final report on natural gas demand potential in asean€¦ · • domestic coal industry and cpp...

Final Report on Natural Gas Demand Potential in ASEAN

Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East AsiaThe Institute of Energy Economics, Japan

Bangkok, Thailand27 March 2018

THE 7TH ASEAN+3 OIL MARKET AND NATURAL GASFORUM AND BUSINESS DIALOGUE

Outline

Demand Side Analysis

Methodology and

Assumptions

Overview of Demand Potential

Policy Implications

Supply Side Analysis

Methodologyand

Assumptions

Overview of Infrastructure Requirements

Policy Implications

Analysis on the Potential of Future Demand for Natural Gas

Assumptions for demand analysisERIA energy outlook 2015

• Up until 2030 • BAU scenario

Baselineof estimation

RE power generation: will not be replaced to gas.Existing plants: will be replaced to gas after 40 yrs. life.New addition: 3 scenarios (share of gas: 15%, 30%, and 60%)

Power generation

Assume to increase share of gas depending on baseline estimation.• Share of gas in 2030: more than 33% in BAU >> 5% higher share• Share of gas in 2030: between 10 to 33% in BAU >> 1.5 times share• Share of gas in 2030: less than 10% in BAU >> 2 times share

Industry

Assume 25% of oil, including LPG, demand in BAU will be replaced to gas. Residential& commercial

Assume 2 times higher gas demand increase than BAU.Roadtransportation

Assume 32.5% of high sulfur bunker fuel demand in BAU will be replaced to LNG.

Marinetransportation

* Scale is not accurate.

Three scenarios to assume the share of natural gas in additional thermal power generation

Scenario 1: 15% of natural gas share• LNG prices will increase as crude oil prices goes up.• Momentum of climate action will be relatively weak.• Domestic coal industry and CPP development will be promoted due to

domestic energy utilization policy and domestic industry protection policy.

Scenario 2: 30% of natural gas share• LNG prices will be on the same level at present, or moderate increase.• Strength of climate action will be same as present situation.• The development ratio of CPP and GPP will be same as present situation.

Scenario 3: 60% of natural gas share• LNG price will stay at low due to LNG glut under smooth start up of the

new LNG project.• Stronger climate action will take place to reduce CPP.

• Baseline:BAU scenario of ERIA Outlook 2015

• Renewable energy will not be replaced by gas.

• Nuclear power generation will not be operated within the projection period, and it will be supplemented by thermal power generation.

Image of scenarios(Electricity generation mix) • Plants with operation years more than 40 will be replaced to GPP.

• While mine mouth CPPs are exceptional as their operation is combined with that of coal mine.

Basic assumptions

Existing thermal power plant

Additional thermal power plantScenario 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 3Gas15% Gas

30%

Gas60%

CoalCoal

Coal

GasGas

Oil Gas

Age ＜ 40 Oil

CoalCoal

2013 2030actual estimation

HydroRE

HydroRE

Add

ition

al T

herm

al

Gas

Gas

Age ≧ 40

Mine mouth&

Age ＜ 40

Age ≧ 40

Exs

istin

g th

erm

al

Age ≧ 40

Age ＜ 40

Ref.) Detail of power generation sector

Ref.) Detail of industry sector

From the following background, the use of natural gas will expand in the industrial sector.• Subsidies will be eliminated to increase oil price for industrial use.• In light of climate protection;Energy efficiency standards will be established and strengthened.Carbon emission amount will be limited.

• The new LNG projects will start steadily and sufficient LNG supply will be expected.

Scenario

• Small increase of natural gas is assumed for the countries where the natural gas utilization rate in 2030 in the BAU scenario issimilar to or higher than the OECD average (33%).

• In other countries, it is assumed that natural gas utilization rate will increase by developing supply infrastructure and strengthening supply capacity such as LNG imports.

• It is assumed that countries with lower natural gas demand outlook in the BAU scenario will have higher demand growth.

Assumption

Share of natural gasin 2030 of BAU scenario *

Increase of share Applicable country

33% or more+ 5% share

compare to BAUIndonesia, Malaysia

10 – 33%1.5 times share

compare to BAU (max. 33%)

Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand, Viet Nam

10% or less 2 times share

compare to BAUBrunei, Philippines

* BAU scenario of ERIA energy outlook 2015

Assumption of natural gas demand increase in industry sector

From the following background, the use of natural gas in the residential and commercial sectors will expand.• The current natural gas utilization rate is 5% for Brunei and 6% for Singapore, but almost zero for the other countries.• From the viewpoint of improving convenience of life and reducing health damage, substitution from traditional biomass to

commercial energy, from coal and oil to natural gas will be promoted.• Subsidies will be eliminated, and the price of oil (including LPG) for residential and commercial use will increase.• The tightening of electricity supply/ demand balance will lead to promote the use of natural gas (city gas).

(e.g. cooking, water heating, and autonomous power and heat generation.) • The new LNG projects will start steadily and an sufficient LNG supply will be expected.• The development of natural gas supply infrastructure (e.g. pipeline) for industrial use will help cultivate city gas demand in urban

areas.

• It is assumed that 25% of the 2030 oil (mainly LPG) consumption in the BAU scenario will be replaced by city gas.

Scenario

Assumption

Ref.) Detail of residential and commercial sector

From the following background, the use of natural gas vehicles (NGVs) will expand.• Subsidies for oil will be eliminated, hence the oil prices for transport use will increase.• Air pollution in urban areas will deteriorate further and stronger measures will be required.

Restriction on the use of outdated vehiclesStrengthen emission standards for new vehicles

• The new LNG projects will start steadily and sufficient LNG supply will be expected.• The development of natural gas supply infrastructure (e.g. pipeline) for industrial use will help expand pipeline distribution

network in urban areas.

• Estimate the potential by doubling the annual average growth rate in the BAU scenario from 2013 to 2030.• In the BAU scenario, the country with zero natural gas demand for vehicles as of 2030 assumes that 1% of oil demand for

transportation will be replaced by natural gas.

Scenario

Assumption

Assumption of annual average growth rateof natural gas demand for vehicle

Ref.) Detail of road transportation sector

Actual BAU scenario Potential2013/2000 2030/2013 2030/2013

(annual growth rate) (annual growth rate) (annual growth rate)Brunei - - 1% of oil demand

India 28% 8% 16%

Indonesia 2% 7% 14%

Malaysia - 1% 2%

Myanmar 41% 3% 6%

Philippines - 21% 42%

Singapore - 2% 4%

Thailand 73% 2% 4%

Viet Nam - - 1% of oil demand

Country

• It is assumed that domestic marine bunker fuel will also be replaced by LNG at ports where LNG bunkering facilities for international marine use are to be in place.

• By considering limited number of LNG bunkering facility equipped port, the replacement by LNG for domestic marine bunker fuel is assumed to be 10%.

International marine bunker

Domestic marine bunker

• The total bunker fuel demand in 2030 is assumed to be almost the same as the current situation.• LNG demand to fuel ship is assume to increase as IMO regulation for SOx emissions from ocean vessels will be strengthened

from 2020.• Along with strengthening regulations, it is assumed that one is chosen from below three options.

Continue to use high sulfur bunker fuel and install exhaust gas desulfurization equipment. (25% of demand) Replace by low sulfur diesel. (32.5% of demand) Replace by LNG. (32.5% of demand)

Assumption of change ofinternational marine bunker fuel

Current 2030

100%(44Mtoe)

50%

50%

High sulfurbunker fuel

High sulfurbunker fuel

Low sulfurgas oil

LNG

25%

75%

Ref.) Detail of marine transportation sector

Natural gas demand potential by sector (2030) Natural gas demand potential by country (2030)

• Natural gas demand for ASEAN may expand to;2.7 to 2.9 times larger than 2015 (Approx. +175 to +200Bcm @ 40 MJ/ m3)or 1.2 to 1.3 times larger than BAU scenario

• By sector, the power generation sector has the largest potential, followed by the industrial sector.• By country, Indonesia has the largest potential, followed by Malaysia and Thailand.• In order to realize the natural gas demand potential, various policy supports will be required.

Large potential of gas demand has identified.

Overview of gas demand potential (ASEAN)

Note; Export demand and Non-energy use demand for natural gas are excluded.

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

2013 2015 BAU Scenario1

Scenario2

Scenario3

Res./Com., etc

Domestic marine

International marine

CNG

Industry

Power generation

(Mtoe)2.9

times2.7

times2.7

times

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

2013 2015 BAU Scenario 1

Scenario 2

Scenario 3

Viet Nam

Thailand

Singapore

Philippines

Myanmar

Malaysia

Indonesia

Cambodia

Brunei

(Mtoe)

LNG: USD 11.9/MMBtu LNG: USD 9/MMBtu LNG: USD 6/Mbtu(Billion USD) (Billion USD) (Billion USD) (Billion USD)

Scenario 1 +0.4 +0.3 +0.3 +0.1 +8.9 (+1%)

Scenario 2 +1.1 +0.8 +0.5 +0.0 +2.8 (+0%)

Scenario 3 +8.2 +5.3 +2.3 -0.6 -61.9 (-6%)

(Million tons-CO2)Case

Construction cost CO2 emissionFuel import costPower generation

Other sectors total

• International fossil fuel cost • Unit power plant construction cost

Assumptions

• Unit CO2 emission: Utilize definition in IEASource: IEA, World Energy Outlook 2016, New Policy ScenarioUSD6/MMBtu : Assume current LNG market condition will remain.USD9/MMBtu : Middle of IEA assumption and USD6/MMBtu.

Construction cost Life time

Coal (SC) USD 1,600/kW 30 years

Natural gas (CCGT) USD 700/kW 25 years

Source: IEA, Southeast Asia Energy Outlook 2015

• In power generation sector, part of fuel cost increase will be offset by reduction of construction cost.• There are scenario where reduction of CO2 emissions can be expected.• In other sectors, both fuel and CO2 emissions can be reduced by substituting oil.

Natural gas can bring economical and environmental benefit.

Expected economical and environmental benefit

Coal Crude oil77 111 11.9 9 6

USD/ton USD/bbl USD/MMbtu USD/MMbtu USD/MMbtu(125) (820) (472) (357) (238)

USD/toe USD/toe USD/toe USD/toe USD/toe

LNG

* Effect of assumption that Vietnam’s nuclear power generation after 2028 in BAU scenario will be substituted by coal and natural gas fired power.

*

*

**

LNG: USD 11.9/Mbtu LNG: USD 9/Mbtu LNG: USD 6/Mbtu(Billion USD) (Billion USD) (Billion USD)

-12.1 -17.1 -22.4 -0.019 (-2%)

Fuel import costCO2 emission

(Million tons-CO2)

1. Clear policy indication for promoting natural gas use. Energy / electricity mix target. Climate and environmental regulation. (promote lower carbon energy)

2. Enhance economical competitiveness of natural gas. Eliminate energy subsidies. Mechanism to internalize environmental value of natural gas. (e.g. carbon pricing)

3. Support for developing supply infrastructures (LNG receiving terminal, pipeline, etc.). Support securing residential and commercial demand. Dialogue with stakeholder to gain acceptance. Present clear regulatory framework. Financial support. (e.g. low interest rate loan, tax benefit)

4. Human capacity building. Development of law and regulation. Development of safety (technical) standard. Controlling and monitoring of market. (i.e. enforcement of regulations, change of price) Gas business operation. (commercial and technical operation) Gas utilization technology.

Policy recommendation to increase natural gas demand

9

Political factor Economical factor Social factor Technological factorCross sectoral • Insufficient policy to promote

natural gas use (e.g. energy mix policy, air/GHG emission regulation).

• Insufficient regulatory framework for commercial and technicaloperation of gas business.

• Insufficient human capability to develop necessary policies and regulations.

• Competition with other energy• Existing of energy price subsidies.

- Hide true cost of energies- Uneven competition environment

• No mechanism to internalize environmental value

• Large upfront cost of supply infrastructure

• Insufficient knowledge for natural gas

• Local acceptance for natural gas related infrastructure (including land acquisition, landscape problems of ground installations)

• Lack of technologies, know-how, engineers

• No technical/safety standard for natural gas use

Power generation • Contradiction with policy to protect domestic coal industry

• Contradiction with policies for other power sources

• Price competitiveness against coal• Price competitiveness against cost

reducing renewable energy

- • Lack of technology and industry for O&M of GPP

Industry • Less incentive for replacing old equipment due to lax EE&C policy

• Secure critical minimum demand to make gas business feasible

• Too far from primary supply location to be economically feasible.

• Less capability of small & medium size enterprises and people for investment

• Competition with electricity

• Awareness for benefits of natural gas use

• Lack of technology, know-how, and engineers for city gas business

• Lack of supply and appeal of natural gas utilization equipmentsResidential

& commercial• Insufficient regulatory framework

for city gas business• Awareness for benefits of natural

gas use• Remove concern about gas safety

Road transportation

• Absent of promotion policy• Absent of regulations

• Small number of natural gas fueling station

• Competition with EV, biofuel

• Awareness for benefits of natural gas use among freight operators.

• Insufficient supply of natural gas/LNG driven fleet

• Absent of technical standards

Marine transportation

• Small number of bunkering port

• Competition with low sulfur oil

Ref.) Challenges to increase natural gas demand

Natural gas demand potential by sector (2030) Power generation mix (2030)

The power generation sector has the highest potential domestic demand for natural gas.

Overview of gas demand potential (Brunei Darussalam)

+0.8 +0.8 +0.8

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

Res./Com., etc

Domestic marine


CNG

Industry

Power generation

(Mtoe)

99% 99%

90% 90% 90% 90%

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

RenewablesNuclearNatural gasOilCoal

(TWh)


-0.0 -0.0 -0.0 -0.000 (-1%)

Fuel import cost

(Million tons-CO2)

CO2 emission

Cost and CO2 Emission (Other sectors)


Potential demand for natural gas exists in the residential and commercial sectors.

Overview of gas demand potential (Cambodia)


0.17 0.17 0.17

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

Res./Com., etc

Domestic marine


CNG

Industry

Power generation

(Mtoe)


-0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.000 (-0%)


(Million tons-CO2)

48%

30%

0

5

10

15

20

25

2013 2015 BAU

Hydro, otherNuclearNatural gasOilCoal

(TWh)


The industry sector has the highest potential demand for natural gas, followed by the power generation sector.

Overview of gas demand potential (Indonesia)

Cost and CO2 Emission (Power generation) Cost and CO2 Emission (Other sectors)

+74 +76 +92

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Res./Com., etc

Domestic marine


CNG

Industry

Power generation

(Mtoe)

51% 56%

53% 53% 52%38%

24% 25%

23% 23% 25%39%

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800


(TWh)

LNG: LNG: LNG:$ 11.9/MMBtu $ 9/MMBtu $ 6/Mbtu cost(Billion USD) (Billion USD) (Billion USD) (Billion USD)

Scenario 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Scenario 2 +0.6 +0.4 +0.2 -0.1 -5.3 (-1%)

Scenario 3 +5.8 +3.7 +1.5 -0.5 -53.1 (-13%)

Case

Fuel import costConstruction CO2 emission

-CO2)(Million tons

LNG: LNG: LNG:$ 11.9/Mbtu $ 9/Mbtu $ 6/Mbtu(Billion USD) (Billion USD) (Billion USD)

-2.7 -3.6 -4.5 -0.004 (-1%)


(Million tons-CO2)


The power generation sector has the highest potential demand for natural gas, followed by the industry sector.

Overview of gas demand potential (Malaysia)


+24 +24 +27

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Res./Com., etc

Domestic marine


CNG

Industry

Power generation

(Mtoe)

40% 42%

43% 43% 43% 37%

48% 47%

45% 45% 45% 51%

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350


(TWh)


Scenario 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Scenario 2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Scenario 3 +1.0 +0.0 +0.3 -0.1 -9.2 (-5%)

Case


-CO2)(Million tons


-0.3 -0.8 -1.3 0.001 (0%)


(Million tons-CO2)


The industry sector presents the highest potential demand for natural gas, followed by the power generation sector.

Overview of gas demand potential (Myanmar)


+0.5 +0.5 +0.8

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

Res./Com., etc

Domestic marine


CNG

Industry

Power generation

(Mtoe)

2%16% 16% 16% 11%21%

39%

9% 9% 9% 14%

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40


(TWh)


Scenario 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Scenario 2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Scenario 3 +0.1 +0.1 +0.0 -0.0 -1.0 (-15%)

Case


-CO2)(Million tons


-0.3 -0.4 -0.5 -0.000 (-3%)

(Million tons-CO2)



The highest potential demand for natural gas comes from the power generation sector, followed by the residential and commercial sector.

Overview of gas demand potential (Philippines)


+6 +6 +8

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Res./Com., etc

Domestic marine


CNG

Industry

Power generation

(Mtoe)

43% 45%

48% 48% 48% 42%25%

23%

27% 27% 27% 34%

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

Hydro, other

Nuclear

Natural gas

Oil

Coal

(TWh)


Scenario 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Scenario 2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Scenario 3 +0.6 +0.4 +0.1 -0.0 -5.1 (-6%)

Case


-CO2)(Million tons


-0.6 -0.8 -1.0 -0.001 (-1%)


(Million tons-CO2)


The international marine bunker sector has the highest potential demand for natural gas.

Overview of gas demand potential (Singapore)


+23 +23 +23

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Res./Com., etc

Domestic marine


CNG

Industry

Power generation

(Mtoe)

91% 95%

93% 93% 93% 93%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80


(TWh)


-5.8 -7.7 -9.7 -0.008 (-6%)

CO2 emissionFuel import cost

(Million tons-CO2)


The power generation sector presents the highest potential demand for natural gas, followed by the industry sector.

Overview of gas demand potential (Thailand)


+18 +18 +18

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Res./Com., etc

Domestic marine


CNG

Industry

Power generation

(Mtoe)

20% 19% 16% 16% 16% 16%

71% 71%64% 64% 64% 64%

0

50

100

150

200

250

300


(TWh)


-1.1 -2.0 -2.9 -0.005 (-2%)


(Million tons-CO2)


The highest potential demand for natural gas comes from the power generation sector and the industry sector.

Overview of gas demand potential (Viet Nam)


+21 +22 +22

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Res./Com., etc

Domestic marine


CNG

Industry

Power generation

(Mtoe)

21% 30%

30% 33% 33% 32%34%33%

33% 34% 34% 35%

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400


(TWh)


Scenario 1 +0.4 +0.3 +0.3 +0.1 +8.9 (+6%)

Scenario 2 +0.5 +0.4 +0.3 +0.1 +8.1 (+5%)

Scenario 3 +0.6 +0.5 +0.4 +0.1 +6.5 (+4%)

Case


-CO2)(Million tons


-1.3 -1.8 -2.3 -0.001 (-1%)

(Million tons-CO2)


Viet Nam’s BAU scenario assumes that a NPP will commence operation in 2028. However, in this study, the assumption used is that no NPP would commence operation even in 2030. Assuming further that the NPP power generation equivalent in the BAU scenario would be replaced by thermal power generation, the study’s three scenarios allocate different mixes of coal and natural gas.

Note; Since estimates on the NPP construction cost are difficult to draw, only the TPP construction cost is considered in this study.

The preliminary study found it difficult to establish the potential demand for natural gas in the Lao PDR.

There is no room to introduce gas-fired power station because Lao PDR has abundant hydro power to export. Furthermore, the demand in its Other Sectors is too small, and the source of the demand is too far from coastlines where natural gas is found. Thus, meeting the demand with gas-fired power stations will entail considerable infrastructure investment.

Overview of gas demand potential (Laos)

Analysis on the Required Downstream Infrastructure for Natural Gas

Methodology

startAdditional LNG demand estimation results from

IEEJIdentification of major LNG demand

points and LNG terminals (existing and plans) (thermal power plant/ states)

Neighborhood analysis between demand points and ports

Categorizing ports using the sum of additional LNG demands

Hierarchizing LNG terminals and ports using the categories

Input information/dataOutput

Allocation of LNG transport mode

Case studies in japan

Sea route distance calculation

Investment amount estimation

Cost information

End

Map of LNG terminals(existing and planned)

Territorial map of each primary ports

Map of additional LNG demand excluding gas thermal power plant

New/converted gas thermal power plant

Investment amount

List of transport mode

Research framework

Configuration of the LNG value chain

Source: Adapted from IGS “Small Scale LNG” June 2015

Liquefaction &Storage

Import Terminal/Re-gas Power PlantLNG

Carrier

End Users

Small Terminal/ Re-gas

End User Storage/Satellite

SSLNGCarrier

Pipeline

• LNG Rail Tanker• LNG Tanker(Lorry）

• LNG Rail Tanker• LNG Tanker（Lorry）

Remote Small Power PlantPipeline

GasSupplier

LNG Locomotive

LNG Fueled Vessel

LNG Fueling Station

LNG Fueled Truck

SSLNGCarrier

FSRU(Floating Terminal)

FSRU + Generation

End User Storage/Satellite

End User(Electricity)Grid

Pipeline/Train/Truck

Terminal Delivery

For hierarchizing supply chain of LNG, thresholds between primary and secondary, and secondary and tertiary are set as 1.0 MTPA, and 0.2 MTPA accordingly.

For the transport mode allocation, the following hierarchy is assumed.

Assumed hierarchy of LNG supply system

Assumed hierarchy system of LNG supply chain

Tertiary level

Secondary level(between 0.2-1.0 MTPA)

Primary level(over 1.0 MTPA)

• City use• Industrial use• Small scale thermal

power plant

• Large scale thermal power plant

LNG terminal LNG terminal

LNG terminal

Satellite facility

• Industrial use• Small scale power

plant

• Large scale thermal power plant

pipeline

ISO container by rail or truck

Distribute pipelineISO container by rail or truck

pipeline

Conditions of demand size for LNG terminal (I)LNG receiving terminal Aggregated LNG Demand Mode of Transport Requirements

Demand segments Typical demand

Onshore LNG receiving Terminal(primary)

Optimally3 to 5 MTPA,

OftenApprox. 1 MTPA

Gas-fired Power Plant（IPP: PPA with state-owned power co.)

0.5-1.0MTPA/plant

• Pipeline (terminal to power plant) • There must be a port with adequate depth of water for ocean vessels.

• The port must be equipped with Jetti.

• There must be a large site for LNG tanks.

Industrial Park(s), etc. 0.5MTPA

(Area Demand)

• Pipeline (terminal to park)• Lorry + satellite (terminal to park)

Industrial customersCommercial customers

• Pipeline (terminal to customer sites)• Lorry + satellite (terminal to customer

sites)

Residential customers • Pipeline (city gas)

Transfer to secondary LNG receiving terminals

0.2MTPA/sec.

terminal

• Coastal vessel

Onshore/LargeIslands

LNG receiving Terminal(secondary）

Typically0.2 to 1 MTPA

Industrial Park, etc. 0.2 MTPA • Pipeline (terminal to park)• Lorry + satellite(terminal to park)

• Usually a center of regional economy, without adequate depth of water, not equipped with Jetti.

• Deployment of pipeline from the primary LNG terminal is difficult.



sites)

Residential customer • Pipeline (city gas)

Conditions of demand size for LNG terminal (II)LNG receiving terminal Aggregated LNG Demand Mode of Transport Requirements


Onshore/Large Islands

FSRU/FSU+on-shoreRegasification

usually2 to 3 MTPA

Gas-fired Power Plant（IPP: PPA with state-owned power co.)

0.5-1.0MTPA/plant

• Pipeline (terminal to power plant) • Usually a site without a large room for LNG tanks.

Industrial Park(s), etc. 0.5MTPA

(Area Demand)

• Pipeline (terminal to park)• Lorry + satellite(terminal to park)



sites)

Residential customers • Pipeline (city gas)

LNG unloading and reloading

Floatingstorage unit

Regasification system

Type Possibility of inland LNG satellite transport

Landing Pier × FSU × On-ship FSRU Impossible, only pipeline transport is available

Ship to Ship FSU on land-pier

On-shore FSU+Re-gas Possible, both pipeline and LNG satellite transport

Type of FSRU and its possibility of inland LNG satellite transport

Assumption in this study

Conditions of demand size for LNG terminal (III)LNG receiving terminal Aggregated LNG Demand Mode of Transport Requirements


archipelagoes

Small LNG receiving Terminals/satellites

Terminal/satellite in each island

Gas-fired Power Plantto replace Diesel Power Plant in each island

0.2MTPA/plant

• Coastal vessel • No port with adequate depth of water, nor equipped with Jetti.

Industrial Park(s), etc. Probably small demand

• Lorry + satellite(terminal to park)


• Pipeline (terminal to customer sites)• Lorry + satellite(terminal to customer

sites)

Satellite terminals for gas power plants

Satellite terminal with 5000 m³(2300t) LNG storage for a50 MW gas power plant

http://www.wartsila.com/docs/default-source/power-plants-documents/lng/w%C3%A4rtsil%C3%A4-solutions-for-lng-2017-

Constraints and conditions

• It is difficult to collect reliable natural gas pipeline information, so that existing natural gas pipeline information cannot be considered when LNG transport mode is allocated.

• Some domestic regulation on road structure doesn’t allow logistic company to use bigger size of container because of its width, length and axial weights, but this time, those regulations are not taken into consideration because of lack of information of road category.

• Some LNG terminal port is not registered for marine transport distance table. In such a case, the most neighbor port is used as a proxy.

Constraints

• Distance between additional LNG demand points and ports are calculated ad direct distance using coordinates information.

• Distance between ports are calculated using Aquaplot service (https://www.aquaplot.com/)

• Three types of ISO container for LNG transport are possible, e.g. 20ft, 30ft, and 40ft, but this time, only 40ft is assumed for simplification.

• The estimated investment amount is calculated as accumulated value of investment till 2030.

Conditions

https://www.aquaplot.com/

Publically available information of natural gas pipeline in ASEAN

Data source:http://worldmap.harvard.edu/geoserver/wfs?outputFormat=SHAPE-ZIP&service=WFS&request=GetFeature&format_options=charset%3AUTF-8&typename=geonode%3Agas proposed nsp&version=1 0 0)

The information is not the latest and accuracy of spatial information is not reliable. We seek collaboration of member countries to provide improved data inputs.

http://worldmap.harvard.edu/geoserver/wfs?outputFormat=SHAPE-ZIP&service=WFS&request=GetFeature&format_options=charset:UTF-8&typename=geonode:gas_proposed_nsp&version=1.0.0

Transport mode allocation rules are as follows;

Selecting the transport mode of LNG

Transport mode from neighbor ports

Rules

Transmission pipeline According to the case in Japan (Tokyo Elec. Corp.: distance from Futtsu LNG terminal to Chiba gas thermal power plant is 32.5 km), so that the transmission pipeline is assumed as transport mode with 32.5 km from port to thermal power plant.

Rail At port Based on acknowledge port-rail connectivity case, if the distance between railway and port is within 15km, it is judged as connectivity.

At demand points (e.g. thermal power plant)

Based on acknowledge thermal power plant-rail connectivity case, if the distance between railway and thermal power plant is within 15km, it is judged as connectivity.

trucks Distance Normally, port has road connectivity, so that if the demand points are within 700km from ports, it is judged as transportable.

Frequency Upper limit is set as 24 times of 40ft ISO container (13.5 ton eq.)

1. When ISO containers are used, the pipeline transport is prioritized in case of the distance from port to thermal power plans are close as within 32.5 km because transshipment works need time and efforts.

2. In case that both neighbor ports and thermal power plants have rail connectivity and distance between them is over 32.5 km, the railway transport is assumed.

3. In case of impossibility to use pipeline and railway, the conditions to use truck transport can be satisfied, the truck will be used for the transport.

4. Other cases but the above-mentioned case are discussed as case by case.

LNG terminal Longitude LatitudeThermal Power plant

Longitude LatitudeDistance(㎞）

Higashi Ogishiam 139.7396 35.4939 Higashi Ogishima 139.7456 35.495 0.6

Kawasaki Thermal Power Plant

139.7623 35.5158 Yokohama 139.6779 35.4779 8.7

Futtsu 139.8675 35.3461 Chiba 140.1056 35.565 32.5

Futtsu 139.8675 35.3461 Goi 140.0725 35.5471 29.1

Source: TEPCO website

Japanese case of pipeline development between LNG receivable terminal and gas thermal power plant

Facility capacity is decided by dividing total LNG demands (MTPA) by 52 weeks

Estimated investment is calculated by capacity multiplying unit price of construction or equipment.

Unit costs of supply chain facilities

Y=0.4508486(billion JPY/thousand ton）*necessary capacity (thousand ton)＋9.1219（billion JPY）

Primary LNG terminalSecondary LNG terminal

Satellite facility

Gas thermal power plant

Pipeline

Railway transport (ISO container)

truck transport with ISO container

JPY194,000/m

$120,000/Container

$120,000/Container

$1,500,000/100 ㎥satellite facility

Y=0.4508486(billion JPY/thousand ton）*necessary capacity (thousand ton)＋9.1219（billion JPY）

Scope of cost estimation Unit costs are estimated based on Japanese cases Truck and railway transport only consider ISO container costs and not include

Trailer head and rail track development costs. All development and equipment costs don’t include financial costs, but only

construction and procurement costs.

450 million JPY/ 1000 ton of LNG can be estimated as the cost of construction

Unit cost of LNG receiving terminal construction

Owner Name of terminalTotal investment

（approximate：100million JPY） Capacity of facility（kl） Area （㎡） LNG vaporizer（t/h)Type of construction（underground=1)

Hokkaido Gas Ishikari 400 180,000 96,902 200 0City gas of Sendai Sendai 369 80,000 96,459 90 1Tokyo Electric Futtsu 1,145 360,000 210,000 570 1Tokyo Gas Ogishima 1,700 200,000 312,000 300 1Impex Naoetsu 1,000 360,000 250,000 370 1Shimizu LNG Sodeshi 500 177,200 89,000 110 0Chita LNG Chita LNG 915 480,000 319,540 650 0Toho gas Yokkaichi 290 80,000 86,959 40 0Chubu Electric Yokkaichi LNG 780 320,000 141,000 560 0Osaka gas Himeji 700 320,000 465,000 120 0Kansai Electric Himeji LNG 625 280,000 190,000 600 0Hiroshima Gas Hatsuka ichi 240 85000 34808 42 0Chugoku Electric Yanai LNG 660 240000 500000 110 0Saibu Gas Fukukita LNG 230 35000 64000 40 1Oita LNG Oita LNG 820 240000 296000 380 0Nihon Gas Kagoshima LNG 130 36000 67000 15 0

Explanatory variablesDependent variables

Regression statistics

R 0.777

R2 0.604

Adjusted R2 0.544

Standard errors 276

Observation 16

Coefficients Standard errors t P-value

Intercept 91.219 145.891 0.625 0.543

Capacity of facility（kkl） 2.07390 0.541 3.834 0.002

Type of construction（underground=1) 368.283 148.885 2.474 0.028

Y=2.0739（100 million JPY/kkl）*Capacity（kkl）＋91.219（100 million JPY）Y=2.0739（100 million JPY/1000㎥）*Capacity（1000㎥）＋91.219（100 million JPY）Y=4.508486（100 million JPY/1000 ton）*Capacity（1000 ton）＋ 91.219（100 million JPY）

194,000 JPY/m is the minimum investment unit cost in Japan.

Unit cost of pipeline construction

Source: http://www.meti.go.jp/meti_lib/report/H28FY/000610.pdf

Name of line Owner Completion year Diameter Investment(million JPY)

Length（m）

Unit price/meter（1000JPY/m）

Tochigi Line Tokyo Gas 2005 400A 16,800 69,400 242

Fukushima Line JAPEX 2007 400A 20,000 95,000 211

Gunma Trunk Line Tokyo Gas 2009 500A 5,700 15,700 363

Chiba Kashima Tokyo Gas 2010 600A 25,700 73,100 352

New Negishi Trunk Tokyo Gas 2013 600A 15,500 14,100 1,099

Yokohama Trunk ph2 Tokyo Gas 2013 750A 7,700 6,300 1,222

Central Trunk Tokyo Gas 2010 600A 4,500 10,400 433

New Oumi IMPEX 2009 500A 9,500 49,000 194

S-H Line Shizuoka Gas 2013 400A500A

35,000 113,000 310

Himeji Okayama Osaka Gas (OG) 2014 600A 30,000 85,000 353

Mie Shiga Line Chubu Elec &OG 2011 600A 20,000 60,000 333

Circle Trunk Line Toho Gas 2009 600A 52,000 117,000 444

West Circle Line Toho Gas 2009 600A 6,000 14,000 429

Results Overview

Additional LNG demand in 2030 (demand potential analysis scenario 2)

Distributed additional LNG demand excluding LNG demand in gas thermal power plants on the map based on IEEJ middle scenario colored by LNG primary port.

Intensive gas demand can be observed in India, Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore. The rest countries demand are not intensified.

Legends of LNG consumption

Fuel converted power plant (MTPA)

Additional demand except for power sector (MTPA)

Newly constructed power plant (MTPA)

Source: LNG demand projection data is provided by IEEJ

Java islands will have bigger terminals in contrast to many smaller terminals in Philippines.

Selected locations as LNG terminals

Legend

Port category by demand size

Scale of demand size at ports

LNG primary terminal location (existing, planned and added)

Even considering existing and planned primary LNG terminals, still more primary LNG terminals are expected to be constructed by 2030.

Cover area of each primary LNG terminal in 2030

700㎞

Primary terminal port

Primary LNG terminal in ASEAN can cover other countries’ area. For example, in Indo Sina peninsula, Map Ta Phut can cover southern Thailand, Cambodia and southern Myanmar.

Yangon

Map Ta Phut

Thi Vai

Vinh Cam Ranh

Da Nang

Hi Phong

Arun Lumut

Except for northern Myanmar, almost all areas in ASEAN can be covered by existing, planned and added primary LNG terminal ports.

700km buffer zone from each port

Surrounding area within green brake line is satisfied with the condition of 700 km distance from the ports.

Northern part of Myanmar are out of range

Those area needs tertiary transport network from the satellite facilities near gas thermal power plants and so on.

Estimated Investment

About 17.15 billion USD for primary LNG terminal and about 9.06 billion USD for secondary LNG terminal are estimated in total.

Accumulated estimated investment for primary and secondary terminal until 2030

Name of primary LNG terminal Country MTPA(Integrated)

Investment(billion USD)

Cat Lai Vietnam 232 1.03Hai Phong Vietnam 121 0.58Pasir Gudang Malaysia 55 0.31Butterworth Malaysia 158 0.73Jurong Island Singapore 641 2.71Rangoon Myanmar 43 0.26Celukan Bawang Indonesia 45 0.27Semarang Indonesia 139 0.65Jakarta Indonesia 552 2.35Ujung Pandang Indonesia 30 0.2Da Nang Vietnam 66 0.35Vinh Cam Ranh Vietnam 104 0.51Bintulu Port Malaysia 101 0.5Map Ta Phut Thailand 425 1.82Bandar Seri Begawan Brunei 63 0.34Lhokseumawe Indonesia 6 0.11Banten Indonesia 98 0.48Cilacap Indonesia 55 0.31Bontang Lng Terminal Indonesia 47 0.28Muntok Indonesia 87 0.44Batangas City Philippines 84 0.43Melaka Malaysia 10 0.12Cirebon Indonesia 351 1.52Probolinggo Indonesia 113 0.55Sibolga Indonesia 53 0.3

Name of secondary LNG terminal Country MTPA(Integrated)

Investment(billion USD)

Nghe Tinh Vietnam 7 0.11

Chittagong Myanmar 75 0.39

Kuantan New Port Malaysia 9 0.12

Port Klang Malaysia 58 0.32

Kirteh Oil Terminal Malaysia 11 0.13

Bangkok Thailand 190 0.86

Khanom Thailand 23 0.18

Moulmein Harbor Myanmar 12 0.13Gresik Indonesia 40 0.25Belawan Indonesia 26 0.19Teluk Bayur Indonesia 13 0.13Nasugbu Philippines 16 0.15Manila Philippines 28 0.2

Qui Nhon Vietnam 16 0.15Phu My Vietnam 11 0.13Duong Dong Vietnam 40 0.25

Pelabuhan Sungai Udang Malaysia 92 0.46Port Dickson Malaysia 11 0.13Teluk Anson Malaysia 8 0.12Sapangar Bay Malaysia 17 0.15

Kuala Trengganu Malaysia 144 0.67

Pelabuhan Bass Malaysia 36 0.23

Si Racha Terminal Thailand 28 0.2

Petchburi Terminal Thailand 67 0.36Sittwe Myanmar 4 0.1

Dumai Indonesia 23 0.18Davao Philippines 4 0.1tanjung leman Malaysia 10 0.12

Tanjung Tokong Malaysia 6 0.11

Pelabuhan Sandakan Malaysia 27 0.19

Rayong Tpi Terminal Thailand 23 0.18

Songkhla Harbor Thailand 6 0.11

Keppel (East Singapore) Singapore 274 1.21Anyer Lor Indonesia 44 0.26

Stagen Indonesia 5 0.1Kijang Indonesia 9 0.12

Panjang Indonesia 12 0.13Parepare Indonesia 15 0.14

2.051 billion USD is estimated for the natural gas pipeline from LNG terminal to new gas thermal power plants

Accumulated estimated investment of pipeline for gas thermal power plants till 2030 (1)

Plant name LNG(MPTA) Country Port nameDistance to nearest port (km)

Investment (billion USD)

NHON HOI REFINERY 0.819 Vietnam NHON HOI REFINERY 9 0.016PHU MY 0.151 Vietnam PHU MY 9 0.017THOI HOA 1.170 Vietnam THOI HOA 61 0.107NHON TRACH 1.078 Vietnam NHON TRACH 19 0.034HIEP PHUOC 0.890 Vietnam HIEP PHUOC 22 0.038CA MAU CITY 1.924 Vietnam CA MAU CITY 176 0.310SULTAN ISKANDAR 2.684 Malaysia SULTAN ISKANDAR 2 0.004BINTULU 2.017 Malaysia BINTULU 11 0.020KULIM INDUST PARK 1.240 Malaysia KULIM INDUST PARK 23 0.041KIMANIS POWER 0.867 Malaysia KIMANIS POWER 55 0.097Khanom 0.530 Thailand Khanom 4 0.008GLOW SPP PHASE 3-5 0.599 Thailand GLOW SPP PHASE 3-5 3 0.006SRIRACHA IPT 0.169 Thailand SRIRACHA IPT 8 0.014RATCHABURI 1.502 Thailand RATCHABURI 71 0.126SOUTH BANGKOK 0.320 Thailand SOUTH BANGKOK 12 0.021NORTH BANGKOK 0.466 Thailand NORTH BANGKOK 34 0.060KORAT 0.547 Thailand KORAT 228 0.402NONG CHOK 0.538 Thailand NONG CHOK 290 0.511Jurong Island 9.373 Singapore Jurong Island 6 0.011GADONG 0.407 Brunei GADONG 11 0.019PEMARON 0.590 Indonesia PEMARON 26 0.046CILEGON NSI 0.940 Indonesia CILEGON NSI 5 0.009CILACAP 1.425 Indonesia CILACAP 5 0.010PETORKIMA GRESIK 1.985 Indonesia PETORKIMA GRESIK 2 0.003BONTANG WORKS 0.783 Indonesia BONTANG WORKS 1 0.002PAYA PASIR 1.312 Indonesia PAYA PASIR 8 0.014NORTH DURI 1.183 Indonesia NORTH DURI 2 0.003MUARA TAWAR 3.969 Indonesia MUARA TAWAR 13 0.024CALACA SEMIRARA 0.569 Philippines CALACA SEMIRARA 25 0.043SANTA RITA BATANGAS

0.580 Philippines SANTA RITA BATANGAS 10.002

THERMA SOUTH 0.165 Philippines THERMA SOUTH 19 0.0332.051

253 million USD is estimated for the natural gas pipeline from LNG terminal to converted gas thermal power plants

Accumulated estimated investment of pipeline for gas thermal power plants till 2030 (2)

Plant LNG(MTPA) Country Port name,C,254Distance to nearest port (km)

Investment (billion USD)

HAI PHONG THERMAL-I 0.025 Vietnam Nghe Tinh 12 0.021PATAU-PATAU 0.023 Malaysia Labuan 1 0.001KUANTAN 0.012 Malaysia Kuantan New Port 22 0.038PERAI 0.006 Malaysia Butterworth 2 0.004KHANOM 0.051 Thailand Khanom 4 0.008JURONG 0.060 Singapore Jurong Island 6 0.011PULAU SERAYA 0.010 Singapore Jurong Island 1 0.002MAWLAMYAING 0.008 Myanmmer Moulmein Harbor 1 0.003YWAMA 0.008 Myanmmer Rangoon 2 0.004TAMBAK LOROK 0.029 Indonesia Semarang 3 0.005GRESIK 0.080 Indonesia Gresik 2 0.003PETAK 0.026 Indonesia Surabaya 1 0.002PERAK 0.011 Indonesia Surabaya 1 0.002PULOGADUNG 0.039 Indonesia Jakarta 11 0.019TANJUNG PRIOK 0.015 Indonesia Jakarta 2 0.004BERUSHAAN 0.007 Indonesia Jakarta 18 0.032MUARA KARANG 0.046 Indonesia Jakarta 11 0.019BELAWAN 0.030 Indonesia Belawan 2 0.003BATAMINDO INDUSTRIAL 0.003 Indonesia Sekupang 14 0.025TELLO 0.017 Indonesia Ujung Pandang 8 0.014PADANG 0.014 Indonesia Teluk Bayur 14 0.025KHANOM 0.051 Cambodia Khanom 4 0.008

0.253

About 10,253 ISO Containers are needed and investments are almost 1.177billion USD

Accumulated estimated investment for ISO containers till 2030.

Number of ISO container/day Investment (billion USD)

Cambodia 12 0.001

Indonesia 3,261 0.322

Malaysia 771 0.137

myanmar 246 0.027

Philippines 471 0.052

Thailand 342 0.038

Vietnam 1,501 0.164

Total 6,603 0.742

Number of 100㎥ eq. Satellite tanks are estimated as 15,156 and investment amount is estimated as about 20.668 billion USD.

Condition: one week amount of LNG will be storage in each satellite facilities.

Accumulated estimated investment for Satellite facilities till 2030.

No. of satellite facilities Investment (billion USD)

Brunei 63 0.086Cambodia 25 0.034Indonesia 6817 9.296Laos 0 0.000Malaysia 2590 3.532Myanmar 491 0.670Philippines 1359 1.853Singapore 0 0.000Thailand 752 1.025Vietnam 3059 4.171

15156 20.668

The unit price based on Japanese case, the investments for LNG supply chain infrastructure till 2030 are estimated (110 JPY=1.00 USD)

Total estimated investment for Additional LNG supply chain until 2030 is 50 billion USD

(Billion USD) Primary terminal Secondary terminal Pipeline Satellite facilities ISO containers Total by countries

Brunei 0.340 0.019 0.086 0.445

Cambodia 0.008 0.034 0.001 0.043

Indonesia 7.456 1.511 0.261 9.296 0.322 18.846

Laos 0.000

Malaysia 1.655 2.750 0.205 3.532 0.137 8.279

Myanmar 0.261 0.621 0.006 0.670 0.027 1.584

Philippines 0.427 0.444 0.078 1.853 0.052 2.854

Singapore 2.712 1.208 0.025 3.945

Thailand 1.824 1.876 1.155 1.025 0.038 5.919

Vietnam 2.473 0.635 0.542 4.171 0.164 7.985

ASEAN 17.148 9.046 2.299 20.668 0.742 49.902

LNG supply chain development beyond the national boarders will bring investment saving and achieve efficient LNG supply chain development for member countries of ASEAN.

• To realize cross-border LNG supply chain network using sea route, ASEAN countries may have to relax Cabotage regulation.

Railway and sea transport are another solution for LNG supply in ASEAN

• They can utilize existing infrastructure like national railway system and ports.

When hinterland LNG demand development are prioritized, on-shore LNG storage facilities or on-shore mooring FSRU are necessary.

• Some of LNG storage and regasification facilities are assumed as FSRU, but FSRU needs pipeline transport system for hinterland LNG demand. It may need more money and time to develop LNG supply infrastructure.

Policy Implication for LNG supply infrastructure development

Conclusions

ASEAN has significant potential to expand its future demand for LNG and thus natural gas by as much as 2.9 times compared to current level.

However, such a vision depends on policies working on both the demand side and the supply side.

This study contributes high-level policy recommendations.

This study has not touched on the necessary conditions about the upstream policies, markets, and infrastructure yet.

This study is conducted on the basis of making many assumptions. That whether or not such assumptions are acceptable or realistic should be carefully checked.

Continuous and further study on the issue looks necessary to derive the most precise and effective policies.

AppendixList of Downstream Infrastructure Projects

List of new gas thermal power plants ×Pipeline 1/2

Plant nameLNG(MPTA)

Country Nearest Port name Primary port nameDistance to rail (km)

Distance to nearest port (km)

Railroad within 15km

Possibility of lorry transport (within 700km)

Lorry operability (24 times/day)

Pipelineconstructability (within 32.5km to port)

NHON HOI REFINERY 0.819 Vietnam Qui Nhon Vinh Cam Ranh 11 9Available Possible constructable

PHU MY 0.151 Vietnam Phu My Cat Lai 43 9 Possible constructable

THOI HOA 1.170 Vietnam Cat Lai Cat Lai 6 61Available PossibleNHON TRACH 1.078 Vietnam Cat Lai Cat Lai 29 19 Possible constructableHIEP PHUOC 0.890 Vietnam Cat Lai Cat Lai 5 22Available Possible constructableCA MAU CITY 1.924 Vietnam Duong Dong Map Ta Phut 214 176 Possible

SULTAN ISKANDAR 2.684 Malaysia Pasir Gudang Jurong Island 15 2Available Possible constructable

BINTULU 2.017 Malaysia Bintulu Port Bintulu Port 142 11 Possible constructable

KULIM INDUST PARK 1.240 Malaysia Butterworth Butterworth 15 23 Possible constructable

KIMANIS POWER 0.867 Malaysia Sapangar Bay Bandar Seri Begawan 1 55Available Possible

Khanom 0.530 Thailand Khanom Map Ta Phut 367 4 Possible constructable

GLOW SPP PHASE 3-5 0.599 Thailand Map Ta Phut Map Ta Phut 242 3 Possible constructable

SRIRACHA IPT 0.169 Thailand Si Racha Terminal Map Ta Phut 238 8 Possible constructableRATCHABURI 1.502 Thailand Petchburi Terminal Map Ta Phut 271 71 PossibleSOUTH BANGKOK 0.320 Thailand Bangkok Map Ta Phut 279 12 Possible constructableNORTH BANGKOK 0.466 Thailand Bangkok Map Ta Phut 287 34 PossibleKORAT 0.547 Thailand Bangkok Map Ta Phut 196 228 PossibleNONG CHOK 0.538 Thailand Bangkok Map Ta Phut 227 290 Possible

Jurong Island 9.373 Singapore Jurong Island Jurong Island 16 6 Possible constructable

GADONG 0.407 Brunei Bandar Seri Begawan Bandar Seri Begawan 82 11 Possible constructable

PEMARON 0.590 Indonesia Celukan Bawang Celukan Bawang 87 26 Possible constructable

List of new gas thermal power plants ×Pipeline 1/2

Plant nameLNG(MPTA)







CILEGON NSI 0.940 Indonesia Banten Banten 2 5Available Possible constructableCILACAP 1.425 Indonesia Cilacap Cilacap 6 5Available Possible constructable

PETORKIMA GRESIK 1.985 Indonesia Gresik Gresik 8 2Available Possible constructable

BONTANG WORKS 0.783 Indonesia Bontang Lng Terminal Bontang Lng Terminal 541 1 Possible constructable

PAYA PASIR 1.312 Indonesia Belawan Butterworth 3 8Available Possible constructable

NORTH DURI 1.183 Indonesia DumaiPelabuhan Sungai Udang

132 2 Possible constructable

MUARA TAWAR 3.969 Indonesia Jakarta Jakarta 18 13 Possible constructable

CALACA SEMIRARA 0.569 Philippines Nasugbu Batangas City 6 25Available Possible constructable

SANTA RITA BATANGAS 0.580 Philippines Batangas City Batangas City 1 1Available Possible constructable

THERMA SOUTH 0.165 Philippines Davao Bontang Lng Terminal 40 19 Possible constructable

The following new gas thermal power plants will have railway LNG transport because it is difficult to connect between there and ports by pipeline due to far away, and both ports and power plants have railway connectivity.

Eg. To Cikarang, there are maximum 12 trains of 1300 ton (40ft ×100 containers per train) needed

List of new gas thermal power plants ×Railway

Plant nameLNG(MPTA)







PHA LAI 0.389 Vietnam Hai Phong Hai Phong 15 46 Possible

HAI PHONG THERMAL 0.046 Vietnam Nghe Tinh Hai Phong 2 12Available Possible Operable Constructable

NINH BINH 0.195 Vietnam Hai Phong Hai Phong 2 107Available Possible

ONE ASIA QUANG TRI 1.404 Vietnam Da Nang Da Nang 0 145Available Possible

VINH TAN 2.282 Vietnam Vinh Cam Ranh Vinh Cam Ranh 1 74Available PossibleKLCC/DCS COGEN 0.086 Malaysia Port Klang Port Klang 1 42Available Possible OperableTHATON 0.009 Myanmar Moulmein Harbor Rangoon 2 55Available Possible OperableCIKARANG 4.479 Indonesia Jakarta Jakarta 3 34Available PossibleBORANG-2 1.743 Indonesia Muntok Muntok 27 92 Possible

NAVOTAS BARGE 0.348 Philippines Manila Batangas City 19 35 Possible

MALAYA 0.122 Philippines Manila Batangas City 26 39 Possible

List of new gas thermal power plants× truck transport with ISO container

Plant nameLNG(MPTA)







O MON 0.056 Vietnam Cat Lai Cat Lai 161 132 Possible Operable

TELUK GONG (PANGLIMA) 0.008 Malaysia Pelabuhan Sungai Udang Pelabuhan Sungai Udang 25 16 Possible Operable Constructable

TUANKU JAAFAR 0.058 Malaysia Port Dickson Pelabuhan Sungai Udang 2 3Available Possible Operable ConstructableKUALA LANGAT 0.002 Malaysia Port Klang Port Klang 3 26Available Possible Operable ConstructableKUANTAN 0.081 Malaysia Kuantan New Port Kuala Trengganu 51 22 Possible Operable ConstructableLUMUT SEGARI 0.040 Malaysia Teluk Anson Port Klang 65 53 Possible OperablePAKA YTL 0.077 Malaysia Kirteh Oil Terminal Kuala Trengganu 14 13Available Possible Operable ConstructableLABUAN METHANOL 0.027 Malaysia Victoria Bandar Seri Begawan 60 2 Possible Operable ConstructableGELUGOR 0.000 Malaysia Butterworth Butterworth 1 18Available Possible Operable ConstructableKota Bharu 0.577 Malaysia Kuala Trengganu Kuala Trengganu 13 129Available PossiblePERLIS 1.597 Malaysia Pelabuhan Bass Butterworth 18 37 PossiblePRACHIN BURI MILL 0.065 Thailand Bangkok Map Ta Phut 151 111 Possible OperableNAVANAKORN 0.082 Thailand Bangkok Map Ta Phut 280 63 Possible OperableWANG NOI 0.000 Thailand Bangkok Map Ta Phut 260 82 Possible OperableKAENG KHOI-2 0.163 Thailand Bangkok Map Ta Phut 253 126 PossibleSINGBURI PROMBURI 0.069 Thailand Bangkok Map Ta Phut 346 154 Possible OperableSHWEDAUNG 0.001 Myanmar Rangoon Rangoon 18 237 Possible OperableMANN 0.001 Myanmar Sittwe Haldia Port 147 200 Possible OperableMYINGYAN 0.017 Myanmar Sittwe Haldia Port 1 294Available Possible OperableKAWTHAUNG 0.024 Myanmar Khanom Map Ta Phut 304 171 Possible OperableYWAMA 0.011 Myanmar Rangoon Rangoon 1 2Available Possible Operable Constructable

LHOKSEUMAWE PERTAMINA 0.049 Indonesia Lhokseumawe Lhokseumawe 6 2Available Possible Operable Constructable

JAMBI LONTAR 0.057 IndonesiaJabung Batanghari Marine Terminal

Jurong Island 122 86 Possible Operable

TELLO 0.027 Indonesia Ujung Pandang Ujung Pandang 599 8 Possible Operable ConstructableSIANTAN 0.005 Indonesia Pontianak Muntok 407 20 Possible Operable ConstructableAMAMAPARE PORT 0.011 Indonesia Amamapare Ujung Pandang 1,854 12 Possible Operable Constructable

ILIJAN 0.028 Philippines Batangas City Batangas City 16 16 Possible Operable Constructable

NAGA CITY 0.078 Philippines Catbalogan Batangas City 136 45 Possible Operable

GT BARGE 207 0.050 Philippines Port Romblon Batangas City 117 63 Possible Operable

COTABATO BASIN 0.067 Philippines Polloc (Cotabato) Bontang Lng Terminal 126 65 Possible Operable

List of fuel conversion thermal power plant ×Pipeline (1/2)

Plant name LNG(MTPA) Country Port name primary port Distance to rail

(km)Distance to nearest port (km)

Railwayconnectivity at demand points (less than 15km)

No. of train (1300 ton/day equivalent)

Possibility of lorry supply (less than 700km)

Impossibility of Lorry supply (more than 700km)

Possibility of lorry operation(less than 24 times)

Lorry operabilityPipeline（within 32.5㎞ to ports)

Connectivityfrom port to rail

THU DUC 0.051 Vietnam Cat Lai Cat Lai 2 32 transportable 0.1 transportable 10 operable constructibleHAI PHONG THERMAL-I 0.025 Vietnam Nghe Tinh Hai Phong 2 12 transportable 0.1 transportable 5 operable constructible connected

SULTAN ISKANDAR 0.164 Malaysia Pasir Gudang Jurong Island 15 2 transportable 0.3 transportable 33 constructible connected

PATAU-PATAU 0.023 Malaysia Labuan Bandar Seri Begawan 62 1 0.0 transportable 5 operable constructible

KUANTAN 0.012 Malaysia Kuantan New Port Kuala Trengganu 51 22 0.0 transportable 2 operable constructible

PERAI 0.006 Malaysia Butterworth Butterworth 2 2 transportable 0.0 transportable 1 operable constructible connected

PRAI 0.268 Malaysia Butterworth Butterworth 2 2 transportable 0.6 transportable 54 constructible connected

SULTAN AZIZ (KAPAR) 0.824 Malaysia Port Klang Port Klang 16 13 1.7 transportable 167 constructible connected

SULTAN ISMAIL (PAKA) 0.481 Malaysia Kirteh Oil Terminal Kuala Trengganu 20 8 1.0 transportable 98 constructible

KHANOM 0.051 Thailand Khanom Map Ta Phut 367 4 0.1 transportable 10 operable constructible

SOUTH BANGKOK 0.275 Thailand Bangkok Map Ta Phut 279 12 0.6 transportable 56 constructible

JURONG 0.060 Singapore Jurong Island Jurong Island 16 6 0.1 transportable 12 operable constructible connected

PULAU SERAYA 0.010 Singapore Jurong Island Jurong Island 10 1 transportable 0.0 transportable 2 operable constructible connected

MAWLAMYAING 0.008 Myanmar Moulmein Harbor Chittagong 4 1 transportable 0.0 transportable 2 operable constructible connected

YWAMA 0.008 Myanmar Rangoon Chittagong 1 2 transportable 0.0 transportable 2 operable constructible connected

SURALAYA 0.183 Indonesia Tanjung Sekong Banten 8 4 transportable 0.4 transportable 37 constructible connected

TAMBAK LOROK 0.029 Indonesia Semarang Semarang 1 3 transportable 0.1 transportable 6 operable constructible connected

GRESIK 0.080 Indonesia Gresik Gresik 6 2 transportable 0.2 transportable 16 operable constructible connected

PETAK 0.026 Indonesia Surabaya Gresik 5 1 transportable 0.1 transportable 5 operable constructible connected

PERAK 0.011 Indonesia Surabaya Gresik 5 1 transportable 0.0 transportable 2 operable constructible connected

PULOGADUNG 0.039 Indonesia Jakarta Jakarta 5 11 transportable 0.1 transportable 8 operable constructible connected

TANJUNG PRIOK 0.015 Indonesia Jakarta Jakarta 2 2 transportable 0.0 transportable 3 operable constructible connected

BERUSHAAN 0.007 Indonesia Jakarta Jakarta 1 18 transportable 0.0 transportable 1 operable constructible connected

MUARA KARANG 0.046 Indonesia Jakarta Jakarta 4 11 transportable 0.1 transportable 9 operable constructible connected

BELAWAN 0.030 Indonesia Belawan Butterworth 0 2 transportable 0.1 transportable 6 operable constructible connected

List of fuel conversion thermal power plant ×Pipeline (2/2)

Plant name LNG(MTPA) Country Port name primary port Distance to rail

(km)







Lorry operabilityPipeline（within 32.5㎞ to ports)


BATAMINDO INDUSTRIAL 0.003 Indonesia Sekupang Jurong Island 39 14 0.0 transportable 1 operable constructible

TELLO 0.017 Indonesia Ujung Pandang Ujung Pandang 599 8 0.0 transportable 4 operable constructible

PADANG 0.014 Indonesia Teluk Bayur Sibolga 14 14 transportable 0.0 transportable 3 operable constructible connected

KHANOM 0.051 Cambodia Khanom Map Ta Phut 367 4 0.1 transportable 10 operable constructible

SOUTH BANGKOK 0.275 Cambodia Bangkok Map Ta Phut 279 12 0.6 transportable 56 constructible

CALACA SEMIRARA 0.212 Philippines Nasugbu Batangas City 6 25 transportable 0.4 transportable 43 constructible connected

List of fuel conversion thermal power plant ×Railway

Plant nameLNG

(MTPA)Country Port name primary port

Distance to rail (km)






Possibilityof lorry operation(less than 24 times)

Lorry operability

Pipeline（within 32.5㎞to ports)

Connectivity from port to rail

NINH BINH 0.063 Vietnam Hai Phong Hai Phong 2 107 transportable 0.1 transportable 13 operable connected

List of fuel conversion thermal power plants× truck transport with ISO container

Plant nameLNG

(MTPA)Country Port name primary port

Distance to rail (km)





Impossibilityof Lorry supply (more than 700km)


Lorry operability

Pipeline（within 32.5㎞ to ports)


CAN THO 0.009 Vietnam Cat Lai Cat Lai 158 121 0.0 transportable 2 operable

THU DUC 0.051 Vietnam Cat Lai Cat Lai 2 32 transportable 0.1 transportable 10 operableconstructible

KORAT 0.004 Thailand Bangkok Map Ta Phut 196 228 0.0 transportable 1 operable

NAKHON RATCHASIMA

0.004 Thailand Bangkok Map Ta Phut 196 228 0.0 transportable 1 operable

PESANGGARAN 0.006 Indonesia Celukan Bawang Celukan Bawang 121 72 0.0 transportable 1 operable

KORAT 0.004Cambodia

Bangkok Map Ta Phut 196 228 0.0 transportable 1 operable

NAKHON RATCHASIMA

0.004Cambodia

Bangkok Map Ta Phut 196 228 0.0 transportable 1 operable

GT BARGE 207 0.022Philippines

Port Romblon Batangas City 117 63 0.0 transportable 4 operable

NAVOTAS BARGE 0.093Philippines

Manila Batangas City 19 35 0.2 transportable 19 operable connected

Delhi, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Singapore, Jakarta, West Java, East Java have already had existing pipeline connection.

Additional demand is also supposed to use existing pipeline.

List of additional demand points ×Pipeline

Province/CityNEW_LNG_Demand(MTPA）

Country Label primary port nameDistance to port

Railwayconnectivity at demand port (less than 15km)





Lorry operability

Pipeline（within 32.5㎞to ports)

Construction of transmission gas pipeline（287000 ton/d）

Singapore 14.270 SingaporeKeppel (East Singapore)

Jurong Island 10connected 30.1transportable 2,896 39

Jakarta Raya 5.801 Indoensia Jakarta Jakarta 12connected 12.2transportable 1,177 16West Java 9.137 Indoensia Cirebon Cirebon 108connected 19.3transportable 1,854 25East Java 5.900 Indoensia Probolinggo Gresik 53connected 12.4transportable 1,197 16

List of additional demand points× truck transport with ISO container （1/7）

Province/CityNEW_LNG_Demand





Lorry operability

Da Nang City|Da Nang 0.100 Vietnam Da Nang Da Nang 17transportable 20 operableDong Thap 0.000 Vietnam Cat Lai Cat Lai 125transportable 0 operableDac Nong 0.000 Vietnam Vinh Cam Ranh Vinh Cam Ranh 165transportable 0 operableDak Lak|Dac Lac 0.000 Vietnam Nha Trang Vinh Cam Ranh 128transportable 0 operableDien Bien 0.000 Vietnam Hai Phong Hai Phong 390transportable 0 operableAn Giang 0.000 Vietnam Duong Dong Map Ta Phut 138transportable 0 operableBa Ria - VTau|Ba Ria-Vung Tau

0.100 Vietnam Phu My Cat Lai 28transportable 20 operable

Binh Dinh 0.000 Vietnam Qui Nhon Vinh Cam Ranh 50transportable 0 operableBinh Phuoc 0.000 Vietnam Cat Lai Cat Lai 132transportable 0 operableBinh Thuan 0.000 Vietnam Phu My Cat Lai 131transportable 0 operableBac Lieu 0.000 Vietnam Cat Lai Cat Lai 196transportable 0 operableBac Giang 0.100 Vietnam Hai Phong Hai Phong 52transportable 20 operableBac Kan|Bac Can 0.000 Vietnam Hai Phong Hai Phong 172transportable 0 operableBen Tre 0.000 Vietnam Cat Lai Cat Lai 59transportable 0 operableCa Mau 0.000 Vietnam Duong Dong Map Ta Phut 177transportable 0 operableCao Bang 0.000 Vietnam Hai Phong Hai Phong 210transportable 0 operableCan Tho 0.000 Vietnam Cat Lai Cat Lai 143transportable 0 operableGia Lai 0.000 Vietnam Qui Nhon Vinh Cam Ranh 115transportable 0 operableHa Giang 0.000 Vietnam Hai Phong Hai Phong 269transportable 0 operableHa Nam 0.100 Vietnam Hai Phong Hai Phong 88transportable 20 operableHa Tinh 0.000 Vietnam Nghe Tinh Hai Phong 53transportable 0 operableHoa Binh 0.000 Vietnam Hai Phong Hai Phong 145transportable 0 operableHung Yen 0.100 Vietnam Hai Phong Hai Phong 68transportable 20 operableHai Duong 0.100 Vietnam Hai Phong Hai Phong 35transportable 20 operableHau Giang 0.000 Vietnam Cat Lai Cat Lai 151transportable 0 operableKhanh Hoa 0.000 Vietnam Nha Trang Vinh Cam Ranh 23transportable 0 operableKien Giang 0.000 Vietnam Duong Dong Map Ta Phut 112transportable 0 operableKon Tum 0.000 Vietnam Da Nang Da Nang 154transportable 0 operableLao Cai 0.000 Vietnam Hai Phong Hai Phong 310transportable 0 operableLam Dong 0.000 Vietnam Vinh Cam Ranh Vinh Cam Ranh 118transportable 0 operableLai Chau 0.000 Vietnam Hai Phong Hai Phong 393transportable 0 operableLang Son 0.000 Vietnam Hai Phong Hai Phong 100transportable 0 operableNam Dinh 0.000 Vietnam Hai Phong Hai Phong 90transportable 0 operableNghe An 0.100 Vietnam Nghe Tinh Hai Phong 101transportable 20 operableNinh Binh 0.000 Vietnam Hai Phong Hai Phong 115transportable 0 operableNinh Thuan 0.000 Vietnam Vinh Cam Ranh Vinh Cam Ranh 38transportable 0 operablePhu Tho 0.000 Vietnam Hai Phong Hai Phong 170transportable 0 operablePhu Yen 0.000 Vietnam Qui Nhon Vinh Cam Ranh 69transportable 0 operableQuang Binh 0.000 Vietnam Nghe Tinh Hai Phong 148transportable 0 operableQuang Nam 0.100 Vietnam Da Nang Da Nang 63transportable 20 operableQuang Ngai 0.000 Vietnam Da Nang Da Nang 131transportable 0 operableQuang Ninh 0.000 Vietnam Cam Pha Hai Phong 26transportable 0 operable







Lorry operability

Quang Tri 0.000 Vietnam Da Nang Da Nang 155transportable 0operableSoc Trang 0.000 Vietnam Cat Lai Cat Lai 144transportable 0operableSon La 0.000 Vietnam Hai Phong Hai Phong 274transportable 0operableTay Ninh 0.100 Vietnam Cat Lai Cat Lai 112transportable 20operableThai Binh 0.000 Vietnam Hai Phong Hai Phong 58transportable 0operableThai Nguyen 0.000 Vietnam Hai Phong Hai Phong 123transportable 0operableThua Thien - Hue 0.000 Vietnam Da Nang Da Nang 81transportable 0operableThanh Hoa 0.100 Vietnam Nghe Tinh Hai Phong 149transportable 20operableTien Giang 0.000 Vietnam Cat Lai Cat Lai 52transportable 0operableTra Vinh 0.000 Vietnam Cat Lai Cat Lai 98transportable 0operableTuyen Quang 0.000 Vietnam Hai Phong Hai Phong 197transportable 0operableVinh Long 0.000 Vietnam Cat Lai Cat Lai 98transportable 0operableVinh Phuc 0.100 Vietnam Hai Phong Hai Phong 126transportable 20operableYen Bai 0.000 Vietnam Hai Phong Hai Phong 239transportable 0operableAmnat Charoen 0.000 Thailand Nghe Tinh Hai Phong 337transportable 0operableAng Thong 0.000 Thailand Bangkok Map Ta Phut 125transportable 0operableBueng Kan 0.000 Thailand Nghe Tinh Hai Phong 228transportable 0operableBuri Ram 0.000 Thailand Bangkok Map Ta Phut 292transportable 0operableChai Nat 0.000 Thailand Bangkok Map Ta Phut 189transportable 0operableChaiyaphum 0.000 Thailand Bangkok Map Ta Phut 307transportable 0operableChanthaburi 0.000 Thailand Rayong Tpi Terminal Map Ta Phut 94transportable 0operableChiang Mai 0.100 Thailand Moulmein Harbor Chittagong 281transportable 20operableChiang Rai 0.000 Thailand Moulmein Harbor Chittagong 441transportable 0operableChumphon 0.000 Thailand Bang Saphan Map Ta Phut 110transportable 0operable







Lorry operability

Kalasin 0.000 Thailand Nghe Tinh Hai Phong 329transportable 0operableKamphaeng Phet 0.000 Thailand Moulmein Harbor Chittagong 206transportable 0operableKanchanaburi 0.100 Thailand Petchburi Terminal Map Ta Phut 196transportable 20operableKhon Kaen 0.100 Thailand Bangkok Map Ta Phut 383transportable 20operableKrabi 0.000 Thailand Krabi Butterworth 14transportable 0operableLampang 0.000 Thailand Moulmein Harbor Chittagong 286transportable 0operableLoei 0.000 Thailand Moulmein Harbor Chittagong 439transportable 0operableLop Buri 0.000 Thailand Bangkok Map Ta Phut 178transportable 0operableMae Hong Son 0.000 Thailand Moulmein Harbor Chittagong 261transportable 0operableMaha Sarakham 0.000 Thailand Bangkok Map Ta Phut 388transportable 0operableMukdahan 0.000 Thailand Nghe Tinh Hai Phong 278transportable 0operableNakhon Nayok 0.000 Thailand Bangkok Map Ta Phut 99transportable 0operableNakhon Pathom 0.000 Thailand Bangkok Map Ta Phut 70transportable 0operableNakhon Phanom 0.000 Thailand Nghe Tinh Hai Phong 208transportable 0operableNakhon Sawan 0.000 Thailand Bangkok Map Ta Phut 244transportable 0operableNakhon Si Thammarat 0.000 Thailand Khanom Map Ta Phut 91transportable 0operableNan 0.000 Thailand Moulmein Harbor Chittagong 428transportable 0operableNarathiwat 0.000 Thailand Songkhla Harbor Kuala Trengganu 170transportable 0operableNong Bua Lam Phu 0.000 Thailand Nghe Tinh Hai Phong 408transportable 0operableNong Khai 0.000 Thailand Nghe Tinh Hai Phong 325transportable 0operableNonthaburi 0.000 Thailand Bangkok Map Ta Phut 50transportable 0operablePattani 0.100 Thailand Songkhla Harbor Kuala Trengganu 101transportable 20operablePhangnga 0.000 Thailand Krabi Butterworth 88transportable 0operablePhatthalung 0.000 Thailand Kantang Harbor Butterworth 62transportable 0operablePhayao 0.000 Thailand Moulmein Harbor Chittagong 407transportable 0operablePhetchabun 0.000 Thailand Bangkok Map Ta Phut 309transportable 0operablePhichit 0.100 Thailand Moulmein Harbor Chittagong 293transportable 20operablePhitsanulok 0.000 Thailand Moulmein Harbor Chittagong 317transportable 0operablePhrae 0.000 Thailand Moulmein Harbor Chittagong 321transportable 0operablePhuket 0.000 Thailand Phuket Lhokseumawe 16transportable 0operablePrachuap Khiri Khan 0.100 Thailand Bang Saphan Map Ta Phut 84transportable 20operableRanong 0.000 Thailand Khanom Map Ta Phut 156transportable 0operableRoi Et 0.000 Thailand Nghe Tinh Hai Phong 378transportable 0operable

Sa Kaeo 0.000 Thailand Rayong Tpi Terminal Map Ta Phut 169transportable 0operable

Sakon Nakhon 0.000 Thailand Nghe Tinh Hai Phong 256transportable 0operableSamut Songkhram 0.000 Thailand Petchburi Terminal Map Ta Phut 33transportable 0operableSatun 0.000 Thailand Port Langkawi Butterworth 47transportable 0operable

Si Sa Ket 0.000 Thailand Rayong Tpi Terminal Map Ta Phut 412transportable 0operable

Sing Buri 0.100 Thailand Bangkok Map Ta Phut 157transportable 20operableSukhothai 0.000 Thailand Moulmein Harbor Chittagong 239transportable 0operableSuphan Buri 0.000 Thailand Bangkok Map Ta Phut 142transportable 0operableSurat Thani 0.000 Thailand Khanom Map Ta Phut 91transportable 0operable

Surin 0.000 Thailand Rayong Tpi Terminal Map Ta Phut 356transportable 0operable







Lorry operability

Tak 0.000 Thailand Moulmein Harbor Chittagong 128transportable 0operableTrang 0.000 Thailand Kantang Harbor Butterworth 15transportable 0operableTrat 0.000 Thailand Rayong Tpi Terminal Map Ta Phut 138transportable 0operableUbon Ratchathani 0.100 Thailand Da Nang Da Nang 349transportable 20operableUdon Thani 0.100 Thailand Nghe Tinh Hai Phong 342transportable 20operableUthai Thani 0.000 Thailand Bangkok Map Ta Phut 235transportable 0operableUttaradit 0.000 Thailand Moulmein Harbor Chittagong 338transportable 0operableYala 0.000 Thailand Penang Port Butterworth 130transportable 0operableYasothon 0.000 Thailand Nghe Tinh Hai Phong 352transportable 0operable

Banteay Meanchey 0.000 Cambodia Rayong Tpi Terminal Map Ta Phut 220transportable 0operable

Battambang 0.000 Cambodia Rayong Tpi Terminal Map Ta Phut 199transportable 0operableKampot 0.000 Cambodia Duong Dong Map Ta Phut 73transportable 0operableKampong Cham 0.000 Cambodia Cat Lai Cat Lai 235transportable 0operable

Kampong Chhnang 0.000 Cambodia Kampong Saom Map Ta Phut 205transportable 0operable

Kampong Speu 0.000 Cambodia Kampong Saom Map Ta Phut 133transportable 0operableKampong Thom 0.000 Cambodia Kampong Saom Map Ta Phut 295transportable 0operableKandal 0.050 Cambodia Duong Dong Map Ta Phut 175transportable 10operableKoh Kong 0.000 Cambodia Kampong Saom Map Ta Phut 92transportable 0operableKep 0.000 Cambodia Duong Dong Map Ta Phut 53transportable 0operableKratie 0.000 Cambodia Cat Lai Cat Lai 236transportable 0operablePailin 0.000 Cambodia Rayong Tpi Terminal Map Ta Phut 147transportable 0operablePreah Sihanouk 0.000 Cambodia Phsar Ream Map Ta Phut 26transportable 0operableMondulkiri 0.000 Cambodia Cat Lai Cat Lai 244transportable 0operableOddar Meanchey 0.000 Cambodia Rayong Tpi Terminal Map Ta Phut 312transportable 0operablePursat 0.000 Cambodia Kampong Saom Map Ta Phut 192transportable 0operablePreah Vihear 0.000 Cambodia Kampong Saom Map Ta Phut 386transportable 0operablePrey Veng 0.000 Cambodia Cat Lai Cat Lai 171transportable 0operableRatanakiri 0.000 Cambodia Qui Nhon Vinh Cam Ranh 232transportable 0operableSiem Reap 0.000 Cambodia Rayong Tpi Terminal Map Ta Phut 312transportable 0operableStung Treng 0.000 Cambodia Qui Nhon Vinh Cam Ranh 331transportable 0operableSvay Rieng 0.000 Cambodia Cat Lai Cat Lai 116transportable 0operableTakeo 0.000 Cambodia Duong Dong Map Ta Phut 122transportable 0operableTbong Khmum 0.000 Cambodia Cat Lai Cat Lai 178transportable 0operableAyeyarwady 0.100 Myanmmer Rangoon Chittagong 112transportable 20operableBago 0.000 Myanmmer Rangoon Chittagong 170transportable 0operableChin 0.000 Myanmmer Chittagong Chittagong 175transportable 0operableKachin 0.000 Myanmmer Chittagong Chittagong 695transportable 0operableKayah 0.000 Myanmmer Rangoon Chittagong 301transportable 0operableKayin 0.000 Myanmmer Moulmein Harbor Chittagong 75transportable 0operableMagway 0.100 Myanmmer Sittwe Chittagong 206transportable 20operableMandalay 0.100 Myanmmer Sittwe Chittagong 344transportable 20operableMon 0.000 Myanmmer Moulmein Harbor Chittagong 8transportable 0operableNaypyitaw 0.000 Myanmmer Rangoon Chittagong 327transportable 0operable



Country Label primary port name Distance to port Possibility of lorry supply (less than 700km)



Lorry operability

Rakhine 0.000 Myanmmer Sittwe Chittagong 98transportable 0operableSagaing 0.100 Myanmmer Chittagong Chittagong 413transportable 20operableShan 0.000 Myanmmer Sittwe Chittagong 569transportable 0operableTanintharyi 0.000 Myanmmer Mergui Lhokseumawe 30transportable 0operableAceh 0.100 Indoensia Lhokseumawe Lhokseumawe 110transportable 20operableBangka Belitung 0.093 Indoensia Pangkalpinang Muntok 61transportable 19operableBengkulu 0.077 Indoensia Bengkulu Anyer Lor 28transportable 16operableGorontalo 0.038 Indoensia Gorontalo Ujung Pandang 78transportable 8operableWest Papua 0.038 Indoensia Fakfak Ujung Pandang 125transportable 8operableWest Kalimantan 0.100 Indoensia Pontianak Muntok 205transportable 20operableCentre Kalimantan 0.096 Indoensia Banjarmasin Gresik 230transportable 19operable

North Kalimantan 0.029 Indoensia Lingkas Bontang Lng Terminal 158transportable 6operable

North Maluku 0.025 Indoensia Ternate Bontang Lng Terminal 66transportable 5operable

Maluku 0.043 Indoensia Bula Ujung Pandang 195transportable 9operable

East Nusa Tenggara 0.078 Indoensia Maumere Ujung Pandang 70transportable 16operable

Papua 0.060 Indoensia Amamapare Ujung Pandang 193transportable 12operableWest Sulawesi 0.023 Indoensia Parepare Ujung Pandang 173transportable 5operableCentre Sulawesi 0.083 Indoensia Poso Ujung Pandang 65transportable 17operable

South east Sulawesi 0.069 Indoensia Pomalaa Ujung Pandang 54transportable 14operable

Abra 0.002 Philippines San Fernando Harbor Batangas City 119transportable 0operable

Agusan del Norte 0.008 Philippines Butuan City Batangas City 6transportable 2operableAgusan del Sur 0.007 Philippines Hinatuan Batangas City 64transportable 1operableAklan 0.007 Philippines Port Capiz Batangas City 51transportable 1operableAlbay 0.013 Philippines Legazpi Port Batangas City 16transportable 3operableAntique 0.006 Philippines Iloilo Batangas City 74transportable 1operableApayao 0.001 Philippines Aparri Batangas City 55transportable 0operable

Aurora 0.002 Philippines San Fernando Harbor Batangas City 168transportable 0operable

Basilan 0.003 Philippines Basilian City (Isabela) Batangas City 16transportable 1operable

Bataan 0.064 Philippines Subic Bay Batangas City 25transportable 13operableBatanes 0.000 Philippines Basco Batangas City 14transportable 0operableBatangas 0.029 Philippines Batangas City Batangas City 15transportable 6operable

Benguet 0.009 Philippines San Fernando Harbor Batangas City 43transportable 2operable

Biliran 0.002 Philippines Catbalogan Batangas City 48transportable 0operableBohol 0.013 Philippines Tubigan Batangas City 28transportable 3operableBukidnon 0.014 Philippines Bugo Batangas City 61transportable 3operableBulacan 0.039 Philippines Manila Batangas City 44transportable 8operableCagayan 0.013 Philippines Aparri Batangas City 33transportable 3operableCamarines Norte 0.006 Philippines Jose Panganiban Batangas City 16transportable 1operableCamarines Sur 0.020 Philippines Tabaco Batangas City 63transportable 4operableCamiguin 0.001 Philippines Gingoog Batangas City 55transportable 0operableCapiz 0.007 Philippines Port Capiz Batangas City 27transportable 1operableCatanduanes 0.003 Philippines Virac Batangas City 22transportable 1operableCavite 0.061 Philippines Nasugbu Batangas City 33transportable 12operable







Lorry operability

Cebu 0.066 Philippines Toledo Batangas City 14transportable 13operableCompostela Valley 0.007 Philippines Mati Batangas City 72transportable 1operableDavao del Norte 0.011 Philippines Davao Bontang Lng Terminal 57transportable 2operableDavao del Sur 0.028 Philippines Davao Bontang Lng Terminal 46transportable 6operableDavao Oriental 0.008 Philippines Mati Batangas City 35transportable 2operableDinagat Islands 0.001 Philippines Surigao City Batangas City 44transportable 0operableEastern Samar 0.005 Philippines Port Borongan Batangas City 8transportable 1operableGuimaras 0.002 Philippines Jordan Batangas City 11transportable 0operableIfugao 0.002 Philippines San Fernando Harbor Batangas City 100transportable 0operableIlocos Norte 0.006 Philippines Claveria Batangas City 62transportable 1operableIlocos Sur 0.007 Philippines San Fernando Harbor Batangas City 72transportable 1operableIloilo 0.023 Philippines Iloilo Batangas City 34transportable 5operableIsabela 0.015 Philippines Aparri Batangas City 157transportable 3operableKalinga 0.002 Philippines Aparri Batangas City 109transportable 0operableLa Union 0.009 Philippines San Fernando Harbor Batangas City 13transportable 2operableLaguna 0.035 Philippines Manila Batangas City 52transportable 7operableLanao del Norte 0.010 Philippines Port Ozamis Batangas City 25transportable 2operableLanao del Sur 0.010 Philippines Iligan Batangas City 48transportable 2operableLeyte 0.022 Philippines Ormoc Batangas City 17transportable 4operableMaguindanao 0.011 Philippines Polloc (Cotabato) Bontang Lng Terminal 39transportable 2operable

Marinduque 0.002 Philippines Santa Cruz (Marinduque Isl) Batangas City 17transportable 0operable

Masbate 0.009 Philippines Masbate Batangas City 13transportable 2operable

Misamis Occidental 0.015 Philippines Jimenez Batangas City 20transportable 3operable

Misamis Oriental 0.009 Philippines Villanueva Batangas City 7transportable 2operableMountain Province 0.001 Philippines San Fernando Harbor Batangas City 103transportable 0operableNegros Occidental 0.030 Philippines Pulupandan Batangas City 32transportable 6operableNegros Oriental 0.013 Philippines Bais Batangas City 9transportable 3operableNorth Cotabato 0.013 Philippines Polloc (Cotabato) Bontang Lng Terminal 72transportable 3operableNorthern Samar 0.006 Philippines Laoang Batangas City 29transportable 1operableNueva Ecija 0.021 Philippines Manila Batangas City 114transportable 4operableNueva Vizcaya 0.004 Philippines San Fernando Harbor Batangas City 96transportable 1operable

Occidental Mindoro 0.005 Philippines Calapan Batangas City 58transportable 1operable

Oriental Mindoro 0.008 Philippines Calapan Batangas City 51transportable 2operablePalawan 0.011 Philippines Puerto Princesa Batangas City 28transportable 2operablePampanga 0.039 Philippines Subic Bay Batangas City 51transportable 8operablePangasinan 0.032 Philippines Masinloc Batangas City 63transportable 6operableQuezon 0.021 Philippines Hondagua Batangas City 38transportable 4operableQuirino 0.002 Philippines San Fernando Harbor Batangas City 142transportable 0operableRizal 0.028 Philippines Manila Batangas City 34transportable 6operableRomblon 0.003 Philippines Port Romblon Batangas City 16transportable 1operableSamar 0.008 Philippines Catbalogan Batangas City 12transportable 2operableSarangani 0.005 Philippines General Santos Bontang Lng Terminal 9transportable 1operableSiquijor 0.001 Philippines Lazi Batangas City 8transportable 0operable







Lorry operability

Sorsogon 0.008 Philippines Sorsogon Batangas City 15transportable 2operableSouth Cotabato 0.015 Philippines General Santos Bontang Lng Terminal 40transportable 3operableSouthern Leyte 0.004 Philippines Maasin Batangas City 26transportable 1operableSultan Kudarat 0.008 Philippines General Santos Bontang Lng Terminal 91transportable 2operableSulu 0.008 Philippines Jolo Bandar Seri Begawan 12transportable 2operableSurigao del Norte 0.006 Philippines Surigao City Batangas City 29transportable 1operableSurigao del Sur 0.006 Philippines Hinatuan Batangas City 56transportable 1operableTarlac 0.016 Philippines Masinloc Batangas City 59transportable 3operableTawi-Tawi 0.004 Philippines Siasi Bontang Lng Terminal 110transportable 1operableZambales 0.008 Philippines Masinloc Batangas City 37transportable 2operableZamboanga del Norte 0.010 Philippines Santa Clara Bontang Lng Terminal 33transportable 2operableZamboanga del Sur 0.018 Philippines Margosatubig Bontang Lng Terminal 22transportable 4operableZamboanga Sibugay 0.006 Philippines Santa Clara Bontang Lng Terminal 12transportable 1operable

The frequency of truck transport with ISO container is over operability (more than 24 times per day), but considering supply area, it is considered that the truck transport might be the most efficient. No demand intensity to construct middle pressure gas pipeline.

Considering urban agglomeration, railway + trans transport can be possible, but direct transport from the ports are assumed.

List of additional demand points× truck transport with ISO container（special cases）

Province/CityNEW_LNG_Demand(MTPA）


Railwayconnectivity at demand port (less than 15km)





Lorry operability

Pipeline transport volume（1000 ton/day)

Constructionof transmission gas pipeline（287000ton/d）

Bac Ninh 0.200 Vietnam Hai Phong Hai Phong 64connected 0.4 transportable 41 1Ha Noi City|Hanoi 1.200 Vietnam Hai Phong Hai Phong 104connected 2.5 transportable 244 3Hai Phong City|Haiphong

0.300 Vietnam Hai Phong Hai Phong 16connected 0.6 transportable 61 1

Negeri Sembilan 0.500 Malaysia Port DicksonPelabuhan Sungai Udang

53connected 1.1 transportable 101 1

Perak 0.400 Malaysia Teluk Anson Port Klang 99connected 0.8 transportable 81 1Pulau Pinang 0.600 Malaysia Butterworth Butterworth 5connected 1.3 transportable 122 2Selangor 2.100 Malaysia Port Klang Port Klang 33connected 4.4 transportable 426 6Lamphun 0.400 Thailand Moulmein Harbor Chittagong 230connected 0.8 transportable 81 1Yangon 0.700 Myanmmer Rangoon Chittagong 22connected 1.5 transportable 142 2Banten 2.298 Indoensia Anyer Lor Anyer Lor 49connected 4.8 transportable 466 6Central Java 3.296 Indoensia Semarang Semarang 41connected 6.9 transportable 669 9Lampung 0.635 Indoensia Panjang Anyer Lor 69connected 1.3 transportable 129 2West Sumatera 0.645 Indoensia Teluk Bayur Sibolga 20connected 1.4 transportable 131 2Yogyakarta 0.302 Indoensia Semarang Semarang 104connected 0.6 transportable 61 1

Metropolitan Manila 0.288 Philippines Manila Batangas City 8connected 0.6 transportable 58 1

final report on natural gas demand potential in asean€¦ · • domestic coal industry and cpp...

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