final tcpip ppt

8/4/2019 Final Tcpip Ppt

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Introduction to TCP/IPIts Layers , Routing andSecurity

MEENPAL ANKITA

M. E. , EXTC - 2011-12ROLL NO. - 11EC2012


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CONTENTS

1.OSI and TCP/IP Protocol Stack2. Packet Encapsulation

3.TCP/IP Protocol suite layers

(i) Physical and Data Link Layers

(ii) Network Layer(iii) Transport Layer

(iv) Application Layer

4. Routing

5. Network Security


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OSI and TCP/IP Protocol Stack


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Packet Encapsulation

The data is sent down the protocol stack.

Each layer adds headers to the main data.

22Bytes 20Bytes 20Bytes 4Bytes

64 to 1500 Bytes


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TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE LAYERS

Physical and Data Link Layers At the physical and data link layers, TCP/IP does not

define any specific protocol.

A network in a TCP/IP internetwork can be a local-

area network or a wide-area network.

Network Layer

At the network layer (or, more accurately,the internetwork layer), TCP/IP supports theInternetworking Protocol. IP, in turn, uses foursupporting protocols: ARP,RARP, ICMP, and IGMP.


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Internetworking Protocol (IP) The Internetworking Protocol is the transmission mechanism used

by the TCP/IP protocols. It is an unreliable and connectionlessprotocol a best-effort datagram delivery service.

Responsible for routing of data through intermediate networks and

computers.

Address Resolution Protocol

The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is used to associate a logicaladdress with a physical address.

Reverse Address Resolution Protocol

The Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) allows a host todiscover its Internet address when it knows only its physical address.


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Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) It is a mechanism used by hosts and gateways to send

notification of datagram problems back to the sender.

ICMP sends query and error reporting messages.

Internet Group Message Protocol (IGMP) The Internet Group Message Protocol is used to facilitate the

simultaneous transmission of a message to a group of recipients.

Transport LayerThis layer was represented in TCP/IP by twoprotocols:TCP and UDPThey are responsible fordelivery of a message from a process to another

process.


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User Datagram Protocol It is a process-to-process protocol that adds only port addresses,

checksum error control, and length information to the data from theupper layer.

Transmission Control Protocol The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) provides full transport-

layer services to applications.

TCP is a reliable data transport protocol. It is connection-oriented: Aconnection must be established between both ends of atransmission before either can transmit data.

At the sending end of each transmission, TCP divides a stream ofdata into smaller units called segments.


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Application LayerThe application layer in TCP/IP is equivalent to the

combined session, presentation, and application layers inthe OSI model.

File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

It is the standard mechanism provided by TCPIP for copying a filefrom one host to another.

Domain Name System (DNS)

It is a protocol that can map a name to an address and converselyan address to a name.


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Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) It allows the user to access World Wide Web services.

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

SMTP provides for mail exchange between user on the same ordifferent computers.

Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)

A frame work for managing devices in an internet.

Provides fundamental operations for monitoring and maintaining aninternet.


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ROUTING

Routing is done in Network Layer by Internet protocol(IP).IP transports data in packets called datagrams, eachof which is transported separately. Datagrams can travelalong different routes and can arrive out of sequence orbe duplicated. IP does not keep track of the routes and

has no facility for reordering datagrams once they arriveat their destination.

Application

Transport

Network

Link

Application

Transport

Network

Link

Network

Link

Router

DestinationSource


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NETWORK SECURITY

Network security is mostly achieved through the use

of cryptography, a science based on abstract algebra.

Categories of cryptography


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Symmetric Key Cryptography The same key is used by both parties.

The sender uses this key and an encryption algorithmto encrypt data.

The receiver uses the same key and thecorresponding decryption algorithm to decrypt thedata.

Asymmetric Key Cryptography In asymmetric or public-key cryptography, there are

two keys: a private key and a public key.


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The private key is kept by the receiver. The publickey is announced to the public.

The public key that is used for encryption is differentfrom the private key that is used for decryption.

The public key is available to the public; the privatekey is available only to an individual.

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