final report by the study group for wireless broadband ... · this survey reviews ... tr ansmission...

Final Report by the Study Group

for Wireless Broadband Promotion

December 2005

Study Group for Wireless Broadband Promotion

Final Report by the Study Group for Wireless Broadband Promotion

Table of Contents

<Final Report>

Chapter 1: Introduction ........................................................................1

Chapter 2: Current developments in wireless broadband.................5

2.1 Developments in Japan................................................................................... 5

2.1.1 Mobile phones ................................................................................................5

2.1.2 Wireless access systems ............................................................................. 11

2.1.3 Low-Power-Systems (including home information appliances) ....................16

2.1.4 The digital divide...........................................................................................18

2.1.5 ITS................................................................................................................18

2.2 Trends in various foreign countries ............................................................... 19

2.2.1 US.................................................................................................................19

2.2.2 UK.................................................................................................................22

2.2.3 France ..........................................................................................................24

2.2.4 Germany.......................................................................................................26

2.2.5 Australia........................................................................................................27

2.2.6 Korea ............................................................................................................28

Chapter 3: Fundamental viewpoints on wireless broadband..........33

3.1 From user ..................................................................................................... 33

3.2 From industry ................................................................................................ 33

3.3 From technical innovation ............................................................................. 34

3.4 From public accessibility ............................................................................... 35

3.5 From security ................................................................................................ 35

3.6 Viewpoints from efficient radio utilization ...................................................... 36

Chapter 4: From identification of needs elements to implementation of the system.........................................37

4.1 Methodology of discussion............................................................................ 37

4.2 Results of the questionnaire.......................................................................... 37

4.3 Identification of needs elements.................................................................... 47

4.4 Categorizing future type of usage scenes with the needs elements ............. 48

4.5 Requirements for system and others in each type of usage scenes ............. 48

Chapter 5: Study of introduction scenarios and frequency bands

based on usage scenes ...................................................53 5.1 Call for proposal about actual systems ......................................................... 53

5.2 Introduction scenarios and frequency bands for mobile communication

systems (usage scenes 1 and 2) .................................................................. 62

5.2.1 Envisioned system classifications and introduction scenarios .....................62

5.2.2 Desirable frequency bands and introduction timing......................................78

5.3 Introduction scenarios and frequency bands for alternative systems that can

be used in situations where wired broadband cannot be provided (usage

scene 4) ........................................................................................................ 83

5.3.1 Envisioned system classifications and introduction scenarios .....................83

5.3.2 Desirable frequency bands and introduction timing......................................97

5.3.3 Measures to promote the introduction of new systems ..............................101

5.4 Introduction scenarios and frequency bands for safe and secure ITS (usage

scene 6) ...................................................................................................... 103

5.4.1 Envisioned system classifications and introduction scenarios ...................103

5.4.2 Desirable frequency bandwidths and introduction timing ...........................120

5.4.3 Measures to promote the introduction of new systems ..............................125

5.5 Introduction scenarios and frequency bands for next-generation intelligent

home appliances (usage scene 5) .............................................................. 127

5.5.1 Envisioned system classifications and introduction scenarios ...................127

5.5.2 Desirable frequency bands and introduction timing....................................142

5.6 Studies of other usage scenes.................................................................... 143

5.6.1 Considering wireless LAN related systems and disaster-prevention

related systems (usage scene 3 and 7)......................................................143

5.6.2 Other systems that do not belong to usage scene 1 to 7 ...........................143

5.7 Summary .................................................................................................... 145

5.7.1 Effective use of frequencies between usage scenes

(addressing various uses of the same frequency band).............................145

5.7.2 Addressing increased frequency demand for wireless broadband.............146

Chapter 6: Basic concept on measures for efficient spectrum

use ...................................................................................147

6.1 Promotion of spectrum reallocation............................................................. 147

6.2 Basic concept on measures for efficient spectrum use in fixed wireless

systems....................................................................................................... 148

6.3 Basic concept on measures for efficient spectrum use in radiolocation systems

.................................................................................................................... 152

6.4 Basic concept on measures for efficient spectrum use in satellite

communication systems.............................................................................. 155

6.5 Summary of measures for efficient spectrum use ....................................... 158

6.6 Viewpoints to be taken into account in considering measures for efficient

spectrum use .............................................................................................. 159

6.7 Points to keep in mind in examining individual radio stations...................... 161

6.8 Future practical applications ....................................................................... 162

Chapter 7: Action to be taken to create the new wireless broadband

environment....................................................................163

7.1 Establish leadership in the field of wireless broadband............................... 163

7.2 Use frequencies more effectively ................................................................ 164

7.3 Improve the convenience for users ............................................................. 165

Study Group Members.......................................................................167

Final Report

Chapter 1: Introduction

There are over 100 million radio stations in Japan as of the end of July 2005. In addition to mobile phones, various types of systems using radio, such as wireless LAN1s and RFID tags, are expanding both in number and usage.

On the other hand, the radio spectrum is a limited and valuable resource. To meet the growing demand that comes from the proliferation and expansion of radio systems, as mentioned above, a more strategic radio policy is required. In view of these circumstances, the Telecommunications Council issued its "Radio Policy Vision" in July 2003. In this report, a "Frequency Open Policy" was formulated as a mid- to long-term goal, from a comprehensive standpoint, including IT and international strategies, and based on the fundamental roles of radio spectrum usage, such as realizing a high level of comfort and quality of life, revitalizing industrial and economic activities, forming a safe and disaster-tolerant society/country, and invigorating local economies.

The Frequency Open Policy lists several specific strategies, including a dynamic review of radio spectrum allocation, development of a frequency reallocation facilitation scheme, reform of Spectrum User Fee system, and promotion of R & D. It also focuses attention on the economic values of the radio spectrum, and highlights the importance of efficiently maximizing the limited resource of the radio spectrum in flexibly responding to today's needs.

Based on this policy, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications formulated its "Guidelines for Spectrum Reallocation" in October 2003, which presents a policy to allocate considerable spectrum resources to new needs, such as Mobile Radio Communication Systems and wireless LANs. It also expresses the need for spectrum reallocation to secure new bandwidths of at least 1.5 GHz in the useful frequency band under 6 GHz by 2013.

Systemic revisions have been made to carry out the above spectrum reallocation based on the Frequency Open Policy. The Radio Law amendments of 2002 institutionalized surveys on actual radio spectrum usage. This survey reviews technological development trends as well as demand trends to evaluate whether the spectrums allocated to various wireless communication systems are being used efficiently. In 2004, another Radio Law amendment was made to create the compensation system for radio spectrum refarming, and radio spectrum reallocation to the 5 GHz band high-power wireless access systems is now underway. In addition to these, in 2005, a Spectrum User Fee, which reflects the economic value of the spectrum, was introduced. In the same year, R & D for expansion of radio spectrum resources was also launched. The common concept behind these moves is to focus attention on the economic value of the spectrum, promoting efficient use of the radio spectrum, which is a limited and valuable resource to be shared among all people, and aiming to stimulate the development of the wireless industry and improve the convenience of people's lives.

1 LAN: Local Area Network

1

While broadband services through wired networks have already been introduced with DSL2 technology, fiber optics, and cable Internet, and are now seeing explosive growth, providing broadband services using the limited and valuable resource of the radio spectrum had been considered difficult. However, with the promotion of the recent Frequency Open Policy, the institutional framework is now being put in place to pave the way for wireless broadband, which is one of the keys to entering the ubiquitous network age.

Even with current systems, transmission speed of mobile phone data communication services and wireless LANs are further increasing their through best effort communications. Development strategies for the fourth-generation Mobile Radio Communication Systems and wireless access systems, that are considered to be at the core of Japan's wireless industry and forecast to have a market size of 92 trillion yen in 2013, are also being studied worldwide in various fields. Given these circumstances, setting forth at an early date a clear vision of future broadband services, as well as measures to secure the radio spectrum, is expected to pave the way to promote service development in the industry and improve consumer convenience.

Figure 1.1 Towards a ubiquitous network society

World's most advanced wireless broadband environmentWorld's most advanced wireless broadband environment

< Wired > <Wireless>

• Dynamic review of radio spectrum allocation• Development of frequency reallocation facilitation scheme• Reform of Spectrum User Fee system• Promotion of R & D

Development of new industries(Infrastructure & user industries)

Development of new applications

Convergence of wired and wireless broadbandConvergence of wired and wireless broadband

Coming of the ubiquitous network societyComing of the ubiquitous network society

Revitalization of the economy Enriched society that offers hope Japan with a recognizable identity

Approx. 20 million broadband usersApprox. 20 million broadband users

Wireless broadband0.024 million subscribers

*Number of subscribers as of the end of June 2005

DSL14.08 millionsubscribers

Cable Internet3.06 million subscribers

Fiber optics3.41 million subscribers

Frequency Open Policy

World's most advanced wireless broadband environmentWorld's most advanced wireless broadband environment

< Wired > <Wireless>

• Dynamic review of radio spectrum allocation• Development of frequency reallocation facilitation scheme• Reform of Spectrum User Fee system• Promotion of R & D

Development of new industries(Infrastructure & user industries)

Development of new applications

Convergence of wired and wireless broadbandConvergence of wired and wireless broadband

Coming of the ubiquitous network societyComing of the ubiquitous network society

Revitalization of the economy Enriched society that offers hope Japan with a recognizable identity

Approx. 20 million broadband usersApprox. 20 million broadband users

Wireless broadband0.024 million subscribers

*Number of subscribers as of the end of June 2005

DSL14.08 millionsubscribers

Cable Internet3.06 million subscribers

Fiber optics3.41 million subscribers


2 DSL: Digital Subscriber Line

2

Figure 1.2 Milestones in spectrum reallocation

(Telecommunications Council Report, July 2003)

(2) [Amendment of Radio Law: enacted May 2004]

"Guidelines for Spectrum Reallocation"

Surveys on actual radio spectrum usage

Introduction of compensation system for radio spectrum refarming

Implementation of radio spectrum reallocation


Change of "Frequency Assignment Plan"

"Radio Policy Vision"

(formulated and announced in October 2003)

(detailed surveys from FY2003)

Increasing demand for radio spectrum

Introduction of registration system

"Action Plan for Spectrum Reallocation"

Research and development for the expansion of radio spectrum resources

Development of a more flexible environment for radio utilization

(1) [Amendment of Radio Law: enacted in May 2002]

Amendment of a radio spectrum user fee that takes into account congested radio spectrum usage and reflects economic values

(3) [Amendment of Radio Law: enacted October 2005]

I. Dynamic review of radio spectrum allocationII. Development of frequency reallocation

facilitation schemeIII. Reform of Spectrum User FeeIV. Promotion of R & DV. Facilitating smooth expansion of radio

equipmentVI. Enhancing international strategyVII. Building a safer and securer environment for

radio spectrum use

Concrete measures for wireless Concrete measures for wireless broadband promotionbroadband promotion

RefarmingRefarming of current of current spectrum usespectrum use

Allocation for the new Allocation for the new systemsystem

(Telecommunications Council Report, July 2003)

(2) [Amendment of Radio Law: enacted May 2004]


Surveys on actual radio spectrum usage

Introduction of compensation system for radio spectrum refarming

Implementation of radio spectrum reallocation


Change of "Frequency Assignment Plan"

"Radio Policy Vision"

(formulated and announced in October 2003)

(detailed surveys from FY2003)

Increasing demand for radio spectrum

Introduction of registration system

"Action Plan for Spectrum Reallocation"

Research and development for the expansion of radio spectrum resources

Development of a more flexible environment for radio utilization

(1) [Amendment of Radio Law: enacted in May 2002]

Amendment of a radio spectrum user fee that takes into account congested radio spectrum usage and reflects economic values

(3) [Amendment of Radio Law: enacted October 2005]

I. Dynamic review of radio spectrum allocationII. Development of frequency reallocation

facilitation schemeIII. Reform of Spectrum User FeeIV. Promotion of R & DV. Facilitating smooth expansion of radio

equipmentVI. Enhancing international strategyVII. Building a safer and securer environment for

radio spectrum use

Concrete measures for wireless Concrete measures for wireless broadband promotionbroadband promotion

RefarmingRefarming of current of current spectrum usespectrum use

Allocation for the new Allocation for the new systemsystem

Therefore, the Study Group for Wireless Broadband Promotion, which aims at developing the world's most advanced wireless broadband environment and with providing concrete measures for spectrum reallocation as its major goal, will hold open discussions with a wide range of participants on an industry-wide level. The discussions will include studies of developments in both domestic and international wireless broadband services, identification of future wireless broadband usage and market, as well as identification of challenges in wireless broadband promotion and an examination of promotion measures.

3

Figure 1.3 Overview of the Study Group for Wireless Broadband Promotion

Discussions in the Study Group for Wireless Broadband Promotion

Development of the world's most advanced wireless broadband environment

e-Japan Strategy IIRadio Policy Vision, etc.

Implementation of a ubiquitous network societyImplementation of a ubiquitous network society

Identification of future wireless Identification of future wireless broadband usage and marketbroadband usage and market

Identification of challenges in wireless Identification of challenges in wireless broadband promotionbroadband promotion

Examination of promotion measuresExamination of promotion measures

Study of developments in both domestic andStudy of developments in both domestic andinternational wireless broadband servicesinternational wireless broadband services

"Radio Policy Vision"(Telecommunications Council report, July 2003)


Urgent need to specify details of concrete measures to promote wireless broadband

(MIC, October 2003)

New radio industry New radio industry market developmentmarket development

Creation of a new lifestyleCreation of a new lifestyle

NewsNewsDramaDramaVariety Variety

programs, programs, etc.etc.

Flat panel

display

4

Chapter 2: Current developments in wireless broadband

Today, a large number of radiocommunication systems are deployed in both Japan and abroad, widely varying in their manner of use and in the business models of the service providers. This chapter outlines the current situation of these radiocommunication systems that are involved in providing large communication bandwidth, or "broadband" services, presenting trends in usage and R & D, as well as other current developments.

In addition to this chapter, Chapter 5 also discusses domestic/international trends in more detail, in order to study the implementation of future wireless broadband systems from a more specific approach. The trend surveys referred to in Chapter 5 are included in Reference 4.

2.1 Developments in Japan

2.1.1 Mobile phones

2.1.1.1 Number of users

Mobile phones (in this chapter, "mobile phones" includes PHS 1 ) have increasingly penetrated the market since handset sales started in 1994, and have now exceeded 93 million subscribers as of September 2005. Since November 2000, the number of subscribers has consistently topped that of fixed line phones (including subscribed telephones and ISDN2). Today the number of mobile phone subscribers stands at approx. 1.5 times that of fixed phone lines.

Although the growth rate has slowed down, the overall basic growth trend in the number of subscribers is expected to continue for some time. In addition, various applications are being actively commercialized to play important roles as information tools at the core of people's daily lives. As business models evolve, usage scenes are expected to expand further in the future.

2.1.1.2 R & D and standardization

For mobile phones, efforts have been especially notable in securing additional convenience in non-voice data communications. Technologies that enable large volume data communication, such as EV-DO3 and HSDPA4, have been commercialized. New technologies are expected to be implemented in incremental steps towards realizing fourth-generation Mobile Radio Communication Systems that aims to achieve 100 Mbps in a high-speed mobile environment and 1 Gbps in a low-speed mobile environment or nomadic environment.

In particular, the increase in "data transmission capacity" and the improvements in "mobility" are recognized as key technological factors. Transmission tests to expand the technological limitations of these factors are currently underway. (See Figure 2.1.1)

1 Personal Handy phone System 2 Integrated Services Digital Network 3 Evolution Data Only 4 High Speed Downlink Packet Access

5

Figure 2.1.1 Transmission tests for new radio interfaces (data supplied by NTT DoCoMo)

A

C

B D

1000 m

800 m900 m

Base station

Base station antenna

Measurement car with on-board mobile station(average speed 30 km/h)

•Radio interface to meet goals of ITU-R recommendation M.1645 developed.•Transmission test successful for outdoors transmission at 100 Mbps.

A

C

B D

1000 m

800 m900 m

Base station

Base station antenna

Measurement car with on-board mobile station(average speed 30 km/h)

•Radio interface to meet goals of ITU-R recommendation M.1645 developed.•Transmission test successful for outdoors transmission at 100 Mbps.

Studies for the implementation of fourth-generation Mobile Radio Communication Systems are mainly conducted by ITU.5 Similar to the studies on wireless access systems by the IEEE,6 the movement is towards wider bandwidth and using IP7 technology at the network layer.

For example, in terms of "transmission capacity" and "mobility," the difference between radiocommunication systems for mobile phones and radiocommunication systems for wireless access systems is expected to become smaller in the future. This is a trend that must be taken into account when considering future systems. (See Figure 2.1.2 and 2.1.3)

5 International Telecommunication Union 6 Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers 7 Internet Protocol

6

Figure 2.1.2 Movement in standardization of radio communications systems for Mobile phone/Wireless access (data supplied by NEC)8

Mob

ility

Transmission capacity

Mobile phoneMobile phonesystemssystems(3G(3G, etc., etc.))

Broadband mobile Broadband mobile communicationcommunicationss

FWAFWA

Wireless accessWireless accesssystemssystems

((WiMAXWiMAX, etc., etc.))

HighLow

High

Low

8

Mob

ility

Transmission capacity

Mobile phoneMobile phonesystemssystems(3G(3G, etc., etc.))

Broadband mobile Broadband mobile communicationcommunicationss

FWAFWA

Wireless accessWireless accesssystemssystems

((WiMAXWiMAX, etc., etc.))

HighLow

High

Low

8

Figure 2.1.3 Comparison of Mobile phone systems and Wireless access systems based mobile radio communication technologies

(data supplied by KDDI)

Current situation Current situation overviewoverview

ConnectivityConnectivity

Compatibility with Compatibility with existing systemsexisting systems

Mobile phoneMobile phone Wireless accessWireless access

・・BestBest--effort type (effort type (QoSQoS))

Service areaService area

・・Emphasis on highEmphasis on high--speed speed transfer ratetransfer rate・・System design is simpleSystem design is simple・・Data communications serviceData communications service

・・Emphasis on mobility (securing service Emphasis on mobility (securing service areas)areas)・・System design requires highSystem design requires high--level skillslevel skills・・Voice communications serviceVoice communications service

・・Urban areasUrban areas・・Homes/OfficesHomes/Offices・・NationwideNationwide

・Guaranteed type・Handover

• Backward compatible • Can switch between standards

Current situation Current situation overviewoverview

ConnectivityConnectivity

Compatibility with Compatibility with existing systemsexisting systems

Mobile phoneMobile phoneMobile phoneMobile phone Wireless accessWireless access


Wireless accessWireless access


Service areaService area

・・Emphasis on highEmphasis on high--speed speed transfer ratetransfer rate・・System design is simpleSystem design is simple・・Data communications serviceData communications service

・・Emphasis on mobility (securing service Emphasis on mobility (securing service areas)areas)・・System design requires highSystem design requires high--level skillslevel skills・・Voice communications serviceVoice communications service

・・Urban areasUrban areas・・Homes/OfficesHomes/Offices・・NationwideNationwide

・Guaranteed type・Handover

• Backward compatible • Can switch between standards

8 Fixed Wireless Access

7

2.1.1.3 Seamless connectivity through core networks

In ITU-R recommendation M.1645, wireless access systems such as the fourth-generation Mobile Radio Communication Systems and wireless LANs are to interconnect via packet-based core networks, enabling flexible access without users being conscious of the configuration of the systems or the type of communication links. (See Figure 2.1.4)

This approach to enhance connectivity between different radiocommunication systems through a flexible core network, such as the IP network (seamless connectivity), has already been implemented in part, and is expected to be enhanced further in the future.

For example, connectivity to IP networks is already becoming commonplace, with users connecting to the Internet through their mobile phones, or sending e-mails via the Internet. Recently, there are mobile phone handsets with wireless LAN access capability that can make IP phone calls. As in fixed-line networks, mobile phone networks and wireless access system networks are expected to become increasingly more IP-based.

Figure 2.1.4 Framework and overall objectives of the future development of IMT-2000 and systems beyond IMT-2000 (from Recommendation ITU-R M.1645)

8

2.1.1.4 Development of new services

Because demand for existing types of services are becoming saturated, service providers are shifting from business models that attempt to increase revenue by increasing the number of users to business models that try to increase revenue by pioneering new services and by providing new services and applications.

In fact, studies for new services that require wider bands, including stereoscopic video transmissions, stereophonic transmissions, and bio-information transmissions are currently underway. (See Figure 2.1.5 and Figure 2.1.6)

Figure 2.1.5 Studies for future services that aim to provide virtual reality (data supplied by NTT DoCoMo)

Stereoscopic video transmission

Substituterobot

Sense of touch

Stereophonic transmission

Bio-information transmission

Communication through a substitute robot

?%Sense of presence/emotional feelings

Contribution to recognition

2%Smell

3%Taste

15%Touch20%Hearing60%Vision

?%Sense of presence/emotional feelings

Contribution to recognition

2%Smell

3%Taste

15%Touch20%Hearing60%Vision

Virtual reality communication using stereophonic/stereoscopic video transmission

Communication using gloves that reproduce the sense of touch

The ratios of the five senses within a person's senses(Source: Video communication, The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers, 1975)

Network

"The five senses + communication interface"

Figure 2.1.6 Bandwidth needed for mobile communications

(data supplied by NTT DoCoMo)

AnalogueAnaloguespeechspeech

1G 2G 3G

Visual

Biological

Req

uire

d ba

ndw

idth

Audio

ii--ShotShot

ii--MotionMotion

ii--modemode

2D/3D Video

HologramsHolograms

ii--AppliAppli

RingingRinging--melody melody RingingRinging--songsongMailMail

Still image

TextDigital Digital speechspeech

3D Audio3D Audio

Sense of touchSense of touch

Physical representation Physical representation of the userof the user

Required increase in bandwidth

SurroundSurround

3D 3D ii--AppliAppli

StereoStereo

4G

AnalogueAnaloguespeechspeech

1G 2G 3G

Visual

Biological

Req

uire

d ba

ndw

idth

Audio

ii--ShotShot

ii--MotionMotion

ii--modemode

2D/3D Video

HologramsHolograms

ii--AppliAppli

RingingRinging--melody melody RingingRinging--songsongMailMail

Still image

TextDigital Digital speechspeech

3D Audio3D Audio

Sense of touchSense of touch

Physical representation Physical representation of the userof the user

Required increase in bandwidth

SurroundSurround

3D 3D ii--AppliAppli

StereoStereo

4G

9

2.1.1.5 Actual usage

As mobile phones become more commonplace and communication costs come down, mobile phones are used even in the home and other places where fixed-line phones were dominant in the past. Mobile phones are also increasingly being used for e-mail communications. The differences among the age groups are apparent, where the younger generation, especially students, has a higher rate of using e-mail as a means of communication when not at home. The use of e-mail communication also becomes more frequent as the age group becomes younger. (See Figure 2.1.7) (For example, the overall percentage of people who do not use e-mail is 12%, but the percentage becomes lower as the age becomes younger: for people in their 60s, it is 22%, whereas for people in their 20s it is only 3%.)

Figure 2.1.7 Number of e-mails per week (based on a survey by the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications)

(data supplied by FY 2004 Survey of demand-side trends for telecommunications)

11.1%

14.9%

16.5%

21.5%

9.7%

15.2%

18.2%

27.5%

34.2%

15.3%

19.3%

20.4%

20.2%

20.3%

16.0%

19.3%

18.2%

13.8%

12.7%

22.2%

17.2%

13.3%

11.9%

7.6%

15.3%

9.0%

8.8%

9.7%

5.7%

3.3%

2.8%

None12.3% Less than 5　18.7%

5 to 919.1%

10 to 1916.9%

20 to 2915.4%

30 to 499.0%

1.3%

6.4%

50 to 99　5.0%

3.7%

More than 100　3.7%

2.5%

2.8%

3.3%

9.0%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

全体

２０代

３０代

４０代

５０代

６０代以上

Overall

20s

30s

40s

50s

60s

11.1%

14.9%

16.5%

21.5%

9.7%

15.2%

18.2%

27.5%

34.2%

15.3%

19.3%

20.4%

20.2%

20.3%

16.0%

19.3%

18.2%

13.8%

12.7%

22.2%

17.2%

13.3%

11.9%

7.6%

15.3%

9.0%

8.8%

9.7%

5.7%

3.3%

2.8%

None12.3% Less than 5　18.7%

5 to 919.1%

10 to 1916.9%

20 to 2915.4%

30 to 499.0%

1.3%

6.4%

50 to 99　5.0%

3.7%

More than 100　3.7%

2.5%

2.8%

3.3%

9.0%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

全体

２０代

３０代

４０代

５０代

６０代以上

Overall

20s

30s

40s

50s

60s

Overall

20s

30s

40s

50s

60s

On the other hand, considering that the number of hours spent on mobile phone calls does not differ much among the age groups, it is expected that there is still much more room for growth for e-mail and other non-voice applications. The dramatic growth of the number of packets per user with the introduction of fixed-rate plans also indicates that the technology to reduce the cost

10

per bit may have the potential to stimulate greater communications demand. (Figure 2.1.8)

Figure 2.1.8 Data traffic trends (data supplied by NTT DoCoMo)

1,000

0

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

Packets sent/received per day per FOMA user (monthly averages)Packets sent/received per day per PDC user (monthly averages)

Num

ber o

f pac

kets

sen

t/rec

eive

d pe

r day

(pac

kets

per

per

son)

1999February

1999August

2000February

2000August

2001February

2001August

2002February

2002August

2003February

2003August

2004February

2004August

1,000

0

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

Packets sent/received per day per FOMA user (monthly averages)Packets sent/received per day per PDC user (monthly averages)

Num

ber o

f pac

kets

sen

t/rec

eive

d pe

r day

(pac

kets

per

per

son)

1999February

1999August

2000February

2000August

2001February

2001August

2002February

2002August

2003February

2003August

2004February

2004August

There is strong demand from users for economical rate plans. For example, PHS is growing in numbers as a device to use in conjunction with notebook computers for data communication, and one major reason for their growth, in addition to its wide service areas, is thought to be the improvement in convenience with the introduction of fixed-rate plans.

2.1.2 Wireless access systems

2.1.2.1 Number of users

There are various devices for wireless access systems. Wireless LAN, which makes up most of the wireless access systems, usually do not require a radio station license. Recently, wireless access systems are often built into IT devices such as notebook computers, which demonstrates just how far the proliferation of wireless LAN is progressing.

The number of subscribers for public wireless LAN provided by service providers as of the end of March 2005 is still at about 117 thousand, but the growth rate is high. In addition, there are numerous beta services not included in this number. These services are expected to have at least several hundred thousand subscribers for the known services alone. (See Figure 2.1.9)

11

Figure 2.1.9 Transition in the number of public wireless LAN subscribers (based on a survey by the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications)

(data supplied by FY 2004 Survey of demand-side trends for telecommunications and Transition in the number of subscription contracts to

broadband access services, etc. as of July 2005)

11.7

9.5

6.2

2.6

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

1 2 3 4End of September, 2003 End of March, 2004 End of September , 2004 End of March, 2005

(Unit: 10,000 contracts)

11.7

9.5

6.2

2.6

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

1 2 3 4End of September, 2003 End of March, 2004 End of September , 2004 End of March, 2005

(Unit: 10,000 contracts)

Wireless LAN capabilities are not only equipped in personal computers and other high-tech IT devices, but are also equipped in PDAs9 and, more recently, in handheld gaming devices, so it is undeniable that there may be further rises in communications demands.

There are also other wireless systems that users can easily set up for themselves, including wireless LANs that uses the 2.4GHz and 5GHz bands (IEEE 802.11a and IEEE 802.11b/g), which are gaining popularity. Fixed wireless access (FWA) for subscriber lines and leased lines are also beginning to be used for broadband networks such as DSL.

2.1.2.2 R & D and standardization

For radiocommunications using wireless access systems, standardization efforts are active in both the ITU and IEEE.

IEEE is now studying IEEE 802.11n, which is a standard aimed at further improving throughput than the currently widespread wireless LAN standards IEEE 802.11a and IEEE

9 Personal Digital Assistants

12

802.11g. IEEE 802.11n is expected to achieve a bandwidth of over 100 Mbps at the application layer, through technologies such as MIMO,10 which uses multiple antennas and bundles multiple channels to widen the channel bandwidth.

IEEE has also developed the IEEE 802.16-2004 standard for wireless MAN11 systems, integrating IEEE 802.16, which is an FWA standard for communication within line of sight, and IEEE 802.16a, an FWA standard for communication beyond line of sight. IEEE 802.16-2004 is expected to become an alternative for DSL in disadvantaged areas. In addition, IEEE 802.16e, which is a standard for mobile wireless access, is also being studied for wireless MAN that expands wireless LAN spots to a wider area, providing enhanced mobility.

In the ITU, the ITU Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R) Study Group 9 (SG9), which studies fixed services in general, is taking a close look at BWA12 systems, which are receiving growing interest as "last mile" broadband connectivity in rural and metropolitan areas, and are developing recommendations based on Japan's ARIB13 standards requirements as well as other standards specifications from the IEEE and ETSI14. In addition, Study Group 8 (SG8), which studies mobile operations in general, is also reviewing BWA systems from the standpoint of mobile communications.

As can be seen from the above, partly because of the fact that many devices for wireless access do not require connectivity to networks managed by service providers, there are many standards for wireless communication via wireless LAN and other wireless access systems.

Regarding wireless access systems, standardization efforts are being made with the focus on new technical factors, such as "IP affinity." At the same time, transmission tests are underway for other technical factors including "increased transmission capacity" and "improved mobility," just as are for mobile phones. (See Figure 2.1.10)

10 Multiple-Input Multiple-Output 11 Metropolitan Area Network 12 Broadband Wireless Access 13 Association of Radio Industries and Businesses 14 European Telecommunications Standards Institute

13

Figure 2.1.10 Continuous image transmission through wireless LAN (IEEE 802.11b) (data supplied by NEC)

HubHub

HighHigh--speed handspeed hand--over routerover router

HubHub

AP1AP1 AP1AP1

HubHub

AP1AP1

500m 500m 450m

HubHub

AP1AP1

CameraCamera PCPC OnOn--board board routerrouter

Center

PCPC(also used as a Web server)(also used as a Web server)

CameraCamera

Driving test at 300 km/h

Web browsing and eWeb browsing and e--mail mail transmission possible from transmission possible from

a a carcar traveling at high traveling at high speeds of 100 to 300 km/h speeds of 100 to 300 km/h

HubHub

HighHigh--speed handspeed hand--over routerover router

HubHub

AP1AP1 AP1AP1

HubHub

AP1AP1

500m 500m 450m

HubHub

AP1AP1

CameraCamera PCPC OnOn--board board routerrouter

Center

PCPC(also used as a Web server)(also used as a Web server)

CameraCamera

Driving test at 300 km/h

Web browsing and eWeb browsing and e--mail mail transmission possible from transmission possible from

a a carcar traveling at high traveling at high speeds of 100 to 300 km/h speeds of 100 to 300 km/h


Wireless spots that participate in offering FREESPOTs, as organized by the FREESPOT conference, realize a new business model in that they do not collect service fees directly from users but indirectly through offering connectivity to restaurants and hotels to help in attracting customers or as a basic service. As of the end of September 2005, the number of wireless spots that have joined the FREESPOT conference totals approx. 3,000, a significant growth of more than 1.4 times over the previous year (according to a survey by the FREESPOT conference).

Meanwhile, services provided by existing operators that collect fees directly from users or offer services combined with other telecommunication services have also grown dramatically, totaling approx. 6,200 spots as of the end of September 2005, which is more than 1.8 times that of the previous year (according to a survey by the FREESPOT conference). They are gathering attention as services move into full swing.

As for places from where public wireless LANs are accessed, the combination of restaurants (44%), hotels (24%), railway stations (17%), and airports (9%) account for over 90 percent of the total. (See Figure 2.1.11)

There are numerous wireless spots, including spots that are not known widely, but as mentioned above, most of them are located in similar locations, and there is still room for an increase in users. On the other hand, most users use wireless connectivity in conjunction with their mobile phone's data communication service, and many of them are dissatisfied with the low number of access points. (See Figure 2.1.12)

14

Figure 2.1.11 Locations of access to public wireless LANs (based on a survey by the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications)

(data supplied by Source: FY 2004 Survey of demand-side trends for telecommnications)

Railway stations 16.9%76 out of 450 users

Hotels 23.8%107 out of 450 users

Restaurants 43.6%196 out of 450 users

Airports 8.7%39 out of 450 users

Department stores,supermarkets, mass

retailers 2.4%11 out of 450 users

Others 4.7%21 out of 450 users

Figure 2.1.12 Level of satisfaction regarding public wireless LAN charges and demands for improvements other than access charges (based on the survey by

the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications) (data supplied by FY 2004 Survey of demand-side trends for

telecommunications)

More access points51.8%

Faster communicationspeed 15.3%

Improvement in securitymeasures

11.6%

No particulardissatisfaction

10.4%

Improvement inconnection quality so

that the connection is notlost during

communications8.9%

Improvement in customerservice and follow-ups

0.7%No response

1.3%

Meanwhile, office IP-based extension telephone systems have been developed that can be accessed from mobile phones that have the capability to access wireless LANs, so when wireless

15

LAN access points are rolled out in meshed networks, the way in which they are used is expected to become further similar to mobile phones.

2.1.3 Low-Power-Systems (including home information appliances)

2.1.3.1 Commercialization movements

Home appliances are increasingly becoming more digital, and various home information appliances have already become commonplace in the general household. Multiple de facto standards, such as Bluetooth, co-exist for data handled by home information appliances such as video and music data, and the basic communication methods for the transmission of these data. (See Figure 2.1.13)

Figure 2.1.13 Improving wireless technology (distance and speed) and expanding its use

(data supplied by CIAJ15 Next Generation Intelligent Home Appliance Networking Task Force）

Distance

100m

10m

1m

10cm

1cm

Uncompressed videoMPEG videoInternet, music

Email, static images

UWBBluetooth

HomeRF

802.11bZigBee

NFC

Felica

802.11g/a

IrDA

UHF BandRFID

IrDA

Sensor-gathered data

Bluetooth

Improving wireless technology (distance and speed) and expanding its applicationsTransfer rates (bps)

10k 100k 1M 10M 100M 1G

802.11n

16

17

Distance

100m

10m

1m

10cm

1cm

Uncompressed videoMPEG videoInternet, music

Email, static images

UWBBluetooth

HomeRF

802.11bZigBee

NFC

Felica

802.11g/a

IrDA

UHF BandRFID

IrDA

Sensor-gathered data

Bluetooth

Improving wireless technology (distance and speed) and expanding its applicationsTransfer rates (bps)

10k 100k 1M 10M 100M 1G

802.11n

16

17

1617 The following examples are envisioned as usage scenes of how radiocommunication will be

used in the next-generation home information appliance network (See Figure 2.1.14): (1) Connection with portable AV devices (2) Wireless connection between devices in an AV rack (altering the cable connections on

the back of the devices with wireless connection) (3) Wireless connections between digital home information appliances within a room (4) Streaming video/sound from AV servers and low-speed two-way communication such as

VoIP18 15 Communications & Information Networks Association of Japan 16 Infrared Data Association 17 Near Field Communication 18 Voice over Internet Protocol

16

Figure 2.1.14 Radiocommunication usage scenes in the next-generation home information appliance network

（data supplied by CIAJ Network Appliance Taskforce）

Based upon the above usage scenes, CIAJ has studied the following issues in order to

comprehensively define the usage scenes from the standpoint of ensuring international consistency:

(1) Developing a network plan for each usage scenario (regardless of whether the network is

wired/wireless)

(2) Securing communication quality for video and sound transmission through wireless

access systems

(3) Creating an overview of various organizations and their activities regarding home

information appliance networks


Basically, the development of home information appliance networks will be based on existing standards, but existing radiocommunication systems may not be able to meet all future service demands.

The usage scenes envisioned cover a wide range of possibilities, and different standards are being adopted for different product categories and/or manufacturing groups. Although home information appliance networks are growing, connectivity between devices of different manufacturers is often difficult.

Usage scene 1: Short rangeConnection with portable AV devices

Recorder

DisplayCamcorder

High-speed DV treaming

*DV format: Format for home-use digital video (DV)

Usage scene 1: Short rangeConnection with portable AV devices

Recorder

DisplayCamcorder

High-speed DV treaming

*DV format: Format for home-use digital video (DV)

HD/SD mid- and high-speed streaming

Altering cable connections on the back of the devices with

wireless connection

*HD: High-definition*SD: Standard-definition

Usage scene 2: Short rangeWireless connection between devices in an AV rack

HD/SD mid- and high-speed streaming

Altering cable connections on the back of the devices with

wireless connection

*HD: High-definition*SD: Standard-definition

Usage scene 2: Short rangeWireless connection between devices in an AV rack

StoragePersonal computer

TelevisionHD/SD mid- and high-speed streaming

Usage scene 3: Within a roomWireless connection between digital home

information appliances in a room

StoragePersonal computer

TelevisionHD/SD mid- and high-speed streaming

Usage scene 3: Within a roomWireless connection between digital home

information appliances in a room

Usage scene 4: Within the house(1) AV streaming from an AV server, etc.(2) Low-speed two-way communication such as VoIP

AV server(HGW)

(1) HD/SD mid- and high-speed streaming (2) VoIP/MPEG 4 low-speed

Usage scene 4: Within the house(1) AV streaming from an AV server, etc.(2) Low-speed two-way communication such as VoIP

AV server(HGW)

(1) HD/SD mid- and high-speed streaming (2) VoIP/MPEG 4 low-speed

17

2.1.4 The digital divide

Because there is disparity in broadband availability among different geographical regions, in some cases, wireless access systems (in the 18GHz, 22GHz, 26GHz, or 38GHz bands), and wireless LANs, which both take less time and cost less to implement than FTTH19 and cable Internet, are expected to offer one solution. (These are considered advantageous especially in mountainous areas with rugged terrain, or regions where communities are dispersed.)

In offering services, development that enables devices to be equipped with maintenance features that ensure a high level of reliability, becomes an issue. Naturally, there are also be costs involved, such as in securing sites to install/construct facilities, securing reliable power supplies, and maintenance. On the other hand, the difficulty to secure enough demand to match the required investment may create a dilemma.

2.1.5 ITS20

While ETC 21 and other DSRC 22 systems are being introduced, no broadband communication systems have yet been introduced for actually driving cars. However, as cars become increasingly equipped with electronic devices, there is a movement in research and development to realize a safer and more secure road traffic environment by introducing new systems such as car-to-car communications to prevent collision in places that have relatively high risks, such as intersections, railway crossings, and the rear-end of traffic jams.

19 Fiber To The Home 20 Intelligent Transport System 21 Electronic Toll Collection 22 Dedicated Short Range Communication

18

2.2 Trends in various foreign countries

Wireless broadband trends in the US, UK, France, Germany, Australia, and Korea were studied to serve as a reference for identifying issues and developing plans for the promotion of widespread wireless broadband implementation in Japan.

In this section, discussion on wireless WAN23 is included with mobile phones, wireless MAN/LAN with wireless access systems, and wireless PAN24 with Low-Power-Systems.

2.2.1 US

2.2.1.1 Mobile phones

(1) Frequency allocation

As for mobile phone services, cellular service is provided in the 800 MHz band,

broadband PCS25 in the 1.85-1.99 GHz band, SMR26 and other services are provided in

the 800 MHz band not used by cellular services, and in the 900 MHz band.

(2) Current services

The main services available are the 2G mobile phone services that use digital technology

and the 2.5 generation mobile phone services with enhanced data communication

features. In addition, 3G mobile phone services using cdma200027 and 1xEV-DO have

also started in part.

There are also plans to introduce EV-DO Revision A, which enables faster

communication speed than the traditional EV-DO, as well as UMTS28 and HSDPA,29

which enable faster data communication on UMTS systems.

(3) Government efforts

In terms of frequency allocation for 3G mobile phone services, in September 2001, the

FCC30 newly allocated the 2500-2690 MHz band—which had been allocated to the fixed

wireless service, MDS31, and the wireless TV broadcasting system by educational

institutions, ITFS32—to AWS33 (including 3G mobile phones).

23 Wide Area Network 24 Personal Area Network 25 Personal Communications Service 26 Specialized Mobile Radio 27 Code Division Multiple Access 2000 28 Universal Mobile Telecommunications System 29 High Speed Downlink Packet Access 30 Federal Communications Commission 31 Multipoint Distribution Service 32 Instructional Television Fixed Service 33 Advanced Wireless Services

19

In addition, on November 15, 2002, the FCC also allocated the 1.7 GHz (1710-1755

MHz) band/2.1 GHz (2110-2155 MHz) band to AWS in their second R&O34 on AWS.

2.2.1.2 Wireless access systems


Wireless LAN (IEEE 802.11a/b/g) is mainly used in the 2.4 GHz band or 5 GHz band

which do not require license. When it is PTP35-based, communication can reach up to

several miles. It is also used by WISP36s to deliver last mile connectivity.

There is also fixed wireless technology for transmission of several Mbps to over 100

Mbps in the licensed 2.5 GHz, 24 GHz, and 39 GHz bands.

In addition, the use of WiMAX37 (IEEE 802.16) technology is now under consideration.

(2) Current services Wireless LAN spots are offered by mobile phone operators as a service to complement

their data communications network. Services provided through roaming connectivity with

other operators are also actively offered. In addition, wireless LAN spots are also made

available by fixed-line operators. The number of wireless LAN spots across the US

exceeded 20,000 in 2004, and is expected to grow further, especially at public facilities.

WiMAX is expected to become an alternative last mile technology as well as the

backhaul line for communication firms, and is now undergoing tests for practical

application. Fixed wireless broadband service using the WiMAX technology has also

started in some areas. Furthermore, IEEE 802.16e, which enables access from portable

terminals, is undergoing standardization with the goal set for December 2005.

As for fixed wireless communication, BRS38 /EBS 39 , which offers video and data

communication through PTP or PMP40, operates in the 2.496-2.69 GHz band, LMDS41,

used mainly for operators' backhaul communications or corporate data communication

operates in the 28 GHz and 31 GHz bands, and PTP/PMP/MTM42 fixed wireless

systems, limited to line of sight connectivity, operates in the 24 GHz and 39 GHz bands.

34 Report and Order 35 Point To Point 36 Wireless Internet Service Provider 37 Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access 38 Broadband Radio Service 39 Educational Broadband Service 40 Point To Multi Point 41 Local Multi Point Distribution Service 42 Multi Point To Multi Point

20


In July 2004, the FCC announced plans for spectrum reallocation in the 2.5-2.69 GHz

band, as well as its decision to establish service rules for mobile services. For fixed

wireless services such as LMDS and those in the 24 GHz and 39 GHz bands, licenses

are separated by geographical areas and frequency blocks are divided; in addition, a

frequency usage right leasing system has also been introduced. Through these, new

entry to the market by small-scale and rural operators is expected to be promoted.

In addition, in order to protect current licensees in the 3.65 GHz band from interference,

the FCC also released an R&O as well as an MO&O43 in March 2005, which permits the

operation of terrestrial radio stations based on a license that does not exclusively occupy

bandwidth, on the condition that technology to avoid interference will be used and that all

base stations will be registered. This is also expected to promote the implementation of

new wireless broadband technologies, especially in rural areas.

2.2.1.3 Low-Power-Systems


Technology for short-range data communication from several feet to several yards

between mobile terminals, mobile terminals and fixed equipment, as well as between

fixed equipment are under study, mainly in the 2.4 GHz band, which does not require a

license. Such major technologies include Bluetooth and ZigBee.

(2) Current services Bluetooth is expected to be used as an alternative to the cables that connect mobile

terminals and fixed equipment, or that connect fixed equipment to other fixed equipment.

ZigBee is mainly used in small-scale data packet communications, such as monitoring or

texts for device control. Shipments started in 2005.

UWB44 is expected to be used in high-speed transmissions of videos for digital TV or

video programs, as well as high-speed transmission of large volume data.

The FCC approved the first UWB chipset in August 2004, and sample shipment of this

chipset has begun.

(3) Government efforts In December 2004, the FCC released a Second R&O for operation of equipment

requiring no license in the ultrawide bands of 5.925-7.25 GHz, 16.2-17.7 GHz, and

23.12-29 GHz. Specific applications envisioned include car collision prevention radar,

location tracking systems for hospital patients and emergency rescue workers, and

inventory control systems. 43 Memorandum Opinion and Order 44 Ultra Wideband

21

2.2.2 UK



In 2000, 3G mobile phone licenses were granted for the 1.92-1.98GHz/2.11-2.17GHz

band (FDD45) as well as the 1900-1920MHz band (TDD46).

Of these, four licenses were granted to existing operators that provide 2G mobile phone

services (O2, Orange, T-Mobile, and Vodafone). The remaining license was granted to a

new market entrant, Hutchison. One of the conditions of the license is to attain 80%

national population coverage rate by the end of 2007.

(2) Current services The population coverage rate of 2G and 3G mobile phone service provided by mobile

phone operators is 99%, and their geographic coverage rate is approx. 89%. In addition

to these operators, MVNOs,47 who buy wholesale network capacity from licensed 3G

mobile phone operators, also retail mobile phone services.

GSM48 operators in the UK have adopted GPRS49 technology, and provide data

transmission rates up to 40 kbps for the handsets. The 3G mobile phone service

launched in March 2003 adopts UMTS (W-CDMA), which enables high speed data

transmission of up to 2 Mbps. When HSDPA technology is introduced, the transmission

rate is expected to further increase to about 10 Mbps. The various operators are also

introducing data communication services.

(3) Government efforts The government is considering allocation of the 2.01-2.025 GHz band in 2005 to 2006,

and the 2.5-2.69 GHz band from 2006 to 2007, to next-generation mobile applications or

wireless broadband. The 2.5-2.69 GHz band in particular will offer a large bandwidth

allocation of 190 MHz.



Wireless LAN (IEEE 802.11a/b/g) can be used in the 2.4GHz band, the 5GHz A band

(5150-5350 MHz), and the B band (5470-5725MHz) without a license. (The 5 GHz band

is divided into A band, B band, and C band. The C band is allocated to FWA services in

rural areas.)

45 Frequency Division Duplex 46 Time Division Duplex 47 Mobile Virtual Network Operator 48 Global System for Mobile Communications 49 General Packet Radio Service

22

For FWA, the 3.4GHz, 3.6-4.2 GHz, 10 GHz, 28 GHz, and 40 GHz bands have been

allocated. In addition, the 5 GHz C band (5725-5850 MHz) is open for FWA services in

areas where it is difficult to implement fixed-line facilities. However, this band is also

allocated for other private sector uses, as well as for military uses, so licensing is done

through electronic registration. Also, not all bands are available for FWA. The FWA radio

station license is usually granted to the network operator in a specific geographic region.

Some networks that implement WiMAX-based technology use the 5 GHz C band.

(2) Current services As of March 2005, the number of wireless LAN spots is 9,601. Roaming agreements and

service charge rate models are now being reviewed. Fixed-line operators have also

entered this market to start wireless LAN services.

As for FWA, a small number of operators are providing commercial services in the 3.4

GHz, 3.6-4.2 GHz, and 28 GHz bands. The population coverage rate for FWA in the

second quarter of 2004 is 13%, mostly in urban areas.

As for FWA services that uses WiMAX for backhaul, Telabria has started commercial

service in Kent.


OFCOM50 lists broadband promotion as one of the core projects in their annual plan,

and considers wireless technology as playing an important role for the success of the

project.

Frequencies for the spectrum that does not require a license are also under study, taking

into consideration the trends in spectrum demand.

In addition, because there is not much use of the frequency bands allocated to FWA

service, including the 3.6-4.2 GHz, 10 GHz, 28 GHz, 32 GHz, and 40 GHz bands, the

necessity to promote use of these bands is being pointed out.



The 173 MHz, 433 MHz, 458 MHz, 868 MHz, 2.4 GHz, and 5.8 GHz bands are allocated

for short-range device use. Licenses are not required.

Bluetooth uses the 2.4 GHz band for communications between devices in a 10m range

within a room. Technical requirements for short-range devices are described in "Interface

Requirement 2030".

The treatment of UWB is currently under study by OFCOM.

50 Office of Communications

23

(2) Current services Bluetooth products available in the market today vary widely. Bluetooth enables data

exchange between personal computers and mobile phones, or data exchange between

two handsets/computers.

A service that connects to GSM when outdoors, but uses a base station installed in a

building to connect through Bluetooth indoors, is also planned.

(3) Government efforts At this point, commercial use of UWB is not approved because of issues regarding

interference with other systems.

In January 2005, OFCOM released a consultation document regarding the use of UWB,

to invite public comments on whether to allow the implementation of UWB, as well as on

the technical limitations imposed to reduce interference risk with other wireless services.

UWB is already being used in special industries under licenses limited to engineers for

inspections of runways and surface damage, and for detecting people on the other side

of a wall; however, this consultation document focuses on commercial use of UWB, such

as in a PAN environment.

In June 2005, OFCOM released the results of its invitation for public comments, reporting

that most opinions were in favor of UWB implementation while there were only few

opposing it, and announcing that from then the matter will be studied by the CEPT.51

2.2.3 France



Four 3G mobile phone licenses with a validation period of 15 years were initially offered.

Today, three companies hold such licenses.

The license comes with a requirement on the percentage of service coverage as part of

the development of a national infrastructure.

(2) Current services SFR launched 3G mobile phone service in November 2004, and Orange in December of

the same year. Mobile phone penetration rate as of December 2004 for all France,

including 2G mobile phones, is 73.7%. However, the penetration rate varies widely

among the regions. The penetration rate in Ile-de-France (Paris metropolitan area)

reaches 105.0%, while in the mountainous regions of Auvergne and Franche-Comté, the

rate remains at the 53% range.

51 Conference of European Postal and Telecommunications Administration

24



Currently, wireless LAN can be used in the 2.4 GHz band and the 5 GHz band. However,

because the 5 GHz band may interfere with the frequencies used for national defense, it

is currently positioned as an experimental network and outdoor use is prohibited.

Licenses are not required for wireless LANs, but they must be reported.

For FWA, licenses for the 3.5 GHz band (two slots) and the 26 GHz band (four slots)

were granted in 2000 and 2001 through comparative selection. However, a rapidly

increasing number of operators returned their licenses after being granted, while around

February 2004, multiple numbers of operators applied for the 3.5 GHz band. For this

reason, the government and ARCEP52 made a decision to allocate the 3.5 GHz band to

WiMAX, and invited applications in August 2005. By October 2005, 175 operators had

applied. ARCEP is examining the availability of frequency against the applicants for each

region, so that licenses can be granted with priority given to early applicants in regions

where frequencies can be secured, and go through a comparative selection process to

select operators in other areas.

(2) Current services As of January 2005, approx. 7,000 wireless spots are said to exist in France. In order to

promote further expansion, operators are actively allowing each other to use their

networks to offer wireless spot services.

In the Normandy region, a fixed WiMAX service is offered for small- to mid-sized

businesses. Amidst the government's efforts to promote wireless broadband, other

operators have also begun tests to offer fixed WiMAX services for small- to mid-sized

businesses in the Loire region.


Industries are requesting UWB implementation to be in the 3.1-10.6 GHz band. ANFR53

and other agencies are carefully examining whether to allow the implementation of UWB,

and together with CEPT, they are conducting studies on a phased implementation model

while cooperating and coordinating with ETSI and EU on the matter.

52 Autorité de régulation des communication électroniques et des postes 53 Agence nationale des fréquences

25

2.2.4 Germany



Mobile phone services are allocated as follows: GSM-900 (880-915 MHz, 925-960 MHz),

GSM-1800 (1710-1785 MHz, 1805-1880 MHz), UMTS/IMT-2000 (TDD: 1900-1920 MHz

and 2010-2025 MHz; FDD: 1920-1980MHz (handsets) and 2110-2170MHz (base

stations).

(2) Current services 2G mobile phones are mainly used, with number of subscribers at the end of 2004

totaling 71,316,000 and subscription rate standing at 86.4%.

Germany's 3G mobile phone licenses were granted to six operators in August 2000. Of

these, two operators have already aborted their plan to build networks. The remaining

four operators started their 3G mobile phone service in 2004.

In building 3G mobile phone networks, Germany requires a population coverage rate of

25% by the end of 2003, and 50% by the end of 2004 from the above licensees.



Wireless LANs can be used in the 2.4-2.4835 GHz, 5.15-5.35 GHz, and 5.47-5.725 GHz

bands without licenses.

The frequency bands that can be used for FWA are 2.64-2.67 GHz, 3.41-3.58 GHz,

24.549-26.061 GHz, and 25.557-26.061 GHz.

(2) Current services As of March 2005, there are approx. 7,600 wireless spots.

More than 40% of wireless spots are located in hotels, followed by restaurants and gas

stations. Wireless spots are also largely located in major metropolitan areas.

FWA service did not see success, because of its high access charges and DSL rapidly

gaining popularity around the same time as the means to access broadband.

WiMAX seems to be positioned as a means for broadband access mainly in rural areas,

with DSL operators considering it for providing broadband access in areas that do not

have fixed-line networks.


BNetgA54 has allocated frequencies above 1,600 MHz to a total of 30 operators during

1999 to 2001, they are currently not used for the most part, because the operators faced

54 Bundesnetzagentur fur Elektrizitat, Gas, Telekommunikation, Post und Eisenbahnen

26

difficulties with their businesses. In most cases, the allocated frequencies were returned

to RegTP, or RegTP is requesting return of the unused frequencies.



Bluetooth is used in the 2.4 GHz ISM55 band.

For UWB, RegTP is conducting studies on a phased implementation model together with

CEPT.


For UWB, RegTP is working on developing and executing a phased implementation

model, such as temporarily implementing SRR56 in the 24 GHz band, ultimately moving

it to another frequency band available for long-term use. This phased implementation

model is being studied together with CEPT, while cooperating and coordinating with ETSI

and EU.

2.2.5 Australia



Licenses without limitations on specific technologies, systems, or services are granted to

six operators, mainly around the 2 GHz band. Mobile broadband services using iBurst

have also started under this license.

(2) Current services Hutchison started their 3G mobile phone service called "3" in April 2003. The number of

subscribers as of the end of 2004 was approx. 450,000.

Telstra launched their 3G mobile phone service in September 2005. At the start of the

service, their coverage rate was 60-70% of the population, with a service area covering

5,000 km2. EV-DO technology is used for their data communication service.



The 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, and 5.8 GHz bands are allocated for wireless LAN. Licenses are

not required.

55 Industry Science Medical Band 56 Short Range Radar

27

For FWA, license without limitations on specific technologies, systems, or services are

granted for the 3.4 GHz band. An operator called PBA,57 to which the 2 GHz band was

allocated for 3G mobile phone service, uses iBurst to provide mobile broadband service.

(2) Current services In Australia, there are currently 933 wireless LAN spots nationwide.

In January 2005, PBA started offering mobile broadband services using iBurst. As of

March 2005, the service covers 75% of the population, 90% of companies, and 2,500

km2 of land area in Australia.

Unwired, which holds a license for the 3.4 GHz band, launched their service in June 2004,

aiming to become an alternative local loop that competes with DSL and cable connection

in Sydney. They plan to expand their service area to other cities in the future.



The 2.4-2.4835 GHz band is allocated for Bluetooth. No license is required.

(2) Government efforts In April 2004, a license for a system that uses UWB technology (ground penetration

radar) was granted for the first time in Australia.

2.2.6 Korea



There are three companies in the Korean mobile communication market: SK Telecom,

KTF, and LG TeleCom. All three use CDMA for the 2G mobile phone network. The

frequencies used for 2G mobile phone service are the 800 MHz band for SK Telecom,

which entered CDMA business first, and the 1800 MHz band for KTF and LG TeleCom,

which followed.

As for the 3G mobile phone (IMT-2000) service operators using the 2 GHz band, SK

Telecom and KTF were selected as W-CDMA operators in December 2000, and LG

TeleCom was selected as a cdma2000 operator in August 2001, through a comparative

selection process.

According to IMT-2000 service license conditions, W-CDMA operators SK Telecom and

KTF must launch their services starting from Seoul by the end of 2003, and must expand

their services to city areas by June 2006. LG TeleCom's cdma2000 service using the 2

GHz band is required to start service by June 2006.

57 Personal Broadband Australia Pty Limited

28

(2) Current services The number of mobile phone users in Korea is the world's highest level. As of the end of

December 2004, the number of users was 36.58 million, with a population penetration

rate of approx. 70%, and 3G mobile phone users (subscribers of cdma2000 1x and

cdma2000 1x EV-DO; hereafter referred to as 1x and EV-DO) account for 88.9% of this.

In Korea, 1x using existing frequency bands of 800 MHz and 1800 MHz launched

commercial services in October 2000, and in early 2002, EV-DO was also introduced to

the market. EV-DO subscribers have exceeded 9.5 million, indicating a smooth shift from

1x. As a result, diverse 3G mobile phone services are now available. Data

communication sales within mobile phone service sales are currently continuing to grow.

Data communication sales for SK Telecom, the largest operator, reached 23.9% of

mobile service sales in the fourth quarter of 2004. As additional information, their

cdma2000 network covers 81 cities nationwide (85% of the total population).

Thus, in Korea, 3G mobile phone services based on the cdma200 standard using

existing frequency bands for 2G mobile phone service have developed to a high degree;

but on the other hand, 3G mobile phone services using the 2 GHz band are facing

considerable delays from the initial schedule. As of October 2005, W-CDMA subscribers

(combining those for both SK Telecom and KTF) total only 5,700, but the two companies

have started extensive investment, so that SK Telecom will expand its coverage to 84

cities nationwide and KTF to 45 cities nationwide, to establish W-CDMA service on a

wider scale.


In "IT839 Strategy", which is a comprehensive IT industry development plan announced

in early 2004, the government positioned W-CDMA as one of the eight types of services

on which to focus development so that it will serve as the basis for future advances in

next-generation mobile communications. According to this strategy, the short-term goal is

to "stabilize W-CDMA services in Seoul and the metropolitan area by 2004, and from

2005, aim for balanced development together with CDMA services". In order to promote

W-CDMA, a handset subsidy system was introduced, where up to 40% discount is

possible for W-CDMA handsets.



The 2.4 GHz band wireless LAN service was opened to commercial services in 2002.

The frequency band allocated is the 2.4-2.4835 GHz band. This band is shared with

Bluetooth.

In November 2004, the 5 GHz band was also allocated to wireless LAN, with 5.15-5.25

GHz for indoors, and 5.25-5.35 GHz/5.47-5.65 GHz for both indoors and outdoors. With

29

this, 54 Mbps-scale high-speed wireless LAN service in the 5 GHz band became

possible from December of the same year.

WiBro,58 which is a new IEEE 802.16e-based wireless broadband service, is scheduled

for launch in 2006. WiBro uses the newly allocated 2.3 GHz band to offer wireless

broadband access on a 1 Mbps-scale, even when traveling at high speed of 60 km/h,

through mobile terminals such as smartphones, PDAs, and mobile phones.

This band was initially allocated in September 1998 for FWA services, but because of its

unpopularity, the Korean Ministry of Information and Communication called back the 2.3

GHz band for FWA service in 2001, reallocating it to WiBro in December 2002. The

Ministry of Information and Communication announced plans regarding its WiBro

licensing policy in September 2004, including the selection of three operators by the end

of February 2005, a licensing period of seven years, and the introduction of the MVNO

system.

Following this policy, in January 2005, three companies, including the fixed-line operator

KT, the largest mobile communication operator SK Telecom, and the second largest in

fixed-line and broadband operators, Hanaro Telecom obtained business rights, and were

scheduled to start services from 2006. However, Hanaro Telecom has withdrawn from

WiBro business and has already returned their business rights.

(2) Current services Most fixed radiocommunications operators offer wireless LAN services. In addition, the

mobile communication operator, SK Telecom, is also scheduled for full-scale entry into

the market in 2005. However, although roaming services for expanding wireless spots

are encouraged, KT dominates almost all of the local loops of the community phone line

access, making it difficult for other operators to expand their wireless spots. Because

wireless LAN is still a new market, KT is not expected to be required to open up the

network until the market becomes more active. Therefore, in the current situation, KT can

use their scale advantage in building numerous wireless spots, while other operators

may be faced with difficulties.

As of the end of December 2004, the number of wireless LAN subscribers for KT is

430,000 and the number for Hanaro Telecom is 38,000, totaling to 468,000, which is

significantly lower than both companies' goals.

As for WiBro, KT and SK Telecom plan to launch service some time between April and

June 2006.

58 WiBro: Mobile/portable wireless Internet

30


The Ministry of Information and Communication positions WiBro as one of the eight new

services at the core of "IT839 Strategy", an IT industry development strategy announced

in early 2004. The strategy clearly specifies schedules such as when to decide on the

WiBro operator selection process, WiBro service launch in 2006, and the target number

of subscribers to reach by 2010, and clarifies the effects on the market. Following the

schedule of the IT839 Strategy, the Ministry of Information and Communication decided

on the operator selection process and other matters in the summer of 2004.

In order to maintain fair market competition, if WiBro subscribers exceed five million in

three years after service launch, the Ministry of Information and Communication plans to

approve MVNO entry to the market. If this happens, WiBro operators will be required to

open up 30% of their network capacity to MVNOs.



In IT839 Strategy, Korea specifies home network services as one of the eight new

services on which to focus development. W-PAN technology such as UWB and Zigbee,

are being developed under joint efforts by industry, government, and academia, as a core

technology to support the home network.

In April 2003, the UWB Forum was established with the Ministry of Information and

Communication taking the lead. This forum aims at sharing information on UWB's

standardization trends as well as technological trends both in Korea and in other

countries, in order to develop domestic systems and establish industries at an early date.

Currently, UWB technology development and standardization is underway through the

joint efforts of industry, government, and academia. For standardization within Korea,

organizations including the Radio Research Laboratory (under the direct control of the

Ministry of Information and Communication), ETRI, 59 and the UWB Forum are

developing a draft for spectrum use and technological standards, through conducting

basic research.

(2) Current services For ZigBee, related products such as remote meter inspection and home automation

products have been developed.

KETI60 forecasts that by 2007, export effects of the ZigBee chips will reach 15 billion

dollars.

59 Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute 60 Korea Electronics Technology Institute

31


The Ministry of Information and Communication revised laws on radio equipment with an

eye to UWB implementation, and made improvements on the limitations of spurious

emission in January 2005.

Meanwhile, development of a home server that converges communications with

broadcasting is specified as a strategic goal in home networks for the year 2005. UWB

modem chip development for high-quality multimedia broadcasting server and wireless

short-range communication is included in this goal as one of the detailed strategies.

32

Chapter 3: Fundamental viewpoints on wireless broadband

In the following sections, the key points that will serve as a foundation in discussing wireless broadband promotion strategies are organized as the fundamental viewpoints to be considered.

These viewpoints will guide activities to define future wireless broadband categories and narrow down system requirements over the next five to ten years.

3.1 From user

3.1.1 Improving the performance of radiocommunication systems

・ Although various wireless systems are possible, because their revenue source is always

the actual user, it must be recognized that the success of each radiocommunication

system will depend on it's performance. One of the most important aspects of

performance for the user is cost, and cost standardization.

3.1.2 Increasing options

・ It is necessary to expand the users' options by making it easier to roll out a wide range of

services, including services that focus on guaranteeing bandwidth and QoS,1 "best

effort" type of service with emphasis on wideband communications, and simple low-cost

services offered as an alternative to other services.

3.1.3 Improving convenience

・ For user convenience, the capability to access various services from a single terminal is

very important. Roaming across different services (media handover, general-purpose

IP-based radiocommunication systems) as well as international roaming should be

considered.

3.2 From industry

3.2.1 Building systems according to the type of service

・ It is necessary to take into consideration that requirements for radiocommunication

systems (service quality, reliability, etc.) will differ by type of use, such as

radiocommunication systems provided by telecommunication businesses, or those that

are not suitable for telecommunication business but are built for public use to provide

disaster warning/emergency communications, or private systems where small

businesses and individuals purchase equipment and build the systems by themselves.

1 Quality of Service

33

・ It is also necessary to consider how the service will be accessed, such as whether users

will receive the service passively or will have to make an active choice to access the

service.

・ It must be noted that there are areas where the different types of systems as indicated

above are blending and merging.

3.2.2 Enhancing international competitiveness and promoting international cooperation

・ It is necessary to consider the system from a perspective of deploying it in foreign

countries, as a global system, designing with consideration of geological factors

(flat/mountainous areas, desert areas, etc.) and population factors (densely populated or

underpopulated).

・ It is necessary to focus on priorities so that the system will not be late in responding to a

vast and fast-changing market.

・ It is also necessary to have the perspective of developing the system into a global

system through international cooperation, such as working on standardization from an

early stage from an international viewpoint.

・ It is necessary to consider the competitive strength of the overall system, by determining

from an overall standpoint which aspects should feature Japan's original technology and

which aspects should adopt technologies from other countries.

3.3 From technical innovation

・ The networks are increasingly becoming wholly IP-based as in VoIP telephony, so it is

necessary to consider developing general-purpose systems using IP technology, as well

as to turn attention to media handover, including handover between mobile and fixed-line

communications.

・ It is important to develop systems that can easily adapt to rapid technological

innovations. It must be possible to build a system architecture that can flexibly change in

response to technological innovation, by using software defined radio and by promoting

modular systems.

・ It is necessary to take measures to prevent interference resulting from the co-existence

of old and new systems, as well as to take note of backward compatibility for existing

users.

34

3.4 From public accessibility

3.4.1 Responding to the digital divide

・ As advanced technology is introduced, the digital divide between regions where the

technology is introduced and regions where the technology is not introduced becomes

wider. It is necessary to take measures for rural and other disadvantaged areas.

・ It is also necessary to consider spectrum sharing by allocating frequencies differently

according to the region.

3.4.2 Securing communications for disaster prevention/emergencies

・ The system ordinarily used in normal times should also be usable in emergencies

because of its ready availability and convenience.

・ It is important to consider the system from the perspective of allowing user access to

emergency communications without the user being conscious of the type of

communication (wired/wireless, public/private network, etc.).

・ In order to establish communication lines in emergencies, it is important that the systems

are able to easily form ad hoc networks.

3.4.3 The perspective of business

・ For safety/security, it is also necessary to consider the situation from a business

perspective. The business perspective is also necessary in considering solutions to the

digital divide, such as whether the solution is feasible as a business while offering

services to a certain population size.

3.5 From security

・ In radiocommunications, there are security issues such as information leakage by a third

party intercepting radio transmissions. In particular, information becomes more valuable

in broadband communications, so it is important to consider defining the borders at which

security measures are provided, including their requirements, in order to build an

environment where everyone can feel safe in accessing wireless broadband and where

providers can feel safe in offering content.

35

3.6 Viewpoints from efficient radio utilization

3.6.1 Reusing frequencies

・ Because broadband uses a wider frequency bandwidth per channel, it needs

technologies/systems that can achieve highly efficient spectrum use. When isolated cells

form a network, it is effective to promote spectrum reuse by employing small zones. On

the other hand, when broadband coverage overlaps to form a continuous and dense

area, technology that enables the use of the same frequency repeatedly in adjacent

areas becomes necessary in order to avoid the required bandwidth becoming too large.

Furthermore, it is necessary to have technology that can flexibly respond to traffic, such

as ones that can cover high-traffic urban areas with small zones and low-traffic suburban

areas with large zones. This kind of technology is also important from the perspective of

cost efficiency.

3.6.2 Improving shareability of systems

・ It is necessary to improve shareability of the systems by using technologies such as

media handover and IP-based modular technology, which reduce dependency on the

physical layer, thus enabling a flexible response to frequency reallocation.

3.6.3 Creating a competitive environment

・ Because a competitive environment is necessary for the telecommunication business,

bandwidth must be secured for multiple numbers of operators as far as possible.

・ There may be cases where it is necessary to consider allocating a dedicated bandwidth

to secure a certain level of communication quality, and cases where frequencies can be

shared depending on communication quality in order to promote an open environment for

new entries.

3.6.4 Aggregating systems by usage scenario

・ Systems that have similar usage scenes should be aggregated, as far as possible, from

the perspective of efficient radio spectrum use.

3.6.5 Spectrum use without waste

・ It is also necessary to consider the issue from the perspective of whether the system

really needs to be wireless/broadband.

36

Chapter 4: From identification of needs elements to implementation of the system

4.1 Methodology of discussion

In order to discuss the frequency reallocation for wireless broadband promotion in an effective manner, the Study Group has decided to define the specifics of wireless broadband systems.

As shown in the diagram below, needs elements were identified and categorized by usage scenario in order to determine system requirements as well as requirements for wireless transmission technology. These requirements will be used to develop strategies for frequency reallocation and wireless broadband promotion.

Figure 4.1.1 Methodology of discussion

4.2 Results of the questionnaire

In order to facilitate the process of identifying needs and defining the specifics of future systems, a questionnaire was sent to Study Group members. A summary of the questionnaire results is shown in Table 4.2.1. The details of the questionnaire results are shown in the attached Reference 2.

ニーズを満たす

についての議論

ワイヤレブロードバンドのニーズニーズについての議論

NeedsNeeds for for wireless wireless

broadbandbroadband

周波数配分及び周波数配分及び

ついての議論

Fundamental viewpoints on wireless broadbandFundamental viewpoints on wireless broadband

Specific systemFrequency

reallocation/promotion strategies

Use questionnaire results to identify Use questionnaire results to identify system and wireless technology system and wireless technology requirements that will meet needsrequirements that will meet needs Forecast needs growth etc.

・From user

・From public accessibility

・From industry

・From security

・From technological innovation・From efficient radio utilization

・・Identification of the elements of needsIdentification of the elements of needs・・Breaking usage scenes into patternsBreaking usage scenes into patterns

・・Form of service provisionForm of service provision・・Service areaService area・・QoSQoS・・ Data transmission rates etc.Data transmission rates etc.

・・Study scenarios, suitable Study scenarios, suitable frequency bands, frequency frequency bands, frequency reallocation needed, etc. to reallocation needed, etc. to implement the systemimplement the system・・Identify tasks for promoting usageIdentify tasks for promoting usage

ニーズを満たす

についての議論

ワイヤレブロードバンドのニーズニーズについての議論

NeedsNeeds for for wireless wireless

broadbandbroadband

周波数配分及び周波数配分及び

ついての議論

Fundamental viewpoints on wireless broadbandFundamental viewpoints on wireless broadband

Specific systemFrequency

reallocation/promotion strategies

Use questionnaire results to identify Use questionnaire results to identify system and wireless technology system and wireless technology requirements that will meet needsrequirements that will meet needs Forecast needs growth etc.

・From user

・From public accessibility

・From industry

・From security

・From technological innovation・From efficient radio utilization

・・Identification of the elements of needsIdentification of the elements of needs・・Breaking usage scenes into patternsBreaking usage scenes into patterns

・・Form of service provisionForm of service provision・・Service areaService area・・QoSQoS・・ Data transmission rates etc.Data transmission rates etc.

・・Study scenarios, suitable Study scenarios, suitable frequency bands, frequency frequency bands, frequency reallocation needed, etc. to reallocation needed, etc. to implement the systemimplement the system・・Identify tasks for promoting usageIdentify tasks for promoting usage

37

The questionnaire results will be reviewed with a focus on mobile phones, wireless access systems, and Low-Power-Systems, which need the relations between the systems clarified for user convenience. In particular, the review will include the 4G Mobile Radio Communication System, mobile wireless MAN, FWA (wireless MAN), wireless LAN, next-generation home information appliance systems, and broadband systems for ITS.

38

No. Category System Description Foreseen issues Bandwidth Transmission rate Service area Transmissiondistance

1-1

When traveling athigh-speed: 5-6GHz or below

When traveling atlow-speed:5 GHz, quasi-millimeter wave,millimeter wave

1-2

800MHz band, 1.7GHz band, 2 GHzband, around 2.6GHz band, 3.6-4.2GHz band, 4.4-4.9GHz band

1-3 3.4-6 GHz2-12-22-3

2-4

2-5

2-6

2-6 GHz

Mobile broadband wirelessaccess (MBWA:IEEE802.20)

Implements MBWA, now undergoingstudy as IEEE 802.20, to realize high-speed data communication (all IP-basedwireless system) for high-speed mobilecars

3.5 GHz or below

Table 4.2.1　Summary of survey results

4G Mobile Radio CommunicationSystem

4G Mobile Radio CommunicationSystem

IP-based Mobile Radio CommunicationSystem that can realize transmissionrate of 100 Mbps when traveling at high-speed and 1 Gbps when traveling at low-speed

When traveling athigh-speed: Up to100 Mbps When traveling atlow-speed:Up to 1 Gbps

Nationwide

Mobile wireless MAN

WiMAX (IEEE802.16e)

・High-speed/large-volumetransmission technology・Cost reduction technology・IP-based systeminterconnectivity technology・Low-delay/High-reliabilitywireless transmission technology・Securing service areas etc.

・Securing frequency bandwidth・Development of reasonablypriced equipment・Interconnectivity・Payment involving differentservice providers

・Securing frequency bandwidth・Standardization (international,domestic)・Competition with existingsystems・Software defined radiotechnology・Business model

Implements high-power IP-basedwireless standard WiMAX (IEEE802.16e)to realize wireless MAN service thatcovers a wide range of communicationsfrom fixed to mobile

Maximum 75 Mbps Urban areas Severalkilometers

Sector:10-100 MbpsUser:1-10 Mbps

NationwideShinkansenbullet train,etc.

39


3-1 10-66 GHz Maximum 135Mbps Urban areas 3-5 km

3-2 2-11 GHz Up to 75 Mbps Urban areas Up to 10 km3-3 2-11 GHz 10-100 Mbps Rural areas

3-4 FDD mode 25-GHz wirelessaccess system

Uses the FDD mode, which is used inother countries, to realize backup linesbetween buildings that can reach up tosome level of distance and/ortransmission capacity

25 GHz band Urban areas

3-5 Access service that uses fixedwireless access system

Uses FWA based on the IEEE802.11nstandard to provide services such asInternet access to areas where FTTH isdifficult to install

・Achieving similarcommunication speed as FTTＨ・Securing line of sight in high-frequency bands・Securing frequency bandwidthin low-frequency bands

26 GHz band5 GHz band 46-100 Mbps Several

kilometers

3-6 Millimeter-wave long distancebroadband system

Wireless communication system in themillimeter wave band is used forbackbone lines installed with good lineof sight as well as for subscriber linesthat wirelessly connect the backboneline to the user

・Solving various technicalissues 60-80 GHz Urban areas

Rural areasSeveralkilometers

4-1 Public wireless LAN service

Provides wireless LAN service bothindoors/outdoors; also provides mobileIP telephone service that can be offeredat a fixed-rate, using this wireless LANservice as the access line

・Preventing interference in ISMband 2.4 GHz band Wireless

spots

4-2Mobile phone network systemwith wireless LAN capability thatcan select optimum connection

Wireless LAN capability (IEEE802.11b/g/n, etc.) is added to mobilephone so that the optimum connectionfor the current location can be selected,e.g. IP telephony, wireless LAN, etc.

・Roaming technology to movebetween LAN networks andmobile phone networks・Handover technology, etc.

10-100 Mbps

Withinrailwaystations

Wirelessspots

4-3 Wireless spot used as wirelessbase station for mobile phones

Vending machines are equipped withwireless LAN capability to serve as basestation for mobile phones

・Authentication and encryptionsystems differ by service・Competition with businessmodels of mobile phones

Urban areas

WiMAX (IEEE802.16, 16a, 16d)Implements high-power IP-basedwireless standard WiMAX (IEEE802.16,16a, 16d) to realize FWA and NWA

・Interconnectivity・Securing frequency bandwidth・Standardization

FWA (wireless MAN)

Wireless LAN

40


4-4 Wireless spot for evacuationshelter

Wireless spot is installed in evacuationshelters (school gyms, public halls) toserve as temporary communicationinfrastructure

・Establishing broadband lines inschool gyms and public halls

Evacuationshelters

4-5Wireless broadband system tocomplement/add to broadcastservice for mobile phones

Video broadcast service thatcomplements broadcast service formobile terminals (broadcast contents arere-transmitted to areas that cannotreceive terrestrial broadcast signals) oradds to the broadcast service (providesspecial video contents, etc.)

・Development of the businessmodel・Establishing wirelesscommunication infrastructure・Copyrightprotection/management

4-6 NWA (Nomadic Wireless Access)system

Realizes continuous communicationthrough handover technology even whenmoving slower than a certain speed,based on wireless LAN technology thatis compliant with IEEE 802.11

・Reducing equipment costs・Securing frequency bandwidth

About 20 MHz atthe 5 GHz band

Several Mbps-100 Mbps

4-7 Wireless spot print service

Service that allows documents to beprinted from specialized printers invarious locations where Internet can beaccessed via wireless LAN, withouthaving to download special printerdrivers

・Reducing system costs Wirelessspots

4-8System to link "Beyond 3G/4G"systems and portable homeappliance terminals

Home appliance terminals that areusually connected wirelessly to homenetworks are connected in the same wayto "Beyond 3G/4G" Mobile RadioCommunication Systems, so thatnetworks can be accessed even fromoutdoors

・Building wireless links that canbe accessed free of charge 10-100 Mbps Home-

Nationwide

Wireless LAN

41


5-1 Wireless home network system

System that enables communicationbetween AV devices such as portableAV devices, devices in the AV rack,digital home appliances within a room,AV server, HDD recorder, and otherdigital home appliances

・International standardization・Securing frequency bandwidth

Same bandwidthfor all countries

Several tens ofMbpsx more than 2channels

About 50 m

5-2 High-speed wireless home LAN

Enables communication between PCand home appliances (digital cameras,etc.), mainly involving digital TV/HDDrecorder.

・Securing frequency bandwidth・Securing communicationquality・Preventing interference

5 GHz band Up to 1 Gbps

5-3 Wireless home AV network

Wirelessly connects home AV devices(TV, PC, DVD player, HDD recorder) andenables simultaneous transmission ofHDTV video

・Multipath countermeasure・Securing communicationquality

5 GHz band Near 100 Mbps

5-4 Bluetooth

Provides services to control networkhome appliances using BluetoothEthernet on home wireless LANinfrastructure

・Security・Securing communicationperformance

2.4 GHz band (ISM band) Up to 2 Mbps About 10 m

5-5 Wireless HD transmission systemWireless transmission system to transmitHDTV broadcast contents to informationappliances (TV, PC, HDD recorder, etc).

・Securing frequency bandwidth・Preventing interference 5 GHz band 30 Mbps and above

x 2 channels About 50 m

5-6 Home server systemSystem that can simultaneously transmitHDTV video stored in home server(HDD) to multiple clients (PC, TV)

・Securing frequency bandwidth・Securing communicationquality・Preventing interference

5 GHz band25 Mbpsx more than 2channels

5-7

Normal:Up to several GbpsHigh-speed:1-10 Mbps

Within 10 m

5-8 100 Mbps andabove

5-9 Broadband system for robots

Receives/sends real-timeimages/audio/control informationbetween mobile robots and environment-embedded terminals

・Preventing interference・Establishing necessary lawsand regulations・Security

2.5 GHz band5 GHz band25 GHz band

100 Mbps andabove

Indoors/outdoors

Home

3.1-10.8 GHz

Next-generation home informationappliance system

Realizes high-speed wirelesscommunication using UWB technologysuitable for networks such as PAN, inoffices, homes and wireless spots

UWB (Ultra Wide Bandcommunication)

・Preventing interference・Establishing necessary lawsand regulations・Securing frequency bandwidth

42


6-1 Wireless broadband used forbroadcasting

IP network-based wireless broadband isused for program production (programproduction system that takes advantageof network access, ad hoc network forsending broadcast images back to livecoverage sites, programs that involveviewer participation) and/or forcomplementing broadcast service(mobile reception of server-typebroadcasting)

・Content protection, accesscontrol, security・Securing communicationquality・Cost

6-2Introduction of simple repeatersystem for terrestrial digitalbroadcasting reception

Simple repeater equipment that can re-send transmissions from any location onthe same frequency as the broadcasttransmission, by taking advantage of thecharacteristics of digital terrestrialbroadcasting where network can be builton the same frequency

・Clarifying technologicalrequirements・Establishing necessary lawsand regulations

UHF band

Home,undergroundmalls, withinbuilding,trains, etc.

6-3 Multi-channel event videotransmission/reception system

HDTV-class video shot and recorded bymultiple number of users aresent/received between arbitrarylocations; display of these multiplenumber of live videos can be switchedalmost in real-time

・Securing frequency bandwidth・Solving various technicalissues

Near 5 GHz 500 Mbps andabove

7-1 Freight container/logisticsmanagement system

System that improves efficiency oflogistics management including freightcontainer management, by using RFIDwhich has benefits such as longtransmission distance and high-speedtransmission rate

・Securing frequency bandwidth・Protecting privacy; assuringsecurity・Information sharing amongnations & companies・Preventing interference

303 MHz band315 MHz band433 MHz band

About 100 m

7-2 UWB

UWB technology is used to realizesystems such as sensor networks thatcontrol home appliances, and high-speed communication measurementsystems that can be used for ITS

・Preventing interference・Establishing necessary lawsand regulations

Sensor2.4 band, 3.1-10.6GHz

Positioning22-29, 60 GHzband

Sensor1-10 Mbps

PositioningSeveral hundredMbps - SeveralGbps

Sensor30 cm

PositioningSeveral cm -Several tensof cm

Sensors

Video (material) transmission

43


7-3 Sensors New device system for wirelessbroadband

Adopts MEMS technology that canachieve high performance even in themillimeter wave band to enable minutehigh-frequency devices that integratesvarious functions, and promotes the useof the millimeter wave band

・Design/process technology Millimeter waveband

8-15.8 GHz60 GHz band76 GHz band

100 Mbps andabove

8-2 5.8、59-66, 76GHz band

Up to several MbpsUp to severalhundred Mbps

8-3 2.4 GHz5 GHz

8-4

System that enables broadbandcommunication from within high-speedrailway cars, using wireless LAN(IEEE802.11a, etc) standards forperforming high-speed handover usingfacilities installed at the side of railwaylines

・Establishing wirelesscommunication infrastructure 5 GHz band Maximum 36 Mbps About 1 km

8-5

System that uses application technologyfor wireless LAN standard to realizebroadband communication within high-speed railway cars, thus offering high-speed Internet access environment aspart of passenger services, and alsoused for monitoring railway lines

・Securing frequency bandwidth・Solving various technicalissues

2.4 GHz5 GHz3-7 GHz New

Up to several MbpsUp to severalhundred Mbps

9-1 Media handover system(Seamless system) Seamless wireless system

System that performs handover betweenvarious wireless systems, such asmobile phone, PHS, and wireless LAN,connecting to the system using the mostdesirable frequency or usage status

・Security・Solving various technicalissues・Establishing a business model

Frequenciesdepend on eachsystem

Home-Nationwide

Car-to-car communication that supportssafe driving, DSRC system that is usedfor communication via wireless spots, aswell as systems that enablecommunication with road infrastructuresuch as RFID-based electronicnavigation aids using millimeter-waveon-board radar

・Standardization・Securing reliability・Securing frequency bandwidth

Broadband system for railways

Broadband system for ITSSeveral tensof meters-200m

Betweenrailway carand ground

Withinrailway car

Car-to-carRoad-to-car

Transportation broadband system

44


9-2 Wireless broadband system

System that overlays systems that havelarger capacity than 3G mobile phoneson the 3G mobile phones, to achieveseamless connectivity between varioussystems such as mobile phones,wireless LAN, and FWA, etc.

・Solving various technicalissues 3 GHz or below About 30 Mbps

9-3 Broadband system using softwaredefined radio

System that, by changing software,identifies the communication systemssurrounding the user, to select theoptimal communication method, antennacharacteristics, etc.

・Solving various technicalissues

VHF, UHF bandto microwaveband or below

9-4 Multidimensional database forbroadband connection

Multidimensional database that enablesfrequency allocation per time and spacefor software defined radio, so thatspectrum usage efficiency is maximizedwithin the given limitations

・Solving various technicalissues・Standardization

9-5High-efficiency broadbandwireless using adaptive resourcebundler

Realizes adaptive bundling by sharingbandwidth among a multiple number ofpre-registered spectrum users, torespond to temporary broadbanddemand in times of accidents/naturaldisasters

・Defining the shared band・Institutional issues 5 GHz or below 20 Mbps for the

present

9-6 4G broadband system

4G Mobile Radio CommunicationSystem with seamless connectionbetween wireless access systems suchas 3G mobile phone and wireless LAN,etc.

・Solving various technicalissues 3-5 GHz

When traveling athigh-speed:Up to 100 Mbps

When traveling atlow-speed:Up to １ Gbps

Withinpremises-Nationwide

10-1 General-purpose IPradiocommunication system

IP packet communication system thatdoes not depend on topology such as adhoc, cellular, PtoP, and PtoMP, as wellas on frequency and bandwidth

・StandardizationVHF bandUHF band4.9 GHz band

Home-Nationwide

10-2 Seamless wireless broadbandsystem

Integrated system based on IPtechnology to distribute all types ofdigital contents including audio, music,video, etc.

Downlink　100MbpsUplink　50 Mbps

IP-based general-purposeradiocommunication system

Home-Nationwide

Media handover system(Seamless system)

45


11-1 Oceanic broadband

Ship earth station with variable linespeed is installed on a ship to utilize two-way satellite communication network forInternet access from the ship

・Reducing costs・Securing service

Ship-satellite-earth station

11-2 Internet backbone relay network

In areas where Internet backbone relaynetworks are short of capacity or are notimplemented, earth station with variableline speed is installed, to utilize two-waysatellite communication network to serveas the Internet backbone relay networkfor bridging the digital divide

・Securing communicationquality・Sharing use with other systems

Uplink:Up to 2 Mbps

Downlink:Up to several tensof Mbps

Rural area-satellite-earthstation

11-3 Internet subscriber line

VSAT earth station with variable linespeed is installed in a home located inan area where broadband service is notprovided, to utilize two-way satellitecommunication network as Internet thesubscriber line

・Securing communicationquality・Miniaturization of earth station;reducing costs

Uplink:Up to 2 Mbps

Downlink:Up to several tensof Mbps

Rural area-satellite-earthstation

11-445/40 GHz band satellitebroadband for disaster/disasterprevention communication

Satellite communication system thatenables video transmission, etc. in timesof disaster using a compact portabledevice

・Solving various technicalissues

45 GHz band40 GHz band 1.5-155 Mbps

Disasterarea-satellite-earth station

11-5 Mobile network system fordisaster area using solar airship

Solar airship is flown over disaster areato use as a temporary base station formobile networks

・Development of the airship・Investigating technicalrequirements

Disasterarea-sky-earth station

Ground-sky

Satellite broadband system

Ground-satellite

Ｃ bandKu band

46

4.3 Identification of needs elements

Typical needs elements were identified for what ordinary users would expect in wireless broadband communications 5 to 10 years from now.

As a result, it was decided that studies should be carried out based on the seven needs elements as shown below. (See Figure 4.3.1)

(1) Radiocommunications to which consumers are allowed to have access from anywhere

without knowing where the service is available

(2) Radiocommunications that have continuous access to the Internet at anytime upon

request

(3) Radiocommunications that ensures the required quality of communications

(4) Short-distance radiocommunications to establish interconnection in an easier method

than wired communications

(5) Radiocommunications to establish ad-hoc communications networks instantaneously

(6) Radiocommunications to establish communications circuits at lower costs within

economically disadvantaged areas than establishing wired communications networks

(7) Radiocommunications that ensures availability in the event of an emergency

Figure 4.3.1 Typical usage images for various needs elements

④④有線よりも簡易に接続を確立するための有線よりも簡易に接続を確立するための近距離無線通信近距離無線通信（（例）情報家電）

①①ユーザーが場所を意識することなく、どこでユーザーが場所を意識することなく、どこでもアクセス可能な無線通信もアクセス可能な無線通信（（例）携帯電話）

③③所要の通信品質を確保することができる所要の通信品質を確保することができる無線通信無線通信（（例）携帯電話）

⑥⑥有線での条件不利地域の通信回線を安価有線での条件不利地域の通信回線を安価に確立するための無線通信に確立するための無線通信（（例）FWA）

②必要に応じてインターネットに常時接続が可能と②必要に応じてインターネットに常時接続が可能と

なる無線通信なる無線通信

（（例）無線LAN、モバイル無線MAN）

⑤⑤瞬時にアドホック的な瞬時にアドホック的な無線通信網を構築する無線通信網を構築するための無線通信ための無線通信（（例） ITS、センサーネットワーク）

車同士の直接の通信によるデータ交換

前方優先車線進行車両有り

近づき過ぎです車線変更します

交差点進入します。

（例）ワイヤレスによる車の通信・速度情報、ブレーキング情報、路面情報等のデータ交換による事故防止など

⑦⑦非常時非常時にに確実に利用することが可能な無線確実に利用することが可能な無線通信通信

（（例）災害対策のための無線通信）

(1) Radio communications that enable users to Radio communications that enable users to communicate wherever they are, without awaking to communicate wherever they are, without awaking to where the service is where the service is availableavailable(e.g., Mobile phones)

(3) Radio communications that ensure the required quality Radio communications that ensure the required quality of of communicationscommunications(e.g., Mobile phones)

(2) Radio communications that has continuous access to Radio communications that has continuous access to the Internet at anytime upon the Internet at anytime upon requestrequest(e.g., wireless LAN, mobile wireless MAN)

(4) ShortShort--range radio communications that can establish range radio communications that can establish interconnection more easily than wired communicationsinterconnection more easily than wired communications(e.g., Intelligent home appliances)

(6) Radio communications to establish communications Radio communications to establish communications circuits at lower costs within economicallycircuits at lower costs within economicallydisadvantaged area for establishing wired disadvantaged area for establishing wired communications communications networksnetworks(e.g., FWA)

Car running ahead in the priority lane.

Data exchange between cars through direct communication

Too close.Changing lane.

e.g., Wireless car-to-car communicationsAccident prevention through exchange of speed data, braking information, road information, etc.

(7) Radio communications that ensures the use in cases Radio communications that ensures the use in cases of of emergencyemergency(e.g., wireless communications for disaster control)

Entering an intersection.

(5) Radio communications that can establish adRadio communications that can establish ad--hoc radio hoc radio communications communications instantlyinstantly(e.g., ITS, sensor network)

④④有線よりも簡易に接続を確立するための有線よりも簡易に接続を確立するための近距離無線通信近距離無線通信（（例）情報家電）

①①ユーザーが場所を意識することなく、どこでユーザーが場所を意識することなく、どこでもアクセス可能な無線通信もアクセス可能な無線通信（（例）携帯電話）

③③所要の通信品質を確保することができる所要の通信品質を確保することができる無線通信無線通信（（例）携帯電話）

⑥⑥有線での条件不利地域の通信回線を安価有線での条件不利地域の通信回線を安価に確立するための無線通信に確立するための無線通信（（例）FWA）

②必要に応じてインターネットに常時接続が可能と②必要に応じてインターネットに常時接続が可能と

なる無線通信なる無線通信

（（例）無線LAN、モバイル無線MAN）

⑤⑤瞬時にアドホック的な瞬時にアドホック的な無線通信網を構築する無線通信網を構築するための無線通信ための無線通信（（例） ITS、センサーネットワーク）

車同士の直接の通信によるデータ交換

前方優先車線進行車両有り

近づき過ぎです車線変更します

交差点進入します。

（例）ワイヤレスによる車の通信・速度情報、ブレーキング情報、路面情報等のデータ交換による事故防止など

⑦⑦非常時非常時にに確実に利用することが可能な無線確実に利用することが可能な無線通信通信

（（例）災害対策のための無線通信）

(1) Radio communications that enable users to Radio communications that enable users to communicate wherever they are, without awaking to communicate wherever they are, without awaking to where the service is where the service is availableavailable(e.g., Mobile phones)

(3) Radio communications that ensure the required quality Radio communications that ensure the required quality of of communicationscommunications(e.g., Mobile phones)

(2) Radio communications that has continuous access to Radio communications that has continuous access to the Internet at anytime upon the Internet at anytime upon requestrequest(e.g., wireless LAN, mobile wireless MAN)

(4) ShortShort--range radio communications that can establish range radio communications that can establish interconnection more easily than wired communicationsinterconnection more easily than wired communications(e.g., Intelligent home appliances)

(6) Radio communications to establish communications Radio communications to establish communications circuits at lower costs within economicallycircuits at lower costs within economicallydisadvantaged area for establishing wired disadvantaged area for establishing wired communications communications networksnetworks(e.g., FWA)

Car running ahead in the priority lane.

Data exchange between cars through direct communication

Too close.Changing lane.

e.g., Wireless car-to-car communicationsAccident prevention through exchange of speed data, braking information, road information, etc.

(7) Radio communications that ensures the use in cases Radio communications that ensures the use in cases of of emergencyemergency(e.g., wireless communications for disaster control)

Entering an intersection.

(5) Radio communications that can establish adRadio communications that can establish ad--hoc radio hoc radio communications communications instantlyinstantly(e.g., ITS, sensor network)

47

4.4 Categorizing future type of usage scenes with the needs elements

Based on the needs elements identified in the previous section, future usage scenes were categorized, taking questionnaire results into consideration. (See Figure 4.4.1)

Figure 4.4.1 Usage scenario categories based on needs elements

4.5 Requirements for system and others in each type of usage scenes

For each usage scenario category, system requirements (service provider, service area, communication quality, etc.) and wireless transmission technology requirements (transmission distance, transmission rate, etc.) necessary for usage scenes 5 to 10 years from now were identified, taking into consideration the questionnaire results.

Overview of each usage scenario and description on how the service is provided are presented in the following subsections. System requirements and wireless transmission technology requirements for the usage scenes are summarized in Table 4.5.1.

Based on the needs elements identified in the previous section, future usage scenes have been categorized.(Questionnaire results were taken into consideration in mapping the needs elements to the usage scenes.)

Needs elements

(1) Radio communications to which consumers are allowed to have access from anywhere without knowing where the service is available

(2) Radio communications that has continuous access to the Internet at anytime upon request

(3) Radio communications that ensures the required quality of communications

(4) Short-distance radio communications to establish interconnection in an easier method than wired communications

(5) Radio communications to establish ad-hoc radio communications networks instantaneously

(6) Radio communications to establish communications circuits at lower costs within economically disadvantaged area for establishing wired communications networks

(7) Radio communications that ensures the use in cases of emergency

Type of usage scenesType of usage scenes

NationwideUrban areas, etc.

Consumers may use the system without being conscious of where the service is available; once an interconnection is established, they may make use of the service, a given quality of speech being guaranteed (bandwidth guarantee) under any condition including travel in a car.

Within their ordinary radius of activities, consumers may use in a stress-free manner the service, under the broadband environment, via PCs brought from home or office. [Mobile SOHO]

Consumers are aware that the service can be available only at certain locations. They may use the easy-to-obtain and various broadband service at these locations.

Consumers may use, at home, office, facilities, etc. where wiredbroadband services are difficult to obtain, the broadband service under almost the same conditions as those for wired broadband services.

Radio equipment within a short distance automatically establishes optimum machine-to-machine networks. Consumers may use such networks without being conscious of communications between radio equipment.

Radio equipment automatically, instantaneously and by priority establishes machine-to-machine networks. Consumers may use such networks without being conscious of communications between radio equipment.

During an emergency, such as a natural disaster, consumers are ensured of the means to send and receive required minimum information.

Inte

grat

ion

such

as

thro

ugh

med

ia h

ando

ver,

etc.

is a

lso

expe

cted

* * Shows typical linkages between needs elements and usage scene caShows typical linkages between needs elements and usage scene categoriestegories

Based on the needs elements identified in the previous section, future usage scenes have been categorized.(Questionnaire results were taken into consideration in mapping the needs elements to the usage scenes.)

Needs elements

(1) Radio communications to which consumers are allowed to have access from anywhere without knowing where the service is available

(2) Radio communications that has continuous access to the Internet at anytime upon request

(3) Radio communications that ensures the required quality of communications

(4) Short-distance radio communications to establish interconnection in an easier method than wired communications

(5) Radio communications to establish ad-hoc radio communications networks instantaneously

(6) Radio communications to establish communications circuits at lower costs within economically disadvantaged area for establishing wired communications networks

(7) Radio communications that ensures the use in cases of emergency

Type of usage scenesType of usage scenes

NationwideUrban areas, etc.

Consumers may use the system without being conscious of where the service is available; once an interconnection is established, they may make use of the service, a given quality of speech being guaranteed (bandwidth guarantee) under any condition including travel in a car.

Within their ordinary radius of activities, consumers may use in a stress-free manner the service, under the broadband environment, via PCs brought from home or office. [Mobile SOHO]

Consumers are aware that the service can be available only at certain locations. They may use the easy-to-obtain and various broadband service at these locations.

Consumers may use, at home, office, facilities, etc. where wiredbroadband services are difficult to obtain, the broadband service under almost the same conditions as those for wired broadband services.

Radio equipment within a short distance automatically establishes optimum machine-to-machine networks. Consumers may use such networks without being conscious of communications between radio equipment.

Radio equipment automatically, instantaneously and by priority establishes machine-to-machine networks. Consumers may use such networks without being conscious of communications between radio equipment.

During an emergency, such as a natural disaster, consumers are ensured of the means to send and receive required minimum information.

Inte

grat

ion

such

as

thro

ugh

med

ia h

ando

ver,

etc.

is a

lso

expe

cted

* * Shows typical linkages between needs elements and usage scene caShows typical linkages between needs elements and usage scene categoriestegories

48

4.5.1 usage scene 1

Users can access wireless broadband service without having to know where the service is available. Once connection is established, a certain level of communication quality is guaranteed regardless of the user's conditions, including while traveling in cars.

(How the service is provided) Service is targeted at the general public, and a certain level of communication quality is

ensured for narrowband use, such as telephone. The service also supports high-speed mobility. Telecommunications operators will provide the service to ensure that it is available nationwide.

4.5.2 usage scene 2

Users can use their personal computers stress-free in the same broadband environment as in their home or workplace even when they are away, if they are within their normal range of locations (mobile home environment, mobile office).

(How the service is provided) Telecommunications operators will provide services covering a wide area centering around

urban areas. The service will also support mobility up to a certain speed. Service is targeted at the general public, so although a certain level of connectivity will be guaranteed, it will be a best-effort type of communication.

4.5.3 usage scene 3

Users are aware that wireless broadband service is available only at certain locations where a variety1 of broadband services are offered.

(How the service is provided) Service is offered at certain spots, while also allowing nomadic use. Service is offered by

telecommunications operators and/or by interconnection of individual networks.

4.5.4 usage scene 4

Wireless broadband service is provided in a manner similar to wired systems, at home, the workplace, and facilities where it is difficult to provide wired broadband service.

(How the service is provided) This service complements wired communication networks in areas where it is difficult to

provide broadband services via wired networks such as DSL and fiber optics. It mainly provides a means of communications between fixed facilities. It is used for low-cost backbone communications networks in mountainous areas, isolated islands, and other areas that suffer from the digital divide, as well as for last-mile connectivity in urban areas.

1 Examples of broadband services include serving as an alternative for existing mobile phones in a closed area and enabling instantaneous download within a short range.

49

4.5.5 usage scene 5

Wireless devices located within a short distance automatically form an optimum network for users to access without having to know about the devices communicating with each other.

(How the service is provided) Used for communications between devices, including home appliances and AV devices within

a close range or limited area, such as within a room or the home. Wirelessly connects portable home appliances and AV devices within a close range.

4.5.6 usage scene 6

Mobile wireless devices form a network automatically, spontaneously, and on a priority base, for users to access without having to know about the devices communicating to each other.

(How the service is provided) In car-to-car communication and road-to-car communication, ad-hoc networks are reliably

formed to process a large number of packet communications instantaneously, without the user having to be aware of them.

4.5.7 usage scene 7

At a time of emergency, such as a natural disaster, the minimum level of information exchange necessary can take place reliably, regardless of the communication system used.

(How the service is provided) The system is built to reliably issue warnings and evacuation information to local residents in

the event of emergency, such as a natural disaster, as well as to enable evacuees and disaster victims to exchange necessary information, including confirmation of their safety. Communication is realized by using terminal devices on hand, without having to be aware of the communications network.

This chapter reviewed needs elements, usage scenes, system requirements, and wireless transmission technology requirements. The next chapter will continue to examine in detail system requirements and wireless transmission technology requirements, forecast the needs growth of needs and frequency demand in the period approx. 5 to 10 years from now, and frequency reallocation/ wireless broadband promotion strategies.

50

Table 4.5.1 System requirements and wireless transmission technology requirements for realization of each usage scene (1)

Always-on connectionCarrier-sense methodCentrally controlled by base station

Centrally controlled by base station

How communication is established

NoYesYesYesPower control

Low to mediumLow to mediumLow to mediumLowPermissible delay time

LowLowUp to several tens of kilometers/hUp to 300 km/hMobility speed

Several Mbps to 100 MbpsSeveral Mbps to 100 MbpsSeveral Mbps to 100 MbpsSeveral Mbps to 1 GbpsRequired transmission rate

Several kilometers to several tens of kilometers

Cell radius up to several hundred meters

Cell radius of several kilometers to over ten kilometers

Cell radius of several hundred meters to over ten kilometers

Transmission distance(cell radius)

(Wireless transmission technology requirements)

Provided by service provider Provided by user (also by service provider as necessary)Provided by service providerProvided by service providerSecurity

FWAWireless LANWireless MANMobile phoneExample

Bandwidth guaranteed, best-effortUplink bandwidth can be expanded as necessary

Best-effortUplink bandwidth can be expanded as necessary


Bandwidth guaranteed, best-effortCommunication quality/characteristics

YesYes/NoYes/NoYesAccounting system

YesYesYesYesConnectivity with Internet

Depends on serviceDepends on serviceImportantImportantConnectivity with public networks

LowLowMediumHighMobility

LimitedInside a certain building and its premises

Wide area centering around urban areasNationwideService area

Telecommunication carriers or provided under the leadership of local governments

Telecommunication carriers or independently managedTelecommunication carriersTelecommunication carriersService provider

Device-to-deviceHuman-to-human, human-to-device

Human-to-human, human-to-device

Human-to-human, human-to-deviceMainly for connection between:

(System requirements for usage scene)

Usage scene 4Usage scene 3Usage scene 2Usage scene 1

Always-on connectionCarrier-sense methodCentrally controlled by base station

Centrally controlled by base station


NoYesYesYesPower control

Low to mediumLow to mediumLow to mediumLowPermissible delay time

LowLowUp to several tens of kilometers/hUp to 300 km/hMobility speed

Several Mbps to 100 MbpsSeveral Mbps to 100 MbpsSeveral Mbps to 100 MbpsSeveral Mbps to 1 GbpsRequired transmission rate

Several kilometers to several tens of kilometers

Cell radius up to several hundred meters

Cell radius of several kilometers to over ten kilometers

Cell radius of several hundred meters to over ten kilometers

Transmission distance(cell radius)


Provided by service provider Provided by user (also by service provider as necessary)Provided by service providerProvided by service providerSecurity

FWAWireless LANWireless MANMobile phoneExample

Bandwidth guaranteed, best-effortUplink bandwidth can be expanded as necessary



Bandwidth guaranteed, best-effortCommunication quality/characteristics

YesYes/NoYes/NoYesAccounting system

YesYesYesYesConnectivity with Internet

Depends on serviceDepends on serviceImportantImportantConnectivity with public networks

LowLowMediumHighMobility

LimitedInside a certain building and its premises

Wide area centering around urban areasNationwideService area


Telecommunication carriers or independently managedTelecommunication carriersTelecommunication carriersService provider

Device-to-deviceHuman-to-human, human-to-device

Human-to-human, human-to-device

Human-to-human, human-to-deviceMainly for connection between:


Usage scene 4Usage scene 3Usage scene 2Usage scene 1

51

Table 4.5.1 System requirements and wireless transmission technology requirements for realization of each usage scene (2)


NoNoYesPower control

LowLowLowPermissible delay time

-HighNoneMobility speed

Up to several MbpsSeveral Mbps to several hundred MbpsUp to several hundred MbpsRequired transmission rate

Several kilometers to several tens of kilometersOver several hundred metersUp to several tens of metersTransmission distance (cell radius)


Provided by deviceProvided by deviceProvided by deviceSecurity

Disaster prevention radio communication system/emergency warning signals

ITSWireless LAN(between router and PC)Example

Bandwidth guaranteedBandwidth guaranteed

Bandwidth guaranteed (depends on service)Best-effortUplink bandwidth can be expanded as necessary

Communication quality/characteristics

NoNoYes/NoAccounting system

Depends on serviceDepends on serviceDepends on serviceConnectivity with Internet

Depends on serviceDepends on serviceDepends on serviceConnectivity with public networks

-HighNoneMobility

-RoadShort-range, within a room/houseService area


Provided under the leadership of user

Provided under the leadership of userService provider

Human-to-human, human-to-deviceDevice-to-deviceDevice-to-deviceMainly for connection between:


Usage scene 7Usage scene 6Usage scene 5


NoNoYesPower control

LowLowLowPermissible delay time

-HighNoneMobility speed

Up to several MbpsSeveral Mbps to several hundred MbpsUp to several hundred MbpsRequired transmission rate

Several kilometers to several tens of kilometersOver several hundred metersUp to several tens of metersTransmission distance (cell radius)


Provided by deviceProvided by deviceProvided by deviceSecurity

Disaster prevention radio communication system/emergency warning signals

ITSWireless LAN(between router and PC)Example

Bandwidth guaranteedBandwidth guaranteed

Bandwidth guaranteed (depends on service)Best-effortUplink bandwidth can be expanded as necessary

Communication quality/characteristics

NoNoYes/NoAccounting system

Depends on serviceDepends on serviceDepends on serviceConnectivity with Internet

Depends on serviceDepends on serviceDepends on serviceConnectivity with public networks

-HighNoneMobility

-RoadShort-range, within a room/houseService area


Provided under the leadership of user

Provided under the leadership of userService provider

Human-to-human, human-to-deviceDevice-to-deviceDevice-to-deviceMainly for connection between:


Usage scene 7Usage scene 6Usage scene 5

52

Chapter 5: Study of introduction scenarios and frequency bands based on usage scenes

5.1 Call for proposal about actual systems

The previous chapters describe the fundamental viewpoints on wireless broadband, the future need elements, and considerations on the groups of real applications and conditions such as system requirements that meet them, based on the understanding of the status of wireless broadband services provided at home and abroad and the like. To discuss the specific frequency reallocation and other matters for the purpose of diffusing wireless broadband services based on these descriptions, more concrete consideration must be given to the selection of requirements for systems and wireless transmission technologies, etc. that implement future wireless broadband systems for each application group.

For this reason, from April 14 to May 20, 2005 this Study Group extensively invited the public to offer their proposals on wireless broadband systems that are specifically planned or envisioned in the future, and the frequency bands and bandwidths required for the realization of the systems.

As a result of the public invitation, this Study Group received as many as 72 proposals from 44 companies on such wireless broadband systems as 4G Mobile Radio Communication Systems, wireless access systems, next-generation intelligent home appliances, and ITS for Safety and Security.

The proposed systems are listed in Figure 5.1.1. Detailed information on them is available in the attached Reference 3.

Based on the proposed systems, the following sections consider the future picture of specific wireless broadband services for each usage scene, and the realization of wireless broadband systems, the allocation of required frequencies, measures to promote the diffusion of the systems, etc. based on the future picture.

53

List of Received Proposals (72Proposals from 44 Companies) 　　Figure 5.1.1: Results of Received Proposals on Specific Systems Based on usage scenes (Summary Version)

Gro

up Ref. No. System Name DescriptionWhen Service isExpected to Be

Introduced

Frequency Band (FrequencyBandwidth)

SystemTransmission

Speed

Related Standardsand System

　

　

Ⅰ

　

　

Ⅱ

　

　

Ⅲ

　

　

Ⅳ

　

　

Ⅴ

　

　

Ⅵ

　　Ⅶ

etc.Company

1-1Mobile broadband wireless accesssystem (MBWA: IEEE802.20, FlashOFDM)

Introduces a broadband wireless WAN system(Flash OFDM) that enables high-speed datacommunications for high-speed mobile objects.

2006 400MHz to 3.5GHz band(100MHz)

1Mbps or higher(DL)300kbps or higher(UL)

IEEE802.20 ◎ ○ ○ Siemens K.K.

1-2 WCDMA extended multi-carrier system(Evolved WCDMA)

Introduces a WCDMA extended multi-carriersystem. 2008 700MHz to 3GHz band (60MHz x

2) WCDMA ◎ ○ ○ ○ ○QUALCOMM JapanIncorporated

1-3 cdma2000 extended multi-carrier system(Evolved cdma2000)

Introduces a cdma2000 extended multi-carriersystem. 2008 700MHz to 3GHz band (60MHz x

2) cdma2000 ◎ ○ ○ ○ ○QUALCOMM JapanIncorporated

1-4Next-generation Mobile RadioCommunication System (3G LTE and 4G)

Introduces a 4G Mobile Radio CommunicationSystem and a system that adopts some 4Gfunctions in advance in the transition period from3G to 4G.

From 2010 to 2015Up to 3GHz band (up to 40MHz)Up to 6GHz band 100Mbps to 1Gbps 3G LTE,

4G ◎ ○ Fujitsu Limited

1-5 B3G Wireless Broadband SystemIntroduces a wireless Internet high-speed accesssystem that serves fixed to high-speed mobileobjects and provides a voice service.

From 2007 to 2012 2 to 6GHz band (1GHz) Up to 100Mbps 4G ◎ ○ ○ ○ ○ NEC Corporation

1-6 4G Mobile Radio Communication SystemIntroduces a 4G Mobile Radio CommunicationSystem that enables broadband transmissions atthe time of high-speed travel, on the assumptionthat it connects to an IP network.

About 2010 3.4 to 4.2/ 4.4 to 4.9GHz band 100Mbps to 1Gbps 4G ◎ ○ ○ NTT DoCoMo Inc.

1-7 3G Mobile Radio Communication Systemand advanced system

Introduces a system derived from enhancing W-CDMA systems with functions such as HSDPA,HSUPA, Evolved UTRA, and UTRAN (Super3G).

From 2006 to 2010

1.7GHz band and 2.5GHz band(approx. 330 to 340MHz), and a1.5GHz band is envisioned as acandidate

100Mbps IMT2000 ◎ ○ NTT DoCoMo Inc.

1-8New-generation Mobile RadioCommunication System (using SCS-MC-CDMA (Sub-carrier Selecting MC-CDMA))

Provides a Mobile Radio Communication Systemthat adopts the SCS-MC-CDMA method thatachieves a high frequency usage rate whileaccommodating users who have different servicerequirements, by assigning variable sub carriersto a user in response to the user's transmissionspeed.

About 2010 3 to 5GHz band (100MHz orhigher) MC-CDMA ◎ SOFTBANK BB Corp.

1-9 Broadband TD-CDMA(7.68Mcps/15.36Mcps system)

Provides a high-speed wireless access system byusing wider bandwidths, MIMO technology, etc.based on TD-CDMA.

From 2006 to about2007(for standardization)

2.5GHz band (70MHz) TD-CDMA ◎ ○ IPMobile Incorporated

usag

e sc

ene

1

usage scene

54

Gro


Introduced


SystemTransmission

Speed


　

　

Ⅰ

　

　

Ⅱ

　

　

Ⅲ

　

　

Ⅳ

　

　

Ⅴ

　

　

Ⅵ

　　Ⅶ

etc.Company

usage scene

1-10 Evolved WCDMA/HSDPA/HSUPA(Super3G)

Provides a system derived from further enhancingW-CDMA systems with enhanced HSDPA,HSUPA, etc.

About 2009 3 to 6GHz band (855MHz)Up to 100Mbps(DL)Up to 50Mbps (UL)

4G ◎ ○ eAccess Ltd.

2-1Data communication and voicecommunication services with wirelessLAN and wireless MAN

Provides a wireless data communication serviceand a mobile communication service using VoIPon a nationwide scale with WiMAX(IEEE802.16/16e) for wider areas and WiFi(IEEE802.11a/b/g/n) for narrower areas .

The summer of2005

2.4/4.9/5.2GHz band（20MHz × (4 to 8))

IEEE802.16/16e,IEEE802.11a/b/g/n

○ ◎ ○ ○HEISEI DENDENCO., LTD.

2-2Subscriber high-speed wireless accesssystem

Provides a service for subscriber high-speedwireless access that can even deal with mobileobjects by using WiMAX (IEEE802.16e).

From the secondhalf of fiscal year2006 until fiscalyear 2007

2.5/3.5GHz band (20MHz) IEEE802.16e ◎The Kansai ElectricPower Co., Inc.

2-3Broadband wireless MAN systemIEEE802.16: WiMAX (World-wideinteroperability for Microwave Access)

Introduces a high-speed wireless access system(using WiMAX (IEEE802.16-2004/16e)) thatcovers consecutive wide areas and that can evendeal with high-speed mobile objects.

From the first halfof 2005 until mid-2006

700MHz band2.5 to 2.69GHz band3.4 to 3.6GHz band5.725 to 5.85GHz band

15Mbps/5MHzbandwidth (16e) IEEE802.16 ○ ◎ ○ Siemens K.K.

2-4

MBWA (Mobile Broadband WirelessAccess)Flash OFDMIEEE802.20

Introduces a wireless access system (using FlashOFDM (IEEE802.20)) that allows the Internet tobe used through broadband at any time and anyplace, like cell phones.

(Once frequencieshave been secured)

400MHz to 3.5GHz band (1.25/5MHz) IEEE802.20 ○ ◎ ○ ○

①②③⑥⑦

Flarion TechnologiesInc.

2-5 Wireless MAN system using WiMAX Introduces a wireless MAN system using WiMAX(IEEE802.16-2004/16e). From 2007 to 2008 2.5GHz band (30MHz)

3.5GHz band (15MHz) IEEE802.16 ◎ ○ Intel Corporation

2-6 High-speed wireless Internet system Provides a high-speed Internet service foroutdoor users by unwiring broadband. From 2007 onwards Up to 3GHz band (80 to

100MHz）IEEE802.16,1 x EV-DO ◎ Hitachi, Ltd.

2-7 IEEE802.16e (Portable & Mobile) Introduces a wireless access system that enablesmobile computing based on IEEE802.16e. From 2007 onwards Up to 3GHz band (up to 20MHz) Up to 75Mbps IEEE802.16e ◎ Fujitsu Limited

2-8Nomadic broadband access (wirelessbroadband access using WiMAX that istransparent to users)

Provides a transparent nomadic high-speedwireless access service available to users bycombining WiMAX and an existing wirelesssystem (such as wireless LAN, cell phone/PHS).

From 2006 to 2007 2.5/ 3.5/ 5GHz band (100MHz) IEEE802.16 ◎ ○ ○ POWEREDCOM, Inc.

2-9 Portable broadband wireless accesssystem

Introduces a wireless access system based onIEEE802.16e that achieves throughput as goodas that of wired broadband with a little lessportability than that of cell phones.

Fiscal year 2007 Up to 3GHz band (80MHz) IEEE802.16e ◎

Mitsubishi ElectricCorporation /Teksel Co., Ltd.

2-10 Mobile broadband system usingIEEE802.20 standard

Introduces a wireless access system (using FlashOFDM (IEEE802.20)) that allows the Internet tobe used through broadband at any time and anyplace.


400MHz to 3.5GHz band(1.2 to 5MHz) IEEE802.20 ○ ◎ ○ ○

①②③⑥⑦

ITOCHU TECHNO-SCIENCE Corporation

usag

e sc

ene

2

55

Gro


Introduced


SystemTransmission

Speed


　

　

Ⅰ

　

　

Ⅱ

　

　

Ⅲ

　

　

Ⅳ

　

　

Ⅴ

　

　

Ⅵ

　　Ⅶ

etc.Company

usage scene

2-11

Development of a wireless broadbandnetwork that allows for proposing dualservices using IPv6 as their core,including Ipv4, and the construction of anemergency medical care assistancesystem working outside by using WiMAX.

Implement a system that uses WiMAX to enablemedical charts to be referred to whenadministering first aid outside. December 2005 4.9GHz band (10/20MHz) WiMAX ○ ◎ YOZAN Inc.

2-12

Development of a wireless broadbandnetwork that allows proposing dualservices using IPv6 as their core,including Ipv4, and the construction of aninteractive video chat system by usingWiMAX.

Uses WiMAX to provide a video chat service thatcan be used outdoors. December 2005 4.9GHz band (10/20MHz) WiMAX ◎ ○ YOZAN Inc.

2-13 IEEE802.16e-based Portable BroadbandWireless Access System

Introduces a wireless access system based onIEEE802.16e that can support either best-effort orbandwidth-guaranteed services.

(Two years afterfrequencies havebeen secured)

2.5/Up to 3GHz band(20MHz x n) 1 to 15Mbps IEEE802.16e ◎ Motorola Inc.

2-14 Portable Internet System

Introduces a wireless access system that enablesthe Internet to be used through broadband at anytime and any place, even when traveling, at acomparatively low cost by using IEEE802.16e.

About April 2006 2.3/2.5/3.5/5.8GHz band(10/20 MHz)

512kbps to 3Mbps(DL) IEEE802.16e ◎ ○

①②③⑥⑦

Samsung Corporation

2-15

New-generation WiMAX Mobile RadioCommunication System(IEEE802.16e)(Worldwide Interoperability for MicrowaveAccess)

Uses WiMAX (IEEE802.16e) to provide a servicefor subscriber high-speed wireless access thatcan even deal with mobile objects.

About 2006 770MHz/2.3/2.5/3.5/5.8GHz band(1.25 to 20MHz x n) IEEE802.16e ○ ◎ SOFTBANK BB Corp.

2-16 Wireless Broad Bband System adoptingPHS-based TDD Method

Implements a PHS-based high-speed wirelessaccess system by using OFDM, MIMOtechnology, advanced encoding, etc.

To about 2010 1.9/2/2.5GHz band (68 to97MHz) PHS ○ ◎ ○ ○ ○ ○ WILLCOM Inc.

2-17 PIMS (Portable Internet Multimedia-System)

Provides a high-speed Internet service for evenoutdoor users by unwiring broadband. From 2008 onwards Up to 3GHz band (about 95MHz) IEEE802.16e ◎ ○

②③

KDDI CORPORATION

2-18 Mobile broadband wireless access(MBWA)

Uses IEEE802.20 to provide an Internet servicethat can even deal with high-speed mobileobjects.

From 2006 onwards450/700 to 900MHz/ 2.3/2.5GHz band(20MHz × 2)

Several megabitsper second to tensof megabits persecond

IEEE802.20 ○ ◎ ○ ○

①②③⑦

JAPAN TELECOMCO., LTD.

2-19 Mobile broadband service usingIEEE802.16e technology.

Introduces an IEEE802.16e system that enablesmobile centrex, etc. over a comparatively widearea.

From mid-2007 UHF band,2.5/3.5/5.8GHz band IEEE802.16e ◎ ○

FUSIONCOMMUNICATIONSCORPORATION

2-20 Mobile WiMAX (IEEE802.16e) Introduces mobile WiMAX (IEEE802.16e). About 2009 Up to 6GHz band (445MHz) Up to 75Mbps IEEE802.16e ○ ◎ eAccess Ltd.

2-21 iBurst Mobile Broadband System Introduces an IEEE802.20 system (iBurst) usinga space multiplexing technology.

(Half a year afterfrequencies havebeen secured)

1.5 to 2.4GHz (5MHz) Up to 1Mbps IEEE802.20 ○ ◎ ○ ○ ○①②⑥

OAK Global LLC

usag

e sc

ene

2

56

Gro


Introduced


SystemTransmission

Speed


　

　

Ⅰ

　

　

Ⅱ

　

　

Ⅲ

　

　

Ⅳ

　

　

Ⅴ

　

　

Ⅵ

　　Ⅶ

etc.Company

usage scene

3-1 802.11n wireless LAN system Introduces an IEEE802.11n wireless LAN system. November 2006 (forstandardization)

2.4 to 5GHz band (200MHz) From 100Mbps IEEE802.11n ○ ◎ ○③④

QUALCOMM JapanIncorporated

3-2 High-speed wireless LAN Introduces a next-generation IEEE802.11n high-speed wireless LAN system. From 2010 onwards 5GHz band (300MHz) Up to 1Gbps IEEE802.11,

IEEE802.22 ◎ Hitachi, Ltd.

3-3 NWA (Nomadic Wireless Access)system

Provides a 5GHz-band wireless LAN serviceoutdoors. From 2005 to 2006 5GHz band (20MHz)

Several megabitsper second to100Mbps

IEEE802.11j ○ ◎ ○ ○JAPAN TELECOMCO., LTD.

3-4 Train broadband wireless access Provides a broadband service within railwaycarriages. From 2006 to 2007

onwards2.5/3 to 5GHz band (20MHz x 4)

Several megabitsper secondto100Mbps

IEEE802.11,IEEE802.20 ◎ ○ ②


3-5 Enterprise wireless broadband serviceusing wireless LAN technology

Introduces a 5GHz-band wireless LAN systemthat allows for mobile centrex, etc.

In the first half of2006

5GHz band(20/40/80MHz) IEEE802.11 ◎ ○ ○

FUSIONCOMMUNICATIONSCORPORATION

4-1 Optical wireless communication system

Introduces an optical wireless communicationsystem that enables large-capacity lines to be laidin a short period of time at low cost and that hasno limit on frequency bands because lightwavesare used.

(Alreadycommerciallyavailable)

Optical band (light wavelength:0.78μm, 1.55μm) 1Gbps (Optical wireless

communication) ◎ ○

②④⑥⑦

Canon Sales Co., Inc.

4-2 Amenity project

Carries out a service that provides fine-tunedinformation to meet various needs of communityresidents in several regions with WiMAX throughgovernment-industry-academia collaboration.

April 2005(Experiment)About 2008(Commercial)

3.5GHz band (10/20MHz),2.5GHz band (5MHz) WiMAX ○ ○ ◎ ○

Specified NonprofitCorporationSustainable CommunityCenter

4-3 WiMAX-powered wireless broadbandsystem for remote sites

Introduces an inexpensive wireless accesssystem for remote sites (using WiMAX(IEEE802.16-2004)) that ensures that devicesfrom different manufacturers can be connected.

From the secondhalf of 2005onwards

3.4 to 3.6GHz band(1.75/3.5/7/10/20MHz) IEEE802.16-2004 ◎ EXE Corporation

4-4Optical wireless communication system - Outdoor/Indoor optical wirelesscommunication

Introduces an optical wireless communicationsystem that is excellent in privacy, that enableslarge-capacity lines to be laid without difficulty,and that has no limit on frequency bands becauselightwaves are used.


Optical band 1Gbps (Optical wirelesscommunication) ○ ◎ ○ ○

②③④⑤⑦

InfraredCommunicationSystems Association(ICSA)

4-5 IEEE802.16-2004 (Fixed & Nomadic) Introduces a nomadic or fixed wireless accesssystem based on IEEE802.16-2004.

From the secondhalf of 2006onwards

Up to 11GHz band (Up to20MHz)

Up to 75Mbps IEEE802.16-2004 ○ ◎ Fujitsu Limited

4-6 WiMAX wireless access service Uses WiMAX to provide high-speed FWA servicein metropolitan areas.

From December2005 onwards 2/4.95GHz band (Up to 20MHz) IEEE802.16 ○ ◎ ○

NTTPCCommunications, Inc.

usag

e sc

ene

3us

age

scen

e 4

57

Gro


Introduced


SystemTransmission

Speed


　

　

Ⅰ

　

　

Ⅱ

　

　

Ⅲ

　

　

Ⅳ

　

　

Ⅴ

　

　

Ⅵ

　　Ⅶ

etc.Company

usage scene

4-7 Internet backbone relay lineIntroduces a C-band or Ku-band satellite systemthat provides Internet backbone relay lines toless-favored areas.

From the secondhalf of fiscal year2005 onwards

4/6/12/14GHz band(600MHz)

(Satellitecommunication) ◎ JSAT Corporation

4-8 Internet subscriber lineIntroduces a Ku-band satellite system thatprovides Internet subscriber lines to less-favoredareas.

From fiscal year2006 onwards 12/14GHz band (60MHz) (Satellite

communication) ◎ JSAT Corporation

4-9 Marine broadbandIntroduces a C-band or Ku-band satellite systemthat provides Internet subscriber lines to earthstations onboard vessels.

From fiscal year2005 onwards

4/6/12/14GHz band(30MHz)

(Satellitecommunication) ◎ JSAT Corporation

4-10

Development of a wireless broadbandnetwork that allows for proposing dualservices using IPv6 as their core,including Ipv4, and the elimination ofdigital divide situations in urban areas byusing WiMAX.

Uses WiMAX to provide a high-speed wirelessaccess service to less-favored areas within urbanareas.

December 2005 4.9GHz band (10/ 20MHz) WiMAX ○ ○ ◎ YOZAN Inc.

4-11IEEE802.16-2004-based FixedBroadbandWireless Access System

Introduces a wireless access system based onIEEE802.16-2004 that can support either best-effort or bandwidth-guaranteed services.


2.5/3.3 to 3.4/4.9GHz band(20MHz × n) Up to 70Mbps IEEE802.16-2004 ◎ Motorola Inc.

4-12 Low microwave-band wireless accesssystem with FDD system

Introduces a fixed wireless access or nomadicaccess system based on W-CDMA in urbanareas.

From April 2006onwards 2.5/3 to 4GHz band (5MHz × 2) Up to 12Mbps (DL) DS-CDMA ○ ◎ Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd.

4-13 MP-MP type FWA systemIntroduces a system that configures an MP-MPtype of network by placing the multi-hop type ofFWA systems in the mesh or tree topology.

(Within a few years) Up to 10GHz band (80MHz) ◎ ○ KDDI CORPORATION

4-14 Wireless access system (usingIEEE802.16)

Provides a broadband service to less-favoredareas by using IEEE802.16, on the assumptionthat it will provide a broadband environment,including mobile environments, in the future.

From 2006 to 2007 2.3/3 to 6GHz band(20MHz × 2 x n)

Several megabitsper second to75Mbps

IEEE802.16 ○ ○ ◎

③⑥⑦⑧


4-15 Optical wireless communication systemIntroduces an optical wireless communicationsystem that excels in privacy and has littleinterference because it uses lightwaves.


Optical band 1Gbps (Optical wirelesscommunication) ○ ◎ ○ ○

②④⑥⑧

Metropolitan OpticalBeam NetworkPromotion Council(OBN)

4-16 iBurst ANSI T1P1 or IEEE802.20 (HC-SDMA or iBurst)system using a space multiplexing technology. By the end of 2005 Up to 2.5GHz band (5 to 20MHz)

24.4 Mbps/ 5MHz(DL), 8.0 Mbps/5MHz (UL)1.061 Mbps/User(DL), 0.346Mbps/User (UL)

ATIS ANSI T1P1,IEEE802.20 ○ ○ ○ ◎ ○ KYOCERA Corporation

usag

e sc

ene

4

58

Gro


Introduced


SystemTransmission

Speed


　

　

Ⅰ

　

　

Ⅱ

　

　

Ⅲ

　

　

Ⅳ

　

　

Ⅴ

　

　

Ⅵ

　　Ⅶ

etc.Company

usage scene

5-1 Cable-less connection system thatconnects adjacent devices through UWB

Introduces a wireless connection system thatconnects AV devices through UWB. Fiscal year 2006

3.1 to 10.6GHz (1.8GHz orhigher) 110/200/ 480Mbps UWB ◎ Hitachi, Ltd.

5-2 Item management system using UWBwireless positioning

Introduces an indoor item management systemusing UWB that has positioning functionality. Fiscal year 2007

3.1 to 10.6GHz (1.8GHz orhigher)

Several hundredkilobits per secondto several megabitsper second

UWB ◎ Hitachi, Ltd.

5-3 Home network system using radiospectrum

Introduces a system that connects AV devices,etc. with each other, with assured quality, andfacilitates the initialization and addition of suchdevices.

About 2007 5GHz band (750MHz or higher) IEEE802.11n, etc. ◎

Communications andInformation NetworkAssociation of Japan

6-1 Safe driving assistance system usingcar-to-car communications

Introduces a driving assistance system thatmakes active use of communication technologiesto avoid mutual car-to-car crashes and accidentsinvolving pedestrians.

From fiscal year2010 onwards

700MHz to 1GHz band (such as770MHz band), 1.5 to 3GHz band(such as 1.7GHz and 2.4GHzband), 5.8 to 6GHz band (suchas 5.8GHz band)(30M to 50MHz (multiple bandscan be specified))

(ITS) ◎

Japan AutomobileManufacturersAssociation, Inc.

6-2 Ad hoc car-to-car communicationnetwork

Introduces an autonomous communicationnetwork with on-board radio devices that enablescar-to-car communications at normal times andrelays P2P communications in emergencies.

(80MHz) (ITS) ◎ ⑤ ITOCHU Corporation

6-3 79GHz-band ITS travel-applied system(with radar and communications)

Introduces an ITS applied system that improvessafety by allowing a car to autonomously detectand determine the travel environment around itand its status, and mutually communicate withother cars about its travel intentions (such as lanechanges)

From 2010 to 2013 79GHz band (4GHz) (ITS) ◎ Hitachi, Ltd.

6-4 5.9GHz ITS wireless communicationsystem

Introduces a safe driving assistance system thatuses car-to-car and road-to-car communicationswith the 5.9GHz-band as its dedicated frequencyband.

About 2010 5.9GHz band (80MHz) DSRC 　 ◎ Hitachi, Ltd.

6-5 VHF band ITS wireless communicationsystem

Implements a wireless communication systemthat controls various types of wireless media forITS in a wide variety of frequency bands andeliminates blind zones.

About 2010 170 to 222MHz band (10MHz) (ITS) ◎ Hitachi, Ltd.

6-6ITS system (with car-to-carcommunications, road-to-carcommunications, and radar)


200776 to 81/59 to 66GHz band (2 to3GHz),5.8GHz band (80MHz)

Up to 100Mbps (ITS) ○ ◎ Fujitsu Limited

usag

e sc

ene

5us

age

scen

e 6

59

Gro


Introduced


SystemTransmission

Speed


　

　

Ⅰ

　

　

Ⅱ

　

　

Ⅲ

　

　

Ⅳ

　

　

Ⅴ

　

　

Ⅵ

　　Ⅶ

etc.Company

usage scene

6-7 Road-to-car and car-to-carcommunications

Introduces a system that performs road-car andcar-to-car communications in an integrated waywith the main purpose of collecting and providinginformation that can contribute to car safety.

From 2012 onward 5.9GHz band (75MHz) IEEE802.11p ○ ○ ◎ ○ NEC Corporation

6-8 Driving assistance system throughinfrastructural cooperation (using road-car/car-to-car communications)


From 2010 onwards

100 to 400MHz band,700 to 1GHz band,1.5 to 3GHz band,3 to 5GHz band,5.8 to 6GHz band,Millimeter wave band

IEEE802.11p ○ ○ ○ ◎③⑤

Toyota MotorCorporation

6-9 Car-to-car communication system forsafe driving assistance

Introduces a driving assistance system thatmakes active use of communication technologiesto exchange driving information, etc. betweencars.

From 2008 to 2010 5.8GHz band (100MHz) (ITS) ◎ ○Japan AutomobileResearch Institute

6-10 Car-to-car communication system

Introduces a driving assistance system thatmakes active use of communication technologiesto exchange driving information, etc. betweencars.

From 2008 to about2010

200MHz band (4MHz or more),5GHz band (50 to 100MHz) IEEE802.11p ◎

Oki Electric IndustryCo., Ltd.

6-11 Broadband car-to-car communicationsystem

Introduces a driving assistance system thatmakes active use of communication technologiesto avoid mutual car-to-car crashes.

About 2010 5.7 to 5.9GHz band (80MHz) DSRC ○ ◎ Denso Corporation

usag

e sc

ene

6

60

Gro


Introduced


SystemTransmission

Speed


　

　

Ⅰ

　

　

Ⅱ

　

　

Ⅲ

　

　

Ⅳ

　

　

Ⅴ

　

　

Ⅵ

　　Ⅶ

etc.Company

usage scene

7-1 Millimeter wave band mobile satellitecommunication system

Implements a broadband system such as theInternet that can even be used at the time of amagnetic storm or nuclear blast by usingmillimeter wave band mobile satellitecommunications.

In the 2010s 50/40GHz band (2GHz) 100Mbps (Satellitecommunication) ○ ○ ◎

National Institute ofInformation andCommunicationsTechnology

7-2 VHF band disaster management wirelesscommunication system

Implements a multi-hop ad hoc wirelesscommunication system that can be utilized withoutbase stations in the event of disasters .

Form 2007 to about2010 VHF band (tens of MHz) ○ ◎

③⑤

National Institute ofInformation andCommunicationsTechnology

7-3

Terrestrial emergency disastercommunication system (Public Safety,Public Protection and Disaster Reliefsystem)

Implements a terrestrial communication systemthat can be stably used even in the event ofemergency disasters.

UHF band (12MHz x 2),5GHz band (50MHz) 0.5 to 1Mbps (Terrestrial)

①②③④⑤⑥⑦

Motorola Inc.

x-1 New device system for wirelessbroadband

Develops MEMS devices in a millimeter waveband. 32GHz band (MEMS)

①③⑤⑥⑦

Tokyo University ofTechnology

x-2 Wide-area wireless data system

Implements a wide-area wireless data system thatobtains information from various types of smallsensors through radio in wide areas and controlssmall actuators.

From 2007 to 2008 150/280/430MHz band, etc.(1MHz or higher)

(RFID, sensornetwork)

①⑥

NIPPON TELEGRAPHAND TELEPHONECORPORATION

x-3 Generic wireless IP platformImplements a highly flexible, generic wireless IPplatform by using packet exchange andhierarchical design technologies.

From 2006 onwards

VHF band (6MHz),VHF/UHF band (12.5kHz × n),770MHz band (36MHz),4.9GHz band (100MHz)

― ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ROOT, INC.

(The mark ◎ indicates the major, usage scene)

（Marks ① to ⑧ indicate need elements when selecting the usage scene Etc.)

Etc

usag

e sc

ene

7

61

5.2 Introduction scenarios and frequency bands for mobile communication systems (usage scenes 1 and 2)

This section summarizes the results of consideration on the introduction scenarios and Proposed frequency bands for the specific systems that have been proposed for this public participation opportunity and whose main applications belong to usage scenes 1 and 2.

[Scope of consideration] usage scene 1

This group of systems allows a user to be totally ignorant of where he or she should use

one of the systems and to enjoy services that secure a certain degree of communication

quality in whatever situation he or she may be, such as traveling in a car, once connected

to it.

(Pattern in which services are provided)

The services to be provided by the systems in this group are what the general public use,

and they satisfy a certain degree of communication quality for narrowband use such as

telephone communications. They can deal with high-speed traveling.

Telecommunications operators guarantee a nationwide service of this type by offering

their services.

usage scene 2

These systems allow users to enjoy services that enable them to take a personal

computer from their home or office and use it without stress in a broadband environment,

just as in the home or office, as long as they are in the field of their routine activities

(mobile home and mobile office).

(Pattern in which services are provided)

The services in this group that telecommunications operators and the like provide cover

wide areas around an urban area and support a certain degree of travel speeds. They

are also used by the general public, and bands for their use are secured as “best

effort,” although they guarantee a certain level of connection.

5.2.1 Envisioned system classifications and introduction scenarios

5.2.1.1 View of envisioned services

(1) Envisioned system performance and service provision pattern

In Mobile Radio Communication Systems that use mobile communication terminals such

as cell phones and PHSs, demand for not only traditional voice calls but also data

communications are now increasing, and systems are being considered for

62

"broadbandization" in the wake of communication environment needs where broadband

communications are possible anywhere in the country. On the other hand, needs for communication environments where users can perform

broadband communications, including wireless LAN, at low cost as if they were in homes

and offices are increasing, and expectations for new broadband wireless access services

that can provide the inexpensive, instantaneous use of broadband for such as

downloading and transmitting large files are being heightened. Currently, in response to these needs, the introduction of 3.5G Mobile Radio

Communication Systems such as HSDPA/HSUPA1 and CDMA2000 EV-DO Rev. A/B,

which are intended to enhance (or "broadbandize") 3G cell telephony systems (or 3G,

which are being studied as IMT-2000 in ITU), are being planned and improvement of user

convenience and enhancement of services are about to be carried out. It is expected that

wireless access methods that allow further advancement of these technologies will be

realized from 2007 onwards. Candidates for these wireless access systems include

"Advanced 3G" systems such as 3G LTE2 and Enhanced CDMA2000 that enhance

existing Mobile Radio Communication Systems as well as 4G Mobile Radio

Communication Systems (4G) that are being studied as IMT-Advanced3 in ITU. In

addition to these, WiMAX based on IEEE 802.16, which implements broadband

transmission instantaneously; iBurst/Flash OFDM 4 , based on IEEE 802.20, and

"broadband mobile wireless access" that assumes services are provided with always-on

connections such as next-generation PHSs have been proposed. Currently, Efforts and

pilot tests to place these systems in practical use are being promoted.

Based on these situations, before studying the proposed systems that belong to usage

scenes 1 and 2, we classify them into the following categories: "Advanced 3G" : Advanced systems for 3G cell phones

"4G5" : 4G Mobile Radio Communication Systems

"Broadband mobile wireless access" : Other wireless broadband systems that have a

certain degree of mobility

1 High Speed Uplink Packet Access 2 Long Term Evolution 3 The name is under ITU deliberation 4 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex 5 Although the requirements for 4G Mobile Radio Communication Systems have yet to be defined,

what has been classified here is an entity being studied as IMT-Advanced in ITU.

63

Next, we tried to associate usage scene 1 and usage scene 2 with each of the above

categories and concluded that each category could address another application group to

a certain degree in addition to its own group. For this reason, in order to further clarify the

features of each category, we conducted a questionnaire survey Note of whether the three

categories have differences in terms of (i) service, (ii) service area, and (iii) introduction

date. (For more information on the results, refer to Reference 4.2.1 (2)). Note: This survey was conducted on the members of SIG related to Mobile Radio

Communication Systems set up under this Study Group.

By further enhancing the classifications based on the survey results, we have organized

the features of each category as follows:

(i) 3G advanced system ("advanced 3G")

System which research and development efforts are under way to introduce about 2009

to aim for further “broadbandization” of the current 3G and 3.5G systems such as 3G

LTE and Enhanced CDMA2000.

Must assume almost 100% coverage (or nationwide coverage)

Must guarantee mobility at the time of high-speed travel

Controls calls and secures separate bands to ensure a certain level of quality.

In the direction of securing a constant level of backward compatibility with 3G systems,

standard 3GPP/3GPP26 specifications are expected to be developed from 2006 to

about 2007.

(ii) 4G Mobile Radio Communication System ("4G")

System that ITU and the like are considering for standardization for the purpose of

introduction in about 2010. It has yet to be defined, including the system requirements,

modulation and communication methods, and frequency bands to be used.

Its coverage would be envisioned for nationwide deployment if it were an extension to the

3G systems.

A maximum of 100Mbps transmission speed at the time of high-speed travel and a

maximum of 1Gbps speed at the time of low-speed travel are being considered.

Mobility at the time of high-speed travel would be ensured.

(iii) Other wireless broadband systems ("broadband mobile wireless access")

In addition to the technologies based on IEEE802.16 and IEEE802.20 that are the

wireless communication systems envisioned for public broadband data communication

services, technologies such as next-generation PHS have been proposed to address

6 3rd Generation Partnership Project / 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2

64

instantaneous upstream/downstream broadband usage which current systems are not

good at dealing with.

The features of these systems are as follows:

Systems envisioned to provide services while keeping introduction and running cost low

on the assumption that they must be connected to a network based on All IP. They could

introduce services for a limited region, assuming that they must be deployed in dense

areas.

Mobility is ensured, at least at medium travel speeds.

Implement instantaneous and efficient high-speed transmission by maintaining always-on

connections at the IP connection level and time-sharing the bands.

Many proposals are at the stage where they are about to be completed as national or

international standards, or strenuous efforts are being made to transform them to

standards as soon as possible.

It is envisioned that these "broadband mobile wireless access" systems will meet the

following requirements, considering their introduction time and relation to existing systems.

Transmission speeds higher than those of 3G and 3.5G systems (20 to 30Mbps or higher,

in light of the 14.4Mbpx/5MHz maximum transmission speed of HSDPA)

In addition to the above requirement, the upstream transmission speed of not less than a

certain level of speed (10Mbps or higher in light of the 5.7Mbpx/5MHz maximum

transmission speed of HSUPA).

Efficiencies from utilization of frequencies higher than those of 3G or 3.5G systems

Review of the proposed systems reveals that many systems classified in categories (i) and (ii) above are mainly being considered on the premise of the FDD system, with the prospect that they will be introduced by overlaying them on current 2G/3G systems, and systems classified in category (iii) are mainly being studied based on the TDD system.

While the FDD system adopted in systems such as 2G/3G has the benefits of being able to make the radius of a cell larger and leveraging the past development know-how compared to the TDD system, it is characterized by the fact that it may be limited to some frequencies at the time of allocation under a circumstance where frequencies are running short. This is because it has to secure continuous bands in pairs with a certain separation between pairs from the viewpoint of the frequency allocation, and its operation mode may have some restrictions such as the fixed volume of upstream or downstream transmission depending on bandwidths.

On the other hand, the TDD system that uses the same frequency upstream and downstream and utilizes upstream and downstream transmission through time-division switching can allocate frequencies for transmission once it secures one frequency band. In addition, it has the feature of being able to set asymmetric upstream/downstream transmission bands according to a time ratio

65

of upstream to downstream, but a guard band must be considered to avoid interference caused by the fact that the send/receive timing differs among the carriers that use contiguous bands.

Under a circumstance where frequencies are running short, isolated bands that are impossible to be used as a paired band may become available by adopting the TDD system. It also may have the potential of being used in the transceiver mode that performs ad hoc communications without base stations in the case of disasters. For this reason, from the viewpoint of transmission efficiency as well as the effective usage of frequency resources, not only the FDD system that has been mainly adopted so far, but also the TDD system, must be placed under consideration.

Figure 5.2.1: Classifications of Systems under Consideration Category Advanced 3G 4G Broadband Mobile Wireless

Access Standards, etc.

3G LTE, Enhanced CDMA2000, etc.

Being studied by the ITU

Based on IEEE802.16, Based on IEEE802.20, Next-generation PHS, etc.

Service • Quality

Transmission rates higher than current 3G/3.5G systems

Use dedicated frequency bands to ensure a certain quality of communications

Transmission rates likely to be 100 Mbps or higher

• High-speed downlink transmission (transmission rates: 20-30Mbps or higher) provided instantly by continuous connection to the IP network and time sharing of frequency bands

• Appropriate uplink transmission (transmission rates: 10Mbps or higher)

• Frequency efficiency higher than 3G/3.5G systems

Area Almost 100% (Nationwide)

Probably nationwide Urban areas, but it also may be possible to provide a service in some parts of rural areas

Mobility Communication maintained even when moving at high speeds

Communication maintained even when moving at high speeds, probably

Communication maintained when moving at moderate speeds

* This includes features when new systems appear

66

Figure 5.2.2: Overview of Classifications of Systems under Consideration

Service area

WLAN

WPAN

Cost andfunctionality

Greater functionality to increase reliability

Limited functionality but

low cost

WMAN(“Broadband

Mobile Wireless Access”)

WWAN(mobile phone-based systems)

Service area

WLAN

WPAN

Cost andfunctionality

Greater functionality to increase reliability

Limited functionality but

low cost

WMAN(“Broadband

Mobile Wireless Access”)

WWAN(mobile phone-based systems)

(2) Relations to usage scenes

Based on the features of the categories organized in the previous section, the Mobile

Radio Communication Systems in "Advanced 3G" and "4G" (described in (i) and (ii)

above) have a wide range of nationwide coverage and support full mobility that

addresses high-speed travel such as that on express highways and the Japanese bullet

trains, and they are consequently expected to further diffuse as systems that presuppose

networks which need to assure a certain level of communication quality. Note that

systems in categories (i) and (ii) will be designed based on IP.

On the other hand, the "broadband mobile wireless access" systems (described in (iii)

above) could be regarded as systems that will make up pure IP-based networks, be

deployed with a central focus on areas of great demand for telecommunications, and can

be implemented by using networking devices that are getting less expensive, although

their current mobility remains at the level of medium speeds. These systems are

expected to be deployed with a central focus on areas where instantaneous high-speed

transmission occurs, and they address this communication demand with always-on

connections. When used in combination with the Mobile Radio Communication Systems

described earlier, they will be responsible for playing the complementary role of

processing a part of data transmission demand in the systems. They will also allow users

to communicate as if they stayed indoors even when they are out of doors or while they

are traveling. In addition, if this function is used in combination with wireless LAN and

67

fixed communications, the convenience of wireless LAN and fixed communications is

expected to improve.

Considering the features of these systems in light of the usage scenes therefore reveals

to us that the "Advanced 3G" and "4G" categories correspond to usage scene 1 and the

"broadband mobile wireless access" category corresponds to usage scene 2.

Based on the results of the questionnaire survey (Reference 4.2.1 (2)) on the three

categories including service provision patterns, it seems from the viewpoint of the service

provision pattern that these systems will be used on their own or in combination with

other systems on a mutually complementary basis, utilized in combination with wireless

LAN or fixed communications when required, and play a role in realizing the concept of

FMC7 in light of the service provision pattern.

If the substantial reduction of bit cost can be achieved with a flat rate, the "Broadband

Mobile Wireless Access" systems are expected to further facilitate the downloading of

e-papers, e-books, music, video, etc. and the use of versus games and videophones

from the viewpoint of users. In addition, the high-speed data transmission will enable

users to use real-time moving pictures such as home security information and event relay

video images sent from a monitor camera sensor installed in their home at any time,

without stress, even when they are away from home, and will promote the use of these

applications. Services and content that they will provide are expected to be richer and

more colorful.

[Examples of services and content to be provided in the future]

• Live delivery of moving pictures that are shot with mobile terminals

• Service that allows a video terminal or a server at home to be manipulated from a

remote location with a mobile terminal

• GIS8 applications

• Three-dimensional image information such as those in holography and computer

graphics

On the other hand, it is expected that new patterns of applications that have not been

known so far will appear if the convergence of "Broadband Mobile Wireless Access" with

Advanced 3G and 4G systems provides an environment where seamless high-speed

data transmission is available without being aware of locations and networks. Since an

always-on connection is one of the important elements in a ubiquitous network to which

7 Fixed Mobile Convergence 8 Geographic Information System

68

anything could be connected, it is believed that new patterns of applications that always

enable real-time man-to-object and object-to-object information exchange will develop, in

addition to man-to-man information exchange.

With the appearance of these new uses, the increase of usage in uplink (from terminals

to base stations) and usage in combination and collaboration with intelligent home

appliances and electronic tags are believed to improve terminals in terms of the number

of functions and the level of their functionality. On the other hand, since it can allow

information and resources on the network side to be always used without stress, new

patterns of uses such as thin clients that minimize the terminal functionality are thought to

appear.

[Examples of new patterns of uses]

• Use pattern where with a high regard for information security and related matters when

a terminal is stolen or lost, a user downloads and uses information whenever necessary

from his or her home or office and uploads the downloaded information back to the

original server through secure connection by using a diskless terminal that stores no

information.

• Use pattern of so-called "utility computing," where a user utilizes other remote computer

resources through a network to complement the capabilities of his or her mobile

terminal, uses CPU, memory, and disks as often as necessary when required, and pays

for what they are used for and how long they are used.

• User pattern where a user considers the presence of his or her other party. Presence

information (such as being at your desk/business destinations) such as positioning

information, etc. retrieved from sensors can be sent to a presence server through an

always-on connection that exists in a network, which is transparent to users. The

presence server, in turn, can update information on a real-time basis. When a user

wants to communicate with another user, who stores information in the presence server,

the former can send an instant message or e-mail to the latter by accessing the

presence server instead of making a call, for example, when the former knows that the

latter is in a car.

[Example of envisioned terminal deployment]

• Initial stage: it is envisioned that they will be installed in PCs or cell phone terminals as

dual mode terminals that are equipped with both "Broadband Mobile Wireless Access"

and 3G systems. They will be used on cell phones, PCs, and PDAs.

• Diffusion stage: PC and PDA models that come standard with a built-in communication

module and feature portability will be spreading. It is also expected that terminals will

69

appear that have a compact display made from thin, foldable e-paper like a sheet of

paper.

(3) Envisioned system introduction scenarios

It is thought that, among the current Mobile Radio Communication Systems such as 3G

systems, "Broadband Mobile Wireless Access" systems will be introduced ahead of the

others as one pattern of broadband Mobile Radio Communication Systems that support

the instantaneous use of broadband which will be introduced in the future in the wake of

wireless LAN diffusion. In this case, the introduction scenario would include the following

two cases: "combined introduction with an existing Mobile Radio Communication

System" and "single introduction."

[Case 1] (Introducing a "Broadband Mobile Wireless Access" system in combination with

an existing Mobile Radio Communication System)

(i) From about 2007 onwards

• Coexistence of "Broadband Mobile Wireless Access" and 3G or 3.5G

In parallel with the diffusion of the 3.5G systems explained above, "Broadband

Mobile Wireless Access" systems will penetrate further to satisfy demand for

low-cost broadband data communications, centering on users who demand further

advanced broadband communication environments.

It is thought that the "Broadband Mobile Wireless Access" systems will be used to

complement 3G systems and deployed with a central focus on areas where a great

instantaneous demand for communications that the 3G systems cannot handle

suddenly occurs. Note that it is also envisioned that they will provide a service

pattern by using multi-mode mobile machines so that a service can be maintained

by seamlessly handing over control to a 3G system at the IP connection level when

a user has moved out of a service area.

(ii) From about 2009 onwards

• Coexistence of "Broadband Mobile Wireless Access" and "Advanced 3G" as an

extension of 3.5G

The standardization of "Advanced 3G," such as 3G LTE and Enhanced CDMA

2000, which have a wider bandwidth than the 3.5G mentioned above, will have

been completed and a "Broadband Mobile Wireless Access" system will be

deployed by overlaying it on an existing system while keeping backward

compatibility. In addition, transmission systems are expected to shift from existing

line-switching methods to All IP-enabled.

70

"Broadband Mobile Wireless Access" systems will continue to spread for the

purpose of complementary applications.

(iii) From about 2010 onwards

• Coexistence of "Broadband Mobile Wireless Access" and "4G"

"4G" systems are now on the road to standardization and regarded as an

extension to "Advanced 3G" although their specifications are still undefined.

"Broadband Mobile Wireless Access" systems will coexist with them as other

cases.

[Case 2] (Introducing a "Broadband Mobile Wireless Access" system on its own)

"Broadband Mobile Wireless Access" systems will be deployed mainly for users who

want inexpensive services including the instantaneous use of broadband within their

service areas, with a central focus on areas that have a great instantaneous demand for

telecommunications.

It is envisioned that they will spread by providing a hybrid service pattern so that a

service can be maintained by seamlessly handing control over at the IP connection level

when a user has moved in one of wireless LAN service areas that have been set up in a

major region or in one of areas where he or she can connect to an indoor fixed network

such as ADSL9.

9 Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line

71

Figure 5.2.3: Envisioned Service Transition

4G

Advanced 3G

Envisioned Service Transition[usage scenes 1 and 2]

Envisioned Service Transition[usage scenes 1 and 2]

3G/3.5G

Broadband Mobile Wireless Access

3G/3.5G


Rural areas Urban areas

From around 2007

From around 2009

OverlayOverlay

[Case 1] (Broadband Mobile Wireless Access systems combined with existing mobile phone-based systems)

Advanced 3G

From around 2010Broadband Mobile Wireless Access


[Case 2] (Broadband Mobile Wireless Access systems introduced ona self-standing basis)

3G/3.5G

OverlayOverlay

OverlayOverlay

Wireless LAN etc.

WirelessLAN etc.

WirelessLAN etc.

Combined use(complementary)

Combined use(complementary

Combined use (for supplement)

Combined use

* Supplement: Means that additional, different system functions are used as a dual service, etc. to

meet service demand that a current system cannot handle on its own.

Overlay: Means that a new system is introduced while maintaining backward compatibility with an existing system.

72

5.2.1.2 Forecast of frequency demand

In light of the introduction scenarios and the like in the previous chapter, this section describes the results derived from forecasting 2010 and 2015 frequency demand in each category, based on the forecasts of the radio spectrum in "Radio Policy Vision" (The Telecommunications Council Report dated July 30th, 2003).

This Study Group evaluated the efficiency of frequency use for each category and validated the predicted values at this time.

(1) Forecast of bandwidth demand from Mobile Radio Communication Systems

"Radio Policy Vision" states that "From the forecast of frequency demand required for the

mid- to long-term Mobile Radio Communication Systems based on the forecast methods

developed by ITU in light of the mid- to long-term estimates of the number of subscribers

and transmission speeds and the like of cell phones and PHSs, the council estimates that

Mobile Radio Communication Systems will require about a 330 to 340MHz frequency

band five years later (in about 2008) and about a 1.06 to 1.38GHz frequency band 10

years later (in about 2013)".

Comparing this forecast of frequency demand with the status of the current allocation,

from the fact that a 289MHz frequency band has been allocated to Mobile Radio

Communication Systems as of this time (September 2005), including the 1.7GHz FDD

system and 2GHz TDD system frequency bands, the Study Group would conclude that

the frequency demand forecasts were now changing in line with the forecast values in

2003.

Consequently, the Study Group gave consideration to the results of this frequency

demand forecast, assuming the following:

• Use values based on real data up to 2005.

• Set the forecast values in 2008 and in 2013 to 340MHz and 1.38GHz based on

"Radio Policy Vision."

Assuming the introduction scenarios in the previous section, the following trend may be

predicted:

• Transition from 2G to 3G before starting to introduce "Advanced 3G" (until 2009)

• Transition from 3G to "Advanced 3G" after starting to introduce "Advanced 3G" (from

2009 onwards)

• While cellular-based systems (such as 2G, 3G, "Advanced 3G," and "4G") are

introduced on the premise of nationwide deployment, "Broadband Mobile Wireless

73

Access" systems will be introduced in 2007 mainly for users who want low-cost

services including the instantaneous use of broadband with a central focus on areas

that have great telecommunications demand.

• Note that it is unclear how and whether the "Advanced 3G" and "Broadband Mobile

Wireless Access" systems will work in a separate, different field, because the specific

system requirements for "4G" will not be known until after "4G" starts to be introduced

(from 2010 onwards).

Consequently, the rough frequency demand is forecast as shown in the following figure,

assuming the items described above:

Figure 5.2.4: Forecast of Frequency Demand from

Mobile Radio Communication Systems Forecast of Frequency Demand from Mobile Radio Communication System

0 MHz

500 MHz

1 GHz

1.5 GHz

2 GHz

Year 2005 Year 2010 Year 2015

340MHz

1.38GHz

"Broadband Mobile Wireless Access"Introduction starts

"Advanced 3G"Introduction starts

"4G"Introduction starts

289MHz270MHz

0 MHz

500 MHz

1 GHz

1.5 GHz

2 GHz

Year 2005 Year 2010 Year 2015

340MHz

1.38GHz

"Broadband Mobile Wireless Access"Introduction starts

"Advanced 3G"Introduction starts

"4G"Introduction starts

289MHz270MHz

Note that a new method for calculating frequency bands that covers not only traditional

systems based on line switching, but also packet traffic, is now being studied in ITU

WP8F and will be recommended in 2006 regarding the forecast of frequency demand

from Mobile Radio Communication Systems. For this reason, these approach trends

must be considered, and timely and appropriate actions for securing frequency bands

must be taken in the forecast of required frequency bands in the future.

74

In addition, as international common frequency bands are being studied towards

WRC-07, "4G" must be considered in light of the movement of WRC-07.

(2) Efficiency of frequency use in each category (average throughput)

As the shortage of frequencies is a very serious problem in Japan, it would be necessary

to perform the drastic review of frequency allocation through appropriate measures such

as frequency reallocation. At the same time, it would be desirable to give priority to

systems with higher efficiencies of frequency use when they are introduced in the future.

Consequently, as it is desirable to set a target value comparable to those of other

systems for the efficiency of frequency use for each of systems that belong to

"Broadband Mobile Wireless Access," the Study Group has determined to set the target

values based on the efficiencies of frequency use for two systems that are envisioned to

be introduced in order.

The efficiencies of frequency usage after 3G systems are calculated based on sector

throughput (which is throughput not at a base station, but for one sector beam) that is

calculated with system-level simulation under loading conditions in a multi-cell

environment, with the provision that that parameters such as the transmission channel

model, cell layout, and traffic conditions must be specified according to ITU-R

recommendation M.1225. For this reason, it would be desirable that the efficiency of

frequency usage for each system that belongs to the "Broadband Mobile Wireless

Access" category be calculated on the assumption that an efficiency of frequency usage

must be regarded as an average throughput value that can be achieved with one sector

under the conditions of the same multi-cell configuration as that of M.1225 that has been

used up to now.

According to the introduction scenarios, the introduction of the systems in each category

will proceed in the order of "3G" -> "3.5G" -> "Broadband Mobile Wireless Access" ->

"Advanced 3G" -> "4G." For the efficiencies of frequency usage applied after 3G, the

following typical values are used:

• "3.5G" (HSDPA)

Efficiency = 0.6 - 0.8 (a report from the Telecommunications Council )

• "Advanced 3G" (3G LTE)

Target value = 3 to 4 times that of HSPDA = 1.8 to 3.2 (3GPP Requirements)

Considering the situations described above, it seems to be appropriate to set the

efficiency of frequency usage required for the "Broadband Mobile Wireless Access"

systems to 0.8 or higher as the basic performance.

Note that it is desirable to recalculate and revalidate the average throughput value of

each system when the specific system is considered for introduction.

75

When new "Broadband Mobile Wireless Access" systems that were not considered for

forecasting frequency demand when developing the Radio Policy Vision are introduced,

the frequency demand from them seems to affect the entire one a little because the

efficiency of frequency usage target value for the new systems to be introduced in the

future is set to a value higher than that of the existing "3G" systems, although always-on

connection services will be further used and traffic demand will be increased.

5.2.1.3 Consistency with "Fundamental viewpoints on wireless broadband"

This section continues to study considerations in this chapter in light of consistency with the "Fundamental viewpoints on wireless broadband " set up in Chapter 3 as indicators to be used when extracting system requirements and typifying wireless broadband systems that are envisioned to be introduced approx. five to 10 years from now.

(1) From user

In addition to cellular-based systems such as "Advanced 3G" and "4G" that are

envisioned for nationwide deployment, it is predicted that "Broadband Mobile Wireless

Access" systems will be deployed in areas in which demand converges. This will allow

telecommunication demand from users to be fully satisfied and user convenience to be

improved even in areas where instantaneous data communication demand in broadband

will take place.

Low-cost, always-on connection services that "Broadband Mobile Wireless Access"

systems could provide will then be able to be used, and the number of provided options

available to users will be increased.

(2) From industry

Services that will be offered as telecommunication business operations are main targets,

and it is predicted that systems for services to be provided will be constructed by private

initiative.

Note that the target systems are being considered in an international framework,

including Japan's own technologies. It is necessary to make efforts to improve global

competitiveness by taking appropriate actions for global market trends, such as

announcing introduction policies as soon as possible after securing frequency bands,

including institutionalization within Japan in the future.

(3) From technical innovation

Systems to be introduced as extensions to existing services are considered for backward

compatibility.

In addition, systems in all of the categories are being studied on the premise of system

configurations that look at the further development of All IP-enablement at the technical

76

level, and consideration is given to the usage level that looks at the advancement of

blend between the categories and of the systems, fixed communications, wireless LAN,

and the like.

(4) From public accessibility

(i) Dealing with digital divide

Mobile communication services are envisioned to continue to be provided on a

national level in the future because the deployment of broadband services such as

"Advanced 3G," "4G," etc. that are envisioned for national deployment will progress

in parallel with "Broadband Mobile Wireless Access" systems.

Note that it is necessary to pay attention to whether regional differences need to be

addressed by introducing any of "Broadband Mobile Wireless Access" systems,

while considering new service trends and the like in the future.

(ii) Securing communications for disaster prevention and emergencies

Increasing the number of options for users are useful from the perspective of making

multiple routes available to communication means such as disaster prevention at the

time of an emergency.

(iii) Business perspective

Section 5.2 mainly discusses how mobile communication services address

broadband data transmission demand in urban areas. When deploying them in rural

areas, profitability must also be fully considered.

Note that cellular-based systems such as "Advanced 3G" and "4G" are envisioned

for national deployment.

(5) From security

This study places emphasis on systems to be introduced. In terms of services, it is

important for service providers to ensure security based on appropriate security policies.

(6) Viewpoints from efficient radio utilization

When considering the "Broadband Mobile Wireless Access" system frequencies, not only

the viewpoint of band demand, but also the viewpoint of system sharing and the

efficiency of frequency usage are taken into account. In addition, when ensuring

frequency bands for multiple carriers, it is necessary to examine in depth not only the

systems to be introduced, but also the contiguous systems so that guard bandwidths can

be controlled to a minimum level from the viewpoint of the effective use of frequency

resources.

It is also appropriate to consider cellular-based systems such as "Advanced 3G" and

"4G" to improve the effective use of frequencies.

77

5.2.2 Desirable frequency bands and introduction timing

5.2.2.1 About desirable frequency bands and introduction timing

Taking into account the introduction scenarios (or introduction timing), the forecast of frequency demand from each system and the like that were discussed in the previous sections, a desirable frequency band(s) for each system should be thought of as follows:

(1) "Advanced 3G"

As "Advanced 3G" systems are a form of an extension to the current systems, their

frequency band(s) should be allocated among IMT-2000 plan bands10.

(2) "4G"

To implement a transmission speed of 100Mbps or more, a new set of frequency bands

must be ensured. This means that frequency transition must be prompted outside the

IMT-2000 plan bands to allow for the allocation of new frequency bands in the future.

Note that Japan has proposed 3.4 to 4.2GHz and 4.4 to 4.9GHz for Proposed frequency

bands, although they must be decided based on the results of WRD-07.

(3) "Broadband Mobile Wireless Access"

As the "Broadband Mobile Wireless Access" systems are to be provided in combination

with cellular-based systems, etc., or on an individual basis in coexistence with them, it

would be appropriate to allocate a frequency band that is separate from those to which

real radio spectrum is now assigned when demand rises. Note that as these systems are

a form of broadband Mobile Radio Communication Systems and are expected to be

introduced early (in about 2007), it would be proper that they be dealt with from the

frequency bands that have been assigned to mobile communication operations and are

now free or are likely to be free soon.

The Guidelines for Spectrum Reallocation makes a statement to the effect that Mobile

Radio Communication Systems will ensure about a 330 to 340MHz bandwidth centering

on the 1.7GHz band and 2.5GHz band within five years.

10 Bands reserved for allocation to 3G in ITU

78

Figure 5.2.5: Basic Policy on Frequency Reallocation until 2008 (Excerpts from "Guidelines for Spectrum Reallocation" (October 2003))

Frequency

Band

Major Frequencies to Be Reallocated Considerations

Part of frequencies that have been

allocated for MCA, etc. (with the 8MHz

bandwidth)

800MHz

band

Conversion of upstream/downstream

frequencies in 800MHz-band cell phones

(frequency reallocation for international

harmonization)

Perform, in stages, the

reallocation of the

frequencies that have been

distributed for MCA. etc. and

the conversion of

upstream/downstream

frequencies for

800MHz-band cell phones

that use the reallocated

frequencies

2GHz band Frequencies that have been internationally

allocated to 3G (2010 to 2025MHz)

1.7GHz

band

2.5GHz

band

Part of the frequencies (1710 to 1885MHz

and 2500 to 2690MHz) that have been

additionally allocated to 3G on an

international basis.

Allocate the additional

frequencies at home while

considering existing or future

satellite systems.

At the present moment, however, policies are being made towards allocating 3G with

FDD system to the 1.7GHz band and 3G with the TDD system to the 2GHz band, and the

reallocation of the 800MHz band is under way and will be completed in 2012.

Consequently, the frequency band that has been allocated to mobile communication

operations and can be a target band for this consideration would be the 2.5GHz band

that is also one of the IMT-2000 plan bands.

5.2.2.2 Considerations when using the frequency bands under study

Frequency resources are limited. The frequency demand from the mobile communication fields will be increasing in the future and the frequency bands that have been allocated to Mobile Radio Communication Systems are becoming more stringent. Considering these facts, we must study several conditions such as frequency bandwidths that can be ensured, including frequency sharing and the possibility of MVNO, before introducing Mobile Radio Communication Systems in the future.

79

(1) About sharing frequencies

The following examines the possibility of frequency sharing in "Broadband Mobile

Wireless Access" systems (systems proposed for usage scene 2) that need to secure

new frequency bands in the future.

(i) WiMAX (IEEE802.16e)

EEE802.16-based technologies include fixed WiMAX (IEEE802.16-2004) and

mobile WiMAX (IEEE802.16e). Fixed WiMAX has operation provisions for no license

required bands because it is an IEEE standard, but it would be difficult to share

mobile WiMAX with other systems or between carriers by means of standards.

[About frequency sharing in fixed WiMAX (status of 5GHz band in the US)]

As described before, the IEEE802.16-2004 standard has operation provisions for no

license required bands (for example, the 5GHz band). The provisions also define the

DFS11 function, but they only state that it must be implemented.

In addition, a standard for no license required bands, called IEEE802.16h, is being

studied that is expected to be specifications that improve IEEE802.16-2004 by

adopting an interference reduction mechanism.

[About frequency sharing in mobile WiMAX (status of 3.6GHz band in the US)]

For the 3.6GHz band that FCC has made public, the frequency sharing is only made

compulsory in abstract provisions and no specific study has been performed. For

this reason, it will still take some time for this band to be operated in the real world.

(ii) iBurst (IEEE802.20)

iBurst assumes a license band, and it cannot be shared with other systems within

the same frequency band. If an agreement that control channels among carriers

could be obtained or maintained as is, and the iBurst carrier ID function and

authentication between base stations and terminals are used, or a control channel is

set up for each carrier and the channel is not used for any traffic channels by other

carriers, however, a service itself could be possible even though the efficiency of

frequency usage was reduced due to interference.

On the other hand, a service could be shared by using the iBurst carrier ID function

or authentication function between base stations and terminals as described above if

11 Dynamic Frequency Selection

80

the service is offered on a single network by multiple ISP12 operators using their

own terminals.

(iii) Flash OFDM (IEEE802.20)

Flash OFDM assumes a license band, and sharing among carriers such as that of

PHS, including sharing with other systems, has not been discussed in the current

specifications. There is an example of adopting a mechanism where frequencies are

allocated to one carrier and other carriers can deploy their own services by fairly and

impartially using the infrastructure.

(iv) Next-generation PHS (PHS MoU TWG-101-01-TI)

The next-generation PHS assumes a license band, and it is based on an

autonomous distributed control method that requires no frequency control and

adjustment between base stations. It is a system that enables frequencies to be

shared by standardizing parameters for sharing basic frame structures, frame

synchronous timings, etc.

However, the number of carriers that share this PHS should be limited to a few,

considering the implementation of a certain level of high-speed communications

(upstream/downstream).

On the other hand, it is indispensable to agree on basic parameters such as basic

frame structures, frame synchronous timings, and upstream/downstream timings to

share frequencies with other systems. If that is the case, frequency sharing is

possible, but it is thought that some limitations will be imposed on the service

introduction for the systems and some technological features will be deteriorated as

a result.

In every system described above, frequencies could be shared among carriers as MVNO

and are regarded as difficult to be shared with other systems. Improving the efficiency of

frequency usage, however, must be promoted, and these systems must be further

considered for the technological possibility of frequency sharing in the future.

(2) About in-depth examination of required guard bands with contiguous systems

If guard bands are not considered, a bandwidth of about 70MHz (2535 - 2605MHz band)

is now available in the 2.5GHz band that is proposed for a major candidate frequency to

be allocated to "Broadband Mobile Wireless Access" systems in the previous section.

To avoid interference from contiguous systems, however, a guard band(s) must be set up.

12 Internet Services Provider

81

In this public proposal opportunity, as there is a satellite system as a contiguous system,

examination in depth must be conducted on the system requirements of the contiguous

systems so that the guard band can be kept as small as possible and the maximum

number of available bandwidths can be secured.

(3) About demand related to broadband usage

Recently heightened needs towards advancing multimedia services and speeding up

user throughput with radio communications have tended to surface in Japan since the

deployment of 3G systems.

In radio technologies that will realize this, consideration is being given to such

possibilities as adopting a method that can implement much higher frequency usage

efficiency than existing ones, but when adopting a method that expands bandwidths used

for one system in conjunction with this method, further improved efficiency and faster

speeds must be achieved. For these reasons, "Broadband Mobile Wireless Access,"

"Advanced 3G," and "4G" systems that are envisioned to be introduced in the future tend

to have wider bandwidth requirements. Considering the number of service providers,

frequency allocation that allows for this tendency must be considered.

(4) Considerations on international commonness

If a frequency allocation scheme were realized while keeping international commonness,

a target system could enable user convenience to be greatly improved as a system that

has international portability beyond the domestic use. From the viewpoint of system

deployment, it would be also be highly likely to achieve lower service provision prices,

such as the cost reduction related to system construction and the ability to provide

versatile terminals, by improving the international commonness.

82

5.3 Introduction scenarios and frequency bands for alternative systems that can be used in situations where wired broadband cannot be provided (usage scene 4)

This section studies in depth the specific systems that have been proposed for this public participation opportunity and whose main application belongs to usage scene 4 in the following among systems.

[Scope of consideration] • usage scene 4 This group of systems allows users to enjoy wireless broadband services, under

conditions similar to those in wired services, in locations such as homes, offices, and facilities to which it is difficult to provide wired broadband services.

(Pattern in which services are provided) They are systems that compliment wired communication networks in locations such as

regions to which it is difficult to provide broadband services through wired networks composed of DSL or optical fiber, and they mainly provide communications between locations such as fixed facilities. They are used for the “last mile” in urban areas and inexpensive trunk communication networks in digital divide regions such as mountainous areas and isolated islands.

The reasons why wired broadband services are not provided would then be mainly due to the

following cost factors:

(1) Insufficient level of demand (operation cost)

The profitability of business operations is unlikely because demand is distributed in low

density.

(2) Comparatively high construction cost (initial cost)

The level of demand is sufficient, but providing wired broadband services requires a vast

amount of initial investment.



Cases where systems that belong to usage scene 4 are used can be roughly classified as follows:

(1) Lines to connect homes etc. located in sparsely populated areas

(i) Cost of laying wired lines is large for the demand and the profitability of business

operations is not ensured.

83

(ii) Specific cases

(a) Connecting scattered households in a location such as a mountainous area to

which no broadband services are provided.

(b) Connecting distributed base stations with comparatively low traffic

(iii) Major related proposed systems

(a) WiMAX (IEEE802.16-2004)

• Movement toward commercial viability

It has been standardized in IEEE and there has been momentum towards

international cooperation in frequency allocation. For fixed point-to-point lines,

the commercialization of large-capacity products that have high efficiency in

frequency usage (a maximum of 75Mbps/20MHz) is planned.

• Advantages given by proposers

The WiMAX forum, in which 300 companies or more have participated,

including telecommunications operators, manufacturers and the like, is

preparing for the integrated supply of parts on a global level, the secured

interoperability between different vendors, the adoption of the WiMAX method

in various business models, and even the achievement of cost reduction.

Currently, trial experiments are planned by 100 carriers or more in the world.

Among them, an MP-MP method that is excellent in scalability and has a great

degree of freedom in station placement is included.

(b) Advanced DS-CDMA


It has been derived from speeding up W-CDMA on an individual basis and, in

its own right, has been standardized in 3GPP and commercialized as an urban

or rural radio access method in more than one country, such as those in

Southeast Asia and the United States.


It can provide simultaneous service for both high-speed data and

QoS-assured, high-quality voice communications while covering a wide range

as a radio station with comparatively high power. It has been designed to

reduce both facility and operation costs by adopting equipment configurations

that use many standard third-party products, using pure IP-based network

system configurations, and introducing the self-installation function of

subscriber devices, and so on.

84

(c) iBurst


It has been standardized in ANSI12 and ATIS13 by the iBurst forum, which has

played a central role, and its standardization is being promoted in IEEE802.20,

etc. It has been commercialized in fully common specifications in multiple

countries such as Australia and South Africa


Formal commercial services that use mobile capabilities have already been

implemented and cost reduction efforts have been started, with the integrated

supply of parts on a global level and the secured interoperability between

vendors, before waiting for standardization to be completed in countries and

on an international level in the future. It also provides an advantage in that it

does not need wide bandwidth, in spite of its large capacity, due to the high

efficiency of frequency usage (a maximum of 33.7Mbps/5MHz). In addition, it

makes high-quality voice communication services available with a control

method that provides a more stable communication quality.

Figure 5.3.1: Lines to connect homes etc. located in sparsely populated areas

(2) Lines to connect places where it’s difficult to lay cables or suspend lines

(i) Why wired lines cannot be laid

In this region, laying of wired lines is impossible in the first place, or a vast amount of

initial investment is required (in addition to line equipment per se).

(ii) Specific cases

(a) Making a connection between a mainland and isolated islands and between

isolated islands, and between locations in which wired lines cannot be laid

because of rivers, railroads, and the like

(b) Laying of temporary or ad hoc lines in locations such as disaster sites

12 American National Standard Institute 13 Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions

85

(c) Replacing indoor wiring in an old building


(Wireless systems in general fall under this heading, including the proposed systems

in (1) above. In addition, the following systems fit it, especially due to the fact that

they can be installed anywhere.)

(a) Satellite communications


Compared to other wireless systems, as it can receive radio signals from

satellites, it has fewer geographical and physical constraints.

Figure 5.3.2: Lines to connect places where it's difficult to lay cables or

suspend lines

(3) Access to connect in the same building or premise


Users must lay wired lines in their own right, and it is illegal to support user needs

with wired lines because title abstracts cannot be cleared or due to other matters.

(ii) Specific cases

(a) Relaying a large volume of traffic between buildings on a university campus

(iii) Major related proposed systems(Wireless systems in general fall under this heading,

including the proposed systems in (1) above. In addition, the following systems fit it,

particularly due to the fact that lines can be simply set up.)

(a) Optical radio communications


They have been made commercially available for large capacity fixed

point-to-point lines, and their use has spread to traffic control, etc. The number

of installations and installation locations are not limited by interference

because light waves are incoherent, and light waves are excellent in privacy.

They can be used as high-speed wireless access lines of 1Gpbs and as

86

backup lines or temporary lines at the time of a disaster and an event by taking

advantage of the easy installation feature of optical radio communications.

Figure 5.3.3: Access to connect in the same building or premise

(4) Lines for users to take their terminals anywhere and connect to the Internet, though they

won’t be able to connect while they are actually on the move


Terminals that can be carried but are not expected to be used during travel.

(ii) Specific cases

(a) Stopping and making a connection at a place (such as an evacuation site or

meeting hall in a local community) to which a user has moved


(Many wireless systems in general fall under this heading, including the proposed

systems in (1) above.)

5.3.1.2 Forecast of demand

Usage scene 4 expects demand wherever wired broadband services are not provided. Since "Next-generation Broadband Concept 2010," a report from the "Study Group on Development of Broadband Infrastructure Balanced on a National Level," provides detailed data about this status, this section uses it for a reference source.

Note that the words "provide," "provided," and "provision" do not necessarily mean the results of using what is provided, but only that users are given the opportunity or possibility of using what is offered if they want to.

(1) Overall status of broadband provided

The following figure shows the percentage of municipalities in Japan to which a

broadband service is provided through at least one of FTTH, ADSL, cable Internet, etc.

by the size of population according to "Next-generation Broadband Concept 2010."

87

Figure 5.3.4: Status of Broadband Provided

Possibility of Subscription: 100%

49

68

191

55

54

95

104

32

307 entities 29

56

58

83

2

46

10

27

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

0 to 5,000 inhabitants(676 entities)

5,001 to 7,000 inhabitants(352 entities)





100,001 or more inhabitants(245 entities)

(45.4%)

206 entities (58.5%)







10 entities(2.8%)

4 entities(0.9%)

3 entities(0.3%)

80 to less than 100% 50 to less than 80% 0 to less than 50% Not providedPossibility of Subscription: 100%

49

68

191

55

54

95

104

32

307 entities 29

56

58

83

2

46

10

27

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%








(45.4%)








10 entities(2.8%)

4 entities(0.9%)

3 entities(0.3%)

80 to less than 100% 50 to less than 80% 0 to less than 50% Not provided

Information source: Quoted from Figure 8.4 in "Next-generation Broadband Concept 2010"

The following figure shows the status of provided broadband by the type of broadband

service in light of the percentage of households in a single municipality that can

subscribe to each media of broadband.

Figure 5.3.5: Status of Broadband Provided in Light of Percentage of Households

in a Single Municipality that Can Subscribe to Each Media of Broadband

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

ADSL FTTH Cable Internet Any other services

100%1,654 entities

(53.0%)

Not provided371 entities(11.9%)

Across Japan (3,123 entities)■ : Percentage of households that can subscribe

to broadband per municipality: 100%: From 80% to less than 100%: From 50% to less than 80%: From 0% to less than 50%: Not provided

■■■■

100%179 entities

(5.7%)

Not provided2,130 entities

(68.2%)

100%414 entities

(13.3%)


(68.7%)(20.7%)

(9.8%)

(4.6%)

(9.8%)

(7.0%)

(9.3%)

(8.6%)

(4.9%)(4.5%)

Serv

ice

prov

ided

Ser

vice

pro

vide

d

Serv

ice

prov

ided

100%1,945 entities

(62.3%)

Dig

ital d

ivid

e oc

curs

with

in th

ese

mun

icip

aliti

es

Dig

ital d

ivid

e oc

curs

with

in th

ese

mun

icip

aliti

es

(17.1%)

(8.4%)

(5.6%)Not provided207 entities

(6.6%)0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

ADSL FTTH Cable Internet Any other services

100%1,654 entities

(53.0%)

Not provided371 entities(11.9%)

Across Japan (3,123 entities)■ : Percentage of households that can subscribe

to broadband per municipality: 100%: From 80% to less than 100%: From 50% to less than 80%: From 0% to less than 50%: Not provided

■■■■

100%179 entities

(5.7%)


(68.2%)

100%414 entities

(13.3%)


(68.7%)(20.7%)

(9.8%)

(4.6%)

(9.8%)

(7.0%)

(9.3%)

(8.6%)

(4.9%)(4.5%)

Serv

ice

prov

ided

Ser

vice

pro

vide

d

Serv

ice

prov

ided

100%1,945 entities

(62.3%)

Dig

ital d

ivid

e oc

curs

with

in th

ese

mun

icip

aliti

es

Dig

ital d

ivid

e oc

curs

with

in th

ese

mun

icip

aliti

es

(17.1%)

(8.4%)

(5.6%)Not provided207 entities

(6.6%)


88

It is believed that wired broadband services are provided extensively. As these figures

indicate, however, the municipalities in which all the households fall in service areas

occupy only 60 percent of the whole in Japan, and the remaining 40 percent

municipalities have digital divide (regional divide) within each of them. Consequently,

further development efforts must be made.

(2) Status of diffusion and provision of ultra high-speed broadband (FTTH)

The status of ultra high-speed FTTH services provided indicates the trend in the

paragraph above most notably. The municipalities in which all households are covered by

the services occupy only 5% of the whole, and most of them have regional digital divide.

Figure 5.3.6: Status of FTTH Provided

Possibility of Subscription: 100%

60

54

57

110 17

41

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%








8 entities (1.2%)

4 entities (1.1%)

13 entities (3.0%)

38 entities (4.2%) 115

13 entities (4.6%) 38

37 entities (15.9%) 62

64 entities (26.1%)






33 entities (14.2%)

80 to less than 100% 50 to less than 80% 0 to less than 50% Not providedPossibility of Subscription: 100%

60

54

57

110 17

41

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%








8 entities (1.2%)

4 entities (1.1%)

13 entities (3.0%)

38 entities (4.2%) 115

13 entities (4.6%) 38

37 entities (15.9%) 62

64 entities (26.1%)






33 entities (14.2%)

80 to less than 100% 50 to less than 80% 0 to less than 50% Not provided Information source: Quoted from Figure 8.4 in "Next-generation Broadband Concept 2010"

Consequently, the provision rate of FTTH services with a larger transmission capacity is

noticeably more decreased as the size of population becomes lower.

Looking at the net increasing number of contracts for the three months from the end of

December 2004 to the end of March 2005, however, it is about 350,000 for DSL services,

including ADSL, while it approx. amounts to as many as 420,000 for FTTH services.

89

(3) Status of diffusion and provision of high-speed broadband (ADSL)

If we only examine the status of high-speed ADSL services among the services

considered above, they are provided to most of the municipalities except those that have

a population size of 5,000 or lower. However, the provision rate still remains substantially

different among municipalities.

Figure 5.3.7: Status of ADSL Provided

55

225

60

66

22

2473

81

79

101

112

61

1

4

47

15 2

0

15

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%








226 entities (33.4%) 306 entities (45.3%)

Possibility of Subscription: 100% 80 to less than 100% 50 to less than 80% 0 to less than 50% Not provided







38 entities(10.8%)

22 entities(5.1%)

4 entities(0.4%)

55

225

60

66

22

2473

81

79

101

112

61

1

4

47

15 2

0

15

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%








226 entities (33.4%) 306 entities (45.3%)

Possibility of Subscription: 100% 80 to less than 100% 50 to less than 80% 0 to less than 50% Not provided







38 entities(10.8%)

22 entities(5.1%)

4 entities(0.4%)


Many areas in each municipality to which no ADSL service is provided correspond to

central offices that accommodate 1,000 lines or less.

Figure 5.3.8: Number of Lines Housed in Central Offices that Provide or do not Provide ADSL Services

Central offices providing service: 4,807 Central offices not providing service: 2.352

RT stations: 210 (4.4%)

回線数1,000以上4,466局(92.9%）

Less than 500 lines: 13 offices (0.3%)

500 to less than 1,000 lines: 118 offices (2.4%)

1,000 lines or more: 4,466 offices (92.9%)

General stations: 4,597 (95.6%)

RT stations: 210 (4.4%)

回線数1,000以上4,466局(92.9%）

Less than 500 lines: 13 offices (0.3%)

500 to less than 1,000 lines: 118 offices (2.4%)

1,000 lines or more: 4,466 offices (92.9%)

General stations: 4,597 (95.6%)

General stations: 330 (14.0%)

1,000 lines or more: 195 offices (8.3%)

500 to less than 1,000 lines:

823 offices (35.0%)

Less than 500 lines: 1,004 offices (42.7%)

RT stations: 2,022 (86.0%)

General stations: 330 (14.0%)

1,000 lines or more: 195 offices (8.3%)

500 to less than 1,000 lines:

823 offices (35.0%)

Less than 500 lines: 1,004 offices (42.7%)

RT stations: 2,022 (86.0%)

Information source: Quoted from Figure 8.4.3 in "Next-generation Broadband Concept 2010"

90

ADSL services have substantially spread to date, however one of the problems is that

even If an optical fiber line has been laid on a path from a central office to a feeder point,

if interference from other lines cannot be prevented, some urban areas may be left

unable to use them in reality.

(4) Forecast of future needs

"Next-generation Broadband Concept 2010" sets a goal of eliminating areas without

broadband services and developing environments where all the people in Japan can use

broadband services by 2010.

Since this goal allows for some future utilization of wireless communications, it does not

necessarily mean that needs for wireless communications will disappear. As the fact that

the net increasing number of FTTH contracts has exceeded that of ADSL contracts

clearly indicates, the dynamo of diffusion is shifting from the high-speed broadband

services represented by ADSL to the ultra high-speed broadband services represented

by FTTH. We must bear this quality change in mind and make every effort to develop

new fields that take greater advantage of the wireless broadband features.

Now, the following figure indicates the outlook of the future diffusion of broadband, where

"diffusion" means the results derived from actually using a broadband service, unlike the

words "provide" and "provision."

91

Figure 5.3.9: Outlook of Future Diffusion of Broadband in Japan14

565

1,598

475

98

784

2,640

3,625

21 89

392

243

1,454

959 1,195

7465571,027

1,333

1,486

1,6311,714 1,736 1,697

195 248

465448

394287

356

424

33 3 47 58 69 79 88

3,4453,221

2,953

2,282

1,866

1,367

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

FTTHDSLCATVFWATotal high-speed broadbandPolynomial approximate curve (FTTH)

Polynomial approximate curve (DSL)

Polynomial approximate curve (CATV)

Polynomial approximate curve (FWA)

Polynomial approximate curve (Total of high-speed broadband)

(Ten thousand households)

Estimate

565

1,598

475

98

784

2,640

3,625

21 89

392

243

1,454

959 1,195

7465571,027

1,333

1,486

1,6311,714 1,736 1,697

195 248

465448

394287

356

424

33 3 47 58 69 79 88

3,4453,221

2,953

2,282

1,866

1,367

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

FTTHDSLCATVFWATotal high-speed broadbandPolynomial approximate curve (FTTH)

Polynomial approximate curve (DSL)

Polynomial approximate curve (CATV)

Polynomial approximate curve (FWA)

Polynomial approximate curve (Total of high-speed broadband)

(Ten thousand households)

Estimate


14 (1) This diffusion estimate was concluded in the following Steps (i) to (iv):

(i) Estimating the diffusion rate of households using the Internet Classify each municipality into Area 1 (for government-designated cities and cities at the prefectural capital level), Area 2 (other city areas), Area 3 (towns and villages except those in less-favored areas), and Area 4 (towns and villages in less-favored areas) and estimate the diffusion rate of households using the Internet, by area, by approximating it with a growth curve (Gompertz curve) based on the past record of Internet diffusion, etc.

(ii) Estimating the number of households that want to connect to broadband Estimate the number of households that want to connect to broadband, by area, based on information gathered by conducting a questionnaire survey, etc.

(iii) Classifying the Internet user population Set up the behavioral characteristics of the Internet users by usage fee, based on the attributes and value judgment of consumers envisioned by the Rogers theory.

(iv) Estimating the number of households that subscribe to broadband by the broadband media Estimate, by the media, the number of households that subscribe to broadband by inferring users' behavior in selecting media based on the pricing for each media, the degree of future infrastructure development, etc. * Derive the final results from approximating these estimates with an appropriate

polynomial approximate curve, because inferred values for each year fluctuate for each medium due to the characteristics of the prediction method.

(2) This diffusion estimate presupposes the following two conditions: (i) Two conditions - "one of the broadband media will be available to all Japanese citizens in

the year 2010" and "FTTH will be available to 90 percent of households" - are satisfied. Policy actions such as support measures related to the development and promotion of broadband shall be fortified to such a degree that it can meet these two conditions.

(ii) The level of usage fees shall change by following Figure 5.3.10. Note that this fee level includes elements that could change with communication speeds.

92

Figure 5.3.10: Level of Broadband Service Usage Fees Involved in the Outlook for Diffusion

Approx. 4,000 yenApprox. 3,000 yenApprox. 2,000 yenApprox. 2,500 yenAt the end of 2010Approx. 4,000 yenApprox. 3,000 yenApprox. 2,150 yenApprox. 3,000 yenAt the end of 2009Approx. 4,000 yenApprox. 3,000 yenApprox. 2,250 yenApprox. 3,000 yenAt the end of 2008Approx. 4,000 yenApprox. 3,000 yenApprox. 2,250 yenApprox. 4,000 yenAt the end of 2007Approx. 4,000 yenApprox. 4,000 yenApprox. 2,750 yenApprox. 4,000 yenAt the end of 2006Approx. 4,000 yenApprox. 4,000 yenApprox. 2,750 yenApprox. 4,000 yenAt the end of 2005Approx. 4,000 yenApprox. 4,000 yenApprox. 3,000 yenApprox. 6,000 yenAt the end of 2004

FWACATVDSLFTTHCase 1

Approx. 4,000 yenApprox. 3,000 yenApprox. 2,000 yenApprox. 2,500 yenAt the end of 2010Approx. 4,000 yenApprox. 3,000 yenApprox. 2,150 yenApprox. 3,000 yenAt the end of 2009Approx. 4,000 yenApprox. 3,000 yenApprox. 2,250 yenApprox. 3,000 yenAt the end of 2008Approx. 4,000 yenApprox. 3,000 yenApprox. 2,250 yenApprox. 4,000 yenAt the end of 2007Approx. 4,000 yenApprox. 4,000 yenApprox. 2,750 yenApprox. 4,000 yenAt the end of 2006Approx. 4,000 yenApprox. 4,000 yenApprox. 2,750 yenApprox. 4,000 yenAt the end of 2005Approx. 4,000 yenApprox. 4,000 yenApprox. 3,000 yenApprox. 6,000 yenAt the end of 2004

FWACATVDSLFTTHCase 1


To diffuse broadband mobile communications including cell telephony in the future in

addition to the services described above, the development of entrance lines is thought to

be an important subject. To promote the infrastructure cost reduction and the early

deployment of service areas for mobile communications, mobile carrier needs for using

general-purpose systems as their backbones are expected to be increasingly

heightened.

Portability that only wireless communications could provide, such as carrying a cell

phone instead of using a fixed telephone, has begun to be accepted as normal, and

wireless broadband is expected to fulfill the role that wired communication methods have

been playing beyond the concept of existing FWA.

(5) Summary

We could conclude from the discussions above that the items we should bear in mind

about broadband demand are outlined as follows:

(i) As larger media are expected to become a driving force behind its diffusion in the

future wired broadband, so demand for comparatively large media (more than that of

ADSL) is expected for the wireless broadband that will replace the wired broadband.

(ii) Many of the regions to which wired broadband is not provided have an extremely low

demand in total.

(iii) In addition to the descriptions above, some urban areas may not even use

broadband such as ADSL subject to conditions. Even in such a case, an environment

where a broadband service is available needs to be constructed.


(1) Requirements from the viewpoint of business viability

In Japan, which has one of the world's most advanced broadband environments, the

diffusion of broadband media has fully started with FTTH and ADSL on the level of tens

of megabits per second. In the case of ADSL, however, some urban areas as well as

93

some rural areas cannot enjoy the full performance of the services because of the

technological features and installation conditions. As a solution for these areas, the

deployment of a wireless broadband system is one of the effective measures. In addition,

a wireless broadband system is indispensable for the portable use of some devices such

as mobile PCs and PDAs. The requirements that must be considered when introducing a

new system are described in the following section of this report for those reasons.

Even if a system that meets the requirements is selected, however, policy action

measures must be considered because costs for a rural area, including construction

coordination cost and maintenance/operation cost, may exceed the break-even point.

(2) Requirements

(i) Lowering device unit cost and cost-to-build service

To ensure full business viability for even little demand, it is imperative to lower the

device unit cost and the cost-to-build service. To do so, the broadband systems must

meet the following requirements:

(a) In line with global standardization

To supply devices and equipment at a lower cost, a competitive environment

must be established between as many manufacturers as possible.

For this reason, the broadband system must be a system that is diffusing (or

expected to diffuse) globally due to global standardization and the like.

One additional important indicator is that the system must follow a frequency

allocation mechanism that is consistent with an international scheme.

(b) Open standards

When system specifications have been standardized, new and capable

manufacturers should still be able to join the market without much difficulty, end

users should be able to use more optional devices that they can install, and a

rich set of application development tools, etc. should be supplied to them.

For this reason, the system specifications should be a so-called open standard.

(c) Demand propped up by a related large-scale market

If the system can be shared in any related large-scale market, it can expect the

advantage of scale and predict the effects of cost reduction in addition to those

of standardization.

Due to this fact, it is useful for any wireless broadband system to attach

importance to its relation to other systems that will be installed in urban areas

that have a large scale of markets, mobile environments, and mission-critical

configurations, and to be able to be treated as their functional subset whenever

possible.

94

(ii) User-friendly introduction and high scalability

It is believed that there can be various factors if wired broadband services are not

provided. Even If that is the case, a wireless broadband system must be able to

provide easy installation and high scalability, by which sufficient business viability

must be secured.

For example, a system can be introduced, even under the strict conditions on

frequency usage, that makes the configuration and maintenance/operation easy,

has high affinity with IP, and is easy to be used in combination with other systems.

As these types of systems are highly scalable to be applicable to any expanding

area, they will be useful in this case.

(3) Notable items in the light of user orientation

Considering the prediction of user needs, we can conclude that what users require of

wired broadband may be a speed as high as that of FTTH and higher than that of the

current ADSL.

In other words, the communication speed of a system that corresponds to usage scene 4

is expected to exceed that of ADSL and become nearly as high as that of ultra

high-speed broadband such as FTTH in terms of an effective value per user.

It is needless to say that prompt actions to replace ultra high-speed broadband such as

FTTH with wireless media would be impossible because of several problems such as

reserving appropriate frequency bands. However, such a trend for faster communication

media is expected to be addressed in the future.

(4) Notable items for an individual situation in addition to the considerations above

(i) Lines that accommodate households and the like in low density within a

comparatively large area

(a) A transmission distance should be a few kilometers or more to cover a city-,

town-, or village-size area.

(b) To alleviate the effects from obstacles, it is desirable to take actions such as

adopting a frequency band that can enable frequency wraparound and make

relay possible.

(ii) Lines in a region where it is difficult to lay wired lines due to physical factors

(a) As demand in these areas is not necessarily low, what is required of wireless

broadband systems is thought to be system-wise stability, reliability, or

maintainability rather than cost.

(iii) Access, etc. within the same premises or building

(a) Systems must be simple and easy to install because they are mainly used as

independent and private types.

95

(5) Securing consistency with the fundamental viewpoints

The relation between the requirements and the like explained above and the fundamental

viewpoints described in Chapter 3 are as follows:

(i) From user

Compliance with international standards brings cost reduction as well as

performance improvement and is an indispensable element in revenue sources from

the viewpoint of users. Open standards also contribute to promoting the entry of

manufacturers that want to develop products and increasing the number of optional

devices that end users can introduce. Either is reasonable from the viewpoint of

users.

(ii) From industry

As efforts for compliance with international standardization are an indispensable

element not only for lowering the prices of our domestic products, but also for

launching our products globally, they are justifiable from the viewpoint of industries.

(iii) From technical innovation

Open standards enable systems to be configured in such a manner that their design

can be changed flexibly in line with innovated technologies. To achieve this, they

also establish requirements for user-friendly introduction and high scalability. Either

is reasonable from the viewpoint of technological innovation.

(iv) From public accessibility

Supporting demand within a related large-scale market could build business

operations by propping up some demand based on the public viewpoint. In addition,

the original intention to consider usage scene 4 is to make approaches to less

favored areas easier and to contribute to resolving the problem of digital divide.

(v) From security

This study places emphasis on systems to be introduced. In terms of services, it is

important for service providers to ensure security based on appropriate security

policies.

(vi) Viewpoints from efficient radio utilization

As the user-friendly introduction and high scalability improve system sharability and

enable a flexible approach to frequency reallocation, they are justifiable from the

viewpoint of effective radio spectrum use.

96


5.3.2.1 Desirable frequency bands and introduction timing

(1) About introduction timing

Any of the systems that have been proposed for this public proposal opportunity desire to

be introduced in the next couple of years and are envisioned to meet current consumer

demand.

For this reason, the frequency bands to be considered are those that can be deployed

now or those that will be able to be deployed in the next few years. As this consideration

does not intend to put extreme constraints on the future policies, however, the

descriptions here should be reviewed if the movement of international frequency

allocation is changed.

(2) Considering frequency bands for introducing new systems

The following shows the results derived from considering the possibility of new systems

(hereinafter called "Alternative systems to wired broadbands") that will replace wired

broadband in the range of what has been proposed for new frequency allocation:

(i) 1.5GHz band (1443 to 1453MHz, 1491 to 1501MHz, etc.)

(a) Current status

This band is used in 1.5GHz-band cell phones and 1.5GHz-band MCA15 and

mobile communications, and the parts of the frequency band for 1.5GHz-band

cell phones (1443 to 1453MHz and 1491 to 1501MHz) are only used within the

jurisdiction of Kanto Bureau, Tokai Bureau, and Kinki Bureau of

Telecommunications.

(b) Future use pattern, etc.

This 1.5GHz-band cell phone belongs to the so-called second generation

systems, but users are shifting to third generation phones. The frequency ranges

(1468 to 1477MHz and 1516 to 1525MHz) that are used in the analog method

among the frequency ranges for contiguous 1.5GHz-band MAC land mobile

communications will be free on and after October 1, 2007.

The frequency ranges are expected to be used for introducing Mobile Radio

Communication Systems, including third generation cell telephony systems. The

introduction conditions and the like are future consideration subjects.

For this reason, this report reviews the possibility of introducing Alternative

systems to wired broadbands in the limited geographical ranges that Mobile

Radio Communication Systems do not and will not use, in line with the

15 Multi Channel Access

97

consideration of introducing Mobile Radio Communication Systems, including

the third generation cell telephony systems.

The transition period for the current system users, however, must be ensured.

(ii) 1.9GHz band (1893.65 to 1919.6MHz)

(a) Current status

This band is used for PHS. As not all frequencies in the band are used in

less-populated areas, some frequencies are also allocated to PHS-WLL16.


Alternative systems to wired broadbands may be introduced if they are deployed

in limited areas so that the operations of existing PHS and PHS-WLL services in

the frequency band are not disturbed (or they can replace PHS-WLL services as

technologies that provide faster transmission than PHS-WLL, and they are

introduced in limited areas so that the operations of PHS services are not

disturbed) and they can share frequencies with PHS and PHS-WLL services.

Compared to the1443 to 1453MHz band and the 1491 to 1501MHz band used

for 1.5GHz-band cell phones, however, other services such as PHS are using

wider geographical ranges. Consequently, as Alternative systems to wired

broadbands can be introduced in extremely limited geographical ranges, the

flexibility of introduction will become substantially low.

(iii) 2.5GHz band (2535 to 2605MHz)

(a) Current status

This band is used by specific test stations and will be a free frequency band on

and after July 1, 2006.


Since it is designated as one of the IMT-2000 plan bands, it has been

determined to allocate Mobile Radio Communication Systems to the frequency

band in the future. Some Mobile Radio Communication Systems that will be

introduced over the frequency band, however, are thought to not use all of the

frequency resources in less-populated areas and the like. This means that the

frequencies in the band may be shared between Mobile Radio Communication

Systems and Alternative systems to wired broadbands in less-populated areas,

etc. if a separate geographical range in which each of the two types of systems

is used can be established.

For this reason, this report suggests that a review be conducted on the

possibility of introducing alternative systems to wired broadbands in limited

geographical ranges that Mobile Radio Communication Systems do not and will 16 Wireless Local Loop

98

not use, in line with the consideration of introducing Mobile Radio

Communication Systems, including the systems considered in usage scene 1 or

2.

From the beginning, systems that can also be used as Alternative systems to

wired broadbands may be introduced as the Mobile Radio Communication

Systems explained above.

(iv) 3.5GHz band (3400 to 3600MHz)

(a) Current status

Currently, this band is used by STL17, etc. for voice and video.

(b) Future user pattern, etc.

Among the frequency ranges in this band, the range for video STL, etc. is

believed to become a free band on and after July 25, 2012. The rest of the range

for voice STL, etc. is being reviewed as to whether it can be used for different

uses, bearing in mind that the voice STL will transition to another frequency

band.

The current systems must be reviewed in line with future trends, because the

fiscal year 2004 Surveys on actual radio spectrum usage evaluated them and

concluded that prompt consideration should be started for being replaced with or

transitioning to systems on optical fiber or other frequency bands. Additionally,

the band has been proposed as proposed frequency band for fourth-generation

Mobile Radio Communication Systems (IMT-Advanced) by ITU, and the final

conclusion of WRC-07 must be awaited.

For this reason, any Alternative systems to wired broadbands will not be able to

be introduced within one or two years.

(v) 4.9GHz band (4900 to 5000MHz)

(a) Current status

The 4900 to 5000MHz band is scheduled to be used for wireless access

systems subject to the registration system from December 2005 onwards in the

Kanto, Tokai, and Kinki regions in Japan (for other regions, the band is

scheduled to be used from December 2007).

(b) Future user pattern, etc.

If it is assumed that systems are equipped with a carrier sense function, as the

band is a sharable frequency band, it will be for services that are not directed

towards securing QoS, because increased cost and reduced throughput will be

expected due to the function if it is used for telecommunication business

operations. 17 Studio to Transmitter Link

99

If applications such as those for in-house use can allow for such a problem, the

ability to introduce alternative systems to wired broadbands is highly likely.

(3) Specific Proposed frequency bands

For these reasons, optional bands that are regarded as possibilities for frequency bands

over which Alternative systems to wired broadbands can be introduced are roughly as

follows. Since international situations related to frequency allocation are changing

incessantly, it is desirable to decide on a frequency band(s) by reviewing the conditions

listed in Section 5.3.2.2 in the following when actually introducing a Alternative systems

to wired broadband.

(i) For telecommunication business operations that are directed towards securing QoS

2.5GHz band (2535 to 2605MHz)

The frequency band that is regarded as a candidate when you plan to introduce a

Alternative systems to wired broadband for telecommunication business operations

that are directed towards securing QoS in line with the considerations of introducing

Mobile Radio Communication Systems including the systems examined in usage

scenes 1 and 2.

(ii) For in-house use and telecommunication business operations that are not directed

towards securing QoS


This band has been already been made public to registration stations for wireless

access systems in some areas. It is a Proposed frequency band when introducing

Alternative systems to wired broadbands under the same conditions for

telecommunication business operations that are not directed towards ensuring QoS

and in-house use.

(iii) Other Proposed frequency bands

1.5GHz band (1443 to 1453MHz, 1491-1501MHz, etc.)

The frequency band over which the possibility of introducing Alternative systems to

wired broadband should be reviewed in line with the consideration of introducing

Mobile Radio Communication Systems, including third generation cell telephony

systems that will be introduced in this frequency band in the future.


The frequency band that should be reviewed based on the future movement of

fourth generation Mobile Radio Communication Systems (IMT-Advanced).

1.9GHz band (1893.65 to 1919.6MHz)

The frequency band that may become a candidate band for alternative systems to

wired broadbands in spite of strict geographical restrictions.

100

5.3.2.2 Considerations when using the frequency bands under study

(1) Considerations when reviewing frequency bands, etc.

When studying frequency bands and the like required for introducing a system that meets

the system requirements described above, the following must be considered:

(i) Frequency band(s) in an area where the system will be introduced that is not going

to be used by Mobile Radio Communication Systems or other wireless systems (or

is sharable with other systems) and is a band of frequencies that are as low as

possible.

(Reasons) (a) In a band of comparatively high frequencies, the cost of the part for

wireless use remains high. Even if the rest of the parts are shared

among systems, the entire cost will not be reduced.

(b) On the other hand, it is reasonable to preferentially allocate a band

of comparatively low frequencies to Mobile Radio Communication

Systems. If a range of frequencies over which no other Mobile

Radio Communication System is expected to be used can be

selected from such a frequency band and a new system can be

used in that range only or can share it with other systems, the

system should be introduced.

(ii) Frequency band(s) that must match the one over which a considerable number of

terminals have already been deployed or are expected to be introduced at home and

abroad.

(Reasons) (a) If the frequency band is a band over which many terminals for other

uses are not deployed in addition to domestic alternative systems

to wired broadbands, it will result in manufacturing terminals with

dedicated specifications to meet extremely small demand, and

consequently, cost will not be reduced.

5.3.3 Measures to promote the introduction of new systems

(1) Conclusion of consideration

When considering the various aspects of wireless broadband, a wide variety of proposals

have been contributed to replace or supplement wired broadband. Proposed systems

that are related to new frequency allocation can be boiled down to three groups of

systems: WiMAX (in compliance with IEEE802.16-2004), advanced DS-CDMA, and

iBurst. These proposed systems have a great potential to spread extensively in the future

when various conditions are met.

101

The proposals on optical wireless communications that can be simply introduced due to

their incoherency and on satellite communications that have the features of

extensiveness, broadcasting nature, etc., are regarded to be very effective to secure

redundancy, such as being used as not only an alternative for wired broadband but also

backup lines in the event of a disaster, etc., although they are not related to new

frequency allocation.

Compared to wired broadband, wireless broadband has the benefit of not accumulating

distance cost and it is more advantageous in some areas, such as rural areas. In Japan

today, which sees wired broadband extensively spreading, however, conditions for

offering wireless broadband services to areas where wired broadband services are not

provided are very strict in terms of cost in spite of its advantages.

For this reason, the systems in usage scene 4 aim for low-cost system introduction by

complying with global standards and using ranges of comparatively low frequencies.

It is particularly effective to introduce systems that are adopted extensively under global

cooperation and systems for large-scale markets that belong to usage scene 1 or 2 as

alternative to wired broadband in order to break through a vicious circle where conditions

for providing broadband services are not met because markets are small in the first

place.

In this case, a good example is a system like WiMAX, which is under consideration

through global cooperation. As momentum for introducing WiMAX in foreign countries as

well as in Japan is rising, environments for accelerating the deployment should be

developed.

To improve Japan's global competitiveness, Japan should hammer out her original

systems on a global scale, making this consideration effort a starting point.

In other words, further consideration towards developing arrangements that ere more

specific should be started by using what has been considered in this report as a

reference so that such systems can be deployed as soon as possible.

(2) Subsidy device for diffusion

Not all cost impediments at the time of providing services in rural areas can be removed,

even if systems that meet all the requirements are selected and appropriate frequency

ranges are allocated as discussed above.

For this reason, it is effective to develop systems at this time while using the currently

available preferential tax treatment and government loan and investment programs as

assistance measures.

102

5.4 Introduction scenarios and frequency bands for safe and secure ITS (usage scene 6)

This section studies the specific systems that have been proposed for this public participation opportunity and whose main application belongs to usage scene 6 in depth.

[Scope of consideration] • Usage scene 6 This group of systems automatically and instantaneously makes up a network of radio devices

in motion on a priority basis and enables users to use their radio devices without being aware of communications between the devices.

(Pattern in which services are provided) Services that can process many instances of packet communication instantaneously by constituting an ad hoc network for car-to-car communications, road-to-car communications and the like for cars, without user awareness of the operations.


5.4.1.1 Envisioned View of envisioned services

(1) ITS

(i) What is ITS (Intelligent Transport System)?

ITS (Intelligent Transport System) configures one system that integrates men, roads

and cars with state-of-the-art information and telecommunications technologies, etc,

and thereby allows alleviation of the load in advanced and normal usage of roads for

such as driving, walking, and the like and achieves a dramatic improvement of safety,

transportation efficiency, and amenity of road traffic. At the same time, it helps the

realization of a truly, rich and energetic national life with benefits such as a great

contribution to environment conservation through the facilitation of traffic to reduce

instances of traffic congestion.

In the wake of the "Basic Guidelines on the Promotion of an Advanced Information

and Telecommunications Society" finalized by the Advanced Information and

Telecommunication Society Headquarters (chief of the headquarters: the prime

minister), five concerned government ministries, namely, the National Police Agency,

the Ministry of International Trade and Industry, the Ministry of Posts and

Telecommunications, and the Ministry of Public Building and Works developed a

"Comprehensive Plan for Promoting Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS)" in July 1996

(The names of the concerned ministries, excepting the National Police Agency, are

those in use at that time,). In addition, in "e-Japan Priority Policy Program 2004"

developed in June 2004 by the Strategic Headquarters for the Promotion of an

Advanced Information and Telecommunications Network Society (IT Strategic

103

Headquarters, chief of headquarters: the prime minister), ITS was positioned as one

of important policies that the government must continue to actively promote. ITS

Japan was then established with the aim of promoting the further advancement of ITS

through improved collaboration between industry, educational institutions and the

administration. In December 2004, ITS Japan announced "Guidelines on ITS

Promotion," related to how to develop ITS and the like in the future.

(ii) Roles of ITS

"Guidelines on ITS Promotion" states:

• Japan's ITS can be said to have produced remarkable results in its first stage

worldwide, and

• ITS is expected to contribute to a better national life and social change as it has

entered the second stage, and lists the following three societies as specific fields

that it is expected to realize:

(a) Safe and secure society

(b) Environmentally-friendly and efficient society, and

(c) Highly convenient and comfortable society

(iii) The current status of ITS

The following sections explain the overview and the like of main ITS systems that

have been made commercially available:

(a) VICS18

VICS is an information and telecommunications system where the Car

Information and Communication System Center edits and processes traffic

control and congestion information that the Japan Road Traffic Information

Center (JARTIC19) gathers from police departments and road administrators who

belong to the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport and then provides

the information to on-board equipment such as car navigation systems through

various media on a real-time basis. The media used to provide information

includes three types: FM multiplex broadcasting, radio wave beacons, and

infrared beacons. FM multiplex broadcasting uses the 80MHz band and radio

wave beacon uses radio waves in the 2.5GHz band. Note that radio wave

beacons are going to use 5.8GHz-band DSCR in the future.

On-board equipment displays information on three levels. Level 1 can display

information in text format, and level 2 can display it in simplified geography. Level

3, the most advanced display mechanism, can display traffic congestion

18 Car Information and Communication System 19 Japan Road Traffic Information Center

104

information on top of geographical information displayed by a car navigation

system.

In Japan, a cumulative total of 12 million VICS units were shipped as of the end

of June 2005. The number of shipped VICS units is stably increasing and the

units have been accepted as one of the required functions in a car navigation

system.

Figure 5.4.1: Mechanism and Diffusion Status of VICS

Collecting information

Processing and editing information

Providing information

Using information

Japan Road Traffic Information Center

Road administrator (traffic control center)

Prefecture-level police

Level 1: Text display Level 3: Map displayLevel 2: Simplified geography display

Car navigation system, etc.

Radio wave beacon(Express highway)64Kbps

Infrared beacon(Major trunk road)1Mbps

FM multiplex broadcasting(Existing broadcasting facility)16Kbps

Information source: VICS center HP (http://www.vics.or.jp/)

VICS center

VICS Mechanism

Collecting information

Processing and editing information

Providing information

Using information

Japan Road Traffic Information Center

Road administrator (traffic control center)

Prefecture-level police

Level 1: Text display Level 3: Map displayLevel 2: Simplified geography display

Car navigation system, etc.

Radio wave beacon(Express highway)64Kbps

Infrared beacon(Major trunk road)1Mbps

FM multiplex broadcasting(Existing broadcasting facility)16Kbps

Information source: VICS center HP (http://www.vics.or.jp/)

VICS center

VICS Mechanism

Diffusion status of VICS Units

Number of VICS units in use exceeded 10 million (in July 2004)!

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,600

1996.6月

1996.9月

1996.12月

1997.3月

1997.6月

1997.9月

1997.12月

1998.3月

1998.6月

1998.9月

1998.12月

1999.3月

1999.6月

1999.9月

1999.12月

2000.3月

2000.6月

2000.9月

2000.12月

2001.3月

2001.6月

2001.9月

2001.12月

2002.3月

2002.6月

2002.9月

2002.12月

2003.3月

2003.6月

2003.9月

2003.12月

2004.3月

2004.6月

2004.9月

2004.12月

2005.3月

2005.6月

2005.9月

VICSユニット（V)

In ten thousands

VICS unit (V)

Jun.

199

6S

ept.

1996

Dec

. 199

6M

ar. 1

997

Jun.

199

7S

ept.

1997

Dec

. 199

7M

ar. 1

998

Jun.

199

8S

ept.

1998

Dec

. 199

8M

ar. 1

999

Jun.

199

9S

ept.

1999

Dec

. 199

9M

ar. 2

000

Jun.

200

0S

ept.

2000

Dec

. 200

0M

ar. 2

001

Jun.

200

1S

ept.

2001

Dec

. 200

1M

ar. 2

002

Jun.

200

2S

ept.

2002

Dec

. 200

2M

ar. 2

003

Jun.

200

3S

ept.

2003

Dec

. 200

3M

ar. 2

004

Jun.

200

4S

ept.

2004

Dec

. 200

4M

ar. 2

005

Jun.

200

5S

ept.

2005

By the end of September 2005Cumulative total of VICS units: 1337 × ten thousands

By the end of July 2004Cumulative total of VICS units: 10 million exceeded

Cumulative Total of Shipped VICS Units

Diffusion status of VICS Units

Number of VICS units in use exceeded 10 million (in July 2004)!

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,600

1996.6月

1996.9月

1996.12月

1997.3月

1997.6月

1997.9月

1997.12月

1998.3月

1998.6月

1998.9月

1998.12月

1999.3月

1999.6月

1999.9月

1999.12月

2000.3月

2000.6月

2000.9月

2000.12月

2001.3月

2001.6月

2001.9月

2001.12月

2002.3月

2002.6月

2002.9月

2002.12月

2003.3月

2003.6月

2003.9月

2003.12月

2004.3月

2004.6月

2004.9月

2004.12月

2005.3月

2005.6月

2005.9月

VICSユニット（V)

In ten thousands

VICS unit (V)

Jun.

199

6S

ept.

1996

Dec

. 199

6M

ar. 1

997

Jun.

199

7S

ept.

1997

Dec

. 199

7M

ar. 1

998

Jun.

199

8S

ept.

1998

Dec

. 199

8M

ar. 1

999

Jun.

199

9S

ept.

1999

Dec

. 199

9M

ar. 2

000

Jun.

200

0S

ept.

2000

Dec

. 200

0M

ar. 2

001

Jun.

200

1S

ept.

2001

Dec

. 200

1M

ar. 2

002

Jun.

200

2S

ept.

2002

Dec

. 200

2M

ar. 2

003

Jun.

200

3S

ept.

2003

Dec

. 200

3M

ar. 2

004

Jun.

200

4S

ept.

2004

Dec

. 200

4M

ar. 2

005

Jun.

200

5S

ept.

2005

By the end of September 2005Cumulative total of VICS units: 1337 × ten thousands

By the end of July 2004Cumulative total of VICS units: 10 million exceeded

Cumulative Total of Shipped VICS Units

105

(b) ETC

ETC is one of the most pervasive road-to-car communication services in Japan

and has been positioned as one of DSRC services. This toll collecting system

started to be deployed in 2001 and now is available at most tollgates across

Japan. Note that DSRC services use the 5.8GHz band.

The number of installed ETC on-board units exceeded 9 million units as of the

end of October 2005 and the unit is spreading rapidly at rate of 0.4 million units

or more per month. In line with the diffusion, the national average utilization rate

for the ETC units is steadily increasing and the national average on express

highways exceeds 50%. Consequently, ETC has achieved such effects as the

reduction of chronic traffic congestion caused by toll gates and ambient noises,

air pollution, etc.

Figure 5.4.2: Mechanism and Diffusion Status of ETC

Roadside antenna

IC card

On-board equipment

Two-way radio communications

Roadside antenna

IC card

On-board equipment


Roadside antenna

IC card

On-board equipment


106

Diffusion status of ETC on-board equipment

Cumulative number of ETC units set up: 9 million sets exceededETC usage rate: 50% exceeded (in October 2005)

In ten thousands

Numbers of Cumulative and Newly Set Up ETC Units

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1,000

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Cumulative number of ETC units set upNumber ETC units newly set up per month

By the end of October 2005Cumulative number of ETC units set up: 9 million units exceeded

August 19th, 2005 Cumulative number of ETC units set up: 8 million units exceeded

June 1st, 2005Cumulative number of ETC units set up: 7 million units exceeded

March 18th, 2005Cumulative number of ETC units set up: 6 million units exceeded

January 10th, 2005Cumulative number of ETC units set up: 5 million units exceeded

October 30th, 2004Cumulative number of ETC units set up: 4 million units exceeded

May 30th, 2004Cumulative number of ETC units set up: 3 million units exceeded

December 14th, 2003Cumulative number of ETC units set up: 2 million units exceeded

June 10th, 2003Cumulative number of ETC units set up: 1 million units exceeded

In ten thousands

To F

eb. 2

001

Mar

. 200

1Ap

r.M

ayJu

n.Ju

l.A

ug.

Sep

.O

ct.

Nov

.D

ec.

Jan.

200

2Fe

b.M

ar.

Apr.

May

Jun.

Jul.

Aug

.S

ep.

Oct

.N

ov.

Dec

.Ja

n. 2

003

Feb.

Mar

.Ap

r.M

ayJu

n.Ju

l.A

ug.

Sep

.O

ct.

Nov

.D

ec.

Jan.

200

4Fe

b.M

ar.

Apr.

May

Jun.

Jul.

Aug

.S

ep.

Oct

.N

ov.

Dec

.Ja

n. 2

005

Feb.

Mar

.Ap

r.M

ayJu

n.Ju

l.A

ug.

Sep

.O

ct.

(c) Millimeter wave on-board radar

Millimeter wave on-board radar is a system that detects obstacles in front of a car,

behind it, or to either side of it as quickly as possible and provides the

information to the driver. What is mainly used now in Japan is the type of this

radar that uses 76GHz-band radio.

The radar was initially installed only in high-end cars as a value added to them,

but as it is becoming less expensive and more pervasive, it is starting to be

mounted in middle-end cars.

The millimeter wave on-board radar features higher accuracy, more advanced

functions and less susceptibility to the weather compared to other laser sensors

and supersonic sensors, and it and can be used for detecting an obstacle within

both a short range (about 20m) and a long range (about 100m).

Currently, the millimeter on-board radar can not only provide information to a

driver in its own right, but also can work with the car's brake and accelerator

mechanism to enable a driver to automatically follow a car running in front and

reduce the degree of collision damage by activating brakes as quickly as

possible when a collision is unavoidable.

107

Figure 5.4.3: Millimeter On-board Radars

Has high accuracy and advanced functions, can be used in all weather and within both a short range and long range (1-100m).

Radio wave radar(60GHz band and

76GHz band)

Can be made more accurate and further enhanced, and vulnerable to the bad weather (especially, fogs)

Laser sensors

Can be made more accurate and further enhanced, require complicated image processing techniques, and vulnerable to the bad weather (especially, fogs and rains)

Small and low cost, susceptible to ambient noises, and functional within a short range.

Features

Supersonic sensors

Imaging sensors

Object Sensor

Has high accuracy and advanced functions, can be used in all weather and within both a short range and long range (1-100m).

Radio wave radar(60GHz band and

76GHz band)

Can be made more accurate and further enhanced, and vulnerable to the bad weather (especially, fogs)

Laser sensors

Can be made more accurate and further enhanced, require complicated image processing techniques, and vulnerable to the bad weather (especially, fogs and rains)

Small and low cost, susceptible to ambient noises, and functional within a short range.

Features

Supersonic sensors

Imaging sensors

Object Sensor

450MHz4.55MHz250MHz75MHzRequired bandwidth

(for a distance accuracy of 1m)

Has two methods: Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DS) method and Frequency Hopping (FH) method. It can measure distance and relative velocity at one time. It is, however, difficult to measure relative speeds with the FH method.

Phase modulation or other modulations

Spread Spectrum

Can measure a distance by using the time difference between a transmit pulse and a receive pulse.

Pulse modulation

Pulse

Measures the distance and relative velocity by using two waves whose frequencies are slightly different. As it uses the Doppler effect to measure distances, it cannot measure them if relative velocity is zero.

No modulation or frequency modulation

Two-frequency CW

Uses triangular waves. When receiving reflected waves, distance and relative velocity can be calculated by using time lag and frequency displacement.

Frequency modulation

FM-CW

Characteristics

Modulation method

Radar System

450MHz4.55MHz250MHz75MHzRequired bandwidth

(for a distance accuracy of 1m)

Has two methods: Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DS) method and Frequency Hopping (FH) method. It can measure distance and relative velocity at one time. It is, however, difficult to measure relative speeds with the FH method.

Phase modulation or other modulations

Spread Spectrum

Can measure a distance by using the time difference between a transmit pulse and a receive pulse.

Pulse modulation

Pulse

Measures the distance and relative velocity by using two waves whose frequencies are slightly different. As it uses the Doppler effect to measure distances, it cannot measure them if relative velocity is zero.

No modulation or frequency modulation

Two-frequency CW

Uses triangular waves. When receiving reflected waves, distance and relative velocity can be calculated by using time lag and frequency displacement.

Frequency modulation

FM-CW

Characteristics

Modulation method

Radar System[Type of Object Sensor]

50 or less50 or lessData update rate (msec)

Humans, utility poles, or larger objects

Two-wheeled motor car and equivalent or larger carsDetection target

3% (lower limit±1km/h)3% (lower limit±1km/h)Accuracy of relative velocity

Air bag controlBroadcasting and dead zone

monitoring warning

Forward-looking warningMaintenance of car-to-car

distance, etc.

3% (lower limit±0.1m)

100

1m or less

20

System 2 (for short distance)

3% (lower limit±1m)

±200

5m or less

100 (rounded off)

System 1 (for long distance)

Distance accuracy

Relative velocity (km/h)

Maximum allowable approach distance to be detected (m)

Maximum of detection distances (m)

Performance

50 or less50 or lessData update rate (msec)

Humans, utility poles, or larger objects

Two-wheeled motor car and equivalent or larger carsDetection target

3% (lower limit±1km/h)3% (lower limit±1km/h)Accuracy of relative velocity

Air bag controlBroadcasting and dead zone

monitoring warning

Forward-looking warningMaintenance of car-to-car

distance, etc.

3% (lower limit±0.1m)

100

1m or less

20

System 2 (for short distance)

3% (lower limit±1m)

±200

5m or less

100 (rounded off)

System 1 (for long distance)

Distance accuracy

Relative velocity (km/h)

Maximum allowable approach distance to be detected (m)

Maximum of detection distances (m)

Performance

Milliwave On-board Radar

Car on the side

Milliwaveradar

Car in front

Up to 100m

Car on the side

108

(2) Enhancing ITS with wireless broadband

(i) Classifications of proposed systems

For the public invitation of specific system proposals subject to the descriptions in

Chapter 3, 11 systems related to ITS have been proposed by nine companies. These

proposed systems have been classified as summarized in Figure 5.4.4 by also

considering the application fields that are expected in "Guidelines on ITS Promotion."

Note that this report studies these classified, proposed systems with a central focus

on the systems (ITS for Safety and Security) that must satisfy high public interest and

strict communication requirements such as high reliability and extremely low latency

and contribute to the realization of a safe and secure society.

Figure 5.4.4: Classifications of Proposed Systems

Application Field System Type Description of System (Service)

Autonomous Detects an obstacle and (automatically) controls a car via on-board radar

Car-to-car communications

Conveys information on driving intentions, safety, etc.

Road-to-car communications

Conveys information on positions, safety, etc.

Realization of safe and secure society

Cooperative with infrastructure Pedestrian-to-car

communications Conveys information on positions, etc.

Car-to-car communications

Exchanges information between specific cars, etc.

Realization of highly convenient and comfortable society

Cooperative with infrastructure Seamless

communications

Transmits information seamlessly between cars, roadside machines, and pedestrians through multiple media

(ii) Services realized by systems

(a) Autonomous systems

Autonomous systems are systems that use on-board sensors to detect obstacles

in the vicinity of a car, support the safe, autonomous operation of the car by such

as support for activating brakes to reduce the degree of accident damage and

maintaining traffic lanes, and attempt to avoid accidents and alleviate the level of

damage.

109

Figure 5.4.5: Examples of Autonomous Systems

Information from http://www.toyota.co.jp/

[Crash damage reduction system]

Activates safety controls early, before it deems that this car cannot avoid a crash,identifies cars and obstacles on the road with the millimeter wave on-board radar,heightens driver restraint performance by early rewinding of the seat belt, and at the same time reduces collision speed by an early assisted braking force in proportion to the pressure on the brake pedal.

Pre-crash seatbelt control

Millimeter wave radar

Pre-crash brake assist

Collision sensing ECU(Electronic Control Unit)

Detects the status of a car running ahead via a millimeter wave on-board radar that behaves extremely well against bad weather such as foggy or rainy days, accelerates or decelerates your car through appropriate accelerator and brake controls, and follows the front car while keeping the car-to-car distance proportional to your car's velocity within the set driving speed.

[Forward car-to-car distance constant control system](Accelerating/decelerating driving)

Cycle of start → running → stop1. Homing in on a car

running ahead2. Controlling car-to-car distance

3. Stopping a car

Setting operation

(i) On an Express highway(ii) A car is running ahead on this line(iii) The car is within control of this car speed(iv) Driver presses on the brake pedal

Inter-vehicle control

acceptance enabled

Controls the distance from a car on which the driver homed in and announcesa stop operation when this car must be stopped

Stopped by this driver hitting the brake, control released

Information from http://www.toyota.co.jp/

[Crash damage reduction system]

Activates safety controls early, before it deems that this car cannot avoid a crash,identifies cars and obstacles on the road with the millimeter wave on-board radar,heightens driver restraint performance by early rewinding of the seat belt, and at the same time reduces collision speed by an early assisted braking force in proportion to the pressure on the brake pedal.

Pre-crash seatbelt control

Millimeter wave radar

Pre-crash brake assist

Collision sensing ECU(Electronic Control Unit)

Detects the status of a car running ahead via a millimeter wave on-board radar that behaves extremely well against bad weather such as foggy or rainy days, accelerates or decelerates your car through appropriate accelerator and brake controls, and follows the front car while keeping the car-to-car distance proportional to your car's velocity within the set driving speed.

[Forward car-to-car distance constant control system](Accelerating/decelerating driving)

Cycle of start → running → stop1. Homing in on a car

running ahead2. Controlling car-to-car distance

3. Stopping a car

Setting operation

(i) On an Express highway(ii) A car is running ahead on this line(iii) The car is within control of this car speed(iv) Driver presses on the brake pedal

Inter-vehicle control

acceptance enabled

Controls the distance from a car on which the driver homed in and announcesa stop operation when this car must be stopped

Stopped by this driver hitting the brake, control released

Examples) Services provided by autonomous systems

- Autonomously detecting an obstacle environment (such as the positions and relative

velocity of other cars and pedestrians) in the vicinity of a car from a wide viewing

angle with high accuracy and at a high rate (10ms), and automatically controlling the

car to avoid an obstacle or helping a driver to drive his or her car in a safe manner

by issuing a warning to him or her.

- Can provide a wide range of services including car control mechanisms such as

merge/divide traffic assistance, lane change assistance, rear-end collision

prevention due to sudden braking, and formation driving by installing sensors on

each side of a car and making sophisticated use of information gathered from those

sensors.

(b) Car-to-car communication systems

Car-to-car communication systems are systems that communicate direct or

indirect information between cars, conduct other functions such as accident

prevention assistance and information exchange, and attempt to avoid an

accident and reduce the degree of collision damage by allowing a car that

receives gathered information to make the best use of it.

Information communicated by an car-to-car communication system includes

information retrieved from the car itself, such as its position, driving speed, and

the status of direction indicators, as well as information on the vicinity of the car

gathered by an autonomous system, information provided by other cars through

an car-to-car communication system, and information provide by roadside

110

equipment through a road-to-car communication system. The Car-to-car

communication system is expected to play a role of information relay media in

the future.

Figure 5.4.6: Example of Car-to-car Communication System

（例）前車減速制動 →後続車も減速制動

① ②

③周辺車両の情報を解析④解析結果に基づき事故防止支援

衝突可能性小急接近中・衝突可能性大

警報警報減速→停止

車両間ﾈｯﾄﾜｰｸ構成 →ｲﾝﾀｰﾈｯﾄ等にも接続

車両間でｴﾝﾀｰﾃｲﾒﾝﾄ情報等を交換

①②

・私はここ・私は減速中・直進中等

★★情報交換情報交換

★★事故防止支援事故防止支援

★★車両制御支援車両制御支援

・位置・加・減速・直進中等

1) 2)

Warning

★★

★★ Helps prevent accidents

★★ Helps control the vehicle Information exchange

1) Sends information on the driver's vehicle's location, acceleration, etc.

2) Receives information on the location, acceleration, etc. of nearby vehicles

• I'm here• I'm slowing down• I'm moving straight-ahead etc.

3) Analyses the information on nearby vehicles4) Uses the information to help prevent accidents

Approaching rapidly: high risk of a collision

Low risk of a collision

Slow down and stop

Exchanges information on braking and acceleration with the vehicles behind and in front • Location

• Acceleration, Deceleration

• Moving straight-ahead etc.

Example: If the vehicle in front brakes, the vehicles behind also brake

Vehicles network with each other, and can also connect to other networks such as the Internet

Vehicles can exchange entertainment-related information etc.

（例）前車減速制動 →後続車も減速制動

① ②① ②

③周辺車両の情報を解析④解析結果に基づき事故防止支援

衝突可能性小急接近中・衝突可能性大

警報警報減速→停止

車両間ﾈｯﾄﾜｰｸ構成 →ｲﾝﾀｰﾈｯﾄ等にも接続

車両間でｴﾝﾀｰﾃｲﾒﾝﾄ情報等を交換

①②

・私はここ・私は減速中・直進中等

★★情報交換情報交換

★★事故防止支援事故防止支援

★★車両制御支援車両制御支援

・位置・加・減速・直進中等

1) 2)

Warning

★★

★★ Helps prevent accidents

★★ Helps control the vehicle Information exchange

1) Sends information on the driver's vehicle's location, acceleration, etc.

2) Receives information on the location, acceleration, etc. of nearby vehicles

• I'm here• I'm slowing down• I'm moving straight-ahead etc.

3) Analyses the information on nearby vehicles4) Uses the information to help prevent accidents

Approaching rapidly: high risk of a collision

Low risk of a collision

Slow down and stop

Exchanges information on braking and acceleration with the vehicles behind and in front • Location

• Acceleration, Deceleration

• Moving straight-ahead etc.

Example: If the vehicle in front brakes, the vehicles behind also brake

Vehicles network with each other, and can also connect to other networks such as the Internet

Vehicles can exchange entertainment-related information etc.

Examples) Services provided by car-to-car communication systems

- Providing information on dead zones

When a car turns right, it delivers the position, velocity, etc. of a car driving directly

towards the car, and deals with a driver's insufficient safety confirmation that may

cause an accident between his or her car that attempts to turn right and another car

that drives straight forward at the intersection.

- Providing information on an approaching car

When a car without the right of way pauses on a road, it delivers information on the

position, velocity, etc. of an approaching car that has the right of way on the road to

the stopped car through car-to-car communications to deal with a driver's insufficient

safety confirmation that may cause a crossing collision at an intersection or merging

and diverging points, or a minor collision when changing lanes.

- Providing information on a car at a stop or running slowly, it delivers information on

the position, velocity, etc. of another car at a stop or running slowly out of view (for

example, at the end of cars in a traffic jam) to the car through car-to-car

communications, and deals with a driver's insufficient safety confirmation that may

cause a rear-end accident, etc. on a road out of view.

- Providing front moving picture information

111

It delivers front images that have been shot with a camera that is installed on a tall

car such as an oversized car that is running ahead of it to the car through car-to-car

communications, and addresses a driver's insufficient confirmation that may cause

a head-on collision, etc. due to unsafe overtaking.

- Providing information on an emergency car

When an emergency car is approaching, it helps the car to pass by providing the

drivers of other cars with approaching emergency car information through car-to-car

communications.

- Communications between drivers (car-to-car communications)

It delivers the intentions of a driver in a car, such as advance notice as to the

behavior of the car at a merging point or intersection, to other drivers through

car-to-car communications, improves communications among drivers, and

contributes to mutual safe driving and accident prevention.

(c) Road-to-car communication systems

Road-to-car communication systems are systems that exchange information,

such as traffic information gathered with various sensors installed on the side of

a road, between roadside equipment and cars and performs other functions such

as accident prevention assistance, the control of cars, and information

exchange.

VICS and ETC (DSRC), as road-to-car communication systems, have already

been made commercially available and made an attempt to improve the

convenience of traffic systems. Road-to-car communication systems are

expected to provide information from the viewpoint of safety and security.

112

Figure 5.4.7: Example of Road-to-car Communication System

Supplies information on traffic rules

(location of stop signs)

Stop!

Supplies information on signals

Large truck

Supplies information on vehicles that are slowing down or

stationary

Road side communication

device

Camera

Key:

Communication range

SensorBlack ice

Blind spot

Supplies information on vehicles and pedestrians crossing the road

Supplies images of the area in the blind spot(to prevent right turn

collisions)

Intersection (with traffic signals) Intersection

(no traffic signals)

Outside the field of vision

(bend)

Signal control device

End of traffic jam

Supplies information on approaching vehicles (to

prevent 90-degree collisions)

Supplies information on traffic rules

(location of stop signs)

Stop!

Supplies information on signals

Large truck

Supplies information on vehicles that are slowing down or

stationary

Road side communication

device

Camera

Key:

Communication range

SensorBlack ice

Blind spot

Supplies information on vehicles and pedestrians crossing the road

Supplies images of the area in the blind spot(to prevent right turn

collisions)

Intersection (with traffic signals) Intersection

(no traffic signals)

Outside the field of vision

(bend)

Signal control device

End of traffic jam

Supplies information on approaching vehicles (to

prevent 90-degree collisions)

Examples) Services provided by road-to-car communication systems

- Providing signal information

It delivers signal information through road-to-car communications and deals with

drivers who ignore a red signal or forcefully try to enter a cross-point during a

change of traffic lights which may cause a crossing collision at the intersection

- Providing information on a dead area in the form of images

It delivers the image of an oncoming car on the opposite lane to a car that tries to

turn right through road-to-car communications and deals with driver's insufficient

safety confirmation that may cause a right-turn accident.

- Providing information on an approaching car

When a car pauses on a road without the right of way, it delivers information on the

position, velocity, etc. of an approaching car that has the right of way on the road to

the stopped car through road-to-car communications to deal with a driver's

insufficient safety confirmation that may cause a crossing collision at an intersection

or merging and diverging points, or a minor collision when changing lanes.

- Providing information on road regulations

It delivers information on traffic regulations, disasters, frozen road surfaces, bad

weather and the like through road-to-car communications and deals with crossing

accidents at intersections, the oversight of traffic signs that may cause accidents

due to excessive speed, intentional violations of traffic regulations, and accidents

caused by a drivers' carelessness.

113

- Providing information on a car that is at a stop or running slowly

It delivers information on the position, velocity, etc. of another car that is at a stop or

running slowly out of view (for example, at the end of cars in a traffic jam) to another

car through road-to-car communications, and deals with a driver's insufficient safety

confirmation that may cause rear-end accidents, etc. on a road out of view.

- Providing information on pedestrians, bicycles, and two-wheeled motor cars

It delivers information on the positions, velocities, etc. of pedestrians, bicycles and

two-wheeled motor cars in the crosswalks and surrounding areas to a car through

road-to-car communications and deals with a driver's insufficient safety confirmation

that may cause minor accidents (left-turn accidents) with pedestrians, etc. at the

intersection.

- Emergency car priority system

When an emergency car approaches an intersection, it will give priority to the

emergency car by taking special measures such as the automatic control of traffic

signals.

(d) Pedestrian-to-car communication systems

Pedestrian-to-car communication systems are systems that provide assistance

in safe driving by conducting communications between cars, and men and

features such devices such as RFID20 installed on men or cars.

Figure 5.4.8: Overview of Pedestrian-to-Car Communication System

Pedestrian Pedestrian ↔↔ VehicleVehicle

Building

Pedestrian Pedestrian ↔↔ VehicleVehicle

Building

Examples) Services provided by pedestrian-to-car communication systems

- Mainly providing information on pedestrians, bicycles, and two-wheeled motor cars

20 Radio Frequency Identification

114

It delivers information on the positions of pedestrians, bicycles, etc. at a location

where roadside equipment has not been installed to a car and deals with a driver's

insufficient safety confirmation that may cause a minor accident with a pedestrian,

etc. when he or she is crossing a road.

(e) Seamless communication systems

ITS is envisioned to use communication systems through various media in

addition to VICS and DSRC and provide seamless ITS services that can flexibly

switch those multiple media.

Figure 5.4.9: Overview of Seamless Communication System

5.4.1.2 Introduction and diffusion scenarios

This report reviews scenarios for introducing and diffusing specific services that are outlined in section 5.4.1.1 (2) based on the trends at home and overseas. Note that the domestic and international trends are summarized in Reference 4.3.1.

(1) Autonomous systems

Millimeter wave on-board radars that make up autonomous systems and are now

commercially available have a resolution of approx. 1m within a range of approx. 100m,

and can detect obstacles as large as a regular car in the vicinity of the car.

For autonomous systems that must be further enhanced in terms of safety and security in

future, on-board radars with higher resolution (close to tens of centimeters) are expected to

be commercially available to isolate and identify objects as small as men or bicycles in the

vicinity of a car and reduce the number of traffic accidents by assisting and controlling car

driving based on the behavior of those objects.

A possible scenario for the diffusion of autonomous systems may be thought of as follows:

Since the autonomous systems are not curbed by the progress of infrastructure

developments and the initial systems have already begun to spread, the enhanced

systems are expected to start to diffuse ahead of other systems.

115

On the other hand, the autonomous systems can detect road and traffic environments

within the scope of their control and are much more effective for this reason when they are

used in conjunction with other systems such as car-to-car systems or road-to-car systems

that can provide wider and more varied information on road and traffic environments.

Consequently, the diffusion speed of autonomous systems in their own right could be

rather slow.

(2) Car-to-car communication systems

Currently, there are no commercially available car-to-car communication systems in the

world. As described in the home and overseas trends in Reference 4.3.1, however,

consideration for realizing the systems is actively conducted in countries around the world,

including Japan.

Car-to-car communication systems are regarded as being deployed in different time

periods based on the applications, communication forms, etc. that they will provide.

Car-to-car communication systems are envisioned to start to be deployed around the same

time as road-to-car communications systems. They will allow a car to provide cars around

it with information gathered from itself, in broadcasting format, such as its position, velocity

and the status of its direction indicators, and information on obstacles, etc. in its vicinity

gathered from an autonomous system in locations where roadside equipment is not

installed. That is, they will not request other cars surrounding it to provide necessary

information whenever it is required through communicating with them, but avoid accidents

and reduce the degree of damage by using information provided in broadcasting format

from other cars within its service area. In other words, it is envisioned to be a system that

follows a so-called one-way communication form.

A service provided by enhancing an car-to-car communication system will exchange

information that is gathered from the car itself and from an autonomous system, as well as

information that is provided by other cars, with other cars through an car-to-car

communication system and by roadside equipment through a road-to-car communication

system by performing two-way communications in cooperation with cars around it

whenever necessary. A car-to-car communication system that makes up an ad hoc network

is expected to be realized thereby. In other words, individual cars will function as media

relaying information, and the service will be regarded as a great contribution to the

improvement of convenience in addition to safety and security.

The scenario that describes the diffusion of car-to-car communication systems is as

follows: The systems are expected to begin to rapidly accelerate the diffusion from a stage

where the diffusion rate exceeds a certain level, because they are systems that will

116

become more convenient for users as the users have more communication parties in light

of the network externality.

The car-to-car communication systems, however, will be able to provide only a limited

number of applications (services) by only exchanging information generated by cars.

Consequently, it is very difficult to envision that car-to-car communication systems will be

deployed in their own right before the deployment of road-to-car communication systems

that are also systems in cooperation with infrastructures from the viewpoint of the diffusion

of systems. For these reasons, a road-to-car communication system and an car-to-car

communication system are expected to be deployed and spread as one single combined

system, and the latter system can contribute to heightening safety and security on roads in

such as intersections without roadside equipment.

(3) Road-to-car communication systems

Currently, VICS, and ETC using DSRC are provided as road-to-car communication

systems from the viewpoint of better convenience, environmental consideration, etc. To

further improve convenience for users, payment systems in locations such as parking lots

and gas stations and services using DSRC systems that will enable advanced road traffic

information to be offered are planned to be provided in the future.

From the viewpoint of safety and security, some information provision services that make

active use of existing DSRC will be implemented ahead of others, and then further

enhanced systems will provide information on traffic signals, approaching cars, etc. on a

real-time basis so that the avoidance of accidents and the reduction of accident damage

may be expected in areas where roadside equipment is not installed. Note that, as

described in the car-to-car communication systems, information provided by road-to-car

communication systems would be provided to cars that are running in wider areas through

an ad hoc network formed by car-to-car communication systems in the future.

A possible scenario for the diffusion of road-to-car communication systems may be thought

of as follows: The spread of road-to-car communication systems greatly depends on the

number of installations or when facilities for infrastructure such as roadside equipment will

be installed. Since, for example, the number of envisioned installations will fluctuate from

about 4,000 on a national level (which means the dangerous sections across the country

selected by the National Land and Transportation Ministry and the National Police Agency

where the early effects of countermeasures are expected to be felt) to hundreds of

thousands, various cases may be possible at this point of time. For this reason, the

diffusion scenarios must be reconsidered, based on the development plans of facilities

such as roadside equipment, and the deployment time of road-to-car systems that will

implement next-generation ITS is currently estimated to be beyond the year 2010.

117

(4) Other systems

Pedestrian-to-car communication systems and seamless communication systems aim to

realize more advanced ITS by complementing the functions of the systems in sections (1)

to (3) described above and providing them with greater added value.

Consequently, the introduction and diffusion scenarios for these systems must be

considered from here on based on the progress of their installation and diffusion.

The following figure summarizes the scenarios for introducing and spreading these proposed systems and visualizes a transition scenario for a next-generation ITS. The next-generation ITS will be brought about by making each system organically work together with other systems through radio transmission.

Figure 5.4.10: Overview of Scenario for Transition to Next-Generation ITS

Autonomous system

Detect and avoid obstacles with high precision(Around 10cm resolution)

Milliradar(Around 1m resolution) ImprovementsImprovements Detect and avoid obstacles with high precision

(Around 10cm resolution)Milliradar

(Around 1m resolution) ImprovementsImprovementsImprovementsImprovements

Year Year 201X201X Year Year 20YY20YYYear Year 201X201X Year Year 20YY20YYYear Year 20YY20YY

Next-generation ITS

Road-to-car communication system

VICS

DSRC

More types of More types of informationinformation

At present

Supply information on the speed, location, etc.

Pedestrian-to-car communication system

Esta

blis

hmen

t of a

d-ho

c ne

twor

k

Relay informationfrom other systems

ImprovementsImprovementsSupply information on the speed, location, etc.

Information sharing

Information sharing

Information sharing

Information sharing

Information sharing

Information sharing

Make use of the existing DSRC

Supply information from traffic signalsSupply information about nearby vehiclesSystem that yields to emergency vehicles etc.

More advanced system

Car-to-car communication system

Note that the following figure shows the results derived from estimating times when each system will

be introduced and diffuse by using statistical methods based on a questionnaire survey Note and

information on the past diffusion record of products related to cars (such as air bags and car

navigation systems). (For more information, refer to Reference 4.3.3.)

Note: This questionnaire survey was conducted on the members of a SIG related to ITS set up under this Study Group.

However, when using these estimates, although they indicate consistency with the characteristics of the diffusion scenarios described above, you must bear in mind that they were formed based on many assumptions, such as the time when roadside equipment is installed and the

118

upper limit for the diffusion rate of each system, and responses to the diffusion speed of each system in the survey showed wide fluctuations.

Figure 5.4.11: Diffusion Estimate of Each System

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

Attach rate for new vehiclesDiffusion rate

Diffusion estimate of autonomous

systems

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030


Roadside equipment installation

starts

Diffusion estimate of systems that provide information in

cooperation with infrastructure

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030


Roadside equipment installation

starts▽

Diffusion estimate of systems that are control-oriented in

cooperation with infrastructure 5.4.1.3 Consistency with "Fundamental viewpoints on wireless broadband"

This section confirms the consistency of what is discussed in usage scene 6 with " Fundamental viewpoints on wireless broadband " set up in Chapter 3 as an indicator used when extracting system requirements and typifying wireless broadband systems to be envisioned later, about five to 10 years from now.

(1) From user

It is important for ITS-related systems to provide users with better applications (services)

that are created, for example, by the originality and ingenuity of auto manufactures and the

like. On the other hand, the promotion of efforts to standardize infrastructural technologies

including radio systems will lead to improving user convenience in such as receiving

various services with one terminal.

(2) From industry

The active promotion of the ITS industry created through the convergence of the

automobile and telecommunication industries as a key industry in Japan under

industry-government collaboration will lead to enhancing Japan's global competitiveness.

(3) From technical innovation

ITS is brought out with the organic cooperation of multiple mutually related systems and

presupposes a scalable system design that can meet the technological innovation of each

component system. It is also important for ITS to ensure backward compatibility with

existing systems from the viewpoint of public interest.

119

(4) From public accessibility

The systems in usage scene 6 are said to be the ones that consider highly public benefits

such as maintaining safety and security with autonomous systems and car-to-car

communication systems in locations where roadside equipment is not installed.

(5) From security

Since on-board devices can be envisioned to relay information gathered by other users, it

is vital to ensure security by developing appropriate security policies before implementing

the systems.

(6) Viewpoints from efficient radio utilization

Every proposed system uses frequencies in a small zone or less and the efficiency of

frequency use can be improved by methods such as repetitive use of frequencies.

It is also important to promote the effective use of frequencies by allocating them gradually

based on the diffusion status of on-board devices, etc.

5.4.2 Desirable frequency bandwidths and introduction timing

(1) Autonomous systems

(i) System requirements

As described in section "5.4.1.2 Introduction and diffusion scenarios," needs are

strong for making the current resolution (close to 1m) that can discern an object as

large as a normal car more accurate so that the resolution may be improved to be

tens of centimeters. If this accurate resolution can be achieved, the systems will be

able to recognize men or bicycles and their contribution level to safety and security

will be dramatically improved.

To improve the resolution of on-board radar at the current stage of research and

development efforts, wider frequency bandwidths will be required. Considering the

aspect of the effective use of frequencies, we studied what frequency bandwidth

would be required to realize a resolution close to 20cm or less, which helped us to

determine that approx. 3GHz in width would be required if we assumed on-board

radar to be pulse-modulated.

System requirements for proposed systems

- Radar method: Pulse modulated

- Resolution: 20cm or less

- Frequency bandwidth: 1.5GHz (including design margins)

- Allocated frequency bandwidth: 3GHz (2 x frequency bandwidth, considering

fluctuations)

120

(ii) Desirable frequency bandwidth, etc.

Currently, on-board radars that make up autonomous systems are allocated to a

frequency bandwidth of 1GHz in 60GHz and 76GHz bands among millimeter wave

bands and have been commercially available.

These systems are being standardized on an international basis to be deployed on

the 79GHz band so that they may be further enhanced. This fact leads us to conclude

that it is also appropriate in Japan to consider the viability of allocating a frequency

bandwidth of about 3GHz around the center of the 79GHz band based on the system

requirements described in the previous section. Note that this frequency band is

allocated to business operations except for radiolocation such as ham radio.

Considering that the 76 to 77.5GHz and 78 to 81GHz bands have been allocated to

radiolocation business operations on an international basis, it would be appropriate to

initially study the viability of new allocation of the 78 to 81GHz band.

Note that according to the "Surveys on actual radio spectrum usage" conducted in FY

2003, millimeter wave bands of 60GHz and more were not being used much. They

were actually utilized by as few as 1257 radio stations, about 90% of which were

on-board radars. The on-board radars are greatly expected to play a leading role in

using those frequency bands. Consequently, we may conclude that the significance of

allocating autonomous systems to new frequencies also seems great from the

viewpoint of promoting the development of technologies for using unused frequency

bands and improving the more effective use of frequencies.

(2) Car-to-car communication systems


As for car-to-car communication systems, sections 5.4.1.1 and 5.41.2 summarize

specific services that will be brought out by them and the scenarios to introduce and

diffuse them. As described in section 5.4.1.2, system requirements for these are still

unclear in many respects because the time when they are envisioned to be

introduced is 2010 or later. Various proposals for system requirements were

submitted when they were publicly invited

The following lists the proposed system requirements that give priority to the

viewpoint of safety and security among the proposed systems:

121

System requirements from proposed systems

- Communication area: approx. 450m backward and forward, approx. 200m forward

at intersections, approx. 25m on a cross road (out of view)

- Cars within an area: a maximum of approx. 1,800 cars

- Volume of transmitted information: approx. 100 bytes for car ID, car position, car

velocity, etc. plus approx. 100 bytes for

redundancy

- Transmission interval: approx. 100 to 1,200ms

- Communication rate: approx. 20Mbps (CSMA21 method)

- Frequency range: approx. 20 to 50MHz (when allowing it to be shared with

road-to-car communication systems)

Some proposed systems aim to provide car-to-car communication systems that make

active use of the standard (ARIB STD-T75) to which an existing road-to-car

communication system (DSRC) conforms. The following lists the proposed system

requirements in that case:


- Cars within an area: a maximum of approx. 100 cars

- Volume of transmitted information: approx. 150 bytes

- Transmission interval: approx. 100ms

- Access method: CSMA method

- (Other specifications conform to the T75 standard)

- Frequency bandwidth: approx. 50MHz (including a relay function at the

intersection) plus some 50MHz (which achieves the

transmission of moving picture images for a maximum of

about 20 cars)

Car-to-car communication systems still have many subjects that must be sorted out

when introducing them, including the organic interaction with road-to-car

communication systems. It is also expected, from the viewpoint of effective frequency

use, that cars should be provided with appropriate information via the cooperation of

both car-to-car and road-to-car communication systems. For this reason, it is

appropriate to consider detailed system requirements and specific methods to

provide commercially available car-to-car systems from 2010 onwards after

thoroughly sorting out the subjects in the future, including the use frequency range,

21 Carrier Sense Multiple Access

122

for which approx. the frequency range of 20 to 50MHz is estimated to be required to

implement the proposed systems under consideration in this report. In addition, when

giving consideration to the car-to-car communication systems intended for safety and

security, we must take into account the fact that it is important to make them

commercially available in a way that they form single products with road-to-car

communication systems in order to promote their diffusion.


As described in the proposed system requirements in the previous section, a

proposition was made that the car-to-car communication systems intended for safety

and security could produce a great effect in preventing crossing collision accidents at

the intersection or any locations where roadside equipment is not installed by using a

lower frequency band (such as the UHF band or VHF band) radio emission and

enabling communications with cars that are out of view. The proposition must be

considered when studying usage frequency bands for car-to-car communication

systems. The lower frequency bands are being used extremely densely and are

expected to continue to have high needs in Mobile Radio Communication Systems. In

light of the public interest that the ITS for Safety and Security has, however, we must

first clarify services that could only be truly provided by using lower frequency bands

and could not be realized by using any existing ITS. Then we need to consider the

usage frequency bands based on the time when the systems will be introduced in and

after 2010 and on reviews on the future frequency reallocation, such as the

reallocation of the 800MHz band, and the allocation of VHF/UHF band in the wake of

abolition of terrestrial analog broadcasting.

(3) Road-to-car communication systems


A road-to-car communication system that would provide information for safety and

security by making the best use of an existing DSRC was proposed. The existing

DSRC specifications are as follows. It can provide limited information due to the

restricted communication area, communication rate, etc. and aims to give priority to

introducing the ITS for Safety and Security by providing some pieces of information

(not such real-time information as the information on road regulations, a stopped car

or one running slowly, and road surface) that are useful for safety and security.

123

Overview of Existing DSRC (ARIB STD-T75)

- Communication area: up to 30m

- Access method: TDMA-FDD (multiplexed TDMAs: up to 8)

- Communication rate: approx. 4Mbps

- Frequency bandwidth: approx. 80MHz (7 channels downward and upward) Some

proposed systems are designed to provide services that the

existing DSRC cannot implement, with the aim of deploying

them in or after 2010. Main system requirements among

those of these systems are as follows:


- Communication area: approx. 150m in each direction from the center of an

intersection

- Volume of transmitted information: approximately 17KB for information on such as

signals, dead zone images, approaching cars

- Transmission interval: approx. 100ms

- Communication rate: approx. 20Mbps (assuming the use of 2GHz band)

- Frequency bandwidth: approx. 20MHz (assuming the use of 2GHz band)

As the frequency bandwidth and the like depend on the frequency band to be used,

these system requirements must be considered in conjunction with the frequency

band for use, with the aim of providing the system in or after 2010.


Road-to-car communication systems are currently allocated a frequency bandwidth of

80MHz in the 5.8GHz band. This means that measures to effectively use this

frequency band must first be discussed in the light of effective frequency use. On the

subject of the usage of this frequency band, consideration on enhancing VICS and

providing new services using DSRC have already begun. For this reason, we must

give consideration to adding frequencies for road-to-car communication systems to

meet frequency depersond when adding additional new services. On the subject of

frequencies for road-to-car communication systems for the ITS for Safety and

Security, we must clarify and sort out the functions that can be allocated between

them and the car-to-car communication systems described earlier for services that

cannot be provided with the existing ITS. Then we must take into account the volume

of communication data, transmission characteristics, etc., including the frequency

bandwidth to be used, for which a frequency bandwidth of approx. 20 to 50MHz is

estimated to be required to provide those services under consideration in this report,

124

and also think about adding new frequency bands to provide services that could not

be deployed with the frequency bands that have been already allocated for

road-to-car communication systems. Then, the frequency band(s) to be used must be

thought about based on the consideration regarding the time when such systems are

actually introduced in or after 2010 and the future domestic and international

frequency reallocation.

5.4.3 Measures to promote the introduction of new systems

(1) Promotion of research and development

As millimeter wave on-board radar that provides autonomous systems contributes to

promoting the usage of untapped frequency bands and expanding frequency resources,

we must actively drive the introduction and diffusion of those systems. To do so, less

expensive millimeter-band devices are an indispensable prerequisite and the government

must promote the research and development of infrastructural technologies for using

millimeter waves and establish technologies that will contribute to the mass-production of

them, etc.

In order to promote the diffusion of car-to-car and road-to-car communication systems for

safety and security, they should be introduced as single combined systems. Multiple

frequency bands are anticipated to be used by each system that will make up the

next-generation ITS because of the different requirements of each system, the status of

frequency usage at the time of introducing the systems, ensuring backward compatibility

with other existing systems, and the like. For this reason, the research and development

efforts for radio devices and the like that can use multiple frequency bands must be

promoted.

(2) Promotion of standardization

ITS should be realized by an organic collaboration between multiple mutually related

systems through a media such as radio transmission, and the standardization of

technologies on which ITS is based is important and indispensable. For this reason, it is

extremely important to actively promote the standardization of the technologies that

implement the next-generation ITS under industry-academia-government collaboration,

make the technologies originated from Japan contribute to the international standardization

of ITS, and eventually turn these efforts into enhanced global competitiveness.

(3) Early diffusion through industry-academia-government collaboration

Industry-academia-government collaboration is indispensable for the early diffusion of ITS.

The government must assume the role of developing infrastructures and provide support

125

for the early deployment and diffusion of the systems that help the effective use of radio

spectrum.

(4) Detailed review of system requirements and the like

Regarding car-to-car and road-to-car communication systems, the detailed consideration

on system requirements, communication methods and the like must be further promoted to

deploy the systems in or after 2010. The academic, business, and governmental circles

must give consideration to these aspects with closer collaboration in the future through

every opportunity, such as the study on frequency reallocation including the usage of

frequencies after the abolition of terrestrial analog broadcasting in the Ministry of Internal

Affairs and the technological review in the Communications and ITS Info-communications

Forum that is a private entity for examining ITS-related communication systems.

126

5.5 Introduction scenarios and frequency bands for next-generation intelligent home appliances (usage scene 5)

This section studies the specific systems that have been proposed for this public participation opportunity and whose main application belongs to usage scene 5 in depth.

[Scope of consideration] • Usage scene 5

This group of systems automatically configures an optimal network between radio devices at a short distance and enables users to use the network without being aware of communications between the devices.

(Pattern in which services are provided) Services to be provided will be used for communications between devices such as home electric appliances and AV devices within a limited area in the neighborhood, in a room, or on the premises. They will connect portable home appliances, AV devices and the like at a short distance with wireless communications.



(1) Basic concept In the course of the future development of a broadband society or ubiquitous society, intelligent home appliances are expected to be connected with each other through a network and used in many situations within a household, and thereby provide many innovative services. In addition, the market related to intelligent home appliances that

support major networks is estimated to grow to about 11 billion yen by 2010.22 Methods for connecting this intelligent home appliance network to many devices and transmitting various types of information from a wide range of places are being studied. It is desirable to ensure that intelligent home appliances are connected through radio transmissions that eliminate the need of new wiring and allow flexibility in device installation locations. To do so, the following factors must be reviewed: (i) Interconnectivity with IP equipment such as PCs at the network level (ii) Interconnectivity at the application level to share digital content such as moving

pictures between devices

(iii) Standardization of QoS assurance in High Definition (HD23) video streaming, which is anticipated to spread in the future

22 "Report from Research and Study Group on Networking Digital Intelligent Home Appliances"

August 2004, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications 23 High Definition

127

(2) Envisioned applications This Study Group carried out a questionnaire survey on CIAJ task force member companies to study specific use cases, assuming the envisioned applications of next-generation intelligent home appliances using radio transmission that belong to usage scene 5 (Reference 4.5.1: Classification of Questionnaire Results). Assuming that the year when next-generation intelligent home appliances will be used is about 2010 and the locations where they will be used are an indoor space, neighborhood space, and space on the premises, we could derive the following 15 types of typical use cases, shown in Figure 5.5.1 by location, from the results. According to this Figure, we could list the following use cases as examples of radio transmissions with high-speed broadband AV signals: use cases of indoor short-distance radio transmission of video pictures for storage and broadcasting as typical use applications; use cases of indoor or on-the-premises radio transmission of medium- and high-quality video pictures saved in servers such as home servers for which new applications are expected in the future; and use cases of neighborhood radio transmission in radio connection applications between devices within an AV cluster, as represented by a home theater in the living space. We studied the use cases of low- and medium-speed radio transmission of information, assuming the diffusion of PC-modem systems via the Internet that is spreading extensively, control systems for white goods, etc., or systems to transfer files to on-board terminals through the Internet.

128

Figure 5.5.1: Classification of Use Case No. Use Case Coverage* Connected Devices (Ex.)

UC01 Video pictures for storage

Neighborhood, indoor Recorder → TV/PC

UC02 Video pictures for broadcasting

Neighborhood, indoor Tuner → Recorder/PC

UC03 Portable video pictures for storage

Neighborhood, indoor Camcorder → Recorder

UC04 Portable video pictures for display

Neighborhood Camcorder → TV TV/PC → Printer

UC05 Stationary audio Neighborhood, indoor Amplifier/HDD → Speaker UC06 Medium- and

high-quality images saved in servers

Neighborhood, indoor, on-the-premises

Home server/PC → TV

UC07 Monitoring video pictures

Indoor Camera/microphone → Monitor

UC08 Interaction between indoor and outdoor

Neighborhood, indoor, on-the-premises

Device remote control

UC09 Home monitoring On-the-premises Camera/intercom → TV/cell phone

UC10 Home theater Neighborhood AV device cluster UC11 Portable audio Neighborhood Portable audio →

Headphone UC12 AV games/versus

games Indoor, on-the-premises (via the Internet)

Internet ↔ Game machine ↔ PC

UC13 PC modem-based /video chat

On-the-premises (via the Internet)

Internet ↔ PC

UC14 White goods control Indoor, on-the-premises TV ↔ HGW ↔ Lighting, Air conditioner ↔ Electric carpet

UC15 On-board/music, file transfer

Indoor, on-the-premises (via the Internet)

Internet, PC, server → On-board terminal

* Neighborhood: Up to about 1 meter; indoor: 1 to about several meters; on-the-premises: several meters to about tens of meters

We sorted the use cases described above from the viewpoint of large capacity and streaming features and summarized them into one of four major applications in a household: "Application for connecting video device terminals," "video-based application," "music-based application," and "server-based application" (see Figure 5.5.2).

129

Figure 5.5.2: Classifications by Application Classified into four categories from the viewpoint of broadband data transmission and streaming assuming in-home use.

Mainly used for video streaming

Mainly used for music streaming Mainly used as a server for multiple devices

Used for connecting video devices

Large-screen TVWireless

Tuner

Stay-at-home

recorder

Large-screen TV

PC

Player

Speakers

Headphones

(In the same room)Game console TV

PC

Video monitor

ServerStereo

Relay device

Classified into four categories from the viewpoint of broadband data transmission and streaming assuming in-home use.






Tuner

Stay-at-home

recorder

Large-screen TV

PC

Player

Speakers

Headphones

(In the same room)Game console TV

PC

Video monitor

ServerStereo

Relay device

(i) Application for connecting video device terminals

• Application where radio transmission connects the AV terminals of each of AV device installed in an AV rack or an AV cluster where stationary AV devices are stacked

• Intelligent home appliances must presuppose an autonomous function with which any users can simply connect them, which otherwise could be very complicated.

(ii) Video-based application • Application where video signals between AV devices that are placed in a

predetermined layout in a room are transmitted via radio • In addition, a user may shoot something outdoors with a video camera and bring

the video picture into his or her living room. In that case, he or she would connect a TV set and a portable device that can display impressive and beautiful moving pictures.

• In these applications, in the wake of the diffusion of digital broadcasting or broadband broadcasting, HD video is anticipated to be major in the future. HD video image has a rate of about 8 to 24Mbit/s depending on the encoding method to be used.

130

• This application anticipates a use case where two streams of moving pictures are transmitted simultaneously. For example, while displaying moving pictures via a tuner, a user may store another program in a server (recorder) through the tuner, or he or she may watch VoD video pictures on a PC through broadband while another user watches broadcast video pictures on a TV in the living room.

(iii) Music-based application • Application where music signals are provided through radio transmission between

audio signal sources (such as audio devices and TV sets) and a speaker. • Currently, Internet-based music delivery services for portable audio devices are

widely accepted. It is thought that HD music for Hi-Fi audio will also be enjoyed at home through the Internet in addition to portable audio in the future. The bit rate required for this depends on the characteristics of the devices used for the music, ranging from several hundred kilobits per second for portable audio to a few megabits per second for Hi-Fi audio.

(iv) Server-based integrated application • Application where video pictures and music are integrated, video pictures/voice

content saved in a server is transmitted via radio to a TV set and an audio device on the terminal side to be enjoyed.

(3) Envisioned system requirements Assuming the basic perspectives and envisioned applications described above, intelligent home appliances have the following network system requirements: (i) A sufficient transmission band and a QoS assurance mechanism for implementing

HD video streaming can be secured and set up. (ii) AV equipment must have a mechanism that can ensure interconnectivity at the

network level between the equipment and IP devices such as PCs and mobile devices (including on-board devices) in households across the world.

(iii) They must be easy to operate and operations such as initial setup, adding and removing a device and maintenance must be straightforward so that they can be installed in general households.

(iv) They must have a privacy function that disables the decoding of data by any unintended recipients when they receive it, must provide proper copyright protection, cannot allow devices to be controlled by any malicious third parties, and must provide a secure network environment where personal information is kept safe.

(v) They must have affinity with standards under consideration (such as DLNA24) as a mechanism at the application level to share digital content such as video among devices.

24 Digital Living Network Alliance

131

This Study Group has determined from the requirements listed above that it is appropriate to study wireless systems for intelligent home appliances based on the IEEE802.11a, e and n standards.

(4) Scenarios for system introduction envisioned in 2010 and 2015 Figure 5.5.3 shows the scenarios for equipment introduction in 2010 and 2015 based on the applications. Intelligent home appliance systems adopt a 5GHz-band wireless LAN as a radio transmission method as described in the system requirements. As of fiscal year 2005, wireless LAN adapters and the like have been marketed to display broadcasting programs recorded on PCs on a TV screen. In addition, TV sets powered by wireless LAN are coming on the market. In this way, moves such as connecting a PC and a TV set through wireless LAN are coming to the surface. As these moves are progressing, the channels for wireless LAN specified in WRC-03 (a total of 19 channels: 8 channels for 5.15 to 5.35GHz currently available plus 11 channels for 5.47 to 5.725GHz that are expected to be available in the future) will be used and equipment based on the current wireless LAN technologies will be spreading in 2010. It is envisioned that watching of video pictures transmitted to a PC from an intelligent home appliance will be substantially diffusing in terms of application.

In the wake of the diffusion of intelligent home appliances, 27 HD streams25 will be required in 2015. As considered in the previous section, if we suppose that one radio channel is used for one HD stream, 27 channels will be required for the intelligent home appliance applications, which means a shortage of eight channels. It is expected that higher-speed wireless LAN methods will diffuse in the market in 2015. Consequently, we have concluded that the number of channels must be considered in light of the trends of the technologies and international frequency reallocation.

25 Traffic that has QoS characteristics and frequency bands required for transmitting HD video

streams

132

Figure 5.5.3: Scenarios for Introducing Equipment


Classifications of applications

PCPrivate room

PC PC

Living room

A+C / B+C

Envisioned application in 2010(27 HD streams and less)

PC

TV

PC

TV

PC

TV

D

Envisioned application in 2015(27 HD streams)

and/or

B

D

A

C

Scenarios for equipment introduction in 2010 and 2015 based on the classified applications



Private room Private room

Private room Private room Private room

and/or and/or

Living room



Tuner

Stay-at-home

recorder

Large-screen TV

PC

PlayerSpeakers

Headphones

(In the sam e room )G am e console TV

PC

Video m onitor

S erve rStereo

Relay device

5.5.1.2 Estimate of frequency demand

(1) Estimate of demand for next-generation intelligent home appliances and on-board rate of radio device The Study Group has considered the future demand for intelligent home appliances based on several factors including the following social trends, the characteristics of intelligent home appliances, and the development of wireless networks: (i) Diffusion target in the National Council for Promotion of Terrestrial Digital

Broadcasting

It aims to diffuse a digital broadcasting receiver (including STB26 and DVD/HDD) to every household (48 million households and 100 million sets) by the beginning of 2011.

(ii) Target of u-Japan policy It aims to enable 100% of the Japanese people to use high-speed or ultra high-speed communication services by 2010.

(iii) Stable development of radio networked PCs In 2004, among households that use broadband, 10% of them use wireless LAN, and it is expected that the trend will continue in the future.

26 Set Top Box

133

(iv) Due to lower prices of network modules, their standard built-in installation will be common In 2015, radio network modules will come as standard and will become a de facto standard as one of the standard network modules.

(v) Consideration on upgrade cycle of electric appliances Intelligent home appliances that will be shipped in 2010 must allow for the installation of a radio transmission function that is envisioned to be used from 2015 onwards. In a word, the wireless systems in 2015 must be compatible with devices in 2010.

Based on the political viewpoints, the estimate of wireless LAN diffusion, and the technological viewpoints described above, the Study Group estimated the values of the demand for typical intelligent home appliances and the on-board rates of radio network modules in 2010 and 2015. Figures 5.5.4 and 5.5.5 show the results, respectively.

Figure 5.5.4: Estimate of Demand for Typical Equipment

DVDs, HDDs

STBs

Digital TVs

PCs

Now

DVDs, HDDsNo. in use: 49 million+Wireless enabled: 10%

STBsNo. in use: 20 million+Wireless enabled: 10%

Digital TVsNo. in use: 54 million+Wireless enabled: 10%

PCsNo. in use: 100 million+Wireless enabled: 50%

In five years (2010)

Digital TVsNo. in use: 100 million+Wireless enabled: 50%

PCsNo. in use: 150 million+Wireless enabled: 100%

In ten years (2015)

Estimates are from JEITA’s “Estimates of Future Demand for Major AV Product Types,” Advanced Management’s “Media Fusion Report 2005,” etc.

Networked game consoles

Networked game consolesNo. in use: 30 million+

Wireless enabled: 100%

DVDs, HDDs

STBs

No. in use: 130 million+Wireless enabled: 50%


Servers

Note: Includes products featuring built-in tuners for receiving digital broadcasts

(See Note)

(See Note)

(See Note)

(See Note)

134

Figure 5.5.5: Number of Installed Intelligent Home Appliances and Ratio of Radio to Non-Radio

Typical Equipment

Digital TVs

DVD,HDDs

STBs


PCs

Servers

Number of installed sets

Sets per household

2010 2015

54 million

100 million

49 million

20 million

30 million

150 million

100 million1.1

１.0

0.6

0.6

2.0

2.0

3.0

－－

Ratio of radio to non-radio

10%

10%

10%

100%

50%

－ 130 million 2.6

50%

50%

100%


Sets per household


Typical Equipment

Digital TVs

DVD,HDDs

STBs


PCs

Servers


Sets per household

2010 2015

54 million

100 million

49 million

20 million

30 million

150 million

100 million1.1

１.0

0.6

0.6

2.0

2.0

3.0

－－


10%

10%

10%

100%

50%

－ 130 million 2.6

50%

50%

100%


Sets per household


(2) Maximum number of HD streams within a household in light of the diffusion of equipment Assuming the standard layout of three private rooms and one living, dining and kitchen room (or 3LDK) in Japan, the Study Group has calculated the number of HD streams required to transmit content such as video and music through radio spectrum. Since the equipment to be installed and the volume of content information to be used differ between private and living rooms, it has studied the number by the room. Note that this calculation assumed that radio emission between any two pieces of the equipment was not transmitted through a wireless access point, but directly transmitted between the two

pieces of equipment or through P2P27 (see Figure 5.5.6.).

(i) Usage in a living room In a living room where a digital TV set, server equipment such as DVD/HDD, PC and the like would be installed, the family would enjoy video, music, and Internet access. While some family members may watch HD video such as those in digital terrestrial broadcasting and digital satellite broadcasting, others may record programs from broadband broadcasting in a device such as a server. This will require two HD streams. At the same time, they may enjoy playing back or recording high-definition audio and broadband broadcasting with devices such as a PC or audio equipment, which will require one more HD stream, in addition to the video application described above. In a word, a living room would need a total of three HD streams: two HD streams for the video application and one HD stream for purposes other than the video application.

27 Peer to Peer

135

(ii) Usage in private rooms In a private room, one person would enjoy Internet access and video pictures and voices stored in a server in the living room with his or her PC or TV set installed in the private room. This case assumes that he or she would use one HD stream and would not use other devices at the same time.

(iii) Usage per household In a house with a 3LDK layout, one household would need a total of six HD streams: three HD streams for one living room and three HD streams for three private rooms.

Figure 5.5.6: Number of HD Streams in Consideration of How and Where to Be

Used

DVD/HDDServer

equipment Game machinePC

Digital TVAudio

Living room

Private roomDigital TV

Number of HD streams derived from applications

Private roomPC

Private roomPC

Applications and the number of required HD streams in a living room • Playing back and recording of high-definition video 2• Playing back and recording of high-definition audio• BB broadcasting and Internet access

Number of HD streams in a living room 3

1

Applications and the number of required HD streams in a private room• Playing back of video pictures stored in the server• BB broadcasting and Internet access

Number of HD streams in three private rooms 3

1

DVD/HDDServer

equipment Game machinePC

Digital TVAudio

Living room

Private roomDigital TV

Number of HD streams derived from applications

Private roomPC

Private roomPC

Applications and the number of required HD streams in a living room • Playing back and recording of high-definition video 2• Playing back and recording of high-definition audio• BB broadcasting and Internet access

Number of HD streams in a living room 3

11

Applications and the number of required HD streams in a private room• Playing back of video pictures stored in the server• BB broadcasting and Internet access

Number of HD streams in three private rooms 3

11

(3) Maximum number of HD streams derived from the number of radio interferences and the number of household members The maximum number of HD streams required for next-generation intelligent home appliance wireless systems fluctuates due to various factors such as the number of installed intelligent home appliances, the number of video and music streams used in households, the probability (usage rate) of simultaneous use of the streams, and the interference of the radio transmission that carries video and music streams. This section calculates the maximum number of HD streams required for the systems by assuming the standard household in Japan (see Figure 5.5.7). The maximum number of HD streams required for the entire system is calculated with the following:

The maximum number of HD streams per household × Usage rate × The number of radio interferences

136

Figure 5.5.7: Calculating the Maximum Number of HD Streams Required for a System

The maximum number of HD streams per household

Number of HD streams derived from considering radio interference among households

リビング

個室個室個室

Assuming a typical house layout (3LDK: 3 private rooms and 1 living, dining and kitchen room), this

calculates the number of HD streams simultaneously used in all of the rooms.

The maximum number of HD streams for a system = The maximum number of HD streams per household × Usage rate ×The number of radio interferences

f11 f12 f13

f21 f22 f23

f31 f32 f33

This calculates the number of HD streams, allowing for the number of radio interferences.

Condominium

Interfered area

DVD home theaterGame machine

TV PCPC

PC

fij: stream

Server/tuner Interfered

area

Interfered area

Interfered area


Number of HD streams derived from considering radio interference among households

リビング

個室個室個室

Assuming a typical house layout (3LDK: 3 private rooms and 1 living, dining and kitchen room), this

calculates the number of HD streams simultaneously used in all of the rooms.

The maximum number of HD streams for a system = The maximum number of HD streams per household × Usage rate ×The number of radio interferences

f11 f12 f13

f21 f22 f23

f31 f32 f33

This calculates the number of HD streams, allowing for the number of radio interferences.

Condominium

Interfered area

DVD home theaterGame machine

TV PCPC

PC

fij: stream

Server/tuner Interfered

area

Interfered area

Interfered area

(i) Maximum number of HD streams per household, allowing for the number of

household members As the number of persons that make up a household differs among households, the number of HD streams per household fluctuates. For this reason, this section studies the number of HD streams used by the number of members in a household by considering the applications of intelligent home appliances and places where they are used and then calculating the maximum number of HD streams used by a household with the average number of members.

(a) Maximum number of HD streams by the number of members of a household The maximum number of HD streams for one-member households is 2, because the case where the household uses the maximum number of HD streams is when the member plays back an HD video stream while he or she records the stream of another program. From the viewpoint of the place of use, this amounts to the maximum number of HD streams used by one user in a living room. The maximum number of HD streams for two-member households is 3, because the case where the household uses the maximum number of HD streams is when one member plays back and records HD video in the living room (or uses two HD streams) and another watches a broadband broadcasting program on

137

his or her PC or accesses the Internet in a private room or the living room (or uses one HD stream). Similarly, the maximum number of HD streams for three-member households and four-member households are 4 and 5. The maximum number is 6 for households of five members or more because of the limitations of the number of rooms and devices.

(b) Maximum number of HD streams for a household with the average number of members in Japan As Figure 5.5.8 indicates, according to estimates of households in Japan in the future, the average number of household members in Japan will slightly diminish to 2.49 in 2010 and 2.45 in 2015. As the difference is only slight, this section calculates the maximum number of HD streams by assuming the ratios in 2010 and 2015 are equal to that in 2003 and using the component ratio of the number of household members in 2003.

Figure 5.5.8: Calculating the Number of Streams by the Number of

Household Members

Household HD Streams

One-member household 2

3

4

5

6

Playing back and recording high-definition video (2)

Application Example (HD Streams)


1) The component ratio of the number of household members does not change.2) Radio transmissions are only carried between the appliances required for the use

The average number of household members is 2.49 in 2010 and 2.45 in 2015(†1) only a slight change compared to that of 2003. For this reason, the ratio of the total number of household members to the total number of households is treated as a constant.

Component ratio of the number of households by the number of household members

One-member household23.3%

Three-member household19.5%

Two-member household27.1%

Four-member

household18.2%

Five-member or more household11.8%

Information source: "National Livelihood Survey 2003"

Average number of household members: 2.76

Assumption

(†1) National Institute of Population and Social Security Research: "Overview of Household Projections for Japan (Estimated on October 2003)"

Two-member household

Three-member household

Four-member household

Five-member or more

household

Recording and playing back video (2) and recording and playing back audio or an application in one private room (1)

Recording and playing back video (2)and recording and playing back audio or applications in two private rooms (2)

Recording and playing back video (2)and recording and playing back audio or applications in three private rooms (3)

Recording and playing back video (2)and recording and playing back audio or applications in four private rooms (4)

The maximum number of HD streams for the average household is calculated by multiplying the maximum number of HD streams used for each household category (by the number of members) with its component ratio and adding up the total value for the number of categories.

138

Or, 5 Σ (Maximum number of HD streams for the household member × its component ratio) 1

can calculate the value. As Figure 5.5.9 shows, the maximum number of HD streams for the average household is 3.68.

Figure 5.5.9: Maximum Number of HD Streams for Household with the Average Number of Members

Household Maximum Number

of HD Streams Component Ratio

(%) HD Streams per

Household

One-member household

2 23.3 0.47

Two-member household

3 27.1 0.81

Three-member household

4 19.5 0.78

Four-member household

5 18.2 0.91

Five-member or more household

6 11.8 0.71

Maximum Number of HD Streams for the Average Household 3.68

(ii) Usage rate

The usage rate that is a probability of various intelligent home appliances being simultaneously used is expected to peak during prime time, when the viewing rate is the highest. As the highest viewing rate for TV programs is about 80% and Internet access peaks in the same time slot, we assume that the usage rate is 80%.

(iii) Number of interferences The Study Group assumes that the number of interferences is 9 based on the high-speed wireless link concept described in the quantitative forecasts of frequency demand in "Radio Policy Vision."

(iv) Maximum number of HD streams required for a system The maximum number of HD streams required for a system derived from the consideration given above is:

139

The maximum number of HD streams per household×Usage rate×The number of interferences ＝3.68×0.8×9 ≒27

(4) Envisioned system performance and considerations Wireless systems for intelligent home appliances may not ensure the QoS level required for video and music streaming within a room and a residence, because they cannot identify a location at which an intelligent home appliance is installed at home and radio-blocking objects can be at various locations, such as the walls between rooms or a rack in which the appliance is installed. Specifically, it is envisioned that even standard IEEE802.11n, which is believed to provide a communication rate of 100Mbps or more, cannot ensure HD stream QoS. This is because it cannot prevent throughput deterioration in some cases due to several reasons, such as signal attenuation and multipath in communications caused by radio-blocking objects within a room and residence. In addition, the 5GHz band wireless LAN must detect radar waves to share the band with radar by lowering its throughput. In other words, it is envisioned that multiple HD streams may not be carried through a single channel of a wireless LAN. Due to this fact, if we make the assumption that one HD stream is assigned to one wireless LAN channel to ensure QoS, preparing for the worst case, the wireless LAN will need 27 channels, because the maximum number of HD streams required for the system is 27. In this case, since each wireless LAN channel has a bandwidth of 20MHz, the wireless LAN will need 27×20MHz＝540MHz. Note that this case is considered with the assumption that intelligent home appliances communicate with each other via a P2P communication method that enables direct radio communications. The use of a P2P method is determined to be a future consideration. On the other hand, we cannot deny the possibility that a single wireless LAN channel will be able to provide the transmission of multiple streams by using the further advanced MINO wireless LAN speed-up technology and even enhanced video encoding technologies (such as H.264), and the possibility that the wireless LAN will need a lower maximal frequency bandwidth by decreasing the number of interferences that may occur in radio transmission with an adaptive array antenna technology that realizes directivity in radio transmission. Consequently, based on the development of these technologies, detailed studies on each technology and demonstration experiments and the like, we must consider the time for allocation of the frequency bands in line with the frequency bandwidths required and introduction scenario assumption for the wireless systems.

140


(1) From user Users can enjoy services provided by a combination of various appliances in a simple and convenient manner because they are released from troublesome and complicated wiring and the appliances can be connected by simply installing them in desired places. Products powered by a simple radio parameter-setting technology and a technology for automatically adding equipment to a network (such as UPnP technology) are being announced. We must aggressively promote the standardization of user interfaces and machine-to-machine interfaces through which the appliances can be connected without user intervention by considering these trends.

(2) From industry It is expected that combining the IT industry, such as PC vendors, and the civilian equipment industry, such as TV manufacturers, will give birth to innovative services that have never been seen before and markets will be expanded by the synergy of both industries.

(3) From technical innovation As mentioned in the “From user”, it is important to improve Japan's global competitiveness by developing a technology that enables appliances to be connected without human intervention and user interface technologies that implement various services, specific to civilian appliances, with simple operability for any users.

(4) From public accessibility Intelligent home appliances are highly public in nature because they form a base on which home lives of individual persons will be improved. For this reason, it is desirable to manufacture the appliances at low cost based on specifications common to more than one manufacturer, rather than each manufacture having proprietary specifications.

(5) From security

Some security technologies such as IEEE802.11i for wireless LANs and DTCP-IP28 for secure IP transmission between equipment are appearing. In addition to security at the wireless LAN level, it is important to attain security at the application level in regard to the video and music content.

(6) Viewpoints from efficient radio utilization The Study Group has studied intelligent home appliances that need broadband media because they must handle AV data such as video and music, bearing in mind the fact that

28 Digital Transmission Content Protection over Internet Protocol

141

they should share frequencies with other systems to promote effective radio spectrum use.


5.5.2.1 About desirable frequency ranges and introduction timing

(1) Desirable frequency band In 2015, use cases where PCs will be used as servers and HD video pictures saved in a PC through the Internet will be watched on a digital TV set may be probable. It is expected that intelligent home appliances will diffuse by using PCs in combination with them. Connections through wireless LAN are indispensable when considering this interconnectivity of intelligent home appliances with PCs, and they must be allocated to the frequencies in the 5GHz band based on an international agreement. It is desirable to implement intelligent home appliances in such a manner that they share frequencies with other systems in the light of effective frequency use, because a wide variety of systems exists in the current 5GHz band. Note that while QoS is secured in light of the use inside a premises or a certain number of reserved channels, consideration of securing QoS under a situation where frequencies are shared must be continued.

(2) Hints on considering the forecast of frequency demand and allocation time It is expected that the diffusion of wireless LAN systems and video transmission will progress on a global level with PCs as a driving force and, in parallel with this trend, a pattern where the use of intelligent home appliances will be added to the movement will diffuse. With this progress, HD video streaming will increase in volume, and in 2015, the maximum number of HD streams required for the average household will be 27 and the number of radio channels (frequency bandwidths) that can provide this number of streams will be required. Considering the advancement of wireless LAN speed-up and video encoding technologies, the maximum number of HD streams that a single radio channel can provide may be two streams or more. Consequently, we must consider the required frequency bandwidth based on the advancement of these technologies.

5.5.2.2 Considerations when using the frequency band under consideration

The standard replacement cycle of intelligent home appliances is seven to eight years, and the appliances that will be manufactured in 2008 may still be used in 2015. The trends of technologies for higher-speed 5GHz-band wireless LAN and new video encoding are expected to be clear by about 2008. Therefore, we must reconsider the frequency band(s) and bandwidth(s) required for intelligent home appliances at about 2008, based on the direction of the international usage of radio spectrum and the trends of technological development in 2015.

142

5.6 Studies of other usage scenes

This section gives consideration to the systems whose application belongs to usage scene 3 (wireless LAN related systems) and usage scene 7 (disaster-prevention related systems) and the proposed systems that do not fall under the category of usage scenes 1 to 7 that have been proposed for this public participation opportunity, mainly from the viewpoint of securing required frequencies.

5.6.1 Considering wireless LAN related systems and disaster-prevention related systems (usage scenes 3 and 7)

As a result of this public participation proposal opportunity, five proposals for usage scene 3 (wireless LAN related systems) and three proposals for usage scene 7 (disaster-prevention related systems) have been submitted.

For proposals as wireless LAN systems that fall under usage scene 3, consideration is given to the frequency reallocation of fixed commercial telecommunication systems to enable high-power wireless access systems to use the 4.9 to 5.0GHz band in addition to currently available bands (which frequency reallocation will be completed for Tokyo, Nagoya, and Osaka regions by the end of November 2005), and to the technical standards related to the 5.47 to 5.725GHz band that WRC-03 has newly allocated on a global basis for wireless access systems As standards such as IEEE802.11n, which enables the effective use of frequencies while providing broadband transmission by using technologies such as MIMO, are being considered on an international level for introduction in IEEE, it is expected that the frequency band described above will be more effectively used.

For proposals as disaster-prevention related systems that belong to usage scene 7, in addition to unique systems used by specific institutions, other systems could be considered from the viewpoint of user application. For example, TDD systems would provide a means that switches systems that users have to an emergency mode at the time of a disaster, constructs an ad hoc network with them, and makes use of the network for disaster prevention, or another means that realizes a system which can deal with disasters by combining systems across other usage scenes. It is expected that disaster-prevention measures will be further studied in the future when realizing a specific system, including the systems that have been proposed at this proposal opportunity.

5.6.2 Other systems that do not belong to usage scenes 1 to 7

As a result of this public participation proposal opportunity, three proposals for systems that do not belong to usage scenes 1 to 7 have been submitted, in addition to the systems that fall under them.

"Wide-area wireless data systems" and "device systems" can be regarded as system proposals on a sensor network such as RFID and neither of the systems is a broadband system. As a ubiquitous society is progressing in the future, it is expected that the volume of data to be

143

handled by these systems will be increasing, and therefore they, as a whole, may need a sizable set of frequencies in the future to connect the large quantity of data with each other.

These systems are currently being developed or made to be commercially available with a central focus on those for the UHF band. As the UHF band is used by, for example, Mobile Radio Communication Systems and is consequently a highly congested band in frequency use, it is believed that technologies and systems that look at the effective use of other bands such as the VFH band and millimeter wave bands must be developed, including the proposed systems for this public participation opportunity, to address the increasing demand for frequencies accompanied with the future expansion of the sensor network use.

The "generic wireless IP platform" is a concept that enables the flexible sharing of frequencies and their reallocation to other uses without limiting them to the segmentalized radio applications by installing a unified interface, using IP and the like, to wireless systems. In the platform, studies on wireless systems and interfaces that can be used as generally as possible are expected to bring about progress in the future.

144

5.7 Summary

This section outlines what has been discussed from a cross-cutting viewpoint of Real Application Groups.

5.7.1 Effective use of frequencies between usage scenes (addressing various uses of the same frequency band)

As usage scenes 1 and 2 (mobile communications) are essentially closely related to each other, these two groups have been studied as a set in this report. While usage scene 1 is inherently a set of systems that is envisioned for services that cover all and every part of the country, usage scene 2 is a set of systems that is envisioned to serve areas with a central focus on areas of great demand. Patterns of introducing and diffusing the systems in each envisioned application are different.

From the viewpoint of frequency usage, the systems in usage scene 2 do not necessarily use frequencies on a nationwide basis, but rather uses them intensively for urban areas, and this may result in creating areas around rural regions that they do not serve, compared to the systems in usage scene 1.

If that were the case, it would be desirable to deploy a usage scene 2 system in conjunction with another system in pairs that could cover rural areas to use frequencies more effectively.

This Study Group has considered addressing the effective use of frequencies for rural areas by assuming the systems in usage scene 4 (wired broadband alternatives). It seems highly likely that a more effective use of frequencies can be achieved by contemplating systems in usage scenes 2 and 4 together in light of the same frequency band.

Consequently, the systems in usage scene 2 are now being proposed for the 2.5GHz band as their Proposed frequency band, but for the reason described above, we should bear in mind a possibility of the area-limited usage of frequencies left unused by the systems in usage scene 2 as a new approach to the truly effective use of frequencies when considering a specific system introduction.

It is hoped that a system in usage scene 1 can ideally eliminate blind areas and cover all the areas where citizens want to use it, but it may not necessarily use all of the allocated frequencies to cover every part of the country due to various factors such as the difference of frequency demand in each region caused by the number of users and the cost problem. In this case, although it is one of the systems in usage scene 1, it would leave open the possibility that it should work together with one of the systems in usage scene 4.

From these reasons, if we considered deploying a system that belongs to either usage scene 1 or usage scene 2, we could contemplate the possibility of deploying a system in usage scene 4.

145

5.7.2 Addressing increased frequency demand for wireless broadband

This chapter specifically considers wireless broadband systems for system requirements and the like based on real applications including mobile communications, wired broadband alternatives, ITS for Safety and Security, and next-generation intelligent home appliances. The results of this consideration have revealed to us that the future progress of wireless broadband systems will make it inevitable to secure frequencies.

For example, it is estimated that the VHF/UHF band will have demand for mobile communications including advanced 3G systems and for car-to-car communications and the like for ITS for Safety and Security in the wake of the start of digital broadcasting and the reallocation of the 800MHz band for cellular telephony. In addition, the 2.5GHz band that is proposed as a Proposed frequency band for broadband wireless access systems is expected to be running short of frequencies in the future because its bandwidth is limited. Assuming that the results of consideration on frequency bands to be used for fourth-generation Mobile Radio Communication Systems (4G) in WRC-07 must be respected, intentions to use the 3 to 6GHz band to prepare for the increased demand for road-to-car communications and next-generation intelligent home appliances have been expressed. For Alternative systems to wired broadbands, intentions for the area-limited use of the same frequency band as mobile communications in a wide range over a sub-micro wave band have been voiced.

To meet this increased demand for frequencies, it is important to continue to make steady approaches toward frequency reallocation to secure available frequencies, such as determining whether existing systems are truly making effective use of frequencies, whether their use of radio spectrum is worthwhile, and even whether they can be reallocated to other frequencies or can share the existing frequencies by developing technologies.

146

Chapter 6: Basic concept on measures for efficient spectrum use

For the development of the world's most advance wireless broadband environment, Chapter 3 discussed the fundamental viewpoints to be considered in introducing new radiocommunication systems that would serve as the core of the broadband environment and Chapter 4 reviewed specific points on how the viewpoints would be reflected in defining the specifics of the system. Based on the studies made in Chapter 3 and Chapter 4, suggestions were invited on the wireless broadband systems actually being planned or that were expected in the future. Chapter 5 summarizes the conclusions on implementation scenario, spectrums, and other matters, based on the usage scenario of the systems suggested.

Meanwhile, in order to implement new radiocommunication systems as reviewed in Chapter 5, it is essential to secure the necessary spectrum by the required period. This chapter will review how frequencies currently in use can be used more efficiently in order to secure the necessary bandwidth in the future.

6.1 Promotion of spectrum reallocation

According to the Telecommunication Councils report, "Radio Policy Vision" released in July 2003, spectrum demand for Mobile Radio Communication Systems as well as wireless LAN and other radiocommunication systems are expected to surge rapidly. Spectrum demand forecasted for Mobile Radio Communication Systems are approx. 330 to 340 MHz by 2008, and approx. 1060 to 1380 MHz by 2013. Spectrum demand forecasted for wireless LAN is a maximum of approx.480 MHz by 2008, and a maximum of approx. 760 MHz by 2013.

In order to meet these spectrum demands appropriately, it is very important to forecast in detail the frequencies that can be secured from various spectrums, in terms of developing radio policy. This also has great significance for current license holders as well as the new applicants who wish to enter the market. With this background, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications released its "Guidelines for Spectrum Reallocation" in October 2003 (see Reference 1.1), which presents the policy to secure frequencies for Mobile Radio Communication Systems, mainly in the spectrum below 5-6 GHz and mainly in the 5 GHz band for wireless LANs.

However, the UHF band (800 MHz-3 GHz) and the low microwave band (3-6 GHz), which it would be desirable to secure in order to meet the future demands of the systems studied in Chapter 5, as well as other Mobile Radio Communication Systems/wireless LAN systems, are already taken by a large number of radio stations, making it difficult to meet the new spectrum demands. For example, frequency allocation in the 3-6 GHz band is currently as shown in Figure 6.1.1, mainly in use for fixed wireless systems, radiolocation systems, and satellite communications systems. Therefore, in order to meet the new spectrum demands, efficient use of these frequencies currently used by such services becomes a key issue.

147

Figure 6.1.1 Frequency allocation in the 3-6 GHz band DSRC etc.

5875

5725

Microwave Landing System (MLS)

5925

5091

5650

6425

Miscellaneousradars

Broadcastingauxiliary

service

Commercialtelecommunication service

(Fixed)

Aeronautical radionavigation

(Radio Altimeter, etc)

Commercial telecommunication service (Fixed-satellite)↑

Miscellaneous radars

Wireless LAN

Commercial telecommunicationsservice

(Fixed-satellite↓)Amateur

Commercial telecommunication

service (Fixed)

Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) equipment

3400

3600

4200

4400

5000

5150

5250

5350

5850

6485

3000 MHz

6500 MHz

Non-geo-stationary Satellite↑

Meteorologicalradar Broadcasting

auxiliaryservice

5770

5850

Commercial telecommunication

service (Fixed)

4800

4500

Fixed-satellite ↓

Fixed wireless systems

Radiolocation systems

Satellite communication systems

Others

4900

5030

Wireless Access System

Wireless access system

5475

In the planning stage

(Note) Horizontal axis shows the frequencies. Vertical axis shows the radiocommunication systems that share the same frequency.

International trends in frequency allocation• Mobile radio communication systems ⇒ less than 5-6 GHz• Wireless LAN ⇒ mainly in the 5 GHz band

Efficient use of the spectrum currently used by fixed wireless systems, radiolocation systems, and satellite communication systems is the key.

This chapter will therefore discuss the strategies for efficient use of the spectrums allocated to fixed wireless systems, radiolocation systems, and satellite communication systems, and also how to promote these strategies. The "Action Plan for Radio Spectrum Reallocation" released by the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications in August 2004 mentions that a certain level of direction is to be decided upon for the basic policy regarding the efficient use of the spectrums allocated to these systems, by the end of fiscal 2004.

6.2 Basic concept on measures for efficient spectrum use in fixed wireless systems

This section discusses possible strategies for efficient spectrum use, taking note of how fixed wireless systems currently use the frequencies.

148

6.2.1 Current situation of spectrum usage

Fixed wireless systems are mainly used for trunk lines in long-distance communications and communications with isolated islands/mountainous regions for providing telecommunication services by telecommunications operators, broadcasting services by broadcasters, and governmental services by local governments, as shown in Figure 6.2.1.

A wide range of spectrums are used, mainly in the microwave band but also in the sub-millimeter wave band and millimeter wave band, depending on the requirements and uses of the various systems, as shown in Figure 6.2.2.

Figure 6.2.1 Usage of fixed wireless systems

~~~~~~~~

~~~~ ~~~~

~~~~~~~~

~~~~ ~~~~

Fixed station A Fixed station C

Trunk line for long-distance communicationsTrunk line for communication with mountaintop relay station

Fixed station B

~~~~~~~~

~~~~ ~~~~

Trunk line for communications with isolated island

Fixed station E

Fixed station D

Fixed station B

Fixed station A

Table 6.2.2 Number of radio stations and other information on major fixed wireless systems

System No. of licensees*1 No. of radio stations*1 No. of transmitters*1 Allocated spectrum

3.4 GHz band for voice STL/TTL/TSL 87 306 557 29 MHz within 3.4-3.456 GHz

3.4 GHz band for video STL/TTL/TSL 97 295 537 3.456-3.6 GHz

3.4 GHz band for broadcast monitoring and control 24 183 260 10 MHz within 3.4-3.456 GHz

4 GHz band for telecommunication service*2 14 637 6,544 3.6-4.2 GHz



7.5 GHz band for public/general service*2 133 2,923 9,449 6.57-6.87 GHz7.125-7.9 GHz

12 GHz band for public/general service*2 115 2,088 5,215 12.2-12.5 GHz

*2: The number of transmitters (including backup transmitters required by the system) for 4, 5, 6 GHz band for telecommunication services are ounted for each band. For example, if transmitters for both 4 GHz and 5 GHz were installed in the same radio station, these will be counted under both "4 GHz band for telecommunication services" and "5 GHz band for telecommunication services."

*1: Excerpt from "Results of the Survey of Actual Radio Spectrum Use in Fiscal Year 2003" (released March 2004). Data as of April 1, 2003,except for 4.5 GHz and 6 GHz band for telecommunication service which are as of October 31, 2002.

*3: There are many fixed wireless systems other than those shown above.

149

6.2.2 Strategies for efficient spectrum use

Strategies for efficient spectrum use for the frequencies used by fixed wireless systems include opening up frequencies in the spectrum to be allocated as much as possible to new radiocommunication systems, and sharing the spectrum with new radiocommunication systems. In particular, there are five possible approaches as described below.

6.2.2.1 Replacing with a wired system such as fiber optics

Replace all or part of the wireless network used by the fixed wireless system with a wired system installed by telecommunications operators/licensees/etc.

6.2.2.2 Shifting to another spectrum

If there is another spectrum that is not congested, shift all or part of the wireless network currently used by the fixed wireless system to that spectrum.

6.2.2.3 Reallocating current spectrum use

Reallocating current spectrum use as shown in Figure 6.2.3, based on the current usage and trends in future spectrum demand by the fixed wireless system.

Figure 6.2.3 Reallocating the spectrum

Frequency bandwidth allocated(15 channels allocated)

Frequency bandwidth after reallocation

(9 channels allocated)

New frequenciesmade available

(6 channels)

6.2.2.4 Assigning different frequency allocations by areas to share the spectrum between different systems

For the spectrums assigned to fixed wireless systems, allocate more channels for fixed wireless systems where demand for mobile systems is low, and in contrast, allocate less channels for fixed wireless systems where demand for mobile systems is high, thus enabling spectrum sharing between fixed wireless systems and mobile systems.

150

6.2.2.5 Using technologies for efficient spectrum use

Enable spectrum sharing by using the following technologies for efficient spectrum usage:

(1) Narrowing technology:

Narrowing occupied bandwidth in order to reduce the total bandwidth used and

consequently open up frequencies (Figure 6.2.4).

Figure 6.2.4 Narrowing technology

Frequency

Out

put

Open up frequency (for 3 channels)

Occupied bandwidth Narrowing technology

Out

put

Frequency

(2) Underlay technology:

Implementing another system within defined limits so that the system does not interfere

with the fixed wireless system, in order that systems can share the spectrum (Figure

6.2.5).

Figure 6.2.5 Underlay technology

Until interference becomes a problem

Other systems

(3) Inter-system carrier-sensing technology:

Introducing radio stations that are equipped with inter-system carrier-sensing capabilities

for systems that emit signals intermittently, so that interference with other systems can be

avoided, thus enabling time-sharing of the frequency with other systems (Figure 6.2.6).

151

Figure 6.2.6 Inter-system carrier sensing technology

時間

（例）

システムＡ

システムＢ

時間の空きを確認

時間の隙間利用

空きを確認後、短時間利用

システムＣ

システムB送信しない

システムＢ

システムＡが送信停止中

送信

システムＡが送信中

システムＡシステムＡ

システムB システムＢ

システムＡシステムＡ時間

（例）

システムＡ

システムＢ

時間の空きを確認

時間の隙間利用

空きを確認後、短時間利用

システムＣ

システムB送信しない

システムＢ

システムＡが送信停止中

送信





システムB システムＢ


System C

System B

(Examples)

System A

Confirm the times that the frequency is available

Use the intervals between time slots

Use the frequency for a short time after availability has been confirmed

System A is transmitting

Don’t transmit

System A has stopped transmitting

Transmit

Time

System A System A

System B System B

System A System A

System B System B

6.3 Basic concept on measures for efficient spectrum use in radiolocation systems

This section discusses possible strategies for efficient spectrum use, taking note of how radiolocation systems currently use the frequencies.


Radiolocation systems are used for meteorological radars, aircraft/ship radars, speed sensors, and movement detection sensors, as shown in Figure 6.3.1.

As for the spectrums used, the 3 GHz band, 5 GHz band, and 9 GHz band are allocated for meteorological use and aircraft/ship radar, while the high-micro wave band and millimeter wave band are allocated for other radars and sensors.

152

Figure 6.3.1 Usage images of radiolocation systems

Ship radar

Meteorological radar

ゴール

速度○○km

ゴールゴール

速度○○km

Speed sensor

Movement detection sensor(to prevent intrusion)

Goal

Speed: xx km/h

Chart 6.3.2 Number of radio stations and other information on major radiolocation systems

System No. of licensees No. of radio stations Allocated spectrum

3 GHz ship radar*1 392 723 2.7-3.4 GHz

5 GHz meteorological/airport meteorological radar 8 65 5.25-5.35 GHz

5 GHz ship radar 1 1 5.48-5.6 GHz

9 GHz meteorological radar 10 12 9.32-9.5 GHz*3

9 GHz ship radar 39,125 47,660 9.32-9.5 GHz*3

Speed sensor 140 4,636 10.51-10.54 GHz*4

10 GHz movement detection sensor*2 － 2,457 10.51-10.54 GHz*4

24 GHz movement detection sensor*2 － 17,298 24.05-24.25 GHz

76 GHz millimeter wave radar*2 － 1,102 76.0-77.0 GHz

*5: There are many radiolocation systems other than those shown above.

*1: Excerpt from "Results of the Survey of Actual Radio Spectrum Use in Fiscal Year 2004 (preliminary version)" (released March 2005). Data as of March 1, 2004. Other data are excerpted from "Results of the Survey of Actual Radio Spectrum Use in Fiscal Year 2003" (released March 2004). Data as of April 1, 2003.*2: Radio station does not require license. The number of radio stations for which license is not required is the total shipment during the three years from 2001 to 2003.*3: "9 GHz meteorological radar" and "9 GHz ship radar" share spectrum.*4: "Speed sensor" and "10 GHz movement detection sensor" share spectrum.

6.3.2 Strategies for efficient spectrum use

Strategies for efficient spectrum use for the frequencies used by radiolocation systems include opening up frequencies in the spectrum to allocate as much as possible to new radiocommunication systems, and sharing the spectrum with new radiocommunication systems. In particular, there are four possible approaches as described below.


If there is another spectrum that is not congested, shift radiolocation systems to that spectrum.

153

6.3.2.2 Reallocating current spectrum use

If possible, reallocate current spectrum use, based on current usage and trends in future spectrum demand by the radiolocation system.

6.3.2.3 Using technologies for efficient spectrum use

Enable spectrum sharing by using the following technologies for efficient spectrum usage:

(1) Narrowing technology and spurious reduction technology:

Narrowing bandwidth used by radar and reducing spurious transmissions to enable

spectrum sharing as well as to open up frequencies. Among the various radiolocation

systems, this method is expected to be particularly useful for meteorological radars and

aircraft/ship radars, which require a wide spectrum to avoid interference, even when

using the same frequency over and over again, because they use wide bandwidth and

high power (Figure 6.3.3).

Figure 6.3.3 Narrowing technology and spurious reduction technology

Diagram showing radar waves

Spurious emissions

Band currently used

Narrowing of the band

Current shape of wavesShape of the waves after the

implementation of narrowingtechnology etc.

Frequency

Output Technology to minimize

unnecessary radio waves (spurious emissions)

Technology to narrow the band used by radar

(2) Inter-system carrier-sensing technology:

Introducing radio stations that are equipped with inter-system carrier-sensing capabilities

so that interference with other systems can be avoided, thus enabling time-sharing the

frequency with other systems (Figure 6.2.6).

154

6.4 Basic concept on measures for efficient spectrum use in satellite communication systems

This section discusses possible strategies for efficient spectrum use, taking note of how satellite communication systems currently use the frequencies.


Satellite communication systems are used by telecommunications operators and broadcasters to provide telecommunication services and broadcasting services via satellite in space, to stationary earth stations on land, mobile earth stations, and receiving equipment as shown in Figure 6.4.1.

A wide range of spectrums are used, mainly in the microwave band but also in the sub-millimeter wave band as shown in Figure 6.4.2. The spectrums are allocated according to the requirements and uses of the respective systems.

Figure 6.4.1 Usage image for satellite communication systems

Artificial satellite station

Earth station

Telecommunication service via satellite Broadcasting service via satellite

Viewers

Broadcasting-satellite station

Broadcast wave

Earth station (for satellite control) Earth station (for broadcast transmission)

Earth station

Earth station

Artificial satellite station

Earth station

Telecommunication service via satellite Broadcasting service via satellite

Viewers

Broadcasting-satellite station

Broadcast wave

Earth station (for satellite control) Earth station (for broadcast transmission)

Earth station

Earth station

155

Table 6.4.2 Number of radio stations and other information on major satellite communication systems

System No. of licensees No. of radio stations No. of transmitters*1, 2 Allocated spectrum

S-band satellite downlink*1 2 5 － 2.5-2.535 GHz

S-band satellite uplink*1 2 31,700 128 2.655-2.69 GHz

C-band satellite downlink 3 13 － 3.44-4.199 GHz

C-band satellite uplink 7 43 442 5.854-6.485 GHz

BS broadcasts 4 11 － 11.7-12.2 GHz

CS broadcasts 2 11 － 12.2-12.75 GHz

Ku-band satellite downlink 2 27 － 12.2-12.75 GHz

Ku-band satellite uplink 9 10,763 10,641 13.75-14.5 GHz

Ka-band satellite downlink 2 10 － 17.7-21.2 GHz

Ka-band satellite uplink 2 60 497 27.5-31.0 GHz

*2: Number of transmitters surveyed for uplink only.*3: "CS broadcasts" and "Ku-band satellite uplink" use the same satellite transponder separately.*4: There are many satellite communication systems other than those shown above.

*1: Excerpt from "Results of the Survey of Actual Radio Spectrum Use in Fiscal Year 2004 (preliminary version)" (released March 2005). Data as of March 1, 2004. Other data are excerpted from "Results of the Survey of Actual Radio Spectrum Use in Fiscal Year 2003" (released March 2004). Data as of April 1, 2003.

6.4.1 Strategies for efficient spectrum usage

Strategies for efficient spectrum use for the frequencies used by satellite communication systems include opening up frequencies in the spectrum to allocate as much as possible to new radiocommunication systems, and sharing the spectrum with the new radiocommunication system. In particular, there are five possible approaches as described below.

6.4.1.1 Replacing with a wired system such as fiber optics

Replace satellite communication system with a wired system such as fiber optics.


If there is another spectrum that is not congested, and if it can provide the same level of quality as the current satellite communication system, shift the satellite communication system to that spectrum (including shifting other spectrums to the current satellite communication systems).

156

6.4.1.3 Reallocating current spectrum usage

Reallocating current spectrum use if possible, based on current usage and trends in future spectrum demand by satellite communication systems.

6.4.1.4 Assigning different frequency allocation by area to share the spectrum between different systems

Allocating more channels to satellite communication systems where demand for terrestrial systems is low, and in contrast, allocating less channels for satellite communication systems where demand for terrestrial systems is high, thus enabling spectrum sharing between the earth stations and terrestrial systems.

Figure 6.4.3 Assigning different frequency allocation by area to share the spectrum between different systems

Areas with high demand for terrestrial systems Areas with little demand for terrestrial systems

Allocate many channels Restrict channel allocation

6.4.1.5 Using technologies for efficient spectrum usage

Currently, satellite communication systems already share spectrums with fixed wireless systems in order to achieve efficient spectrum usage. However, based on the increasing demand trend such as by Mobile Radio Communication Systems and high-power wireless LAN systems, technologies for efficient spectrum usage as described below must be employed to enable spectrum sharing.

(1) Technology to reduce effect of interference:

Dynamically tracking interference signals from a mobile source using an auxiliary

antenna installed on the main antenna, generating signals of opposite phase to reduce

interference from the interference signals to the earth station, so that the spectrum can

be shared with other systems (Figure 6.4.4).

157

Figure 6.4.4 Technology to reduce effects of interference

Main antenna

Auxiliary antenna

Main antenna

Auxiliary antenna array

Beam steering to interference signal for dynamic tracking

Source of interference signal

Source of interference wave

Main antenna

Auxiliary antenna

Main antenna

Auxiliary antenna array

Beam steering to interference signal for dynamic tracking

Source of interference signal

Source of interference wave

(2) Underlay technology:

Implementing another system within specified limits so that the system does not interfere

with satellite communication system, in order that the systems can share the spectrum

(Figure 6.2.5).

6.5 Summary of measures for efficient spectrum use

Table 6.5.1 summarizes the strategies for efficient spectrum use for fixed wireless systems, radiolocation systems, and satellite communication systems.

Table 6.5.1 Summary of measures to make frequency use more effective as applied to each system type

Radio communication system Measures to make frequency use more effectively

Fixed wireless systems Radiolocation systems

Satellite communication

systems

(1) Replaced by a wire system such as fiber optic –

(2) Transition to other frequency bands

(3) Review of frequency bandwidth

(4) Shared between systems by separating frequency assignment by region

–

(5) Utilization of technology for efficient spectrum use <Example>

• Narrowband conversion

• Underlay • Carrier sense

between systems

<Example> • Narrowiband

conversion • Spurious

reduction • Carrier sense

between systems

<Example> • Reduction of

influence from interference

• Underlay

(Note) "○" indicates strategies for efficient spectrum use must be considered.

158

6.6 Viewpoints to be taken into account in considering measures for efficient spectrum use

Various factors must be taken into consideration when considering whether to introduce the strategies for efficient spectrum use shown in Table 6.5.1 to fixed wireless systems, radiolocation systems, and satellite communication systems. For example, even if replacement with a fiber optics system is possible, this is not sufficient reason to introduce such a change—the actual fiber optic networks available as well as the actual costs involved in using fiber optics should be fully studied before making the decision. Table 6.6.1 summarizes some major issues to be considered in determining whether to introduce strategies for efficient spectrum usage.

159

Table 6.6.1 Summary of measures to make frequency use more effective as applied to each system type

Strategy for efficient spectrum usage Major points for consideration

Replacement with a wired system such as fiber optics (only applies to fixed wireless systems and satellite communication systems)

・ The installation status of wired systems ・ Securing reliability and stability of the system, such as

dual cable lines, buried cable lines, backup, etc. ・ Securing the same or better level of quality than wireless

networks ・ Securing operation/maintenance framework such as for

monitoring ・ Cost-effectiveness based on cost comparison with

wireless networks and depreciation period of the wireless facilities, etc.

・ Effects on the services and costs for the user of the current systems

Shifting to another spectrum

・ Appropriately allocating spectrum based on current usage and future demand

・ Propagation characteristics of the spectrum to shift to, including rain attenuation, fading, propagated distance, absorption by gases in the atmosphere, etc.

・ Cost efficiency based on cost comparisons between the current spectrum and the spectrum to shift to, as well as the depreciation period of the radio equipment

Reallocating current spectrum use

・ Appropriate frequency reallocation based on current usage and future demand

・ Cost efficiency taking into consideration the costs for refurbishing or renewing radio equipment, as well as the depreciation period of the radio equipment

Assigning different frequency allocation by areas to share the spectrum between different systems (only applies to fixed wireless systems and satellite communication systems)

・ Cost efficiency regarding costs involved in relocating existing radio station, etc.

Using technologies for efficient spectrum use

・ Securing transmission quality, etc. ・ Cost efficiency taking into consideration the costs for

using technologies for efficient spectrum use as well as the depreciation period of the radio equipment

160

6.7 Points to keep in mind in examining individual radio stations

The previous section listed the points to be considered in selecting the strategy for efficient spectrum usage. However, these only serve as a general guideline, and when making decisions for specific radiocommunication systems, there are also more detailed points to be considered. For example, when a radiocommunication system consists of a number of radio stations, it may not be appropriate to apply the same method across the board to all radio stations. In this section, points to be considered when making decisions for specific radio stations in addition to the considerations in the previous chapter are described.

6.7.1 Fully reviewing preliminary considerations before implementing the strategies for efficient spectrum usage

Efficient spectrum usage is promoted from radio policy needs, such as to smoothly meet future spectrum demands. Therefore, it is necessary to understand as accurately as possible the specific spectrum demands of the new systems, as well as to review the necessity, current spectrum usage, and future spectrum demands for the existing radiocommunication systems. Based on these studies, it is essential to determine which strategy for efficient spectrum use in which spectrum, implemented in what manner would achieve the most efficient use, while producing the least impact on users, and fully review the possible strategies for efficient spectrum use as well as the spectrum for which the strategy will enable efficient usage.

6.7.2 Determining strategies for efficient spectrum use for specific radio stations

For example, radio stations that are part of the same fixed wireless system may have different requirements depending on their location, transmission distance from other stations, and required communication quality. For this reason, it is necessary to select a strategy (or combination of strategies) for each radio station, instead of applying the same strategy across the board for all radio stations constituting the same fixed wireless system.

6.7.3 Determining how to implement strategies for efficient spectrum use in a staged manner by area

Spectrum demands for new radiocommunication systems do not appear all at once nationwide, but at different timings by area, so the strategies for efficient spectrum use need not be implemented on a nationwide-scale at the same time. Implementation should be considered so that they are to be implemented by area in a staged manner, commencing with those radio stations that are ready to implement the changes, and based on an appropriate understanding of local demand trends.

161

6.7.4 Considering guidelines for objective judgment

Table 6.6.1 in the previous section lists the points to be considered in selecting strategies for efficient spectrum use. However, in actual considerations, for example, what constitutes a "dual cable line" may differ depending on the location's environment or specific system requirements. Therefore, in determining whether a strategy can be implemented, guidelines that enable objective judgments for each consideration point must first be established.

6.8 Future practical applications

Actual implementation of the issues discussed in this chapter will be included in the "Action Plan for Radio Spectrum Reallocation," for the systems identified as requiring efficient spectrum use (fixed wireless systems, radiolocation systems, and satellite communication systems), based on the evaluation results of surveys on actual radio spectrum usage conducted each year.

162

Chapter 7: Action to be taken to create the new wireless broadband environment

The Study Group for Wireless Broadband Promotion aims to develop the world's most advanced wireless broadband environment. With presenting concrete measurements for frequency reallocation as its major goal, the Study Group has held open discussions involving a wide range of participants and has summarized the results of these discussions regarding visions of future broadband services and development of specific systems based on these visions, as well as necessary frequency reallocation and promotion strategies. During this process, the Study Group has received 72 suggestions from 44 parties in response to invitation for suggestions on planned or envisioned future systems, and this has led to active consideration of implementation scenarios and spectrums, increasing the momentum for the development of the wireless broadband service environment.

The following efforts are necessary in order to facilitate maximum efficiency in using the limited and valuable national resource of the radio spectrum, to provide various wireless broadband services at an early date, and to become one of the first in the world to promote its development.

7.1 Establish leadership in the field of wireless broadband

(1) The challenging spirit to be the first to tackle the new technology and provide the risk funds Current wireless broadband technologies/services are becoming increasingly diversified,

not only centering around traditional mobile phone services but also seeing new attention

focused on new technologies, such as those that combine the advantages of mobile

phone and wireless LAN. Therefore, in order for Japan to assume international

leadership in wireless broadband development, it is important that Japan continues to

present its ideas to the world regarding a wide range of wireless broadband concepts,

and that the private sector actively embraces new technology with an eye to market

trends, taking the initiative in actively investing with a challenging spirit, developing new

technologies, and pioneering new services. At the same time, the government and the

private sector must work together to maximize the advantages of the unique technologies

and ideas of the entrepreneurial ventures by providing risk funding to the ICT industry to

reinvigorate the market.

(2) Strategic standardization and global spectrum harmonization To establish a technologically competitive edge in the global market and to increase

global competitiveness, it is important for the Japanese industries to leverage their

strength in sectors such as mobile phones and home appliances to strengthen their

position in the world market. Upon this foothold, Japan must actively promote R & D and

163

standardization, focusing on strategic fields that can further Japan's strength while

recognizing where global cooperation is necessary, and assume international leadership

by taking the initiative in global spectrum harmonization. In doing so, the national

government should actively support R & D and standardization activities that lead to

strategic standardization, while the private sector must also work to achieve cooperation

among enterprises, standardization activities from an early stage, and strategically

develop international standards for the technologies that they have pioneered. It must

also present the results of these activities to the world in a clear and effective manner.

In addition, considering the congestion of Japan's spectrums, efforts to be quick in

recognizing new technology trends to introduce highly convenient systems/services

effectively and flexibly are especially necessary in mobile communications where

technological development proceeds at a fast pace. Considering that in other countries,

non-governmental organizations such as IEEE, 3GPP, and 3GPP2 are active in

promoting standardization, Japan should also expect its private standardization

organizations to fully understand the technological trends and to make organizational

efforts to link their understandings smoothly to standardization and commercialization.

(3) Strategic efforts for early identification of technological requirements Specific studies for actual technology implementation will commence based on

suggestions by the Study Group. In order to promptly identify domestic technological

requirements, it is important to systematically develop and establish the frameworks for

implementation, taking into consideration the degree of urgency foreseen from the

expected implementation period, its impact on industries, such as diffusion of the

technology, the status of global studies, and the execution of appropriate administration

regarding technological testing.

7.2 Use frequencies more effectively

(1) Steady execution of frequency reallocation activities in accordance with "Guidelines for Spectrum Reallocation" The Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications formulates its "Action Plan for

Spectrum Reallocation" every year based on the "Guidelines for Spectrum Reallocation"

(formulated in October 2003), which indicates the basic policies for spectrum reallocation,

in order to carry out smooth and effective follow-up work for spectrum reallocation based

on the evaluations of surveys on actual radio spectrum usage.

Because the Study Group carries out studies on concrete measures for spectrum

reallocation with an eye to future systems, it is important to reflect the results of these

studies in the "Action Plan for Spectrum Reallocation" in order to further promote efforts

towards maximizing the efficient usage of the radio spectrum. Furthermore, it is also

164

necessary to carry out the transitional processes for individual systems in a balanced

manner.

(2) Studying a systemic framework to promote efficient spectrum usage, such as enabling the use of the same spectrum for diverse purposes It is necessary to use the spectrum in a flexible manner, such as by allocating the

spectrum used for Mobile Radio Communication Systems in a high-demand area to an

Alternative systems to wired broadband in rural areas. Therefore, it is important to

conduct studies for such flexible spectrum usage and review the necessity to develop

institutional frameworks in response to such use. It is also important to further efficient

spectrum use by coordinating its use among spectrum users, such as by minimizing the

guard-bands and guard-areas necessary for spectrum reuse.

(3) Promoting R & D to facilitate more efficient spectrum use In the system suggestions, it can be seen that many systems require a sizable amount of

spectrum, so there may be a number of cases where spectrum reallocation cannot move

forward without changing the current situation. For this reason, it is important to promote

R & D efforts concerning sharing the spectrum, shifting the existing systems to higher

frequencies, and to develop new systems that can use the high frequency bands.

Examples of R & D to facilitate more efficient spectrum usage include expanding

spectrum resources by basic technology that uses the millimeter wave band that enables

use of currently unused frequency band, R & D into wireless devices supporting multiple

frequency bands that would facilitate system implementation, R & D into cognitive radio

technology, which enables devices to autonomously adapt to the surrounding

radiocommunication environment by changing frequencies from the UHF band to

microwave band and accurately/quickly identifying multiple numbers of major wireless

systems in the spectrum, and spectrum sharing technologies such as underlay

technology. Regarding underlay technology, there is some conflict of interests between

existing users and developers, causing difficulties in promoting this technology.

Therefore, promotional activities, such as coordination from an early stage and open

demonstration tests, are necessary.

7.3 Improve the convenience for users

(1) Building an open platform to promote advances in the wireless broadband infrastructure and development of various services on the platform Currently, implementation of technologies to realize various new wireless broadband

environments is under consideration, making a diverse lineup of access methods

possible. In order to facilitate the implementation of these environments while allowing a

variety of access methods, it is essential to continue to promote roaming between

165

different systems. Furthermore, as services available on wireless networks are expected

to progress further, it is necessary to build an open platform where services can be

offered in the same manner, even over various infrastructures, in order to roll out the

services widely while maintaining diversity in the infrastructure.

By building such a platform, it becomes possible to provide stable services not

dependent on infrastructure, thus increasing the options and convenience for the user.

(2) Promoting tests for various wireless broadband systems The Study Group has conducted studies on the various wireless broadband systems

expected to be introduced in the future. In order to facilitate smooth and prompt

implementation of these systems, it is necessary to actively promote tests on advanced

systems at the national government level. At the same time, the private sector must

actively conduct demonstration tests to confirm the effectiveness of the services,

including whether they can achieve the required performance at a reasonable price,

taking into consideration the contents to be delivered by the service.

(3) Strengthening security and privacy measures to build a sense of security and confidence in wireless broadband With the progress of the wireless broadband environment, valuable contents, as well as

essential information concerning daily lives, such as credit card information, are now

handled on a variety of networks, thus making it more important than ever to take

measures against security breaches and personal information leakage. Therefore, in

order to enable the stable use of the wireless broadband environment with a sense of

security and confidence, it is necessary to strengthen the systems and rules regarding

security measures and privacy protection at the national government level. At the same

time, it is also necessary for the private sector to make efforts to ensure security/privacy

in providing their services.

Furthermore, because of the large amount of data involved in wireless broadband, it

becomes desirable to have services available at a lower cost, although this may lead to a

degradation in communication quality and potentially affect reliability. The industry must

reach a consensus on the levels of communication quality dependent on the type of

service, and these conditions of services must be made clear to users.

166

Study Group Members

(In Japanese alphabetical order, titles omitted)

Teruaki Aoki Advisor, Sony Corporation (up to the 6th meeting)

Makoto Ando Professor, Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology (Acting chairperson)

Fumio Iwasaki Senior Vice President, Managing Director of Network Planning Department, Network Division, NTT DoCoMo, Inc.

Shingo Ohmori Vice President, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT)

Yukihiro Ozaki Senior Vice President, Executive Director, Broadband Access line Services Department, Broadband Services Promotion Headquarters, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone West Corporation

Yasuo Katsura Communications and Information network Association of Japan Chairman of the Next-Generation Information Appliance Network Task Force

Michiko Kuroda Professor, School of Computer Science, Tokyo University of Technology

Haruo Takagi Director, Sustainable Community Center Japan/NetIn Kyoto Co., Ltd CEO

Ken Takano Fellow, Fujitsu Laboratories Limited

Zenichiro Tanaka Senior advisor on Internet business strategy, Nikkei Business Publications, Inc.

Yoshio Tanaka Director,Chief Technology Officer, Microsoft Co.,Ltd. (from the 7th meeting)

Katsuya Tamai Professor, Intellectual Property Department, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo

Shigeo Tsujii President/Professor, Institute of Information Security (Chairperson)

Miwako Doi Senior Fellow, Humancentric Laboratory, Corporate Research & Development Center, TOSHIBA Corporation

Mario Tokoro Senior Research Fellow, Sony Corporation (from the 7th meeting)

167

Kenji Nagai Director-General, Engineering Administration Department, Japan Broadcasting Corporation (NHK)

Tsutomu Nakamura Senior Vice President and Member of the Board, NEC Corporation

Yuichiro Nishio Executive Officer, Engineering Group, General Manager, Planning & Coordination Division, JSAT Corporation

Takayuki Nishioka Freespot Conference (Director, Buffalo Inc.)

Susumu Furukawa Former Corporate Vice President, Microsoft Corporation Executive Officer, National Technology Officer, Microsoft Co., Ltd. (up to the 6th meeting)

Hiroshi Mano Chief Executive Officer, Root, Inc.

Hitomi Murakami Vice President, KDDI CORPORATION

Tadahisa Mori Senior Director, The National Association of Commercial Broadcasters in Japan

Mitsuhiko Moriyama Senior Research Fellow, Mitsubishi Research Institute, Inc.

Kiyotaka Yuguchi Full-time lecturer, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Integrated Human Life and Area Studies, Sagami Women's University

Tetsuya Yuge EVP, Chief Technical Officer, Director of Laboratories, Head, Regulatory and Interconnection Division, JAPAN TELECOM Co., LTD.

Kazumasa Yoshida Representative Director and Co-President, Intel K.K.

Vice President of Sales & Marketing Group, Intel Corporation

Masayoshi Wakao Senior Managing Director, Association of Radio Industries and Businesses

168

final report by the study group for wireless broadband ... · this survey reviews ... tr ansmission...

Documents