 1- Storage.

The storage area has handles at different height in order to help the patients with disability when they are placing

equipment on the shelves. There is also space on the floor to place materials such as wire mesh and PVC pipes.

Figure 3.1.3: Zone 2-Electrical workshop.

In this area they provide electrical circuit board for the patients to practice. Equipment are placed there to enhance the

accuracy of an actual industrial area.

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Figure 3.1.4: Zone 3- On-site construction workshop.

The activity carried out at this area would be moving material by using machine up and down the small slope. Besides

that, the construction material found in the boxes would be for them to practice the action of digging, lifting and moving.

Figure 3.1.5: Zone 4-Office.

A simple office design with a desk and a computer.

Figure 3.1.6: Zone 5- Housing construction workshop.

A one storey steel frame structure placed there so that they could carry activity usually conducted at a housing

construction site.

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Figure 3.1.7: Zoning on plan.

Zone 1: Storage

Zone 2: Electrical workshop

Zone 3: On site construction workshop

Zone 4: Office

Zone 5: Housing construction workshop

ZONE 1 ZONE 2

ZONE 3

ZONE 4

ZONE 5

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3.2 RESESEARCH METHODOLOGY


Research journal of lighting were studied in detail for application of precedent studies to the research case study. The

source obtained of the research journal is through online website, due to the unavailability of research journal of lighting

performance evaluation, the closest research journal that is applicable to our case study would be the Kresge Foundation

Office Complex. The research journal acts as a referral point of the research case study through understanding the

method of extracting diagrams and valuable information in conducting the research case study.

3.2.2 Equipment and Data Collection

Figure 3.2.2.1: Skylon 30m and Lutron digital lux meter LX101.

The drawings (plans) obtained from the management office were studied and grids were set accordingly to 1.5 meter. Due

to the vast area of the space, the node (intersection grid point) were recorded at 3 meters apart. An electrical device was

used to generate the lighting data on site which was the Lutron digital lux meter LX101 which was supplied by our tutor.

Fortunately pebbles was found on site and used to indicate the intersection point of grid minimalizing error in locating the

intersection point furthermore reducing the time in relocating the intersection grid.

Figure 3.2.2.2: On site indication of grid.

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Data collection was obtained from the reading of data (measured) in the morning 10 a.m, afternoon 2.30 p.m, and evening

5.30p.m. Peak hour of lighting was taken in the morning as the day lighting was prominent at the east faç ade where the

curtain wall window were located in following, peak hour of artificial lighting was taken in the morning.

Figure 3.2.2.3: Peak hour of the site (morning) with daylighting and artificial lighting.

The reading were taken at 1 meter and 1.5 meter above ground, at each corresponding time interval of 10 a.m., 2.30 p.m.

and 5.30 p.m. with daylighting and artificial lighting. At each recording the condition of sky was recorded to indicate the

weather condition during the reading measurement.

Figure 3.2.2.4: Sky condition at 10 a.m, 2.30 p.m and 5.30 a.m respectively.

The reading were analyzed and compared with the standard such as the CIBSE, ASHRAE, MS1525 and other applicable

standards. The materiality of the building was also studied and recorded to indicate the coefficient value and reflectance

value towards the daylighting and artificial lighting. The zones were identified base of the space function and programme

and the reading were tabulated based on the colour zone.

The analysis was conducted through the study of lighting contour diagram in using REVIT software to analyse the lighting

performance and section was cut at various zone to portray the lighting evaluation of light source.

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3.3 NATURAL DAYLIGHTING

3.3.1 Tabulation and interpretation of data

Table 3.3.1: Tabulation for non-peak hours.

The table above shows the data for non-peak hours. At this hour the industrial rehabilitation area is soon to shut down,

hence the little natural daylight does not affect the usage of the area. Even if working hours has to be extended, the

artificial lighting is sufficient for the patients.

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Table 3.3.2: Tabulation for peak hours.

The table 3.3.2 shows the data collected during the peak hours. The area that got most of the sunlight is the storage, on-

site construction workshop and the housing construction workshop as it is placed to a curtain wall. The office and

electrical workshop has less sunlight as it is located further inside but could be supported by artificial lighting in order to

maintain working efficiency.

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3.3.2 Daylight Factor Analysis

Daylight factor calculation based on zoning

Date: 23 September 2015

Time: 5.10 pm to 5.50 pm

Weather: Cloudy

Zone

Daylight level in malaysia, Eo (lux)

Average lux reading based on collected data, Eᵢ (lux)

Daylight factor, DF DF = (Eᵢ/Eo) x 100%

Zone 1: Storage

32000

670.5

DF = (Eᵢ/Eo) x 100% = (670.5/32000) x 100% = 2.1


32000

776.6

DF = (Eᵢ/Eo) x 100% = (776.6/32000) x 100% = 2.4

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Zone


Average lux reading based on collected data, Eᵢ (lux)



32000

639.2

DF = (Eᵢ/Eo) x 100% = (639.2/32000) x100% = 2.0

Zone 4: Office

32000

12.78

DF = (Eᵢ/Eo) x 100% = (127.8/32000) x 100% = 0.4

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Zone


Average lux reading

based on collected

data, Eᵢ (lux)



32000

394.4

DF = (Eᵢ/Eo) x 100% = (394.4/32000) x 100% = 1.2

Table 3.3.3: Calculation of daylighting factor.

Based on the calculation, most of the zones have average distribution of daylight which ranges from 1-3, except of zone 4

which falls under the category 0-1 which means poor distribution. The standards for DF can refer to table 1.5.6. The

reason for this is that it is situated too far away from the curtain wall.

Table 1.5.6: Daylight factors and distribution.

(Source: “MS 1525”, 2007)

Zone DF (%) Distribution

Very Bright >6 Very large with thermal and glare problems

Bright 3-6 Good

Average 1-3 Fair

Dark 0-1 Poor

Note: The figures are average daylight factors for windows without glazing

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3.4 ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING

The industrial rehabilitation area intends to mimic the actual condition. In the industrial working condition, it should have

sufficient sunlight to prevent accidents from happening or low visual ability. After analysis based on calculation of data

collected, we have concluded that most of the spaces meet the requirements of a standard industrial condition.

3.4.1 Materiality

All material used in this compound is the same for every spaces, so we have concluded it in the table below.

1) Roof (ceiling) – Cement Plaster

2) Wall – Concrete (cladding exterior)

3) Window – Aluminum frame + Low – E Tempered Glass

4) Floor – Concrete + Finishes

Table 3.4.1: Specification of material.

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion

10-6/° C 10-6/° F

Aggregate

Granite 7-9 4-5

Basalt 6-8 3.3-4.4

Limestone 6 3.3

Dolomite 7-10 4-5.5

Sandstone 11-12 6.1-6.7

Quartzite 11-13 6.1-7.2

Marble 4-7 2.2-4

Cement Paste (saturated)

w/c = 0.4 18-20 10-11

w/c = 0.5 18-20 10-11

w/c = 0.6 18-20 10-11

Concrete 7.4-13 4.1-7.3

Steel 11-12 6.1-6.7

Table 3.4.2: Coefficient values for concrete.

Coefficient value – Low-e tempered glass = Coefficient of thermal expansion = 8.5x10-6/C

Coefficient value – cement plaster = Coefficient of thermal expansion = 9.2x10-6/F

Coefficient value – Aluminum frame cladding system = Coefficient of thermal expansion is 23x10-6/C

The materials of the room especially the ceiling and the wall are in bright colour and has high reflectance value. Although

the floor are in grey colour, it is however polished concrete that has the highest reflectance value compared to other

materials. As such, the natural lighting enter into the space are reflected which causes the room to even brighter.

Component Materials Colour Surface Reflectance value, %

Ceiling Plastered cement White Smooth 45

Wall Concrete Yellow Smooth 40

Window Aluminium Black Matte 10

Tinted glass Translucent Transparent 6

Floor Concrete screed with finishes

Grey Polished 70

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3.4.2 Lighting fixtures

Figure 3.4.1: Industrail rehabilitation area

Figure 3.4.2: Specification of lighting fixtures. Figure 3.4.3: Double tube fluorescent lamp

Product Goodlite GLC 254 A2 GE 2x54W

Length 1520mm

Power 2(tube) x 54W

Lamp Luminous Flux (EM) -

Rated Colour Temperature 3900k

Colour Rendering Index 70-79 Ra

Beam Angle 140D

Voltage 240V

Bulb Finish Frosted

Placement Wall and Column Table 3.4.3: Tabulation of specification of lighting fixtures.

3700m

m

3400mm

235mm

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Figure 3.4.4: Positioning of lighting fixtures.

The only type of lighting used in the space is double tube fluorescent lamp. It is installed next to one another

in the row on the wall with the distance of 235mm apart as shown in the diagram. The reason of using that

type of lighting which that much of quantity is because the intention of the space is to create the aura of

industrial area. Besides, the lighting is installed on half of the wall, 3400mm off the ground to ensure

adequate illuminance as the ceiling are too high. Moreover, each of the columns at the center of room are

installed with 2 artificial lighting to ensure sufficient lighting at the center of the room which are far from the

lightings on the wall.

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3.4.3 Lumen method calculation Zone 1: Storage

Dimension of room/ (m) 6.0mx9.0m

Total floor area/ (m²) 54m²

Type of lighting fixtures wall

Number of lighting fixtures/ N 10

Lumen of lighting fixtures/ F (lux) 3240

Height of lumainaire (m) 3.23

Work level (m) 1

Mounting height / H (m) 2.23

Assumption of reflectance value ceiling = 0.5 wall= 0.3 floor =

0.2

Room index / RI (K) 6x9/(6+9)(2.23)=1.61

Utilization factor / UF 0.7

Standard illuminance (lux) 300

Illuminance level (lux)

E=[10(2x3240x0.7x0.7)/54] =588

Table 3.4.4: Calculation for zone 1.

According to IESNA, the standard requirement is 300 lux. However according to calculation, zone 1 have far exceeded the standard hence the number of artificial lighting installed is redundant and causes glare.

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Dimension of room/ (m) 10.5mX6.0m






Work level (m) 1


Assumption of reflectance value ceiling = 0.5 wall= 0.3 floor = 0.2

Room index / RI (K) 10.5X6/(10.5+6)(2.23)=1.77




E=[3(2x3240x0.7x0.7)/63] =151.2


According to IESNA, the standard requirement is 300 lux. However, according to calculation zone 2 does not meet the requirement. This might endanger the patients as they have low vision range and could cause accidents.

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Dimension of room/ (m) 15.0m x9.0m






Work level (m) 1



Room index / RI (K) 15x9/(15+9)(2.23)=2.52




E=[15(2x3240x0.7x0.7)/135] =352.8


According to IESNA, the standard requirement should 300 lux. However, according to calculation zone 3 meet the requirement.

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Zone 4: Office


According to IESNA, the standard requirement should 400 lux. However, according to calculation zone 4 have far exceeded the standard hence the number of artificial lighting installed is redundant.

Dimension of room/ (m) 15.0m x 4.5m

Total floor area/ (m²) 67.5m²





Work level (m) 0.8



Room index / RI (K) 15x4.5/(15+4.5)(2.43)=1.42




E=[13(2x3240x0.7x0.7)/67.5] =611.52

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Work level (m) 1



Room index / RI (K) 15x6/(15+6)(2.23)=1.92




E=[6(2x3240x0.7x0.7)/90] =211.68


According to IESNA, the standard requirement should 300 lux. However, according to calculation zone 5 does not meet the requirement. Hence, it is not suitable for moderate heavy duty construction activity to carry on daily.

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3.5 SUN PATH ANALYSIS DIAGRAM

Diagram 3.5.1: Sun orientation on 10.00 a.m.

Diagram 3.5.2: Sun orientation on 2.00 p.m.

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Diagram 3.5.3: Sun orientation on 5.10 p.m.

Diagram 3.5.4: Positioning of Windows

Morning is the peak hour that the building receives the most natural lighting whereas evening is the least as the angle of

the sun is very low.

The interior spaces of the building are brighten up by daylighting via curtain wall. There are a large piece of curtain wall at

the front faç ade (highlighted in red colour in diagram 3.5.4) that is facing southern east direction that helps to bring the

most natural lighting into the interior spaces in the morning. Whereas the other openings that helps bringing sunlight is the

4 pieces of curtain wall at the western south faç ade of the building (highlighted in blue in diagram 3.5.4). Lastly, there are

also a strips of window at the back of the building that is facing the interior pathway, which helps to bring only a little

natural lighting to illuminate the industrial rehab. Although there are a few trees planting in front of the building, the foliage

of the trees are not dense and allow the diffusion of sunlight to penetrate through the curtain wall. Besides, the trees help

to prevent direct sunlight that might heat up the building. All in all, there are a lot of openings that helps lighten up the

space throughout the period of the day.

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3.6 ANALYSIS AND LIGHTING CONDITIONS OF THE ZONES

3.6.1 Office and Housing Constructing Workshop

v

Diagram 3.6.1: (Section A-A) office and housing constructing workshop for natural daylighting 10.00 a.m.

Graph 3.6.1.: Illuminance level of office area and housing Graph 3.6.2: Illuminance level of office area and housing

constructing workshop 10.00 a.m. (on grid m). constructing workshop 5.10 p.m. (on grid m).

Diagram 3.6.1 illustrated the condition of the zoning lighted up by natural lighting during 10.00 a.m., the peak hour. From

the diagram, it can be seen that the zone of housing constructing workshop is brightened from the natural daylighting

coming through the curtain wall. However, the majority of the zone are still dark due to the installation of mock-up

construction site that block the lighting especially at the area farer away from the curtain wall. Besides, it can be seen that

the office area are brighter compared to majority space of housing constructing workshop even though the large

installation of housing constructing workshop may have caused it to be darker. This is because the entrance made of

glass door has permitted the transmittance of light into the interior spaces. Not only then, the double volume of the space

and high curtainwall has allowed more natural lighting to brighten up the spaces including the office area as it is able to

receive sunlight from both low angle of the sun and high angle.

Moreover, graph 3.6.1 and graph 3.6.2 shows that the constructing workshop zone adjacent to the office area are instantly

darker even with artificial lighting on due to the light fixtures at the housing constructing workshop area are not

functioning. This would cause the patients to feel uncomfortable and may cause accidents to happen during the late

evening as the area would be very dark.

Glass Door

Curtain wall

Double Volume

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3.6.2 Storage and Electrical Workshop

Diagram 3.6.2: (Section C-C) Storage and electrical workshop for natural daylighting 10.00 a.m.

Graph 3.6.3: Illuminance level of storage and electrical workshop 5.10 p.m. (on Grid C)

Diagram 3.6.2 illustrated the daylighting condition during 10.00 a.m., the peak hour of the day. It can be seen that the

partition wall that use to locate the tools for storage has blocked the curtain wall at the back. However, the space are still

bright as it is still being lighted up by the curtain wall of the front faç ade as well as the curtain wall at the upper part of the

wall as seen in the diagram. In fact, the brightness are quite sufficient for the zone during morning and afternoon. As such,

the curtain wall at the back of the partition wall is not appropriately designed based on the needs of the space.

Besides, from the diagram, it can also be observed that the electrical workshop are darker than the storage area. This is

because the strips of window above the electrical workshop are facing the interior pathway that does not bring in much

light. In fact, as shown in the graph 3.6.3, the natural daylighting are not adequate during 5.10 p.m. Moreover, the

electrical circuit board for the practice of the patients are positioned in such a way the back of the patient are facing the

curtain wall. This would cause the shadow of persons to be blocking the source of daylight and cause it to be even darker.

Other than that, the fluorescent tube at the electrical workshop are not functioning when it needs more light compare to

storage area.

Strips of window

Curtain Wall

Electrical Circuit Board

Fluorescent light that is not functioning

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3.6.3 On-Site Construction Workshop and Office

Diagram 3.6.3: (Section B-B) On-site construction workshop and office for natural daylighting 10.00 a.m

Graph 3.6.4: Illuminance level of on-site construction workshop and office for natural daylighting 10 a.m. (on grid g)

Graph 3.6.5: Illuminance level taken at 1m and 1.5m at Office Area

Strips of window

Electrical Light on Column

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Diagram 3.6.3 are showing the condition of the zoning during the peak hour of 10.00 am. The diagram shows that the

zone of on-site construction are extremely bright. This is because the equipment are all positioned flatly on the ground

which causes no hindrance to the entering of the sunlight. However, there are four columns in the space which block

some of the daylighting. Nevertheless, it does not influence much to the patients as most of the activities are only

happening in the center which are not being blocked. Moreover, 2 fluorescent light are installed at each of the columns,

which further brighten up the space. Other than that, finishes of the ground are polished concrete, which reflects the lights

off and causes the area to be even brighter.

Nevertheless, the office area are much darker compared to the on-site construction area as shown in the graph 3.6.4. Its

daylight factor is 0.4%, which is listed as poorly lit-up under MS 1525. This because the office are farer away from the

curtain wall and does not gain as much as lighting even with high curtain wall and high ceiling. Besides, similar to the

electrical workshop adjacent to the office, the strips of window on the top are facing the interior pathway that does not

contribute much to the entering of daylighting.

Besides, referring to the graph 3.6.5, the lighting gain at the height of 1.5m regardless of the time are higher compared to

1m especially during afternoon and it increases drastically from morning to evening. This is because the curtain wall of the

front faç ade are orientated to southern east direction. As such, the angle of the sun are eventually going higher which

brighten up the upper part of the room. However, in the office zone, the design should ensure that 1m is brighter

compared to 1.5m as the people will most of the time be sitting than standing. As such, artificial lighting are very important

to be used at the office to ensure sufficient illuminance of the working area.

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3.7 CONCLUSION OF NATURAL LIGHTING AND ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING

Diagram 3.7.4: Natural daylighting contour diagram

Diagram 3.7.5: Artificial lighting contour diagram

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Table 3.7: Total Floor Area

In conclusion, design of the room in the aspect of the orientation and positioning of the windows as well as the installation

of the electrical light has not been very successful to create an industrial mock-up area. This is because the architect

consider that the view of a calming environment as well as natural daylighting are important to create the soothing aura for

the patients during the training which in turn, contradict to the atmosphere of the industrial area. This is because an

industrial area such as factories and warehouse are usually in a space that does not have much natural daylighting and

views to the outside. Additionally, the openings that allow natural lighting are usually from the strips of window high of the

wall or skylight which do not provide view.

As shown in the diagram 3.7.4, natural daylighting has been playing a very important role especially in lighting up the

majority of the spaces particularly on-site construction and storage area. However, the housing constructing workshop,

office and electrical workshop are all highlighted in red colour which indicates low natural lighting and in needs of artificial

lighting. Nevertheless, the spaces are still having a low brightness with the lighting switched on as shown in diagram

3.7.5. Therefore, the installation of vast amount of fluorescent light in order to imitate the industrial area has not been

successful as it is not positioned based on the needs of each zone. For instance, the natural lighting are too bright at the


Total floor area/ (m²) 409.5m²





Work level (m) 1



Room index / RI (K) 21x19.5/(21+19.5)(2.23)=4.53



Illuminance level (lux) E=[47(2x3240x0.7x0.7)/409.5]=364.43

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center of the room that the artificial lighting is made redundant during the day time whereas for the back of the room are

not provided with adequate artificial lighting.

Besides, the positioning of the electrical lighting and the final arrangement of the construction equipment in the space are

not compatible to the intention of the architect. This is because the overall lumen reading for artificial lighting of the whole

room are actually sufficient, 364.43 lux as shown in the table 3.7 which meet the requirement of 300 lux but could actually

be reduced a little to prevent glare while some of the other individual zones have not met the standard. For instance, the

electrical workshop has only the 151.2 lux when the standard requirement are 300 lux. This is dangerous to the patients

as the lighting are important to ensure the visibility and thus their safety during the training. Other than that, the house

constructing workshop area has the reading of only 211.68 lux when the standard are 300 lux. Not only then, some has

far exceed the requirement such as the storage area are having the reading of 588 lux when the requirements are only

300 lux. As such, the zoning of the spaces by the interior designer are not following the intention of the architect.

All in all, the intention of making the space to become a mock-up industrial rehab has not been very successful as the

aura are failed to provoke due to the imbalance installation of the electrical lighting as well as the presence of too much

natural lighting at certain area.

3.8 RECOMMENDATIONS

Diagram 3.8.6: Recommendation for the Arrangement of the Equipment and Electrical Lighting Condition

There are few recommendations to improve the space. For one, the positioning of the storage and housing constructing

workshop area should be switched. This is because even though the partition of the storage are currently blocking the

curtain wall and thus the natural daylighting, it is still adequately brighten up. Therefore, it does not requires the

daylighting of the blocked curtain wall. Therefore, by switching the housing constructing workshop to the area, it can utilize

the natural lighting for the space to ensure a better working environment. Not only then, the current partition wall are being

wasted for not being able to view to the outside. As a result, the housing construction workshop are able to make use of

the view, for the construction area are located at outdoor in real condition. Secondly, the installed rows fluorescent lights

at the electrical workshop should be repaired and made sure it is functioning to ensure it is bright enough for the electrical

training activities.

Fluorescent light that is not functioning

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4.0 ACOUSTIC

4.1 Site Study and Zoning

Gymnasium is a place to help the patients in order to strengthen their strength, improve their movement and stability

after injury. There are therapists and staff who assist them in physiotherapy, aerobic and gym sessions. Machine, gym

equipment and materials are provided in the gym for all the activities carry out.

The gymnasium is divided into five zones based on the furniture, walls and partition for the ease of analysis.

Diagram 4.1.1: Floor plan of gymnasium.

Interior: Zone 1 & Zone 2

Exterior: Zone 3, Zone 4 & Zone 5

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Zone 1

Figure 4.1.1: Physiotherapy and aerobic session carried out at Zone 1.

Zone 2

Figure 4.1.2: Gym equipment are provided in Zone 2.

Zone 3, 4, 5

Figure 4.1.3: The exterior of gymnasium.

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4.2 Research Methodology


Research journals of acoustic were studied in detail for application of precedent studies to the research case study.

The source obtained of the research journal is through online website, due to the unavailability of research journal of

acoustic performance evaluation, the closest research journal that is applicable to our case study would be the Church

Gym and Multipurpose Hall. The research journal acts as a referral point of the research case study through

understanding the method of extracting diagrams and valuable information in conducting the research case study.

4.2.2 Measuring Devices

a) Sound Level Meter

Sound level meter is used to measure the sound level in a space. The acoustic unit for sound level is decibel

(dB).

b) Digital Single-Lens Reflex

DSLR is used to capture the source of noise, furniture and record

the activities in the space.

c) Measuring Tapes

Measuring Tapes are used to measure the height of the position of the

sound level meter, which is at 1 meter high. Furthermore, we use the

measuring tapes to measure 1.5m x 1.5 m grid on the floor while taking

the reading.

Specification

Model 01dB

Range 60-120 dBA, 30-90 dBA

Resolution 1dB

Accuracy ± 1dB

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4.2.3 Procedure

Steps:

1. Draw grid lines of 1.5m x 1.5m on the site floor plan to identify the position for data collecting.

2. Place the device on the intersection of grid lines at 1 m from the ground.

3. Record the data reading on the sound level meter until it gets stable with the surrounding noise.

4. Specify the noise source that might affect the readings.

5. Repeat the steps on the next intersection point.

6. Repeat the same steps for peak hour and non-peak hour to analyze different acoustic condition at different

hour.

7. Tabulate and calculate all collected data and justify the acoustic quality based on Chartered Institution of

Building Service Engineers (CIBSE) standard.

4.2.4 Data Collection Method

Zones

The floor plan of gymnasium is divided into 5 zones based on the interior partition and surrounding circumstances.

There are two interior zones and three exterior zones. This zoning is helpful for the analysis later.

Gridlines

Gridlines are plotted perpendicularly on the floor as a guideline. The gridlines are spaced 1.5meters in x-axis and y-

axis.

Diagram 4.2.1: Different colour indicates different zoning of spaces. Gridlines are spaced 1.5

1.5m

1.5m

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Position

Two people did the data collection. One is responsible for measuring while another is recording. The sound level meter

is placed at the same height from ground throughout the data collection, which is 1 meter to ensure accurate readings.

The person holding the sound level meter will be the same for a set of data to prevent change in accuracy. The person

has to stand still and will not make any noise or movement while taking the data readings so that the readings will not

be affected. Each reading is done by facing the device to the same direction as the effort to obtain fair results. The

same standard is repeated in the interior and exterior at different time zone.

1 m

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4.3 Identification of Existing Acoustic

Figure 4.3.1 (Left): The reception area of gymnasium.

Figure 4.3.2 (Right): The interior of gymnasium.

4.3.1 Internal Acoustic

The interior of the gymnasium is an enclose space. There are windows situated on each side of the wall but they are

closed every time to prevent air- conditioning air from escaping. The wall of the gym is made of bricks. There is a

13m-partition wall in the gym dividing the space into 2 zones, which contributes to different internal acoustic level

between them.

Zone 1 has an open space for user to perform activities on the floor while Zone 2 provides equipment for the patient’s

physiotherapy.

Figure 4.3.3 & 4.3.4: Zone 1 (Left) and Zone 2 (Right).

The main source of interior acoustic is from the speaker. Music is played throughout the therapy session that makes

the speaker the main source for the gym’s internal acoustic. The secondary source comes from the equipment, air

conditioner diffuser and the chattering of people.

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Diagram 4.3.1: Diagram showing Zone 1 and Zone 2 separated by an internal partition.

Source of Noise Zone 1 Zone 2

Speaker one none

Ceiling Speaker four four

Air Conditioner Diffuser six eight

Equipment yes yes

Activity yes none

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4.3.1.1 Speaker

There is only a set of speaker installed to the computer. The speakers are used throughout the day to play music and

songs. Different type of music is chosen for various type of activities carried out. Upbeat music and songs are normally

chosen for aerobic exercise. The noise level depends on the rhythm of the song. Slow classical music is played during

the physiotherapy session to create relaxing ambiance. The volume will be adjusted every time according to the sound

condition.

Figure 4.3.5: Speaker system for computer.

Diagram 4.3.5: Location of the speaker in Zone 1.

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Diagram 4.3.3: Section showing the position of the speaker in the space.

Stereo speaker is installed to the computer as music is needed for the activities happen in Zone 1. Music is played

throughout the operation hour.

Figure 4.3.6: Altec Lansing VS2521 speaker system for PC

Specification

Type Satellite speaker, subwoofer

System type PC multimedia speaker system

Quantity 2 speakers, subwoofer

System configuration 2.1-channel

Woofer size (inches) 2.5”m

Nominal output power (total) 28 watt

Response bandwidth 30 – 20000Hz

Signal- to- noise ratio 85 dB

Output level (SPL) 99 dB

Nominal (RMS) Output Power 14 watt, 7 watt

Frequency Response 180 – 20000Hz, 30 – 180 Hz

Table 4.3.1: Specification of the speaker used in the gymnasium.

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4.3.1.1.2 Ceiling Speaker

There are eight ceiling speakers in total. These speakers did not function to play songs and music. The speakers are

used during the emergency for instance fire when special announcements are needed only. Hence, they did not

produce any noise in a normal day.

Figure 4.3.7 (Left) & 4.3.8 (Right): The location of ceiling speaker in the gym at 6m high.

Diagram 4.3.6: Location of ceiling speakers in the room.

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Figure 4.3.9: JBL Ceiling Speaker Control 24C/CT

Specification

Material Coaxially mounted 100mm woofer with butyl rubber surround and 19mm (3/4 in) titanium coated diffraction-loaded tweeter

Frequency range 80 HZ-20 KHz

Coverage 150 degree

Power Capacity 80 watts continuous program power 40 watts continuous pink noise

Nominal sensitivity 86 dB SPL at 1m

Directivity Factor (Q) 2.4 average 500 Hz to 4 kHz

Directivity Index (DL) 3.8 average 500 Hz to 4 kHz

Low frequency transducers 100mm (4.0 in) Polypropylene, 1” coil on aluminum former

High frequency transducer 19mm (0.75 in) titanium coated polyester

Table 4.3.2: Specification of ceiling speaker used in the space

Source: https://www.leisuretec.co.uk/products/details/webjbl00015

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4.3.1.3 Air Conditioner Diffuser

The air conditioner diffusers that attached to the wall have slight affect to the acoustic level. The noise generated by

the rotation of the control disc. Although the noise produced by the diffusers is not significant, but this factor needed to

be concerned to improve user experience in the space.

Figure 4.3.9 (Left) & 4.3.10 (Right): Air conditioner diffusers at Zone 1 and Zone 2.

Diagram 4.3.7: Location of diffusers at both zones.

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Diagram 4.3.8: Section showing the number and the location of diffusers.

Figure 4.3.11: Diffuser for ventilation

Specification

Material Galvanized steel

Size 315mm

Capacity High

Function Circular air pattern, by rotating the control disc Table 4.3.3: Specification of diffuser used in the space.

4m

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4.3.1.4 Gym Equipment

The equipment are carefully selected and imported by the SOCSO Rehabilitation Center. These machines are

especially design to provide more comfortable usage to cater for the patients. These machines have greatly helped the

patients during the physiotherapy sessions. Not only that, the center also provides a wide variety of equipment to help

patients regain their strength.

Diagram 4.3.9: The location for all equipment in the gym.

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Figure 4.3.12: Parallel bar

Type of Equipment Parallel Bar

Quantity (in the space) 2

Function Help the patient to regain their strength to balance when standing up.

Figure 4.3.13: Biodex Dynamometer

Type of Equipment Biodex Dynamometer


Function Use for prescreening of patients such as heart rate, blood pressure and strength. Prescreening monitored by the therapist.

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Figure 4.3.14: Biodex Treadmill

Figure 4.3.15: Kettler Ergomete RE7

Type of Equipment Biodex Treadmill


Function Treadmill designed for physical rehabilitation clinic. Use for running and walking.

Type of Equipment Kettler Ergomete RE7


Function Use for cycling. It has comfortable backseat to prevent muscle injury.

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Figure 4.3.16: Multi-station Gym equipment

Figure 4.3.17: Kettle Ergometer E1

Type of Equipment Multi-station Gym equipment


Function Provides a variety of exercises for example weight lifting that focus on the shoulder, triceps and biceps.

Type of Equipment Kettler Ergometer E1


Function Use for training of cardio through cycling movement.

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Figure 4.3.18: Kettler Ergometer

Type of Equipment Kettler Ergometer


Function For full body workout and strengthen the body muscular system.

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4.3.1.1.5 Human Activity

Figure 4.3.19: Physiotherapy session at Zone 1

a) Physiotherapy for the patients

On the daily basis, the patients would have interactive physiotherapy session with their friendly therapist. The duration

of the session is one to two hours depends on the patients’ needs. Conversations that strike upon meeting their daily

acquaintances contribute to the noise level in the gym. The music played throughout the day also creates a cheerful

and lively space.

Figure 4.3.20: Gym Session at Zone 2.

b) Gym excercising

At Zone 2, it is relatively more quiet space. The patients performing their daily physiotherapy is more independent from

their therapist. Conversation still strikes among the patients. However occasional sound made by the equipment used

is more distinct and louder. A faint echo of music from the adjacent space adds to the ambience of this space.

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Figure 4.3.21: Aerobic exercise at Zone 1.

c) Aerobic activity

Group activity like aerobic exercising is held in the evening. Counting of steps by instructors’ echo throughout the

space. This contributes to increased noise production in the space. Occasional counting with the instructor by the

patients also occurs at the same time.

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4.3.2 External Acoustic

External noise surrounding the gym is important, as unwanted noise level outside should be control to prevent

unwanted noise from entering the interior of the gym. The exterior of the gym is divided into 3 zones. Zone 3 is the

area where it is close to the AHU room, zone 4 is facing a plain garden and zone 5 is close to the electric room.

Action dB (A)

Leaves rustling 20

Normal conversation 50

Traffic noise 80

Airplane taking off 110

Alarm siren 150

Table 4.3.4: The example of noise levels that occurs outdoors.

Diagram 4.3.10: The exterior is analyzed by dividing into three zones.

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4.3.2.1 Air Handling Unit (AHU) Room

Figure 4.3.22: AHU room located at the adjacent building near Zone 3

There’s noise coming from the AHU room situated close to Zone 3. The contribution of this noise is from the blower

of the ventilation system.

4.3.2.2 Electrical Room

In the Electrical Room, the sound made by the motor equipment can be heard from Zone 5.

Figure 4.3.23: Exterior of the gym

The external noise of gymnasium is not significant. It is rather quiet compare to the exterior of industrial rehabilitation

area.

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4.4 Material

Material Absorption Coefficient Location

125 Hz 500 Hz 2000Hz 4000Hz

Floor Rubber/cork tiles (thin) on solid floor

0.02

0.05

0.10

0.05

Gymnasium Zone 1 and 2.

Wall Concrete, unglazed, painted

0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 Gymnasium Zone 1 and 2.

Plaster, gypsum or lime, smooth finish on lath

0.14 0.06 0.04 0.03 In between Zone 1 and 2.

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Ceiling Plasterboard (12mm (1/2”) in suspended ceiling grid)


Openings Open doors and windows


Glass door panel


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Furniture Benches ( cushioned seats and backs, empty)

0.32 0.42 0.43 0.48 Gymnasium Zone 1.

Benches (wooden, empty)


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4.6 Acoustic Analysis

4.6.1 Data Analysis

4.6.1.1 Peak and Non-Peak Hour Analysis

Date:23/9/2015 Time: 10 am Height: 1m

Zone 1 Zone 2

Table 4.6.1: Acoustic level of the gym at 10am.

Date:23/9/2015 Time: 4pm Height: 1m

Zone 1 Zone 2

Table 4.6.2: Acoustic level of the gym at 4pm.

From the data above it has been observed that peak time occurs at 10am, as there are higher noise production from both Zone

1 and Zone 2 compared to 4pm. The highest acoustic level (70db) is recorded during this period. During the peak hour, more

patients visited the gymnasium for physiotherapy session with their respective therapist. Moreover, aerobic and gym session

are provided within the period.

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4.6.1.2 Peak Hour Analysis


Zone 1 Zone 2

Table 4.6.3: Acoustic level of the gym during peak hour.

Graph 4.6.1: Graph showing higher noise level at Zone 1 compare to Zone 2.

Zone 1 Zone 2

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Diagram 4.6.1: Longitudinal section showing different activities in Zone 1 and 2.

At Zone 1, the highest noise level is recorded at a level of 70db. The main source of sound that contribute to the interior acoustic

level is the stereo speakers used to play music and songs. The up-beat music played throughout the day created a joyful

atmosphere to bring up the mood of the patients. Furthermore, there are various activities carried out in the zone have effect on

the acoustic level. The activities are physiotherapy and aerobic sessions.

At Zone 2, the highest noise level is recorded at a level of 64dB. The main source of noise came from the gym equipment. In

addition, the interaction among the patients increase the overall sound level.

According to the graph, Zone 1 has higher noise level compare to Zone 2. This is because the sound intensity of the speaker

produced is highest among all sources of noise. In addition, the cubic volume in Zone 1 is smaller therefore the reflection of

acoustic rays are higher which subsequently increase the noise level.

Speaker

Physiotherapy

Gym session 6M

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4.6.1.3 Non-Peak Hour Analysis


Zone 1 Zone 2

Table 4.6.4: Acoustic level of the gym during non peak hour.

Graph 4.6.2: Graph showing higher noise level at Zone 1 compare to Zone 2.

Zone 1 Zone 2

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Based on the observation, Zone 1 has higher noise level than Zone 2 as the sound produced by the speaker contribute the most

to the overall acoustic level. Overall, the sound level during non-peak hour is lower than in peak hour.

At Zone 1, no extra activities carried out in the gymnasium as most patients have gone back to their domes or home. At this

period, therapists will take rest and do some discussion while listening to music. At Zone 2, lesser patients stayed at the place

for gym session. Hence, the noise level at Zone 1 has gone lower compared to the peak hour.

According to the graph, the difference of the existing noise level between two zones is less significant. This is because there is

transmission of sound produced from Zone 1, especially the speaker to Zone 2. The recorded readings near the partition wall

are higher than the readings away from the partition wall. The absorption properties of plasterboard is insufficient to absorb all

noise produced from Zone 1.

Diagram 4.6.2: Section showing the space divided by a full height partition wall.

As illustrated on the diagram above, the full height partition wall used to separate the big space into two zones has proved to

reduce the amount of sound transmission from Zone 1 to Zone 2. Thus, music can still be heard at Zone 2 but at a lower volume.

Partition wall 6M

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4.6.1.4 Exterior – Interior Acoustic Relationship


Table 4.6.5: Acoustic level of the gym during peak hour.


Table 4.6.6: Acoustic level of the gym during non-peak hour.

The exterior sound level is ranged from 44 dB to 57 dB. By comparing the readings at two time zone, the external noise level

are the same. The external noises did not contribute to the internal acoustic but in fact they are affected by the interior sounds.

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According to the data above, Zone 3 and Zone 5 have higher sound level compared to Zone

4. An air handling unit (AHU) room and a motor room are located at the adjacent buildings of

Zone 3 and Zone 5 respectively.

Figure 4.6.1: Air Handling Unit (AHU) Room

Diagram 4.6.3: Section showing Zone 1 (Interior) and Zone 4 (Exterior)

Neither patients nor the staff will stay at the exterior for more than 15 minutes hence human activity does not affect the

exterior sound level.

6M

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Figure 4.6.2: Casement window in gymnasium

At position Y6 and Y8, there are slight increase of sound level. The opening of window located at the position allows

transmission of interior noise towards outside.

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Figure 4.6.2: Glass Sliding Door

At position Z6 and Z8, the sound level is higher within the zone. The gaps between the sliding doors facilitate the

transmission of sound to the exterior. Moreover, the sliding doors open automatically when they detected any

human movement.

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Date:23/9/2015 Time: 4pm (Speaker On) Height: 1m

Table 4.6.9: Acoustic level of the gym when speaker is on.

Date:23/9/2015 Time: 4.30pm (Speaker Off) Height: 1m

Table 4.6.10: Acoustic level of the gym when speaker is off.

A huge difference in noise levels when radio is switched on and off. Noise level decreased from an average of 60db to 50 db.

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Date:23/9/2015 Time: 4pm (Speaker On) Height: 1m

Graph 4.6.3: Graph at non-peak hour with speaker on.

Date:23/9/2015 Time: 4.30pm (Speaker Off) Height: 1m

Graph 4.6.4: Graph at non-peak hour with speaker off.

According to the graphs, Zone 1 has higher sound level compared to Zone 2 when the speaker is turned on. However, when

the speaker is turned off, the sound level in Zone 1 has become lower. During this period, Zone 2 no longer influence by the

stereo speaker but the air conditioner diffusers and existing equipment.

As we analyze the graph contours, the sound level at non-peak hour fluctuates between 53 dB to 69 dB. This is due to the

sudden ups and down rhythm of the songs and music played throughout the period. In addition, the volume of the music is

adjusted frequently to accommodate the activities in the space.

When the speaker is turned off, the sound level contour became smoother. The factors that affect the noise have narrowed

down to air conditioner diffusers only where human activity is low. During this period, the sound level in the gymnasium

fluctuates within 47 db to 55 dB.

Zone 1 Zone 2

Zone 1 Zone 2

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4.7 Acoustic Ray Bouncing Diagram

Diagram 4.7.1: Acoustic Ray Bouncing Diagram of gymnasium (Speaker)

Figure 4.7.1: Partition Wall

According to the diagram, acoustic rays that generated by the speaker are concentrated at Zone 1. Thus, this causes the high

readings at Zone 1. Most of the rays are blocked by the plaster board partition. However, the openings at both sides of the

partition allow transmission of acoustic rays towards the adjacent space. Therefore, the speaker has slight influence on

acoustic level of Zone 2.

Zone 1 Zone 2

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Diagram 4.7.2: Acoustic Ray Bouncing Diagram of gymnasium (Air Conditioner Diffuser)

Figure 4.7.2: Air Conditioner Diffuser

The diagram shows the acoustic rays generated by a diffuser. As the secondary source of noise, the diffuser generated lesser

acoustic rays and bounce to the room. However, smaller cubic volume in Zone 1 has increase the compactness of these rays

which subsequently increase the noise level.

These rays did not penetrate across the partition wall and hence they did not contribute to the acoustic level at Zone 2.

Zone 1 Zone 2

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Diagram 4.7.3: Acoustic Ray Bouncing Diagram of gymnasium (Air Conditioner Diffuser)

Figure 4.7.3: Double volume in Zone 2.

The diagram shows the acoustic rays generated by a diffuser at Zone 2. The compactness of acoustic rays is lower as Zone 2

has bigger cubic volume. Acoustic rays diffuse within the larger surface area of the space and are absorbed by the materials.

Hence, they have less effect on noise level in Zone 2.

Zone 1 Zone 2

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4.8 Calculation of Sound Intensity

4.8.1 Indoor noise source

By using the formula, SIL = 10 log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

Where SIL = the sound intensity level

I = the intensity of sound being measured, (W/𝑚2)

𝐼0 = the intensity of the threshold of hearing, taken as 10−12W/𝑚2

Ceiling Speaker

The maximum sound power level of the speaker is around 86 dB.

SIL = 10 log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

86 = 10 log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

8.6 = log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

108.6 = 𝐼

𝐼0

I = 108.6 x 10−12

= 3.981 x 10−4 W/𝑚2

Speaker System

The maximum sound power level of the speaker is around 99 dB.

SIL = 10 log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

99 = 10 log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

9.9 = log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

109.9 = 𝐼

𝐼0

I = 109.9 x 10−12

= 7.943 x 10−3 W/𝑚2

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4.8.2 Space Acoustic Analysis

ZONE 1

Non-peak hour

Highest reading: 69dB

SIL = 10 log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

69 = 10 log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

6.9 = log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

106.9 = 𝐼

𝐼0

I = 106.9 x 10−12

= 7.943 x 10−6 W/𝑚2

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Lowest reading: 60dB

SIL = 10 log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

60 = 10 log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

6.0 = log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

106 = 𝐼

𝐼0

I = 106 x 10−12

= 1.0 x 10−6 W/𝑚2

Total intensity, I = (7.943 x 10−6) + (1.0 x 10−6)

= 8.943 x 10−6 W/𝑚2

SIL = 10 log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

= 10 log (8.943 x 10−6 / 1.0 x 10−12)

= 69.51dB

The sound intensity level at zone 1 during non-peak hour is 69.51dB.

PEAK HOUR


SIL = 10 log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

70 = 10 log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

7.0 = log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

107 = 𝐼

𝐼0

I = 107 x 10−12

= 1.0 x 10−5 W/𝑚2

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SIL = 10 log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

60 = 10 log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

6.0 = log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

106 = 𝐼

𝐼0

I = 106 x 10−12

= 1.0 x 10−6 W/𝑚2


= 1.1 x 10−5 W/𝑚2

SIL = 10 log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

= 10 log (1.1 x 10−5 / 1.0 x 10−12)

= 70.41dB

The sound intensity level at zone 1 during peak hour is 70.41dB.

ZONE 2

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NON-PEAK HOUR


SIL = 10 log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

62 = 10 log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

6.2 = log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

106.2 = 𝐼

𝐼0

I = 106.2 x 10−12

= 1.585 x 10−6 W/𝑚2


SIL = 10 log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

53 = 10 log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

5.3 = log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

105.3 = 𝐼

𝐼0

I = 105.3 x 10−12

= 1.995 x 10−7 W/𝑚2


= 1.7845 x 10−6 W/𝑚2

SIL = 10 log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

= 10 log (1.7845 x 10−6 / 1.0 x 10−12)

= 62.52dB


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PEAK HOUR


SIL = 10 log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

66 = 10 log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

6.6 = log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

106.6 = 𝐼

𝐼0

I = 106.6 x 10−12

= 3.98 x 10−6 W/𝑚2


SIL = 10 log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

55 = 10 log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

5.5 = log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

105.5 = 𝐼

𝐼0

I = 105.5 x 10−12

= 3.16 x 10−7 W/𝑚2


= 4.296 x 10−6 W/𝑚2

SIL = 10 log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

= 10 log (4.296 x 10−6 / 1.0 x 10−12)

= 66.33dB


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ZONE 3

NON-PEAK HOUR


SIL = 10 log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

52 = 10 log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

5.2 = log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

105.2 = 𝐼

𝐼0

I = 105.2 x 10−12

= 1.585 x 10−7 W/𝑚2

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SIL = 10 log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

49 = 10 log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

4.9 = log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

104.9 = 𝐼

𝐼0

I = 104.9 x 10−12

= 7.943 x 10−8 W/𝑚2


= 2.3793 x 10−7 W/𝑚2

SIL = 10 log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

= 10 log (2.3793 x 10−7/ 1.0 x 10−12)

= 53.76dB


PEAK HOUR


SIL = 10 log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

52 = 10 log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

5.2 = log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

105.2 = 𝐼

𝐼0

I = 105.2 x 10−12

= 1.585 x 10−7 W/𝑚2

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SIL = 10 log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

49 = 10 log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

4.9 = log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

104.9 = 𝐼

𝐼0

I = 104.9 x 10−12

= 7.943 x 10−8 W/𝑚2


= 2.3793 x 10−7 W/𝑚2

SIL = 10 log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

= 10 log (2.3793 x 10−7/ 1.0 x 10−12)

= 53.76dB


ZONE 4

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NON-PEAK HOUR


SIL = 10 log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

48 = 10 log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

4.8 = log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

104.8 = 𝐼

𝐼0

I = 104.8 x 10−12

= 6.310 x 10−8 W/𝑚2


SIL = 10 log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

44 = 10 log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

4.4 = log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

104.4 = 𝐼

𝐼0

I = 104.4 x 10−12

= 2.512 x 10−8 W/𝑚2


= 8.822 x 10−8 W/𝑚2

SIL = 10 log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

= 10 log (8.822 x 10−8/ 1.0 x 10−12)

= 49.46dB


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PEAK HOUR


SIL = 10 log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

48 = 10 log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

4.8 = log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

104.8 = 𝐼

𝐼0

I = 104.8 x 10−12

= 6.310 x 10−8 W/𝑚2


SIL = 10 log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

44 = 10 log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

4.4 = log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

104.4 = 𝐼

𝐼0

I = 104.4 x 10−12

= 2.512 x 10−8 W/𝑚2


= 8.822 x 10−8 W/𝑚2

SIL = 10 log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

= 10 log (8.822 x 10−8/ 1.0 x 10−12)

= 49.46dB


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ZONE 5

NON-PEAK HOUR


SIL = 10 log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

57 = 10 log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

5.7 = log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

105.7 = 𝐼

𝐼0

I = 105.7 x 10−12

= 5.012 x 10−7 W/𝑚2

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SIL = 10 log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

52 = 10 log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

5.2 = log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

105.2 = 𝐼

𝐼0

I = 105.2 x 10−12

= 1.585 x 10−7 W/𝑚2


= 6.597 x 10−7 W/𝑚2

SIL = 10 log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

= 10 log (6.597 x 10−7/ 1.0 x 10−12)

= 58.19dB


PEAK HOUR


SIL = 10 log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

57 = 10 log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

5.7 = log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

105.7 = 𝐼

𝐼0

I = 105.7 x 10−12

= 5.012 x 10−7 W/𝑚2

108 | P a g e


SIL = 10 log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

52 = 10 log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

5.2 = log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

105.2 = 𝐼

𝐼0

I = 105.2 x 10−12

= 1.585 x 10−7 W/𝑚2


= 6.597 x 10−7 W/𝑚2

SIL = 10 log ( 𝐼

𝐼0 )

= 10 log (6.597 x 10−7/ 1.0 x 10−12)

= 58.19dB


109 | P a g e

4.8.3 SOUND REDUCTION INDEX (SRI)

Formula:

TL = 10 log ( 1

𝑇𝑎𝑣 )

𝑇𝑎𝑣 = 𝑆1 𝑥 𝑇𝑐1+ 𝑆2 𝑥 𝑇𝑐2+⋯ 𝑆𝑛 𝑥 𝑇𝑐𝑛

Total surface area

𝑇𝑐𝑛 = transmission coefficient of material

𝑆𝑛 = surface area of material

TL = transmission loss

Overall SRI = 10 log ( 1

T )

ZONE 1 & ZONE 2

Building element Material Sound reduction Index, SRI (dB)

Transmission coefficient, T

Area, S (𝑚2)

Wall Concrete with paint 44 3.981 x 10−5 75

110 | P a g e

Concrete wall

TL = 10 log ( 1

T )

44 = 10 log ( 1

T )

4.4 = log ( 1

T )

104.4 = 1

T

T = 3.981 x 10−5

𝑇𝑎𝑣 = (3.981 x 10−5 x 75) / 75

= 3.981 x 10−5


T )

= 10 log ( 1

3.981 x 10−5 )

= 44 dB

Combined SPL at zone 1 is 70.41dB during peak hour, while at zone 2 is 66.33dB during peak hour, with the

difference of 4.08dB. However, the SRI between zone 1 & zone 2 is 44dB, which is much higher than 4.08 dB.

This may be due to the gap after the partition wall, allowing sound to be transferred between two zones.

ZONE 1 & ZONE 3

111 | P a g e



Area, S (𝑚2)


Window Glass 30 1.0 x 10−3 11

Door Glass 30 1.0 x 10−3 5

Concrete wall

TL = 10 log ( 1

T )

44 = 10 log ( 1

T )

4.4 = log ( 1

T )

104.4 = 1

T

T = 3.981 x 10−5

Window

TL = 10 log ( 1

T )

30 = 10 log ( 1

T )

3.0 = log ( 1

T )

103 = 1

T

T = 1.0 x 10−3

Door

TL = 10 log ( 1

T )

30 = 10 log ( 1

T )

3.0 = log ( 1

T )

103 = 1

T

T = 1.0 x 10−3

112 | P a g e

𝑇𝑎𝑣 = [(3.981 x 10−5 x 70) + (1.0 x 10−3x 11) + (1.0 x 10−3x 5)]/ (70+11+5)

= 0.0187867 / 86

= 2.1845 x 10−4


T )

= 10 log ( 1

2.1845 x 10−4 )

= 36.61 dB


difference of 16.65dB. However, the SRI between zone 1 & zone 3 is 36.61dB, which is much higher than 16.65

dB. This is because the windows on the wall kept opened, allowing sound to be transferred between two zones.

113 | P a g e

ZONE 1 & ZONE 4



Area, S (𝑚2)



Concrete wall

TL = 10 log ( 1

T )

44 = 10 log ( 1

T )

4.4 = log ( 1

T )

104.4 = 1

T

T = 3.981 x 10−5

114 | P a g e

Window

TL = 10 log ( 1

T )

30 = 10 log ( 1

T )

3.0 = log ( 1

T )

103 = 1

T

T = 1.0 x 10−3

𝑇𝑎𝑣 = [(3.981 x 10−5 x 53) + (1.0 x 10−3x 8)]/ (53+8)

= 0.01010993 / 61

= 1.657 x 10−4


T )

= 10 log ( 1

1.657 x 10−4 )

= 37.81 dB




115 | P a g e

ZONE 2 & ZONE 4



Area, S (𝑚2)



Door Glass 30 1.0 x 10−3 5

Concrete wall

TL = 10 log ( 1

T )

44 = 10 log ( 1

T )

4.4 = log ( 1

T )

104.4 = 1

T

T = 3.981 x 10−5

116 | P a g e

Window

TL = 10 log ( 1

T )

30 = 10 log ( 1

T )

3.0 = log ( 1

T )

103 = 1

T

T = 1.0 x 10−3

Door

TL = 10 log ( 1

T )

30 = 10 log ( 1

T )

3.0 = log ( 1

T )

103 = 1

T

T = 1.0 x 10−3

𝑇𝑎𝑣 = [(3.981 x 10−5 x 66) + (1.0 x 10−3x 9) + (1.0 x 10−3x 5)]/ (66+9+5)

= 0.01662746 / 80

= 2.0784 x 10−4


T )

= 10 log ( 1

2.0784 x 10−4 )

= 36.82 dB




117 | P a g e

ZONE 2 & ZONE 5



Area, S (𝑚2)



Door Glass 30 1.0 x 10−3 5

Concrete wall

TL = 10 log ( 1

T )

44 = 10 log ( 1

T )

4.4 = log ( 1

T )

104.4 = 1

T

T = 3.981 x 10−5

118 | P a g e

Window

TL = 10 log ( 1

T )

30 = 10 log ( 1

T )

3.0 = log ( 1

T )

103 = 1

T

T = 1.0 x 10−3

Door

TL = 10 log ( 1

T )

30 = 10 log ( 1

T )

3.0 = log ( 1

T )

103 = 1

T

T = 1.0 x 10−3

𝑇𝑎𝑣 = [(3.981 x 10−5 x 70) + (1.0 x 10−3x 11) + (1.0 x 10−3x 5)]/ (70+11+5)

= 0.0187867 / 86

= 2.1845 x 10−4


T )

= 10 log ( 1

2.1845 x 10−4 )

= 36.61 dB


difference of 8.14dB. However, the SRI between zone 2 & zone 5 is 36.61dB, which is much higher than 8.14 dB.

This is because there is an AHU room in zone 5 which releases a lot of noise and the windows on the wall are

kept opened, allowing sound to be transferred between two zones.

119 | P a g e

4.8.4 REVERBERATION TIME

ZONE 1

Space volume, V = 8.8 x 13 x 6.6 – 3.3 x 40

= 623 𝑚3

120 | P a g e

Material absorption coefficient at peak hour (125 Hz)

Building element Material Absorption coefficient, a

(125 Hz)

Area, S (𝑚2) Or

Quantity

S x a

Ceiling Plasterboard 0.15 114 17.1

Wall Painted concrete 0.01 248 2.48

Floor Rubber 0.02 114 2.28

Door Glass 0.18 5 0.9

Window Glass 0.18 16 2.88

Chair Cushion 0.32 3 0.96

Furniture Wooden 0.10 4 0.40

Furniture Plastic/metal 0.07 4 0.28

Equipment Rubber 0.15 15 2.25

Opening - 1.00 14 14.0

Human - 0.25 12 3.0

Total absorption, A 46.53

RT = 0.16 𝑥 𝑉

𝐴

= 0.16 𝑥 623

46.53

= 2.14 s

The reverberation time for the zone 1 in 125 Hz (peak hour)of absorption coefficient is 2.14 s. According to the

standard of reverberation time, the comfort reverberation is between 1.0s – 1.5s. The reverberation time of the

case study in 125 Hz is over the standard comfort reverberation time.

121 | P a g e

Material absorption coefficient at non-peak hour (125 Hz)


(125 Hz)

Area, S (𝑚2) Or

Quantity

S x a










Opening - 1.00 14 14.0

Human - 0.25 4 1.0


RT = 0.16 𝑥 𝑉

𝐴

= 0.16 𝑥 623

44.53

= 2.24 s

The reverberation time for the zone 1 in 125 Hz (non-peak hour) of absorption coefficient is 2.24 s. According to

the standard of reverberation time, the comfort reverberation is between 1.0s – 1.5s. The reverberation time of

the case study in 125 Hz is over the standard comfort reverberation time.

122 | P a g e



(500 Hz)

Area, S (𝑚2) Or

Quantity

S x a










Opening - 1.00 14 14.0

Human - 0.42 12 5.04


RT = 0.16 𝑥 𝑉

𝐴

= 0.16 𝑥 623

44.74

= 2.23 s

The reverberation time for the zone 1 in 500 Hz (peak hour) of absorption coefficient is 2.23s. According to the



123 | P a g e



(500 Hz)

Area, S (𝑚2) Or

Quantity

S x a










Opening - 1.00 14 14.0

Human - 0.42 4 1.68


RT = 0.16 𝑥 𝑉

𝐴

= 0.16 𝑥 623

41.38

= 2.41 s

The reverberation time for the zone 1 in 500 Hz (non-peak hour) of absorption coefficient is 2.41s. According to



124 | P a g e



(2000 Hz)

Area, S (𝑚2) Or

Quantity

S x a










Opening - 1.00 14 14.0

Human - 0.50 12 6.0


RT = 0.16 𝑥 𝑉

𝐴

= 0.16 𝑥 623

57.43

= 1.74 s




125 | P a g e



(2000 Hz)

Area, S (𝑚2) Or

Quantity

S x a










Opening - 1.00 14 14.0

Human - 0.50 4 2.0


RT = 0.16 𝑥 𝑉

𝐴

= 0.16 𝑥 623

53.43

= 1.87 s




126 | P a g e

ZONE 2

Space volume, V = 12 x 13 x 6.6 – 3.3 x 30

= 931 𝑚3

127 | P a g e



(125 Hz)

Area, S (𝑚2) Or

Quantity

S x a





Door Wooden 0.14 4 0.56



Equipment Metal 0.27 15 4.05

Opening - 1.00 17.5 17.5

Human - 0.25 15 3.75


RT = 0.16 𝑥 𝑉

𝐴

= 0.16 𝑥 931

61.06

= 2.44 s




128 | P a g e



(125 Hz)

Area, S (𝑚2) Or

Quantity

S x a









Opening - 1.00 17.5 17.5

Human - 0.25 5 1.25


RT = 0.16 𝑥 𝑉

𝐴

= 0.16 𝑥 931

58.56

= 2.54 s




129 | P a g e



(500 Hz)

Area, S (𝑚2) Or

Quantity

S x a









Opening - 1.00 17.5 17.5

Human - 0.42 15 6.3


RT = 0.16 𝑥 𝑉

𝐴

= 0.16 𝑥 931

55.89

= 2.67 s




130 | P a g e



(500 Hz)

Area, S (𝑚2) Or

Quantity

S x a









Opening - 1.00 17.5 17.5

Human - 0.42 5 2.1


RT = 0.16 𝑥 𝑉

𝐴

= 0.16 𝑥 931

51.69

= 2.88 s




131 | P a g e



(2000 Hz)

Area, S (𝑚2) Or

Quantity

S x a









Opening - 1.00 17.5 17.5

Human - 0.50 15 7.5


RT = 0.16 𝑥 𝑉

𝐴

= 0.16 𝑥 931

72.13

= 2.07 s




132 | P a g e



(2000 Hz)

Area, S (𝑚2) Or

Quantity

S x a









Opening - 1.00 17.5 17.5

Human - 0.50 5 2.5


RT = 0.16 𝑥 𝑉

𝐴

= 0.16 𝑥 931

67.13

= 2.22 s




133 | P a g e

4.9 Conclusion of Acoustic

The reverberation time of the gym is higher than the standard which is 1.0s – 1.5s, this is due to the design of the

interior does not really emphasize on the acoustic enhancement besides the flooring which has thin rubber on

the solid floor. However, the reverberation time of zone 1 is slightly shorter than zone 2 because there are quite

an amount of soft elements such as yoga mats and fitness gym balls. After all, the reverberation time is not

satisfying for a gym as noise are produced within the zones although it is not really sensible, but in a long period

within the space one could feel discomfort.

Figure 4.9.1: Yoga mats and fitness gym balls.

Moreover, although there is a partition wall between zone 1 and zone 2, the sound reduction index of the

partition does not really reflect the sound intensity level and sound transmission between the two zones because

the partition wall does not really enclose and separate the two zones as there are gaps before and after the wall.

The transmission of sound is affected by the open concept planning of the gym as the sound is usually diffused

into the reception area. The same thing happened to the partition between zone 1 and zone 3, zone 1 and zone

4, zone 2 and zone 4, zone 2 and zone 5 where the partition wall contains a numbers of windows and a door.

Some of the windows are often kept opened and there is a gap left by the automated glass doors, allowing sound

to diffuse inter-zones, thus the transmission of sound is affected.

134 | P a g e

4.10 Recommendations

It can be summarized that the overall acoustic performance in the gym is not satisfying based on the calculations

during peak and non-peak hours. As a gym where noise is generated from the activities and the equipment,

several features of the design could be modified in order to improve the acoustic performance and quality of the

space. For example, the painting and the finishing of the wall and floor and the amount of the soft elements with

higher absorption coefficient. A layer of acoustical painting should be performed while fabric wrapped wall panels

should be installed at places where applicable. Ceiling wise, baffles are one of the effective and low cost

measures to actually assist in reducing reflective or reverberating noise, hence reducing airborne sound. On the

other hand, acoustic banners which are effective sound absorbers could be installed flush to the roof deck to

reduce sound intensity levels in harsh acoustical environment like gym. Installation of all these materials could

help in reducing the reverberation time to the optimum level while sound intensity levels are reduced

simultaneously to create a more peaceful environment, increasing speech intelligibility, communication efficiency

and quality of sound systems.

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