final spring review
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FINAL SPRING REVIEW. Aquarium Curiosity. In aquarium, you are curious to see if lowering the pH has an effect on the fish. What is your hypothesis? If I lower the pH levels of the aquarium to 4.0, then the fish will die. Make an experimental procedure for this experiment. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
FINAL SPRING REVIEW
Aquarium Curiosity In aquarium, you
are curious to see if lowering the pH has an effect on the fish.
What is your hypothesis? If I lower the pH
levels of the aquarium to 4.0, then the fish will die.
Make an experimental procedure for this experiment Remember, it must include both an
experimental group and a control group. 1. Have two identical fish tanks. 2. One fish tank will have water with a
pH of 7.0. 3. One fish tank will have water with a
pH of 4.0. Which tank is the experimental group?
The fish tank with a pH of 4.0. Which tank is the control group?
The fish tank with a pH of 7.0. What are some constants that you can
have? Same number of fish, same amount of water,
the fish receive the same amount of food, same temperature of water, etc.
Observation You look at each tank, and this is what you
see.pH 7.0 Tank
pH 4.0 Tank
Day 1
Day 1
Day 2 Day 3
Day 2 Day 3
Create A Graph Based on your observations, create a
graph.
Num
ber o
f Liv
ing
Fish
What was your dependent variable?What was your independent variable?
Number of living fishpH level
Converting a bar graph to a line graph In Arizona, zombies are a constant problem during the
summer vacation season. To combat zombies, the Arizona Zombiefication Service decided to spray a zombicide called ZZT. This zombicide was used on a population of 100 zombies with 3 genotypes in the Metro Center parking lot.Zombies with genotype bb and Bb
are easily killed by the ZZT, but zombies with genotype BB are not affected.
Draw a line graph that shows how the entire population of zombies in the parking lot would change after spraying of ZZT.
Why would the population increase after a while?
The population that is unaffected by ZZT with the genotype BB, would flourish.
Reading graphs-Zombie Apocolypse Humans can be destructive on the environment and the native
species that live there. In the Spring of 2088, a zombie apocalypse broke out and reduced the human population. With the advent of ZZT, the zombie hoards were reduced. A scientist wanted to know what effects the rebounding human
population would have on wild animal species. He took two sites, and spread ZZT with one site (reducing the zombie population, experimental site), and let the other site flourish with zombies (control site). These are the results.
Interpret Graphs Based on the graph, which site contained
the most wild animal species? The control sites.
What did the spreading of ZZT do to the zombie population in the experimental sites? Reduce the zombie population.
What did the spreading of ZZT do to the human population in the experimental sites? By reducing the zombie population, it
would allow the human population to flourish.
Why would there be more wild animal species in the areas without ZZT? If humans are destructive to the
environment, then by having larger populations they would destroy the habitat of the wild animal species in the experimental sites.
What is an investigative question? Lisa wants to do an
experiment on a hair product she’s seen advertised all over television. Rogooti claims to increase the speed of hair growth. What should Lisa’s
investigative question be? Does Rogooti speed up hair
growth?
What is a hypothesis? Lisa’s investigative
question is “Does Rogooti speed up hair growth?” What would her hypothesis be? If a person uses
Rogooti, then their hair will grow faster. All hypotheses are in the
“If, then” format.
How do you test a hypothesis? How should Lisa test her
hypothesis? She can apply Rogooti to
some members of her family (Marge and Homer) and measure the growth of their hair after a month.
How does she know that Rogooti increased the growth of their hair? She can measure the hair
growth of Marge and Homer for a month without Rogooti and compare it to the growth of their hair with Rogooti.
What are experimental variables? In Lisa’s experiment what is
the: Independent variable?
Applying the Rogooti to Marge and Homer’s hair. Remember, the independent
variable is what the scientist manipulates!
Dependent variable? The amount the hair has grown.
The dependent variable is what the scientist measures!
Control? The measurement of hair
growth WITHOUT Rogooti. The control is something you can
COMPARE the results to.
How do you interpret a data table? Lisa recorded her results in this
table. What should her conclusion be?
Her conclusion should be that Rigooti works!
How do you graph information?
How should Lisa graph her information? The independent variable is on the X-axis The dependent variable is on the Y-axis
You can compare the control AND the variables by doing a multi-line graph!
Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 401234567
Marge WithoutHomer WithoutMarge WithHomer With
Lisa’s Rigooti Experiment
Gro
wth
in c
m
How do you confirm experimental data? To confirm the results of her experiment, Lisa
should… Do the experiment again Have more test subjects
How do you TRANSCRIBE DNA? Here is a string of DNA:
DNA = C C T A C G G G A T T C
mRNA = To TRANSCRIBE the DNA, you have to make it
into mRNA. Adenine pairs with Uracil Guanine pairs with Cytosine Thymine pairs with Adenine
This process takes place in the NUCLEUS! The DNA strand is too large to leave the nucleus, but the
mRNA strand can.
G G A U G C C C U A A G
How do you TRANSLATE DNA? Now you have your new mRNA strand!
G G A U G C C C U A A G It is smaller than the DNA strand, and can leave the
nucleus for the cytoplasm. Once in the cytoplasm, it hooks up with a
ribosome, that “reads” the mRNA strand three nucleotides at a time (a codon) with the help of tRNA. This process is TRANSLATION.
How do you TRANSLATE DNA?
mRNAA U G C U A C U U C G
1-tRNA 2-tRNA
U A C G
aa1 aa2
A UAhydrogen
bonds codon
peptide bond
3-tRNA
G A A
aa3
Anti-codon
ribosome
How do you TRANSLATE DNA? Every three nucleotides on the
mRNA is a codon. Every codon has an anti-codon that
carries an amino acid! As tRNA brings its anti-codons (and
amino acids) to the mRNA strand, it builds PROTEINS!
We know which amino acids go with each codons because there is a universal code. Our mRNA strand: G G A U G C C C U A A
G Is coding for: GGA = Glycine UGC= Cysteine CCU= Proline AAG= Lysine
Where does transcription and translation take place? REMEMBER:
TRANSCRIPTION is in the NUCLEUS!
TRANSLATION is in the CYTOPLASM!
What is the genotypic and phenotypic ratio? A loving couple wants to have
children. They are both heterozygous for brown eyes. They want a blue-eyed child. What are their chances?
Genotype Gene combination for a trait (Bb,
BB, bb) Phenotype
The physical feature resulting from the trait. (brown eyes or blue eyes) Mom has the genotype Bb. Dad has the genotype Bb.
What is the genotypic and phenotypic ratio?
The genotypic ratio is 1:2:1 or BB : Bb,Bb : bb The phenotypic ratio is 3:1 or brown, brown,
brown : blue
B b
B
B
B
b
Mom has genotype:
Dad has genotype:
Bb
Bb
B
b
b
b
B
b
Who is Gregor Mendel? Mendel studied
genetics through the use of math, probability and pea plants.
He found that variation occurs through the inheritance of individual alleles from each parent Dominant alleles mask
recessive alleles (TT- tall, Tt- tall)
Recessive alleles are only expressed when both present (tt- short)
What conditions promote the inheritance of genetic traits? Fitness
Fitness is a measure of the ability to survive and produce more offspring relative to other members of the population in a given environment. After the climate
change, jaguars that had larger teeth and jaws had a higher fitness than other jaguars in the populations.
Jaguar Fossil
Modern Jaguar Skull
What is the difference between incomplete and codominance?
Incomplete Dominance The offspring will have a
phenotype somewhat in between the phenotypes of the two parents.
Co-Dominance Both alleles are expressed
in the offspring.
Parents:
MOM DAD
What evidence supports evolution? Fossils
Fossils show changes in organisms through time.
Embryology Similar features in the
embryos of different organisms suggests evolution from a distant common ancestor.
Comparative Anatomy Homologous, analogous, and
vestigial structures give a peek in to the history of changes that have occurred in organisms.
DNA DNA studies show entire gene
sequences in common between organisms.
PigDolphin
Human
What is comparative anatomy? Homologous
structures Features that have
SIMILAR STRUCTURES but DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS
Analogous structures Features that have the
SAME FUNCTION but DIFFERENT STRUCTURES
Vestigial structures Remnants of
structures that ONCE HAD A FUNCTION but NO LONGER DO
What are patterns in the fossil record? Punctuated
Equilibrium Bursts of evolutionary
activity are followed by long periods of stability.
Adaptive Radiation The diversification of
one ancestral species into many descendent species.
Gradualism The idea that
evolution is a slow and steady process.
Frilled Sharks have been around for millions of years.
Anolis lizards have undergone adaptive radiation on the Caribbean Islands.
The last Golden Toad was seen in 1989. It is thought that a combination of global warming and pollution lead to its extinction.
How do genetics support the idea of evolution?
The basic definition of evolution is a change in the gene pool of a population of organisms over time. All of evolution is
based on genetic change.
Genetic similarities between two organisms point to a common ancestor.
By following mutation rates, scientists can guestimate how far back two species diverged from a common ancestor.
By looking at the accumulated mutations in the DNA of Bonobos and Chimpanzees, scientists have determined that these two species separated from a common ancestor less than one million years ago.
Bonobo Chimpanzee
What is natural selection? Natural selection is a
mechanism by which individuals that have inherited beneficial adaptations produce more offspring on average than do other individuals. In nature, the
environment is the selective agent. Therefore,
characteristics are selected only if they give advantages to individuals in the environment.
What are the causes and effects of natural selection? There are four main principles
to the theory of natural selection: Variation
Heritable differences, or variations, exist in every population
Overpopulation Organisms have more offspring
than can survive. Adaptation
Sometimes, a certain variation allows an individual to survive better than other individuals it competes against in its environment.
Descent with Modification More individuals will have the
variation in every following generation.
What are the causes and effects of natural selection? Descent With
Modification Over time, natural
selection will result in species with adaptations that are well suited for survival and reproduction in an environment. More individuals will
have the trait in every following generation, as long as the environmental conditions continue to remain beneficial for that trait.
How do new species emerge?Isolating Mechanisms
To make new species, the gene pools of the populations must become separated.
Reproductive Isolation Reproductive isolation occurs when
members of different populations can no longer successfully mate with one another.
Behavioral Isolation Occurs when two populations are capable
of interbreeding but have differences in courtship rituals or other reproductive strategies.
Geographic Isolation Two populations are separated by a
geographic barriers such as rivers, mountains, or bodies of water.
Temporal Isolation Two or more species reproduce at different
times.
What are the characteristics of species? A species is a group of
organisms that breed with one another and produce fertile offspring.
Emperor Penguin
Chinstrap Penguin
Macaroni Penguin
What is a species? All of these lizards live
near each other and eat the same types of food. Populations A and B will mate together where their populations come into contact with each other (the overlapping circle) and produce fertile offspring. How many species are
represented by this graph? 6!
Because A and B can breed and produce fertile offspring, they are considered to be a single species.
A
BC
D
E
FG
C
What are allele frequencies? Genetic variation is stored in a population’s gene
pool—the combined alleles of all the individuals in a population. Different combinations of alleles in a gene pool can be
formed when organisms mate and have offspring. Each allele exists at a certain rate, or frequency.
An allele frequency is a measure of how common a certain allele is in the population.
How do allele frequencies change? Mutation
A mutation is a random change in the DNA of a gene.
Recombination Most recombination
occurs during meiosis—through crossing over.
Hybridization The crossing of two
different species that share common genes.
How do you graph allele frequencies? Normal Distribution
Most traits will fall under normal distribution (bell curve)
Directional Selection When natural selection
favors phenotypes at one extreme of a trait’s range.
Stabilizing Selection When natural selection
favors phenotypes in the middle of a trait’s range.
Disruptive Selection When natural selection
favors both extreme phenotypes, while individuals with intermediate phenotypes are selected against.
Normal Directional
Stabilizing Disruptive
How do humans influence allele frequency? Genetic Drift
Genetic drift causes the LOSS of genetic diversity in a population.
Bottleneck Effect The bottleneck effect
happens when an event greatly reduces the size of the population.
Founder Effect The founder effect happens
after a small number of individuals colonize a new area.
How does the environment influence allele frequency?
Industrial Melanism Refers to the genetic darkening of species in response to
pollutants. Originally, the vast majority of peppered moths had light coloration,
which effectively camouflaged them against the light-colored trees and lichens upon which they rested.
Widespread pollution during the Industrial Revolution in England, many of the lichens died out, and the trees which peppered moths rested on became blackened by soot, causing most of the light-colored moths to die off due to predation. At the same time, the dark-colored moths flourished because of
their ability to hide on the darkened trees. Since then, with improved environmental standards, light-colored
peppered moths have again become common.
How does the environment influence allele frequency? Peppered coloration (PP
and Pp) is dominant to black coloration (pp) in moths. Which moth phenotype would
have an increased fitness after the industrial revolution? Soot blackening the trees
caused most of the light-colored moths to die off due to predation. At the same time, the dark-
colored moths flourished because of their ability to hide on the darkened trees. Fitness is the ability to
outbreed your competitors!
P pP PP Ppp Pp pp
How does immigration affect allele frequency?
Gene Flow The movement of alleles from
one population to another is called gene flow.
For many animals, gene flow occurs when individuals move between populations. For example: Certain birds
leave their nesting areas once they are able to fly. These birds most likely join new
populations. The alleles that these birds have
then become a part of another population’s gene pool. Gene flow increases the
genetic variation of the receiving population.
Who is Charles Darwin? Darwin is a naturalist who
studied variations in organisms, geology and fossils. He wrote a book called On the
Origin of Species that explained how natural selection occurs.
He thought that traits were blended and was unaware of Mendel’s studies on how heritable characteristics are inherited distinctly from each parent which led to variation in offspring.
Darwin’s idea of natural selection helped to explain that traits will be passed to future generations and increase variation in members of a population.
What is the difference between biotic and abiotic factors? Biotic
Factors that are living things, such as plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria.
Abiotic Factors that are non-
living things such as moisture, temperature, wind, sunlight, and soil. The balance of these factors determines which living things can survive in a particular environment.
What influences do biotic and abiotic factors have on populations? Density-Dependent Limiting
Factors A limiting factor that depends
on population size. Usually includes biotic factors
Competition Predation Parasitism Disease
Density-Independent Limiting Factors Affect all populations in
similar ways, regardless of the population size. Usually includes abiotic factors
Fire Drought
What are some differences and similarities between heterotrophs and autotrophs? Autotrophs
Also known as producers
Organisms that get their energy from non-living resources, meaning—they make their own food.
Heterotrophs Also known as
consumers Organisms that get their
energy by eating other living or once-living resources, such as plants and animals.
How do you interpret a food chain? A food chain is a
sequence that links species by their feeding relationships. This model chain
only shows the connection between ONE producer and a SINGLE chain of consumers within an ecosystem. Energy flows from
PRODUCER TO CONSUMER
Compare a food chain and an energy pyramid. An energy pyramid is a diagram that compares the
energy used by producers, primary consumers, and other trophic levels. As energy moves up the food chain—IT DECREASES Those organisms at the top of the food chain, have the lease
amount of energy.
Food Webs Show complex food relationships in
ecosystems. Arrows show the movement of energy through the
food web. Pick out a single food chain in this web.
Fungi to squirrel to hawk!
How do biomass levels change through food webs and energy pyramids?
Biomass pyramid Diagram that
compares the biomass of different trophic levels within an ecosystem.
It provides a picture of the mass of producers needed to support primary consumers, the mass of primary consumers needed to support secondary consumers, and so on. As you go UP the food
chain biomass DECREASES
5,000,0000 blades of grass
500,000 bunnies
5,000 snakes
5 Hawks
How does immigration and emmigration affect population size?
Immigration The movement of
individuals into an area.
Causes population growth.
Emigration The movement of
individuals out of an area.
Causes population decline.
What is carrying capacity? Carrying Capacity
(K) The maximum
number of individuals that an environment can support Logistic growth is
growth limited by resources. Happens when an area has reached its carrying capacity.
Exponential growth – occurs with abundant amounts of resources
What are chemical cycles? A biogeochemical
cycle is the movement of a particular chemical through the biological and geological, or living and non-living, parts of an ecosystem. They include the
carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous, water, and oxygen cycles!
The Nitrogen Cycle The nitrogen cycle
relies heavily on bacteria who take atmospheric nitrogen and convert it to useable forms (nitrogen fixation) as well as helping decompose nitrogen and return it back to the atmosphere and soil (denitrification).
The Carbon Cycle Carbon comes in
many forms, and is essential for life. Photosynthesis plays a
huge role in the carbon cycle by scrubbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
How do humans affect the environment? Air quality
Smog is a type of air pollution caused by the interaction of sunlight with pollutants produced by fossil fuel emissions.
Water quality Acid rain is a type of
precipitation produced when pollutants in the water cycle cause rain pH to drop below normal levels.
Chemical contaminants, raw sewage, trash, and other waste products are only a few pollutants that make their way into rivers, lakes, and aquifers all over the world.
How do humans influence biodiversity? Biodiversity
The wide array and assortment of species that are found in any ecosystem.
Loss of Habitat The loss of habitat can put
species in danger of becoming extinct.
Habitat Fragmentation Habitat fragmentation
occurs when a barrier forms that prevents an organism from accessing its entire home range. Often, habitat fragmentation
is caused by the building of roadways or the harvesting of forests.
How do humans impact natural systems?
Urban sprawl As cities grew larger,
people moved into suburbs—urban sprawl. Suburban growth consumes
farmland and natural habitats.
Global Warming The trend of increasing
temperatures is known as global warming. Sea level rise, global
temperature rise, warming oceans, shrinking ice sheets, declining arctic sea ice, glacial retreat, ocean acidification, and an increase in extreme weather events are all consequences of global warming.
What are invasive species? An introduces species is
any organism that was brought into an ecosystem as the result of human activities. Introduces species can
pose a great threat to the stability of an ecosystem if they prey on or crowd out native species.
Burmese pythons are an introduced species in the Florida Everglades. It feeds on small animals, such as rats, birds, raccoons, and even dogs. The same organisms that alligators feed on. Competition between the introduced and native species is fierce.
Greenhouse Effect Define: excessive CO2
in the atmosphere Causes:
Increased use of fossil fuels (coal, oil), non-renewable resources (another way to say fossil fuels), clear cutting (cutting of trees from a forest)
What can we do? Increased use of
renewable, clean energy sources such as solar and wind energy.
How do humans use renewable resources?Resources that cannot be
used up or can replenish themselves over time are called renewable resources. Wind and solar energy are
renewable resources because they cannot be used up by humans.
Other resources, such as those that come from plants and animals, can be used up, but because they could last indefinitely through re-growth and reproduction, they are renewable.
What are some conservation techniques? Sustainable Practices
Sustainable development is a practice in which natural resources are used and managed in a way that meets current needs without hurting future generations.
Reforestation Timber companies cut selected trees rather
than clear cutting forests. This encourages rapid re-growth of trees, and has a minimal impact on the ecosystem.
Fishing Regulation Rotation, gear review, harvest reduction, and
fishing bans are all enforced to help fish populations replenish.
Conservation Conservation practices focus on a few
species but benefit entire ecosystems. The listed species is often called an umbrella species
because its protection means a wide range of other species will also be protected.