final thesis reference -...
TRANSCRIPT
273
Aboul-Ela, R., Kamal, M. Y., Salama, H. S., El-Moursy, A. and Abdle-Razek, A. (1991).
Changes in the biochemistry of the haemolymph of Plodia interpunctella after
treatment with Bacillus thuringiensis. Biochemistry, Islamic Aca. Sci., 4(1): 29-35.
Agarwal, H. C. and Rao K. D. P. (1969). Variations in the neutral lipids of Dysdercus
koenigii (Hemiptera) during its life cycle. J. Insect Physiol., 15: 161-166.
Ahmad, I. and Beg, A. Z. (2001). Antimicrobial and phytochemical studies on 45 Indian
medicinal plants against multi-drug resistant human pathogens. J. of Enth., 74: 113-
123.
Aizawa, K. (1959). Mode of multiplication of silkworm nucleopolyhedrosis virus. J. Insect.
Pathol., 1: 67-74.
Aizawa, K. (1962). Antimicrobial substance in the gut juice of the silkworm, Bombyx mori
(L). J. Insect Pathol., 4: 72-76.
Aizawa, K. (1963). The nature of infections caused by nuclear polyhedrosis virus. In : Insect
Pathology : An Advanced Treatise, E. A. Steinhouse (ed.)., 1: 381-412.
Aizawa, K. (1971). The structure of polyhedra and virus particle of cytoplasmic polyhedrosis
virus. In: the cytoplasmic poyhedrosis of silkworm (Aruga, H. and Tanada, Y. eds.).
23-36. Univ. Tokyo press tokyo.
Akai, H. and Sato, S. (1978). Ultrastructure of haemocyte of the wild silkworm Antherea
yamamai G. (Lepidoptera: Saturnidae). Jap. J. Appl. Zool.,22: 225-233.
Akai, H. and Sato, S. (1979). Surface and internal ultrastructure of haemocyte of some insects.
In insect haemocytes. Edited by A. P. Gupta. Pp. 129-154. Cambrige University press,
Cambrige. New York.
Akroum, S., Satta, D. and Lalaoui, K. (2009). Antimicrobial, antioxidant, cytotoxic
activites and phytochemical screening of some Algerian plants. European J. of Sci.
Res., 31(2): 289-295.
Alade, P. I. and Irobi, O. N. (1993). Antimicrobial activity of crud leaf extracts of Acalypha
wilkkensina. J. Ethano., 39: 170-174.
274
Al-Attar, A. M. (2010). Haematological , biochemical and histipathological studies on marsh
frog, Rana ridibunda, naturally infected with Waltonella duboisi. Int. J. Zool. Res., 6:
199-213.
Ali and Varma (1990). Studied fungal pathogen in Alianthus triphysa larvae. J. of curr. Sci.,
2: 12-16.
Ali, M. I., Felton, G.W., Meae, T., Young, S.Y. (1998). Influence of interspecific and
intraspecific host plant variation on the susceptibility of heliothines to a baculovirus,
Biol. Control., 12: 42–49.
Alice, D. (1984). Studies on antifungal properties of some plant extracts. M. Sc. Thesis,
TNAU, Coimbatore.
AnandKumar, M. D. and Michael, A. S. (2011). Haematology and haemochemistry of
silkworm, Bombyx mori L. infected with Bacillus thuriengensis., Int. J. of Env. Sec.,
2(2): 451-457.
Andrade, F. G. de., Negreiro, M. C. de., Gregorio, E. A. Mosscardi, F. and Falleiros, A. M.
F. (2003). Haemocytes of Anticarsia gemmatalis (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
larvae: morphological and quantitative studies Acta Microscopia.,12(1): 59-63.
Andrealis, T. O., (1987). Transmission In : Epizootiology of insect disease (Fuxa, J. R. and
Tanada, Y. eds.), Wiley, New York., 139-176.
Aneja, K. R., Joshi, R. (2009). Evaluation of antimicrobial properties of fruit extracts of
Evaluation of antimicrobial properties of fruit extracts of Terminalia chebula against
dental caries pathogens. Jundishapur J. Of Micr., 2(3): 105-111.
Angus, T. A. (1965). Bacterial pathogen of insects as microbial insecticides. Symposium on
microbial insecticides. Bacteriological Reviews, Sept., 3: 364-372.
Angus, T. A. and Heimpel, A. M. (1960). The bacteriological control of insect. Proc.
Entomol. Soc. Ontario., 1959(90): 13-12.
Angust, A. and Heimpel, A. (1956). An effect of Bacillus sotto on the larvae of Bombyx
mori.Cand. Entomol., 88: 138-139.
275
Anitha, P. (1988). Investigation on the aspergillosis of mulberry silkworm with special
reference to its control, M. Sc. (Seri) Thesis, University of Agriculture Science,
Bangalore., 62.
Anitha, T., Siromani, P., Meena, P., and Vanitha, R. (1994). Isolation and characterization
of pathogenic bacterial species in the silkworm Bombyx mori L. seric., 34(2): 97-102.
Anonymous (1975). How to fight muscardine, Indian silk, 14(8): 13-15.
Aoki, K. (1971). Silkworm diseases in Thailand, Bull Thai Seric Res, Training Institute, 1:
102-108.
Apisariyalul, A., Vanittanakom, N. and Buddhasukh. (1995). Antifungal activity of
turmeric oil extracted from Curcuma longa (Zingiberaceae). J. Enthnoph. 49: 163-
169.
Arella, M., Belloncik, S. and Deacuchelle, G. (1984). Protein synthesis in a Lymentria
disper cell line infected by cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus. J. Virol., 52(3): 1024-
1027.
Arella, M., Devauchella, G. and Belloncik, S. (1983). Coinfection of a Lepidoptera cell line
with Exuoa Scandens cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus and Chilo iridescent virus. Ann.
Virol., 134: 455.
Arella, M., Lavallee, C., Belloncik, S. and Furuichi, Y. (1988). Molecular cloning and
characterization of cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus polyhedrin and a viable deletion
mutant gene. J.of Virology., 62: 211-217.
Arnold, J. W. (1982). Larval haemocytes in Noctuidae (Insecta: Lepidoptera) Int.
Arnold, J. W. and Hinks, C. F. (1976). Haemopoisis in lepidoptera, The multiplication of
circulating haemocytes. Candian J. of Zool., 54: 1003-1012.
Arnott, H. J. Smith, K. M. and Fullilove, S. L. (1968). Ultrastructure of a cytoplasmic
polyhedrosis virus affecting the Moarch butterfly Danus plexippus I. development of
virus and normal polyhedra in the larva. J. Ultrastruct. Res., 24: 479-507.
Aronson, A. I. Backman, W. Dunn, P. (1986). Bacillus thuringiensis and related insect
pathogen. Microbial. Rev., 50(1): 1-24.
276
Arti Prasad and Nilofer syed (2010). Evaluating prospects of fungal biopestisiide
Beauveria bassiana against Helicoverpa armigera (hubner). An ecosafe strategy for
pesticidal pollution. Asian J.Exp. Biol. SCi., 1(3): 596-601.
Aruga, H. (1971). Cytoplasmic polyhedrosis of the silkworm – Historical, economical and
epizootiological aspect in : The cytoplasmic polyhedrosis of the silkworm (Aruga, H.
and Tanada, Y. eds.) 3-57. Univ. of Tokyo, press Tokyo.
Aruga, H. and Israngul, A. (1961). Studies on the size of cytoplasmic polyhedra of the
silkworm, Bombyx mori L. J. Sericult. Sci. Japan., 30: 119-125.
Aruga, H. Yoshitake, N. and Watanabe, H. (1963). Some factor controlling the size of
cytoplasmic polyhedron of Bombyx mori (Linn.). J. Insect. Pathol., 5: 72-77.
Aruga, H. Yoshitake, N., Hukuhara, T. and Owada, M. (1963b). Invasion route of the
cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus in the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. J. Sericult. Sci. Jpn.,
32:58-62.
Ashhurst, D. E. (1982). Histochemical properties of the sperulocyte of Galleria mellonela L.
(Lepidoptera: Pyarlidae). Int. J. Insect. Morph.Embryol., 11: 285-292.
Assen, H. and Hanke, W. (1983). The significance of the amino acid during osmoitic
adjustment in teleost fish-I. Changes in the Euryhaline sarotherodon
mossambicus.Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 74: 531-536.
Au, T. S., Wiart, M. Y. C., Hassan. H., Hanifah, Y. A. and Kamaruddin, M. Y. (2003).
Antibacterial activity of Annona squamosa Linnaeus (Annonaceae). Investing in
Innovation., 3: 7-10.
Ayuzawa, C. Sekido, T., Yamakawa, K., Sakura, V., Kurata, W., Yajnuma, Y. and
Tokopa, Y. (1972).“Agricultural Techniques Manual- 1”, Handbook of silkworm
rearing , Fiji publishing Co. Ltd. Toko. J. Seric. Sci. Jpn., 41: 333 – 344.
Badam, L., Bedekar, S.S., Sonawane, K. B. and Joshi, S. P.(2002). Invitro antiviral
activity of bael (Aegle marmelos Corr) upon human coxsackieviruses B1-B6, J
Commun Dis, 34, 88.
277
Baig, G., Samson, M. V., Sharma, S. D., Balavenkatasubbaiah, M. Sasidhavan, T. D.,
and Jolly, M. S. (1990). Efficacy of certain bed disinfectant in different combinations
against the nuclear polyhedrosys and white muscardine of the silkworm B. mori.
Seric., 33(1): 53-60.
Baig, G., Samson, M. V., Sharma, S. D., Balavenkatasubbaiah, M., Sasidharan, T. O.
and Jolly, M. S. (1993). Efficacy of certain bed disinfectants in different
combinations against the nuclear polyhedrosis and white muscardine of the silkworm
Bombyx mori L, Seric., 33(1): 53-60.
Balavenkatasubbaiah, M. B. Natraju, V. Thiagarajan, and Dtta, R. K. (2001).
Haemocyte counts in different breeds of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. and their changes
during progressive infection of Bm NPV. Indian J. Seric., 40:158-162.
Balavenkatasubbaiah, M., Ananthalakshmi, K. V. V., Selvakumar, T., Nataraju, B. and
Datta, R. K. (1999). Chlorine dioxide, a new disinfectant in sericulture, Indian J.
Seric., 38(2): 125-130.
Balavenkatasubbaiah, M., Nataraju, B., Baig, M. and Datta, R. K. (1994). Comparative
efficacy of different disinfectants against nuclear polyhedrosis virus (BmNPV) and
Beauveria bassiana of silkworm Bombyx mori L. Indian J. Seric., 33(2): 142-145.
Bano, Y., Ali, H. A. and Tariq, H. (1981). Effect of sublethal concentration of DDT on
muscle constituents on air breathing cast fish. Ani. Sci., 90: 33-37.
Bansal, A. K., Saxena, N. N., Shukla, R. M., Roy, D. K., Sinha, B. R. P. and Sinha, S. S.
(1997). A new technique proposed for estimation of pebrine in grainage. Serico., 37
(1) : 11-14.
Barnabas, C. G. and Nagarajan, S. (1988). Antimicrobial activity of flavonoids of some
medicinal plants, Fitoterapia, 59(6): 508-510.
Barnes, H. and Blackstock, J. (1973). Estimation of lipids in marine animals, details
investigation of the sulphophosphovanillin method. J. Exp. Man. Biol. Ecol., 12: 103-
108.
278
Barsagade, D. D. and Tembhare, D. B. (2000). Development, structure and secretory
activity of silkgland complex in the tropical tasar silkworm, Antheraea mylitta
(Drury). (Lepidoptera: Saturnidae). Seric., 40: 231-245.
Bassi, A. (1835). Del aml del sengo calcinacco moscardio maltta che affiggei bachi daseta
part-I, teorica tip orcesi, Lodi, 1-67.
Beaulaton, J. and Monpeyssin, M. (1977). Ultrastucture et cytochimie des haemocyte d’
Antheraea pernyi (Guer) (Lepidoptera: Attacidae) aucours du cinquieme age larvaire. J.
Ultrastr. Res., 55: 143-156.
Beeman, S. C., Wilson, M. E., Bulla, L. A. and Consigli, R. A. (1953). Structural
characterization of the haemocytes of Plodia interpunctella. J. Morph., 175: 1-6.
Bell, J. V. (1974). Mycoses, In: Insect diseases (ED: Cartwell, GE) Vol-I, Marcel Dekker,
Inc, Newyork., 185-236.
Bell, W. J. (1969). Continuous and rhythmic reproductive cycle observed in Periplaneta
americana (L). Biol. Bull. (Woods Hole. Mass.)., 137:239-249.
Belloncik, S. (1989). Cytoplasmic poyhedrosis viruses. Reoviridae. Adv. Virus Research .,
37: 173-209.
Belloncik, S. and Mori, H. (1998). Cypovirus. In the insect viruses, (Miller, L. K. and Ball,
L. A. eds.) Plenum publishing corporation, New York., 337-369.
Bellonncik, S. and Truong, T. L. (1991). Replication of a cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus
(CPV) at room optimal temperature particular feature, Abstract of the XXIV,
Flagstaff, Arizona. August., 2-9.
Bellonncik, S., Beerthiaume, L., Descoteaux, J. P. and Arella, M. (1986a). Cytoplasmic
polyhedrosis virus (CPV) interaction with invertebrate and vertebrate cell cultures in
vivo. Abstracts of the American Sociaty of Virology meeting, Santa Barbara, June 24.
Bellonncik, S., Berthiaume, L., Alain, R. and Arella, M. (1986). Replication of
cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (CPV) in cell culture: Electron microscopy study. J.
Electron Microse (Jpn)., 35(suppl): 3391-3392.
279
Bellonncik, S., Charpentier, G., Arella, M., Strykowsky, H. and Garzon, S. (1986b).
Ultastructure localization of (CPV) polyherin immunogold method. J. Electron
Microsc. (Japan)., 33: 2331.
Bellonncik, S., Kendgiri, F., Anathanassious, R., Tao, L., Chen, C. J., Wang, Z. X. and
Chen, J. W. (1992). Adaptation of cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (CPV)to the
spurce bud worm, Choristoneura fumiferana (C). Abstract of the XIX International
Congress of Entomology, Beijing, China.
Bennet, G. A. and Shotwell, O. L. (1972). Haemolymph lipid of healthy and diseased
japanees beetle larvae. J. Insect. Physiol., 18: 53-62.
Benz, G. (1963). Physiolathology and histochemistry. In: Insect pathology: An advanced
Treatise, Edward A., Steinhouse (Eds.), Academic Press, New York and London., 1:
299-238.
Benz, G. Borusiewicz, K. (1963). A Method for the deferential staining of spores and
parasporal bodies of Bacillus thuringenesis, Berliner and Bacillus fribourgensis wille.
J. Insec. pathol., 5: 393-394.
Berahaum, M. R. (1988). Allelochemicals in insectmicrobe plants interactions, against provact
ors in the coevolutionary process. In: Novel Aspects of Insects Plant Interaction,
Barbaso, P. and Leteurmeau. D.K. (Eds.)., 97-123.
Bergold, G. H. (1963). Insect Viruses,IN: smith and Luaffer(Eds). Adv. Virus Res.1
academic Press New York., 91-139.
Bhagyalakshmi, T. A. (1994). Host range and strain virulence of Aspergillus tamari kita and
its pathogenicity to different races of Bombyx mori L, M. Sc. (Seri) Thesis, University
of Agriculture Science, Bangalore., 86.
Bhaisare, S. S. (2007). The utilization of plant products in disease management of silkworm
Bombyx mori L. Ph.D. Thesis, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Maharastra, India.
Bharathi, D. and Miao, Y. (2003). Changes in the protien and lipid profile of silkworm,
Bombyx mori L. infected with NPV. Bull. Ind. Acad. Seric.,7(2): 76-80.
280
Bhaskar, R. N. Sridevi, G. Devaiah, M. C. and Govindon, R. (2004). Evaluation of medicinal
plant extracts based on cocoon and reeling parameters of silkworm, B. mori L. 5th china
international silk conference, Sept. 247-253.
Bhaskar, R. N., Govindon, R. and Devaiah, M. C. (1987). Sensitiveness of some breeds of
silkworm, Bombyx mori L to Kenchu virus disease based on extent of cocooning,
Entomon, 12(4): 321-323.
Bhattachajee, I., Chatterjee, S. J., Chatterjee, S. and Chadra G. (2006). Antibacterial
potentiality of Argemone mexicana solvent extracts against some pathogenic bacteria.
Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, 101(6): 645-648.
Bhawane, G. P. and Bhanot, R. K. (1989). Insecticidal action of phorate 10 G on the
phosphtase in Leucopholis lepidophora. Entomon., 14 (1 and 2): 45-48.
Bhawane, G. P., Bhaisare, S. S., Yalamali, V. D. and Wagh, S. R. (2006). Influence of
topical application of plant products on the midgut enzymes of silkworm Bombyx
mori L. J. Asso. Zool. India., 1(1): 18-22.
Bhosale, S. H. and Kallapur, V. L. (1990). Fuel reserves in the silkworm Bombyx mori
larvae infested with polyhedral bodies. Indian J. Seric., 29(1): 83-87.
Biabani, M. R., Mirhoseini, S. Z., Etebari, K., Matindoost, L. (2005). The effect of
nuclear polyhedrosis virus infection in 9 commercial hybrids of silkworm (Bombyx
mori) XXth Congress of the international Sericulture Commission, Banglore, India.
Biabani, M. R., Seydavi, A. R., Gholami, M. R., Etabari, K. and Matindoost, L. (2005a).
Evolution of resistance to nuclear polyhedrosis virus in commercial hybrid of
silkworm (Bombyx mori). Formasan. Entomol., 25: 103-112.
Bilimoria, S. L. (1986). Taxanomy and identification of baculoviruses. In: The biology of
baculoviruses (R. R. Granados and B. A. Federici eds.) CRC Press Boca Raton.
Florida., 1: 37-59.
Bird, F. T. (1958). Histopathology of grnulosis in insects. Canad. J. Micro. Biol., 4: 267-
272.
281
Blomquist, G. T. and Dillwith, J. W. (1985). Cuticular lipids. Comprehensive. In: Kerkut
and Gilbert (eds.), Insect physiology, biochemistry and pharmacology. Pergamon
press, New York., 3: 117-154.
Boctor, I. Z. (1978). Quantitative differences in the free amino acids between male and
female Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitatai. Wied Zool. JB Physiol. Bd., 82:
349-353.
Boctor, I. Z. and Salama, H. S. (1983). Effect of Bacillus thuringiensis on lipid content and
composition of Spodoptera littoralis larvae. J. Invet. Pathol., 41: 381-384.
Boiteau, G. and Perron, J. M. (1977). Study of the postembryonic haemocyte complex of
Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Can. Ent., 109: 269-276.
Boman, H. G. and Hultmark, D. (1987). Cell free immunity in insects. Annu. Rev.
Microbiol., 41: 103-126.
Boman, H. G., Faye, I., Gudmundson, G. H., Lee, J. Y. and Lidholm, D. A. (1991). Eur.
J. Biochem., 201: 23-31.
Borsa, J., Morash, B. D., Sargent, M. D., Copps, T. P., Lievarent, P. A., and Szekely, J.
C.(1979). Two mode of entry of reovirus particle in to L. cells. J. Gen. Virol., 45:
161-170.
Boucias, D. G., Pendland, J. C. and Latge, J. P. (1988). Nonspecific factors involved in
attachment of entomopathogenic deuteromycetes to host insect cuticle. Applied and
environmental microbiology., 54: 1795-1805.
Brancalhao, R. M. and Ribeiro, L. F. C. (2003). Cytopathologia da infeccao causada pelo
BmNPV no tegumento de B. mori L. 1758 (Lepidoptera : Bombycidae). Arg. Cien.
Vet. Zool., 6: 15-20.
Brancalhao, R. M. C. (2002). Virus entomopatogenicos no bicho-da-seda: taxonomia
ecitopatologia causada por Nucleopolyhedrovirus em celulas de Bomyx mori.
Biotech., 24: 54-58.
282
Brancalhao, R. M., Torrejais, M. M., Ribeiro, L. F. C., Torquato, E. F. B. and Pereira,
E. P. (2004). Nucleopolyhedrovirus multiplo no do intestine medio de Bombyx mori.
Arq. Cien. Saude da Unipar., 8(2).
Bravo, A., Gill, S. S. and Soberon, M. (2005). Bacillus thuringiensis: Mechanism and
USA; In: Comprehensive molecular Insect Science (Gillbert, L. I., Kostas, I. and Gill,
S.S. Eds.), Vol. G. Elsevier Amsterdam, 175-205.
Brij, L. G., Julian, A., Dow, T., Theodore, A. H. and Harvey, W. R. (1985). Electron prob
X-ray microanalysis of the effects of Bacillus thuringiensis var. Kurstaki crystal
protein insecticide on ions in an electrogenic K+ transporting epithelium of larval
midgut in the lepidopteran Menduca sexta in vitro. J. cell Sci., 74: 137-152.
Bucher, G. E. (1961). Potential bacterial pathogens of insect and their characteristics. J.
insect pathol., 2: 172-195.
Bucher, G. E. (1963). Non Sporulating bacterial pathogen: In Insect Pathology: An
advanced Treatise (Steinhause, E. A. ed.)., 2: 117-147. Academic Press New York.
Buchman, R. E., and Gibbons, N. E. (1974). Bergy’s manual of determinatice
Bacteriology. 8th eds. Williams and Wilkins. Baltimore., MD.
Buck, J. B. (1953). In Insect Physiology, Ed. By Roeder, K. D. New York: J.
WileyandSons., 213-214.
Burdick, E. M. (1971). Carpaine, an alkaloid of Caryca papaya. Its chemistry and
Pharmacology. Econ. Bot., 25: 363-365.
Butt, T. M. and Huber, R. A. (1989). Response of gypsi moth haemocytes to natural fungal
proplasts of three entomophaga species (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales). J. Invert.
Pathol., 53: 121-123.
Butt, T. M., Wraight, S. P., Galaini, S., Wraight, R. A., Humber, D. W., Robetrs and
Soper, R. S. (1988). Humoral encapsulation of the fungus Erynia radicans
(Entomophth orales) by the potato leaf hooper, Empoasca fabae (Homoptera-
Cicadellidae). J. Invertebr. Pathol., 52: 49-56.
283
Byrareddy, M. S. (1986). Efficacy of some disinfectants in the control of muscardine
disease of silkworm Bombyx mori L, M. Sc. Thesis, submitted to the University of
Agriculture Sciences, Bangalore., 99.
Byrareddy, M. S., Devaiah, M. C., Narayanaswamy, T. K. , Govindon, R. and
Shyamala, M. B. ( 1991). Comparative efficacy of some rearing tray disinfectants in
prevention of silkworm white muscardine caused by Beauveria bassiana (Bals) Vuill,
Ericologia., 31(3): 533-535.
Cammue, B. P., De Bolle, M. F., Terras, M. F. (1992). Isolation and characterization of a
novel of plant antimicrobial peptides from Mirabilis jalapa L. seeds. J. Biol. Chem.,
267(4): 2228-2233.
Carrol, J. and Ellar, D. J. (1993). An analysis of Bacillus thuringiensis δ-endotoxin action
on insect midgut membrane permeability using a light scattering assay. Eur. J.
Biochemic., 214: 771-777.
Carton, Y. and Nippi, A. J. (1997). Drosophilla cellular immunity against parasitoids.
Parasitology today., 13: 89-104.
Cavados, C. F. S., Majerowiz, S., Chaves, J. Q., Arauja-countinho, C. J. P. C. and
Rabinovith, L. (2004). Histopathological and ultrastructural effects of δ-endotoxins
of Bacillus thuringeinsis serovar. Israelensis in the midgut of Simulium pertinax
larvae (Diptera: Simuliidae). Mem. Inst. Oswald Cruz Rio de Janerio., 99(5): 493-498.
Cavill G. W. K., Clarkd, V., Hovden, M. E. H., and Wyllie, S. G. (1970). Hydrocarbon
and other lipid constituents of the bull ant, Myrmeciagulosa. J. Insect Physiol.,
16:1721-1728.
Chain, B. M. and Anderson, R. S. (1982). Selective depletion of the plasmatocytes in
Galleria mellonella following injection of bacteria. J. Insect. Physiol., 28: 377-384.
Chanda, S., Kaneria, M. and Nair, R. (2011). Antibacterial activity of Psoralea corylifolia L.
seed and aerial parts with various extraction methods. Res. J. Microbiol., 60: 124-131.
Chandrasekharan, K. (2008). Studies on the management of white muscardine disease in
the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. Ph.D. thesis, University of Mysore, Mysore., 313.
284
Chandrashekhara, K. and Natraju, B. (2008). Screening of bivoltine breeds of silkworm,
Bombyx mori for relative tolrance to the white muscardine fungus, Beauveria
bassiana (Bals.)Vuill. Indian. J. Seric., 2: 78-80.
Chandrashekharan, K. and Nataraju, B. (2011). Beauveria bassiana
(hyphomycetes:moniliales) infection during ecdysis of silkworm, Bombyx mori
(Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) Mun. Ent. Zool., 6(1): 312-316.
Chandrashekharan, K., Natraju, B., Balavenkatasubbaiah, M., Sharma, S. D.,
Selvakumar, T. and Dandin, S. B. (2006). Effect of BmNPV infection during the
later instars on the larval and cocoon chraracters of silkworm, Bombyx mori L.
Indian. J. Seric., 45(2): 104-109.
Chasko, R., Eliana, D. P., Helio, C. L. de. F. and Branchalao, R. M. C. (2008).
Cytopathological process by multiple nucleiopolyhedrosis virusin the testis of
Bombyx mori L. J. Invert. Pathol., 99(1): 1-17.
Chauvin, R. (1956). Physiologie de l'Insecte, The Hague: W. Junk. 113.
Chefruka, W. (1965). Intermediatry metabolism of carbohydrate in insect. The physiology
of insect (Rockstein M. eds.) New York: Acad. Press., 581-667.
Chen, P. S. (1971). Biochemical aspects of Insect Development (Basel: S Karger) 230.
Cheung, P. K., Grula, E. A. and Button, R. I. (1978). Haemolymph response in Heliothis
zea to with Bacillus thuringiensis or Minococcus ijsodeiktias. J. Invertebr. Pathol.,
31: 145-156.
Chiang, A. S., Yen, D. E. and Peng, E. (1986). Defense reaction of midgut epithelial cell in
the rice moth larvae Corcyra cephalonica injected with Bacillus thuringiensis. J.
Invertebr. Pathol., 47: 333-339.
Chinnaswamy, K. P. (1983). Studies on aspergillosis of silkworm Bombyx mori L caused by
Aspergillus tamari Kita, M. Sc. (Ag) Thesis, Univ Agric Sci, Bangalore., 98.
Chinnaswamy, K. P. and Devaiah, M. C. (1986). Studies on the control of aspergillosis of
the silkworm Bombyx mori L, India J. Seric., 25: 65-69.
285
Chippendale, G. M. and Kilby, B. A. (1969). Relationship between the proteins of the
haemolymph and fat body during development of Pieris brassicae. J. insect Physiol.,
15: 905-926.
Chisti, M. Z., Shof, K. A. and Khan, M. A. (1991). Occurrence of bacterial disease
(Flacherie) of silkworm, Bombyx mori in Jammu and Kashmir state. Indian J. Seric.,
30(2): 54-55.
Chitra, C. and Sridhara, S. (1973). Transport of sugars by the fatbody of silkworm Bombyx
mori L. J. insect Physiol., 19: 2053-2061.
Chitra, C., Bhandarkar, A., Karanth, N. G. K. and Visantharajan, V. N. (1973). Studies
on ‘sape’ disease of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. Isolation and characterization of
pathogenic bacteria from diseased from diseased silkworm. Current Sci., 42: 373-376.
Chitra, C., Karanth, N. G. K. and Vasantharajan, V. N. (1975). Diseases of mulberry
silkworm, Bombyx mori. J. Sci. Ind. Res., 34: 386-401.
Chopra, R. N., Nayar, S. L. and Chopra, I. C. (1956). In: Glossary of Indian medicinal
plants, (CSIR-New Delhi)., 114.
Chougale, A. K. and More, N. K. (1992). Effect of magnetization on the development
period and cocoon characters of the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. Indian J. Seric.,
31(2): 115-122.
Chougale, A. K. and More, N. K. (1993). Effect of magnetization on acid alkaline
phosphates on the developing silkgland of B. mori L. Entomon., 18 (1 and 2): 1-5.
Cooper, D. J., Zhang, Q. Y., Arellando, A. and Pinnoch, D. E. (1990). The effect of
Bacillus thuringiensis var. towothi on Lucilla cupriana larval tissue and ultrasructure
study. In (Cooper, D. J., Drammond, J. and Pinnoh, D. E. eds.), Vth international
Colloquian on invertebrate Pathology and Microbial Control in Adealide. Austrelia
Society for Invertebrate Pathology., 357.
Cornalia, E. (1856). Monographia del bombice del gelso. Mem. I. R. 1st Lombardo di
Scienzelet. Arti., Bernardoni di Gio, Milano., 348–351.
286
Cory, J. S. and Hoover, R K. (2006). Plant-mediated effects in insect–pathogen
interactions. Trends in Ecology and Evolution., 21: 278–286.
Couble, P., Garel, A. and Prudhomme, J. (1983). Developmental variations of nonfibroin
mRNA of B. mori silkgland, encoding for a low molecular weight silk protein.
Dev.Biol., 97: 398-407.
Coulibaly, F., Chiu, E., Ikada, K., Gutmann, S., Haebel, P. W., Briese, C. S., Mori, H.
and Matcalf, P. (2007). Molecular organisation of Cypovirus polyhedra. Nature.,
446: 97-101.
Couvrur, M.E. (1895). Changes in active phosphorylase activity and glycogen content
during larval and pupal development of Philosamia riccine. C. R. Soc. Biol., Paris.,
47:796.
Cowan, M. M. (1999). Plant products as a antimicrobial agents. Clinical microbiology
reviews, 564-582.
Croizer, G. and Groizer, L. (1980). Etude du phenomena de I’induction de facteurs
bacteirlytiques chez les lepidopteres: inhibition de la puction du lysozyme chez les
lerves de Galleia mellonella (Lep: Pyralidae) par I’ actinomycine D et la
cycloheximide. Entomophaga., 25: 219-228.
Cutter, C. N. (2000). Antimicrobial effects of herb extracts against E. coli J.food protection.,
63: 601-607.
Dasgupta, M. R. (1950). Diseases of silkworm, Monograph on cottage industries No-1, Govt
of india, Press, Calcutta., 25.
David, W. A. L. (1967). The physiology of insect integument in relation to the invasion of
pathogens. In: Insect Physiology. J. W. L. Beament and J. E. Treherne (eds), Oliver
and Boyd. London., 17-35.
Davidson, E. W. (1983). Alkaline extraction of toxin from spores of the mosquto pathogen,
Bacillus sphaericus. Can. J. Microbiol., 29: 271-275.
287
De Barjac, H. (1978). Etude cytologique de I’action de Bacillus thuringiensis var.
iseraelensis sur larvae de moustiques, c. r. Acad. Sci. Paris, Seric. D., 286: 1623-
1629.
De Lello, E., Hanton, W. K., Bishoff, S. T. and Misch, O. W. (1984). Histopathological
effects of Bacillus thuringiensis on the midgut tobacco hornworm larvae Manduca
sexta low doses composed with fasting. J. Invertebr. Pathol., 43: 169-181.
Deng, Y., Yu, Y., Luo, Haiyu, L., Zhang, M., Qin, X. and Li, L. (2011). Antimicrobial
activity extract and two alkaloids from traditional Chinese medicinal plant Stephnia
dielsiana. Food Chem., 124: 1156-1160.
Derkson, A. C. and Granados, R. R. (1988). Alteration of a Lepidopteran peritropic
membrane by Baculovirus and enhancement of viral infectivity. Virology., 167 (1):
242-250.
Deuel, H. J. and Morehouse, M. G. (1946).Metabolic conversions during pupation of the
cecropia silkworm, deposition and utilization of nutrient reserves. Advanc. Carbo-
hyd. Chem., 2: 119.
Devaiah, M. C. (1973). Pathological and ecological studies on the pebrine disease of the
silkworm Bombyx mori L. Ph. D. thesis, University of Agriculture Science,
Bangalore., 175.
Devaiah, M. C. (1994). Silkworm disease, In: Lectures on Sericulture., 83-96.
Devaiah, M. C., Kawakami, K. and Govindon, R. (1982-1983). Efficacy of some
fungicides on the control of Aspergillus disease of the silkworm Bombyx mori L,
Indian J. Seric, 21 and 22: 73-74.
Dhaliwal, G. S. and Arora, R. (1998). Principles of insect pest management, Kalani
publishers (New Delhi).
Dinesh, T. D. (1995). Biochemical studies on the silkworm Bombyx mori L affected by
grasserie, Ph. D. Thesis, Kakatiya University, Warangal, Andhra Pradesh.
288
Dobovasky, I. M., Martemyanov, V. V., Vorontsova, Y. L., Rantala, M. J., Gryzonova,
E. V. and Glupov, V. V. (2007). Effect of bacterial infection on antioxidant activity
and lipid peroxidation in the midgut of Gallaria mellonella L. larvae (Lepidoptera:
Pyralidae). Elsevier., 148: 1-5.
Doddaswamy, M. S. and Subramanya, G. (2007). Haemolymph protein profiles in three
pure races and their hybids of the silkworm, B. mori L. through SDS-PAGE. The
bioscan., 2(3): 189-193.
Dordea, M., Liviu, F., and Tiberiu, P. (1987). Variation of contents of free amino acids in
Eri silkworm Philosamia ricini, Pupae during diapauses as influenced by the
treatment of larvae with Keratof. Stud. Univ. babes. Bolyai. Biol., 32(1): 56-69.
Dow, J. A. I. (1984). Extreamly high pH in biological system: a model for carbonate
transport. Am, J. Physiol., 246 : 633-635.
Dow, J. A. I. (1992). pH gradient in lepidoptera midgut. J. Expt. Biol.172: 255-375.
Drilhen, A., Busnel, R. C. and Vago, R. C. (1951). Les acids amines libres et les substances
fluorescents du sang et des tubes de malphigi de la chenille de Bombyx mori L.
atteinte de la maladie a polyedres et de la flacherie CR Acad. Sci. Paris., 232: 360-
361.
Dubovskiy, I. M., Martemyanov, V. V., Voront, S. Y. L., Rantala, M. J., Gryzanova, E.
V. and Glupov, V.V. (2008). Effect of bacterial infection on antioxidant activity
and lipid peroxidation in the midgut of Galleria mellonella L. larvae (Lepidoptera,
Pyralidae). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part C., 14(8): 1-5.
Dudash, A. U. (1979). The content of protein and nucleic acid in the fat body of the colorado
beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlieata. Zur, Zool., 58: 655-658.
Duffy, S.S., Hoover, K., Bonning, B. D. (1995). The impact of host-plant on the efficacy of
baculoviruses. In: M. Roe and R. Kuhr, Editors, Reviews in Pesticide Toxicology,
CTI Toxicology Communications, Raleigh, NC., 137–275.
Duke, J. A. (1985). Handbook of medicinal herbs. Boca Raton, Fla:CRC Press, Inc.
289
Dunn, P. E. and Drake, D. R. (1983). Fate of bacteria injected into native and immunized
larvae of the tobacco hornworm. Manduca sexta. J. Invertebr. Pathol., 41: 77-85.
Dutky, S. R. (1963). The milky diseases, In: Insect Pathology (Steinhaus, E. A. ed.), Vol. 2.
Academic press, Inc. New york., 75-115.
Ebersold, H. R., Luthy, P. and Muller, M. (1977). Changes in the fine structure of the gut
epithelium of Piris brasicae indused by the δ-endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis.
Bull. Soc. Ent. Suisse., 50: 269-276.
Ebersold, H. R., Luthy, P., Geiser, P. and Ettlinger, L. (1978). The action of the δ-
endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis: an electron microscope study. Experientia., 34:
1672-1677.
Ebi, G. C. and Afieroho, O. E. (2011). Phytochemical and antimicrobial studies on
detarium microcarpian Guill and Sperr (Caesalpinioceae) seeds coat. African. J.
Biotech., 10(3): 457-462.
Eguchi, M. and Iwamoto, A. (1975). Changes in protease, esterase amd phosphates in the
alimentary canal of the silkworm during metamorphosis. Insect Biochem., 5: 495-507.
Eid, M. A. A., Nakkdy, A. N. E. I. and Sahch, M. (1989). Effect of supplementary amino
acids on silk secretion by the larvae of Philosamia ricini. Indian J. of Seric., 28: 224-
232.
Ela, R. A., Kamel, M. Y., Salama, H. S., Moursy, A. E. and Razek, A. A. (1991). Changes
in the biochemistry of the haemolymph of Plodia interpunctella after treatment with
Bacillus thuringiensis. J. of Islamic. Acad. Of Sci., 4(1): 29-35.
Eliana, D. P., Helio, C. L. F. C. R., Dauiela, B. Z., Juliana, P. B., Maria, A. F., and Rose,
M. C. B. (2008). Cytopathologucal process by multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus in the
testis of Bomby x mori L. J. Invrt. Pathol., 99(1): 1-7.
Elizabeth, K. M. (2005). Antimicrobial activity of Terminalia bellerica. Indian J. Of
Clinical Biochem., 20(2): 150-153.
290
Eloff, J. N. (1998). Which extractant should be used for the sreening and isolation of
antimicrobial components from plant. J. of Ethnopharm., 60: 1-8.
Endo, Y. and Nishiitsutsuji-Uwo, J. (1980). Mode of action of Bacillus thuringiensis δ-
endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis. J. Insect Physiol., 25: 283-288.
Endo, Y. and Nishiitsutsuji-Uwo, J. (1981). Mode of action of Bacillus thuringiensis δ-
endotoxin : Ultrastructural changes in midgut epithelium of Piries, Lymantria and
Ephestia larvae. Appl. Ento. Zool., 16: 231-241.
Engelmann, F. and Penney, (1966). Studies on the endocrine control of metabolism in
Leucophaea maderae (Blattaria). The haemolymph protein during the egg maturation.
J. Comp. Endocrinol., 7: 314-325.
Essawy, M., Maleville. A. and Brohelin, M. (1985). The haemocytes of Heliothis armigera;
Ultrastructure, function and evolution in the course of larval development. J. Morph.,
186: 255-264.
Etebari, K., Bizhannia, A. R., Sorati, R., Matindoost, L. (2007). Biochemical changes in
haemolymph of silkworm larva due to admiral resisdue. Pestic Biochem. Physiol., 22-
29.
Etebari, K., Matindoost, L., Mirhoseini, S. Z. and Turnbull, M. W. (2007a). The effect of
BmNPV infection on protein metabolism in silkworm (Bombyx mori ) larva.Res. of
Zool., 4: 13-17.
Falleiros, A. M. F. and Gregorio, E. A. (1995). Himocitos fugocitarios em lrvas de Diatraea
saccheralis (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Revista Brasileira de Zool., 12(4):
751-758.
Farrar, R. R. Jr. and Ridgeway, R. L. (2000). Host plant effects on the activity of selected
nuclear polyhedrosis viruses against the corn earworm and beet armyworm. Env.
Entom., 29: 108–115.
291
Farzana Pervven (2011). Effects of sublethal doses of chlorfluazuron on the testicular
biochemical constituents of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). African J.
Biotech., 10(44): 8956-8964.
Fast, P. G. and Martin, W. G. (1980). Bacillus thuringiensis parasporal crystal toxin:
dissociation into toxic low molecular weight peptides. Biochem and Biophysic Res.
Communication., 95(3): 1314-1320.
Fast, P. G., Moffett, D. and Spence, K. D. (1978). Inhibition of active potassium transport
in isolated midgut of Manduca sexta by Bacillus thuringiensis endotoxin. J. Exp.
Biol., 83: 293-304.
Fauquet, C. M. (2006). Classifiaction of viruses In : Virus Taxonomy (Schrock, J. R. eds.),
Kanasas School Naturalist. Emporia state University, Emporia, KS., 1-16.
Faust, R. M. (1977). Toxins of Bacillus thuringiensis mode of action. Biological regulation
of vectors, In: the saprophytic and aerobic bacteria and fungi (Briggs, J. D. ed.).,
Department of Health, Education and Welfare. Washington, D. C. 31-48.
Faust, R. M. and Adams, J. R. (1966). The silicon content of nuclear and cytoplasmic
polyhedrosis virus inclusion bodies causing polyhedrosis in Lepidoptera. J. Invertebr.
Pathol., 14: 186-193.
Fayad, J. M. (1978): production de soie et characteristics des glands serigenes de 13 races de
ver a soie (Bombyx mori ) Annu. Genet. Sel. Anim. 10: 259-270.
Federici, B. A. (1986). Ultrastructure of baculoviruses. In “The biology of baculoviruses”(R.
R. Granados and B. A. Federici eds.) CRC Press Boca Raton. Florida., 1: 61-68.
Felton, G.W. and Duffy, S.S. (1990). Inactivation of a baculovirus by quinones formed in
insect-damaged plant tissue, J. of Chem. Ecol., 16: 1211–1236.
Fernandez, M. A. Ciferri, R. R., Patussi, E. V., Pereira, M. F., Felipes, J., Bravo, J. P.,
Zanatta, D. B., Gouveia, F. S., Balani, V. A. (2005). A utilizacao da biotecnologia
na sericulture brasileira: analise molecular do banco de germoplasma de B. mori da
cocamar- cooperative agroindustrial. Biotec. Ceincia e D Esenvol., 35: 52-57.
292
Flipsen, J. T. M., Mertenes, J. W. M., Van Orers, M. M., Vlak, J. M. and VanLent, J. N.
M. (1995). Transmission from primary to secondary infection of AcNPV in midgut of
Spodoptera exigua larvae. Virol., 208: 328-335.
Folch, J. M., Lees, M. P., and Stane-Stanely, G. H. (1957). A simple method for isolation
and purification of total lipids from animal tissues. J. Biol. Chem., 226: 497-509.
Folin, O. and Denis, W. (1915). A colorimetric estimation of phenols and phenol derivative
in urine. J. Biol. Chem., 22: 305-308.
Foster, M. A., Schultz, J.C., Hunter, M. D. (1992). Modeling gypsy moth–virus–leaf
chemistry interactions: implications of plant quality for pest and pathogen dynamics.
J. of Animal Ecol., 61: 509–520.
Fouillaud, M. and Morel, G. (1994). Characterization of cytoplasmic and nuclear
polyhedrosis virus recovered from the nest of Polietes herbraous F. (Hymenoptera:
Vaspidae). J. Invertebr. Pathol., 64: 89.
Francki, R. I. B., Fauquet, C. M. Knudson, D. L., Brown, F. (1991). Classification and
nomenclature of viruses. Fifth report on the international committee on Taxonomy of
Viruses. Arch, Virol. Suppl.2. Springer-Verlag, Wein/New York, NY.
Fransico, C., Hernandez, D., Gallegos, G., Mendez, M., Rodriguze, A. R. and Aguilar,
C. N. (2010). In vitro antifungal activity of plant extracts obtained with alternative
organic solvents against Rhizoctoni solani Kuhn. Indus. Crops. And Products., 32:
324-328.
Fujioka, T., Kashiwada, Y. (1994). Anti-AIDS agents Betulinic acid and platanic acid as
anti-HIV principles from Syzigium claviflorum, and the anti-HIV activity of
structurally related triterpenoids. J. Nat. Prod., 57: 243–247.
Furuichi, Y. (1974). “Methylation-coupled” transcription of virus associated transcriptase of
cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus containing double stranded RNA. Nucleic Acid. Res.,
1: 809.
Furuichi, Y. and Mura, K. (1975). A blocked structure at the 5’ terminus of m RNA from
cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus. Nature., 253: 374.
293
Furusawa, T. and Kawase, S. (1973). Virus specific RNA synthesis in the midgut of
silkworm, Bombyx mori, infected with cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus. J. Invertebr.
Pathol., 22: 335.
Fuxa, J. R. and Richter, A. R. (1993). Lack of vertical transmission in Anticarsia
gemmatalis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) nuclear polyhedrosis virus, a pathogen not
indigenous to louisiand. Environ. Entomol., 22: 425-431.
Fuxa, J. R., Richter, A. R. Ameen, A. O. and Hammock, B. D. (2002). Vertical
transmission of TnSNPV, TnCPV and AcMNPV and possibly recombinant NPV in
Trichoplusia ni.J. Invertebr. Pathol., 79(1): 44-50.
Fuxa, J. R., Sun, J. Z., Wieidner, E. H. and Lamotte, L. R. (1999). Stressors and rearing
disease of Trichoplusia ni: Evidence of Vertical transmission of NPV and CPV. J.
Invertebr. Pathol, 74: 149-155.
Gabriel, B. P. (1959). Fungus infection of insect via the alimentary canal. J. of Insect
pathol., 1: 319-330.
Gallo, R. L. and Huttner, K. M. (1998). Antimicrobial peptides : an emerging concept in
cutanious biology. J. Invest. Dermatol., 111: 739-743.
Gamo, T. (1976). Recent concepts and trends in silkworm breeding. Farmong, Jap., 10(6):
11-12.
Ganga, G. and Chetty Sulochana, J. (1997). An introduction to sericulture. 2nd ed. Oxford
and ZBH publishing Co. Pvt. Ldt. New Delhi, India.
Ganga, G. and Chetty, S. (1992). Disease and pests of Bombyx mori, In: An Introduction to
Sericulture, published by Raju Primalani for oxford and IBH Publishing Co Pvt Ltd,
6b, Janpath, New Delhi, India.
Ganga, G. and Chetty, S. J. (2004). An introduction to Sericulture (Second edition). Oxford
and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., 111-122.
Gangopadhyay, D. (2008). India, Science and Technology: S and T for rural India and
Inclusive Growth-Sericulture industry in India- A review.
294
Ganz, T. and Lehrer, R. (1997). Antimicrobial peptides of leukocytes. Curropin hematol.,
4: 53-58.
Ganz, T., Selsted, M. E. and Lehrer, R. I. (1986). Antimicrobial activity of Phagocyte
granule proteins. Semin Respire Infect., 1: 107-117.
Garcia-Graells, C., Masschalck, B. and Michiels, C. (1999). Inactivation of Escherichia
coli in milk by high hydrostatic pressure treatment in combination with antimicrobial
peptides. J. food prot., 62: 1248-1254.
Gary, S. M. and Douglass, M. J. (1979). Fungal susceptibility testing, In: Mycology for the
Clinical Laboratory Practices, Reston Publishing Company inc, apprentice-hall
company, Reston, Virginia, 257-278.
Gaugler, R., Costa, S. D., Jashombh, J. (1989). Stability and efficacy of Beauveria
bassiana soil inoculation. Environ. Entomol., 18: 412-441.
Gill, S. S. (1992). The mode of action of Bacillus thuringiensis endotoxin. Ann. Rev.
Entomol., 37: 615-636.
Gillespire, J. P., Kanost, M. R. and Trenczek, T. (1997). Biological mediators of insect
immunity. Ann. rev. of Entom., 42: 611-643.
Gilmour, D. (1965). The biochemistry of Insects, Academic press: New York.
Ginjaman, G. and Simte, H. (1990). Studies on nuclear polyhedrosis in silkworm Bombyx
mori L, STS-Dissertation submitted to International Centre for Training and Research
in Tropicla Sericulture, CSR and TI, Mysore., 1-31.
Girish Sohani and Kamate, I. A. (1993). Sericulture development in nontraditional area.
Sponsored by CSB and NABARAD.
Gotz, P. and Boman, H. G. (1985). Insect immunity. In: sinology, Comprehensive insect
physiology biochemistry and pharmacology. G. A. Kertut, L. I. Gillbert, Eds., Pergamon
Press, Oxford, 454-485.
Gotz, p. and Vey, A. (1987). Humoral encapsulation in insect. In: Haemocytic and humoral
immunity in arthropods. A. P. Gupta, Ed., Wiley Interscience, New York., 407-430.
295
Gotz, P., Enderlein, G. and Roettgen, I. (1987a). Immune reaction of chiromonus larvae
(Insecta: Diptera) against bacteria. J. Insect. Physiol., 3: 993-1004.
Govindon, R. and Devaiah, M. C. (1995). Bacterial flacherie ofsilkworm, Silkworm
Pathology Tchnical Bulletin., 3: 1-169.
Govindon, R. Narayanaswamy, T. K. and Devaiah, M. C. (1998). Principles of Silkworm
pathology, SERI Scientific Publishers, Bangalore.
Govindon, R., Veerash, G. K., Shyamala, M. B., Devaiah, M. C., Narayanswami, T. K.
and Lakshmikantha Sastry, M. N. (1990). Effect of simultaneous infection of
silkworm Bombyx mori L with Kenchu virus and Staphylococcus aureus rosenbach,
Ind J. Seric., 29: 273-278.
Grace, O. O. and Ogunlana, E. O. (1986). A study of the antibacterial activity of the
essential oil of lemon grass (Cymbopogon citrates (DC) stapf), Ind J Crude Druge
Res., 24: 64-68.
Granados, R. R. (1978). In “Replication phenomena of insect viruses In vivo and in vitro” in
proceedings of the conference on safety. Aspects of baculoviruses as biological
pesticides Jullinch, FRG. Nov: 13-15.
Granados, R. R. and Lawler, K. A. (1981). In vivo pathways of AcNPV invasion and
infection. Virol., 108(2): 297-308.
Granados, R. R., MC Carthy, W. J. and Naughton, M. (1974). Replication of a
cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus in established cell lines of Trichoplusia ni.
Virology., 59: 584.
Grancher-Barry, S., Bovisvert and Belloncik, S. (1981). Electrophoritic characterization of
protien and RNA of cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (CPV) from Euxoa scandens.
Arch. Virol.,70: 55-61.
Grula, E. A., Burton, R. L., Smith, R., Maps, T. L., Cheung, P. Y. R., Pekrul, S.,
Champlin, F. R., Grula, M., Abegar, B., (1978). Biochemical basis for the
pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana. In: C. M. Ignoffo (ed.), Microbiological control
of insect pests: Production, selection and standardization of entomopathogenic fungi.
296
Proc. Inst. Joint USA/USSR conference on project V (01.005), Amer. Soc. Microbial
Washington, DC., 192-209.
Gupta, A. P. (1979). Insect haemocytes: Development, Forms, Functions and Techniques.
Cambridge University Press, New York., 614.
Gupta, A. P. (1985). Cellular elements in the haemolymph, In: A. P. Gupta (ed.).
Comprehnsive Insect Physilogy, Biochemistry and Pharmacology. Pergaman Press.,
3:402-444.
Gupta, B. L., Dow, J. A. T., Hall, T. A. and Harrvey, W. R. (1985). Electron prob x-ray
microanalysis of the effect of Bacillus thuringiensis var. Kurstaki Crystal protein
insecticides on ions in an electrogenic K+ transporting epithelium of the larval midgut
in the lepidopteran, Manduca sexta in vitro. J. Cell Sci., 74: 237-255.
Gururaj, C. S. (1996). Studies on the physiology and biochemistry of NPV infected
silkworm, Bombyx mori L. Ph.D. Thesis, Banglore University, 1-190.
Gururaj, C. S., Sekharappa, B. M. and Sarangi, S. K. (1999). An improved per oral
inoculation technique in the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. and determination of LD50
for NPV. Bull. Indian Seric., 3(2): 7-11.
Gururaj, C. S., Sekharappa, B. M. Sarangi, S. K. (1999a). Efffect of BmNPV infection on
the digestive enzyme activity in the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. Indian J Seric., 38:
102-106.
Gururaj, C. S., Shekharappa, B. M. and Sarangi, S. K. (1999b). Metabolic profile of the
target tissue in silkworm, Bombyx mori, infected with BmNPV. Indian. J. Seric.,
38(2): 89-94.
Harpaz, I., Zloltkin, E. and Benshaked, Y. (1965). On the pathology of cytoplasmic and
nuclear polyhedrosis of the Cyprus processionary caterpillar, Thaumentopoea
Wilkinsoni tams. J. Invert. Pathol., 7: 15-21.
Harrap, K. A. (1973). Virus infection in invertebrates. In: viruses and invertebrate (Gibbs,
A. J. ed.). North Hollant Publishing Co. Amersterdam., 271-299.
297
Harrap, K. and Longworth, J. (1974). An evalution of purification method for Baculovirus.
J. Invertebr. Pathol., 24: 55-62.
Hartman, E. (1931). A Flacherie disease of silkworm caused by Bacillus bombysepticus
Lignan. Science journal., 10: 279-289.
Hasegawa,H. S., Matsumiya, M. Ya M., Uchiyama, T., Kurokawa Y., Inouye, R.,
Kasai, S., Ishibashi,K., Yamasaki (1994). Inhibitory effect of some triterpenoid
saponins on glucose transport in tumor cells and its application to in vitro cyto, toxic
and antiviral activities. Planta Med., 6: 240–243.
Hatakeyama, Y., Bansal, A. K., Iwano, N., Kawakami, Y. and Ishihara, R. (2000).
Charactrization of SSU rRNA sequence of new microsporodium Nosema Sp.
(Nosemitidae: Microsporidae) isolated from Antherea mylitta D. (Lepidoptera:
Saturnidae) in india. Ind. J. Seric., 39(2): 131-134.
Hayashiya, K. J., Nishida, J. and Matsubara, F. (1968). Inactivation of nuclaer
polyhedrosis virus in the digestive antiviral activities in the digestive juice of larvae
reared on natural and artificial diets. Jpn. J. Appl. Ent. Zool., 12: 189-193.
Hayet, E., Maha, M., Samia, A., Mata, M., Gros, P., Raida, H., Ali, M. M. Mohamed, A.
S., Gutmann, L., Mighri, Z and Mahjoub, A. (2008). Antibacterial, antioxidant and
antiviral activities of Retama raetam (Forssk.) webb flowers growing in Tunisia.
World J. Micro. Biotech., 24: 2933-2940.
Hegde, S. N. and Krishnamurthy, N. B. (1980). Ontogenetic differentiation of alkaline and
acid phosphatases in two races of silkworm B. mori (L). The Ind. Zool. 8: 457-470.
Heimpel, A. M. and Angus, T. A. (1963). Disease caused by certain spores forming
bacteria. In: Insect pathology (Steinhaus, E. A., ed.) Academic press., 2: 21-23.
Heirson, A., Siden, I., Kivaisi, A. and Boman, H. G. (1986). Bacteriophage-resistance
mutant of Bacillus thuringiensis with decreased virulance in pupae of Hyalophora
cercopia. J. Bacteriol., 167: 18-24..
298
Hill, C. L., Booth, T. F., Prasad, B. V., Grimes, J. M., Mertens, P. P., Sutton, G. C. and
Stuart, D. I. (1999). The structure of a cypovirus and the functional organisation of
ds RNA viruses. Nat. Struct. Biol., 6: 565-568.
Hisao and Aruga (1994). Principles of sericulture, Oxford and IBH publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd,
Tech Ed: D. Mahadevappa, Translated by Alamelu Gopal, New Delhi, India.
Hiyoshi, M., Kageshima, A., Kato, T. and Park, E. Y. (2009).Construction of cysteine
protease dificient Bombyx mori multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus bacmid and its
application to improve expression of fusion protein. J. Zool. Res., 23-34.
Hoffmann, C., Vanderbruggen, H., Hoefte, H., Van Rir, J., Jansens, S. and Van
Mellart, H. (1988). Specificity of Bacillus thuringiensis delta –endotoxin is
correlated with the presence of high affinity binding sites in the brush border
membrane of target insect midgut. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 85: 7844-7848.
Holmes, I. H. (1991). Classification and nomenclature of viruses. Fifth report of the
International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Arch. Virol. Suppl., 2: 186-205.
Hoover, K., Yee J. L., Schultz, C.M., Rocke, D.M., Hammock, B.D., Duffey, S.S. (1998).
Effects of plant identity and chemical constituents on the efficacy of a baculovirus
against Heliothis virescens. J. of Chemical Ecology., 24: 221–252.
Horie, Y. and Watanabe, H. (1980). Recent advances in Sericulture. Annu. Rev. Entomol.,
25: 49-71.
Horohov, D. W. and Dunn, P. E. (1983). Phagocytosis and nodule formation by hemocytes
of manduca sexta larvae following injection of pseudomonas aeruginosa. J. invertebr.
Pathol., 41: 203-213.
Horrtan, H. M. and Burand, J. P. (1993). Saturable attachment sites for polyhedra derived
Baculovirus on insect cells and evidence for entry through direct membrane fusion.
J.Virol., 67: 1860-1868.
Hosaka, Y. and Aizawa, K. (1964). The fine structure of cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus of
the silkworm Bombyx mori L. J. Insect. Pathol., 6: 53-77.
299
Hou, R. F. and Young, J. C. (1986). Antiviral protien in midgut of the silkworm, Bombyx
mori fed on different food source. Entomologia. Exp. Appl., 42: 3-8.
Huber, H. E. and Luthy, P. (1981). Bacillus thuringiensis delta endotoxin: Composition
and activation. In: Pathogenesis of Invertebrate Microbiol diseases (Davidson, E. W.
eds.), Allanheld. Osmum Publisher. Totowa, Nj, 209-234.
Hubschman, J. N. (1962). A modified Azan Staining Technique for Inclusion Body Viruses.
Stain technol., 37: 379-380.
Hukuhara, T. (1985). Pathology associated with cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus. In: Virus
insecticides for biological control (Aruga, H. and Tanada, Y.eds.). Academic press,
New York., 121-161.
Hukuhara, T. and Bohami, J. R. (1991). Reoviridae. In : Atals of invertebrate (Adams, J.
R. and Bohami, J. R. eds.), CRC press, Inc. Boca. Raton, Fla., 394-430.
Hukuhara, T. and Midorikawa, M. (1983). Pathogesis of cytoplasmic polyhedrosis in the
silkworm. In double stranded RNA virus (Compans, R. W. and Bishop, D. H. L.
eds.). Elsevier Biochemical. New York., 405-415.
Hultmark, D., Engstrom, A., Anderson. K., Steiner, H., Bennich. H., and Boman, H. G.
(1983). Insect immunity. Attacins, a family of antibacterial proteins from Hyalophora
cecropia. EMBO J., 2: 571-576.
Humason, G. L. (1963). Animal tissue techniques. W. H. Freeman and Company.
Hung, Chun-Nu., Lin-Tai Lung and Lee, Wang-yung, (2000). Morphology and
ultastructure of the alimentary canal of oriental fruit fly, Bacrocera dorsalis the
structure of midgut. Zool. Stud., 39: 384-394.
Hurliman, R. F. and Chen, P. S., (1974). Ontogenetische Veranderungen des
enzymmusters in der haemolymphe von Phormia rigina. Revue. Swisse. Zoology.,
81: 648-654.
Hutchins, R. F. N. and Martin M. M. (1968). The lipids of the common house cricket,
Achetadomesticlls L.-II. Hydrocarbons. Lipids., 3: 250-255.
300
Ibrahim, H., Higashiguchi, S., Koketsu, M., Juneja, F., Kim, M., Yamamoto, T.,
Sugimoto, Y. and Aoki, T. (1996). Partially unfolded lysozymes at neutral pH
agglutinartes and kills gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria through membrane
damage mechanism. J. Agric. Food Chem., 44: 3799-3806.
Illahi, I., Natraju, B., Khan, M. A. and Dandin, S. B. (2003). Nucleopolyhedrosis of
mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori L. an over view. Bull. Ind. Acad. Seri., 7(2): 1-16.
Ingalhalli, S. S., Savanurmath, C. J., Hichigeri, S. B. (1995). Carbohydrate contents in the
primary active sites of nuclear polyhedrosis infection in the army worm Mythimna
(pseudaletia) separate. Ento., 20: 49-51.
Inoue, H. and Tanda, Y. (1977). Thermal therapy of the flacherie virus desease in the
silkworm, B. mori L. J. of Invertebr Pathol., 29:63-68.
Inoue, H., Miyagawa, M. (1978). Regeneration of midgut epithelial cells in the silkworm,
Bombyx mori L. infected with viruses. J. invertebr. Pathol., 32: 373-380.
Inoue, N., Hanada, K., Natoshi, T., Igarashi, I., Nagasawa, H., Mikami, T. anf Eujisaki,
K. (2001). Characterization of phagocytic haemiocytes in ornithodoros moubata
(Acari:Ixodidae). J. of Med. Entom., 35(4): 514-519.
Isaiarasu, L., Sakthivef, N., Ravikumar, J. and Samuthiavelu, P. (2011). Effect of herbal
extracts on the microbial pathogens causing flacherie and muscardine disease in the
mulberry silkworm, Bombyx mori L. J. of Biopest., 4(2): 150-155.
Islam, A. and Roy, S. (1983). Variations of protein and nucleic acids during larval
development sof Chironomus burbatitarsis in normal and aposymbiotic conditions.
Curr. Sci., 52(4): 174-175.
Ito, T. and Horie, Y. (1959). Carbohydrate metabolism of the midgut of the silkworm,
Bombyx mori. L. Archives of biochemistry and biophysics., 80: 174-176.
Iwashita, Y. and Seki, H. (1973). The development of cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus in the
midgut of the embryo and the young silkworm, Bombyx mori L. Bull. Cool. Agric.
Utsunomiya, Univ., 8: 27-42.
301
Jacob, A. (1972). Studies on the nuclear polyhedrosis of three species of Lepidoptera. Ph.D.
thesis. Tamilnadu Agriculture University, India. J. Insect.Morph, Embryol., 11: 173-188.
Jain, S., Yadav, P. P., Gill, V., Vasudeva, G. and Singala, N. (2009). Terminalia arjuna a
sacred medicinal plant : phytochemical and pharmacological profile. Phytochem Rev.,
8: 491-502.
Jameson, A. (1984). Report on the disease of silkworm in India, International Books and
Periodicals supply service, 24B/5, Deshbandhu gupat road, Karol Bagh, New Delhi,
57-60.
Janakiraman, A. T. (1961). Disease affecting the Indian silkworm races (Rerve ver soic), J.
silkworm., 13: 91-101.
Janovska, D., Kubikova, K. and Kokoska, L. (2003). Screening for antimicrobial activity
of some medicinal plants species of traditional Chinese medicine. Czech. J, Food.
Sci., 21(3): 107-110.
Jasper, C. M. and Percival, A. H. (1958). The antimicrobial activity of perfume oils, J.
Amer Pharm Asso., 48: 471-477.
Javaregowda and Visweswaragowda (1993). Effect of ultraviolet light (UVL) treatment on
the inactivation of the fungus Beauveria bassiana (Bals) Vuill, Infecting the silkworm
Bombyx mori L. Entomon., 33(1): 41-47.
Jayanath, K. P., Gangavisalakhy, P. N., Ghosh, S. K. and Malvika choudhary (1997).
Fertility of biological control of parthenium hysterophorus by Zygogramma
bicolorata in the flight of the controversy due to its feeding on sunflower. First
International conference on Biosduval M. Sc. (Seric.) Thesis University of
Agricultural Science, Dharwad
Jayaprakash Rao, M. (1998). Effect of few botanicals and iodine compounds on the
economic traits of Eri silkworm, Samia Cynthia ricini Boisdual, M.SC. (Sericulture)
thesis, University of Agriculture Science, Dharwad.
Jayaramaiah, M. (1981). Studies on the entomogenous fungus, Beauveria brongniaartii
(Sacc) petch, in relation to white grub Holotrichia seraea fab and silkworm Bombyx
302
mori L and possibilities of its use in the management of the white grub, Ph. D. thesis,
Univ. Agric. Sci. Banglore., 246.
Jayaramaiah, M. and Kuberappa, G. C. (1978). Sikworm mycoses UAS Technical report,
University of Agriculutral Sciences, Hebbal Bangalore., 48: 1-85.
Jayramaiah, M., Kuberrappa, G. C. Devaiah, M. C. and Kotikal, Y. K. (1986). White
muscardine disease of silkworm and its management, Indian silk., 15-16.
Jazani, N. H., Zartoshi, M. BabaZadeh, H., Ali-daiee, S. Zarrin and Hosseini, S. (2009).
Antibacterial eefects of Iranian fennel essential oil on isolates of Acinetobacter
baumannii. Pak. J. of Biol. Sci., 12: 738-741.
Jespers, A. B. K. and Waard, M. A. (1993). Natural products in plant protection. Eur. J.
Plant Pathol., 99: 109-117.
Jeyapaul, C., Padmalatha, C., Rajit Singh, A. J. A., Murugesan, A. G. and
Dhasarathan, P.(2003). Effect of plant extracts on nutritional efficiency in Mulberry
silkworm, Bombyx mori L. Indian J. Secric., 34(2): 128-131.
Jhanshi Lakshmi VVNS and Kaiser Jamil (2002). Biochemical basis for the occurrence of
microbial diseases in silkworm Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) J. Ent.
Res., 26(1): 11-22.
Jhanshi Lakshmi, VVNS and Kaiser Jamil (2000). Biochemical changes and diagnosis of
microsporodial disease (Pebrine) of silkworm Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera: Bomby
cidae). J. Ent. Res., 24(4): 301-310.
Jhanshi Lkshmi, (2003). Ultrastructural studies on tissues of the silkworm, Bombyx mori L.
infected with B. bassiana (Balsamo) Vuilemin. Thesis submitted to padmavati mahila
vishwavidyalayam, tirupati, India.
Jhansi Lakshmi, V. V. N. S., Jamil, K., Venkaiah, K., Bharati, D. and Kumar, Satya, D.
V. R. (2005). Differential susceptibility of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. races white
muscardine desease caused by Beauveria bassiana (Bals.)Vuill. Entom. 30(1): 13-18.
303
Jimenez, G., Hasegawa, M., Rodriguez, M., Estrada, O., Mendez, A. C., Gonzalez-
Mujica, Motta, N., Vasquen, J. and Romero-Vecchione, E. (2001). Biological
screening of plants of the Venezuelan Amazons. J. of Ethono.77: 77-83.
John, A. and Muralledharan, D. (1993). Hormonal modulation of glycogen reserve in the
fat body of caster semilloper Achaea janata L. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J. Biosci.,
18(2): 261-270.
Jolly, M. S. (1987). Appropriate Sericulture Techniques, published by Director, International
centre for training and research in Tropical Sericulture., Mysore, India.
Jolly, M. S. and Sen, S. K. (1972). Infection of Antheraea mylitta (D.) (Lepidoptera:
Saturnidae) By microsporodia Nosema, Sp. Ind. J. Seric., 11(2): 52-57.
Jones, G. A., McAllister, T. A., .Muir, A. D. and Cheng, K. J. (1994). Effects of Seinfoin
(Onobrachys viciifolia Scope) condenced tannins on growth and proteolysis by four
strains of ruminal bacteria. Appl. Env. Microbial., 60: 1374-1378.
Kaaya, G. P. (1993). Inducibal humoral antibacterial immunity in insects. In insects
Immunity (J. P. N. Pathak, ed). Oxford and IBH publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. 69-89.
Kadwey, M. (2009). Studies on the effect of pathogens on some vital organs of tropical
Tasar silkworm Antherea mylitta (D) (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) Ph. D. Thesis
Rashtrasanth Tukdoji Maharaj, Nagpur University, Nagpur.
Kagawa, T., (1980). The efficacy of formalin as disinfectant of Nosema bombysis spores. J.
Seric. Sci. Jpn., 49: 218-222.
Kanaya, A. and Kobayashi, J. (2000). Purification characterization of an insect
haemolymph protien promoting in Vitro replication of the Bombyx mori
Nucleopolyhedrosis. J. Gen. Virol., 81: 1135-1141.
Kannan, P., Ramadevi, S. R. and Hopper, Waheeta H. (2009). Antibacterial activity of
Terminalia chebula fruit extract. Afric. J. Of microbial. Res., 3(4): 180-184.
304
Karodi, R., Jadhav, M., Rub, R. and Bafna, A. (2009). Evaluation of the wound healing
activity of a crude extracts of Rubia cordifolia L. (Indian Madder) in mice. Inter. J, of
App. Res. In Natr. Prod., 2(2): 12-18.
Kawakami Kiyoshi (1973). Studies on the muscardine disease of the silkworm Bombyx mori
L with special reference to the invasion of causative fungi and pathological changes
in infected larva, Bull Sericul Exp Sta., 25(5): 369-370.
Kawakami, K. and Mikuni, T. (1973). Studies on the causative fungi of Aspergillus disease
of the silkworm larvae II. Resistance to mercuric fungicides, and susceptibility in
each larval stage of the silkworm to the infection of Aspergillus isolates collected
from co-operative rearing house of young silkworm larvae, Bull. Seric. Expt. stn., 26:
58-77.
Kawanishi, C. Y., Summers, M. D., Stoltz, D. B. and Arnott, J. H. (1972). Entry of an
insect virus In vivo by fusion of viral envelope and microvillus membrane. J.
Invertebr. Pathol., 20: 104-108.
Kawase, S. (1965). Free amino acid in the haemolymph and midgut epithelium of the
silkworm, Bombyx mori, infected with cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus. J. Invertbr.
Pathol., 7: 113-116.
Kawase, S. and Hayashi, H. (1965a). Nuclic acid and protien changes in the blood and
midgut of the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. during the course of cytoplasmic
polyhedrosis virus. J. Invetebr. Pathol., 7: 49.
Kawase, S. and Kawamori, I. (1968). Chromatographic studies on RNA synthesis in the
midgut of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, infected with cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus.
J. Invertebr. Pathol., 12: 295.
Kawase, S. and Miyajima, S. (1969). Immunoflorescence studies on the multiplication of
cytoplasmic polhedrosis virus of the silkworm Bombyx mori L. J. Invertebr. Pathol.,
13: 330.
305
Kawase, S. Stuo C, Ayuzawa C, Inoue H (1974). Chemical properties of infectious
flacherie virus of the silkworm, Bombyx Mori (L). (Lepidoptra : Bombycidae)
Appl.Ent. Zoo., l9: 100-101.
Keating, B., Polnarev, A., Steinberger, J., Timbie, P. (1998). J. Invet Pathol ApJ., 495-
580
Keating, S. T., Hunter, H. D. and Schultz, J. C. (1990). Leaf phenolic inhibition of gypsi
moth nuclear polyhedrosis virus and role of polyhedral inclusion body aggregation. J.
Chem. Ecol., 16: 1445-1457.
Keating, S. T., Yendol, W. G. and Schultz, J. C. (1988). Relationship between
susceptibility of gypsy moth larvae, Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)
to a baculovirus and host plant foliage constituents. Environ. Entomol., 17: 952-983.
Kemal, B. (2000). Effects of some antimicrobial agents on the total protein content of the
endoparasitoid Pimpla turionellae L. (Hyminoptera : Ichneumonidae). Turk J. Zool.,
26: 101-109.
Kempraj, V., Bhat, S. K. (2010). Bacteriostatic potential of Argemone Mexicana Linn.
Against eteropathogenic bacteria. Indian j. of natural products and resources., 1(3):
338-341.
Khalequzzaman, M. and Sultana, S. (2006). Insecticidal activity of Annona squamosa L.
seed extracts against the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (herbst). J. Bio. Sci.,
14: 107-112.
Khurad, A. M., Kanginakudru, S., Qureshi, S. O., Rathod, M. K., Rai. M. M. and
Nagraju, J. (2006). A new Bombyx mori larval ovarian cell line highly susceptible to
nucleopolyhedrovirus. J. invert. Pathol., 92: 59-65.
Khurad, A. M., Mahulikar, A., Rathod, M. K. and Rai . M. M. (2005). Infection of
nucleopolyhedrovirus in the larval rudiments of gonads of silkworm, Bombyx mori L.
Indian J. Seric., 44(2): 159-164.
Khurad, A. M., Mahulikar, A., Rathod, M. K., Rai, M . M., Kanginakudru, S. and
Nagraju, J. (2004). Vertical transmission of nucleopolyhedrosis in the silkworm,
Bombyx mori L. J. Invert. Pathol., 87: 8-15.
306
Kilby, B. A. (1963). The biochemistry of insects fatbody. Adv. Insect. Pathol., 1: 74.
Kilby, B. A. (1965). Intermediary metabolism and the insect fatbody. Biochem. Soc. Sym.,
25: 39-48.
Kilby, B. A., (1957). The biochemistry of insect fat body. Advance insect physiology.,
112-123.
Kim, J. , Marshall and Wei (1995). Antibacterial property of some essential oil compounds
against five foods born pathogen. J. Agric. Food. Chem., 43: 2839-2843.
Kiran Kumar, K. P., Singh, G. P., Sinha, A. K., Madhusudhan, K. N. and Prasad, B. C.
(2012). Antiviral action of certain medicinal palnts against AmCPV and their effect
on cellular and biochemical changes in tasar silkworm, Antheraea mylitta D. J. of
Medicinal. Plant., 6(1): 92-99.
Kishor, N., Dubey, N. K., Tripathi, R. D. and Singh, S. K. (1982). Fungitoxic activity of
leaves of some higher plants, National academy of Sci. letters., 5(1): 9-12.
Kloucek, P. Svobodova, B., Polesny, Z., Langrova, I., Smrcek, S. and Kokoska, L.
(2007). Antimicrobial activity of some medicinal barks used in Peruvian Amazon. J.
of Pharm. 111: 427-429.
Knowels, B. M., Thomas, W. E. and Ellar, D. J. (1984). Lectin like binding of Bacillus
thuriengensis var Kurstaki lepidopteran specific. FEBS. Microbial. Lett., 168: 192-
202.
Knowles, B. H. (1994). Mechanism of action of Bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxin. Adv.
Insect Physiol., 24: 275-308.
Knowles, B. H. and Dow, J. A. T. (1993). The crystal delta-endotoxin of Bacillus
thuringiensis: Model for their mechanism of action on the insect gut. Bio assay., 15:
409-476.
Kobayashi, M. (1971). Replication of cytoplasmic polhedrosis virus observed with the
electron microscopy in : the cytoplasmic polyhedrosis of the silkworm (Aruga, H. and
Tanada, Y. eds.) University of Tokyo press.Tokyo., 103-127.
307
Kobayashi, M. (1972). Penetration of polyhedrosis viruses into cultures midgut cells of the
silkworm, Bombyx mori. J. Seric.Sci.Jpn., 41: 1-6.
Kobayashi, M. and Kawase, S. (1981). Quantitative analysis of the metabolism in the
isolated pupal abdomen of the silkworm, Bombyx mori infected with nuclear
polyhedrosis virus. J.invertbr. Pathol., 38: 4-11.
Kobayashi, M., Tanaka, K. and Ishikawa, M. (1983). Relationship between thr
occurrence of the nuclear polyhedrosis in Antherea yamamai and contamination of
polyhedra in the soil. J. Seric.Sci. Jpn., 52: 324-329.
Kosar, M., Bozan, B., Temelli, F. and Baser. K. H. C. (2007). Antioxident activity and
phenolic composition of sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) extracts. Food Chmemistry., 103:
952-959.
Koussi, K.C., Lorenzetti, F., Guertin, C., Cabana, J., Mauffette, Y. (2001). Variation in
the susceptibility of the forest tent caterpillar to Bacillus thuringiensis variety kurstaki
HD-1: effect of the host plant. J. of Econ. Entom., 94:1135–1141.
Krieg, A. (1961). Grundlagen der insekten pathogenic wiss. Forschungsber. Naturw. Reihe.,
69: 1-304.
Krieg, A. (1961a). Bacillus thuriengensis Berliner. Mitt. Biol Bundesanstalt.
Landforestwirtsch, Berlin-Datilem, 103: 3-79.
Krishnaprasad, K. S. Siddaramaiah, A. L. and Srikant kulkarni. (1978). Laboratory
evalution of Bavistin against muscardine disease, Ind J. Seric., 17(1): 69-70.
Krishnaswami, S. (1973). Improved method of rearing young age silkworms, CSR and T I
Bulletin., No.3: 1-24.
Krishnaswami, S. (1978). New Technology of silkworm rearing. CSR and TI Bulletin., 2: 1-
23.
Krishnaswami, S. (1979). Improved method of rearing youngage silkworms, CSR and TI
Bulletin., 3: 1-24.
308
Krishnaswami, S., Narasinhanna, M. N., Suryanarayana, S. K. and Kumararaj, S.
(1987). Manual on silkworm rearing, Sericulure – Vol-2, FAO Agri Service Bull,
15/2, Central silk board, Banglore, Rome.
Kuberrappa, G. C. and Jayaramaiah, M. (1988). Effect of fungicidal application against
the white muscardine disease on the cocoon weight of the silkworm, Bombyx mori L,
Mysore J. Agric. Sci., 22(1): 42-47.
Kucera, M. (1971). J. Invertebr Pathol, 17: 211-215.
Kulkarni, A. P. and Mehrotrra, K. N. (1970). Amino acid, nitrogen and proteins in the
haemolymph of adult desert locusts, Schistocerca gregaria, J. Insect Physiol., 16:
2181-2199.
Kumar, P. P.Kumaravel, S. and Lalitha, C. (2007). Screening of antioxidant activity, total
phenolics andGC and MS study of Vitex negundo. African. J. Biochem. Res., 4(7):
191-195.
Kumar, R. S., Ramnathan, G., Subhakaran, M. and Inbaneson, S. J. (2009).
Antimicrobial compounds from marine halophytes for silkworm disease treatment.
Int. J. Med. Sci., 1: 184-191.
Kumar, V., Singh, G. H., Basui, A. M. Ahsam, M. M. and Datta, R. K. (1999).
Germination, Penetration and inavasion of Beauveria bassiana causing white
muscardine, the Italian J. of Zool., 66(1): 10-14.
Kumar, V., Tewari, S. K., Awasthi, A. K. (1994). Surface Ultrastructure of Beauveria
bassiana infecting silkworm Bombyx mori L. Cuurent Sci., 67: 546-547.
Kumaradoss, M., Raja, M. and Mishra, H. (2010). Comprehensive review of
Clerodendron phlomidis: A traditionally used bitter. Journal of Chinese Integrative
medicine., 8: 1-15.
Kumari, S. S., Subba Rao, S. V., Mishra, S. and Murthy, U. S. (2011). Antifungal activity
of Turbinaria conoides and Avaluation for the effective concentration against the
infection of Beauveria bassiana in silkworm larvae. Res. J. of Micro., 1-9.
309
Kuniyil Chandrasekharan and Byrappa Natraju, (2011). Beauveria bassiana
(Hyphomycetes: Moniliales) infection during ecdysis of silkworm Bombyx mori
(Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) Mun. Ent. Zool., 6(1): 312-316.
Lackie, A. M. (1980). Invertebrate immunity, Parasytology., 20: 393-412.
Laemmli, U. K. (1970). Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of
bacteriophage T4. Nature (London)., 227: 680-685.
Lang, C., Lau, H. Y. and Jefferson, D. J. (1965). Protein and nucleic acid changes during
growth and aging in the mosquito. Biochem. J., 95: 372-377.
Laszlo otvos, J. R. (2000). Antibacterial peptides isolated from insects. J. peptide Sci., 6:
497-511.
Latage, J. P., Sampedro, L., Brey, P., Daiquin, M. (1987). Aggressiveness of
Conidiobolus obscurcus against the pea aphid: influence of cuticular extracts on
blastospores germination of aggressive and non aggressive strains. J. Gen. Microbiol.,
133: 98-199.
Lavine, M. D. and Strand, M. R. (2002). Insect haemocytes and their role in immunity.
Insect. Biochem. Mol. Bol., 32(10): 1295-1309.
Lecadet, M. M. and martouret, D. (1967). The enzymatic hydrolysis of Bacillu
thuringiensis Berliner crystal and the liberation of toxic functions of bacterial origin
by the chyle of Pieris brassicae L. J. Invertebr. Pathol., 7: 105-108. Ber
Lecuona, R., Riba, G., Cassier, P., Clement J. L. (1991). Alteration of insect epicuticular
hydrocarbons during infection with Beauveria bassiana or B. brongniartii. J.
Invertebr. Pathol., 58 :10-18.
Lee, Y. and Fuxa, J. R. (2000). Transport of wild type and recombinant
nucleopolynedroviruses by scavenging and predatory arthropods. Microbial Ecology,
39(4): 301-313.
Lefebvre, C. L. (1934). Penetration and development of the fungus Beauveria bassiana, in
the tissues of the corn borer, Ann Bot (London)., 48: 441-452.
310
Lehane, M. J. (1997). Peritropic matrix structure and function. Annu. Rev. Entomo., 42(1):
525-552.
Lehane, M. J. and Aksoy, S. L. (2004). Blood immune responses and parasite transmission
in insects. Trends. In Parasitol., 29(9): 433-439.
Lehninger, (2001). Principal of Biochemistry: David Nelson ,Michael Cox(Ed)3rd edition
worth publishers New York., 233-239
Lehninger, A. L. (1982). Principles of biochemistry, worth publisher, Inc. New York.
Leopold, J. and Anna, Samsinakova (1970). Quantitative estimation of chitinase and
several other enzymes in the fungus B. bassiana, J. of Invert. Pathol., 15: 34-42.
Lereclus, D., Bourgouin, C., Lecadet, M. M., Klier, A. and Rapoport, G. (1989). Role ion
of structure and molecular organization of genes coding for the parasporal delta-
endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis. In: Regulat prokaryotic development (Smith, I.
Slepecky, R. A. and Setlow, P. eds.) American Society for Microbiology,
Washington, D. C., 255-276.
Levenbook, L. (1985). In comprehensive Insect Physiology, Biochemistry and
pharmacology, Kerkut, G. A. and Gilbert, L. I. (eds). Pergamon Press: Oxford., 307-
346.
Lewandowaski, L. J. and Leppla, S. H. (1972). Comparison of the termini of discrete
segments of the double stranded RNA genome of cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus
(CPV) and Reovirus. J. Virol., 10: 965-968.
Lewandowaski, L. J. and Traynor, B. L. (1972). Comparison of the structure and
polypeptide composition of three double stranded ribonucleic acid containing virus
(Diplornavirus): Cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus, Wound tumor virus and reovirus. J.
Virol., 10: 1053-1070.
Lewandowaski, L., Kalmakoff, J. and Tanada, Y. (1969). Characterization of Ribonucleic
acid polymerase activity associated with purified cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus of
the silkworm, Bombyx mori. J. Virol., 4(6): 857-865.
311
Lin, Y. Q. and Iwashita, Y. (1992). Histopathological investigation on the replication of
two nuclear polyhedrosis viruses of Anthearea yamamai and Spodoptera litura in
larvae of Antheraea yamamai, Antheraea pernyi and Spodoptera litura, J. Seric Sci
Jpn., 61(4): 295-299.
Lingoxygakis, P., Pelte, N., Ji, C., Leclerc, V., Duvic, B., Belcin, M., Jiang, H., Hoffman,
J. A. and Reichhart, J. M. (2002). Aserpin mutant links to activation to
melanization in the host defense to Drosophila. Embo. J., 21(23): 6330-6337.
Linzen, B. (1971): tryptophan metabolism in silkworm metamorphosis: changes in total
DNA, free amino acids and protein bound tryptophan. J. Insect Physiol., 17: 2005-
2016.
Liu, H. S. and Hou, R. F. (1985). Studies on inhibition of infection with nuclear
polyhedrosis virus by an ecdysteroid-containing agent in the silkworm Bombyx mori.
Chinese J. Entomol., 5: 23-30.
Liu, S. X. (1984). Identification on the resitance of Bombyx mori races to six types of
silkworm diseases. Seric., 24: 377-382.
Locke, M. and Collins, J. V. (1966). Sequentration of protein by the fat body of an insect.
Nature, Lond., 210: 552-553.
Locke, M. and Collins, J. V. (1967). Protein uptake in multivescular bodies in the molt-
intermolt cycle of an insect. Science, Wash., 155: 467-469.
Loria, R., Galaini, S. and Roberts, D. W. (1983). Survival of inoculums of the
entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana as influenced by fungicides, Env.
Entomol., 12(6): 1724-1726.
Lourens, A. C. O., Reddy, D., Baser, K. H. C., Viljoen, A. M. and Vuuren, S. F. V.
(2004). Invitro biological activity and essential oil composition of four indigenous
South African Helichrysum species. J. of Ethnopharm., 95: 253-258.
312
Lovgren, A., Zhang, J., Engstrom, M., Dalhammar, G. and Landen, R. (1990).
Molecular characterization of immune inhibiters A. A secreted virulence protease
from Bacillus thuringiensis. Mol. Microbiol., 4: 2137-2146.
Lowry, O. H., Roserbrough, N. J., Farra, L. and Randall, R. J. (1951). Protein
measurement with the folin phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem., 193: 265-275.
Lu Yup-Lian (1991). Silkworm diseases, Regional Sericulture Training Centre, Guangzhien,
China, FAO Agri. Serv. Bull., 14: 73-75.
Lucineia, D. F. C. R., Brancalhao, R. M. C., Torquato, E. F. B. and Fernandez, M. A.
(2009). Susceptabilty of the Bombyx mori L. Cardia cells to Nucleopolyhedrosis,
multiple subgroup, BmNPV. J. Of Invert. Pathol., 100: 195-198.
Maestri, A. (1856). Del giallume. In: Frammenti Anatomici Fisiologicie Patologici sul baco
da seta. Fusi, Pavia., 117–120.
Mahesha, H. B. and Honnaiah, S. (2002). Effect of cytoplasmic polyhedrosis on silkworm
(Bombyx mori L) and its transmission from generation to generation, J. Seric., 8-
10(1and 2): 38-43.
Mahulikar, A. (2003). Studies on the infectivity, pathology and transmission of nuclear
polyhedrosis virus (NPV) in silkworm, B. mori L. Thesis submitted to Nagpur
University, Nagpur.
Mak, P., Chmiel, D. and Gacek, G. J. (2001). Antibacterial peptides of the moth Galleria
mellonella. Acta Biochimica Polonica., 48 (4): 1191-1195.
Mallikarjuna, B. (1998). Studies on effect of systemic fungicide on pathological changes in
silkworms, infected with Beauveria bassiana, M. Sc. Dessertation, University of
Mysore, Mysore., 1-5.
Mallikarjuna, M., Balavenkatasubbaiah, M., Natraju, B. and Thiagarajan, V. (2002).
Effect of systematic fungicide on total haemocyte count and haemolymph
biochemical changes in silkworm, Bombyx mori L. infected with Beauveria bassiana.
Int.J. Indust. Entomol., 5(2): 189-194.
313
Mamadapur, B. B. (1994). Botanicals with IGR activity on Bombyx mori. L. M.Sc. (Agri)
thesis, USA, Dharwad., 111.
Manchev, M., Doneva, M. and Doneva, B. (1984). Attempts to use therapeutic agents
against diseases in the silkworm moth (Bombyx mori L), Vet Med Nauki ., 21: 91-95.
Manimegalai, S. A., Subramanian and N. Chandraram. (2000). Efficacy of bed
disinfectantas botanical against grasserie disease of silkworm, B. mori L. sericologia.,
40: 585-590.
Manimegalai, S. and Subramanium, A. (1999). Efficacy of bed disinfectant and botanicals
against grassrie disease of silkworm B. mori L. Prceeding of “National Seminar on
Tropcal Sericultur” held during 28-30th December., 338-340.
Manimegalai, S., Rajeswari, T., Shanmugam, R., Rajalakshmi, G. (2010) Botanicals
against Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus infecting three breeds of mulberry silkworm,
Bombyx mori L. J. of Biopest., 3 (1 Special Issue)., 242 – 245.
Maniraju, E. (2008). Relation among food consumption, conversion and cocoon production
in silkworm, Bombyx mori L. reared at different temperature. Directory of sericulture
projects. Inter. J. Indust. Entom., 7: 203-208.
Manjunatha Gowda (1994). Efficacy of some antifungal agents on aspergillosis of mulberry
silkworm caused by Aspergillus tamari kita, M. SC. (Seri) Thesis, University of
Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 77.
Manohar Reddy, B. (2006). Metabolic Modulations in various tissues of pre spinning. Silk
worm Bombyx mori (L) larvae during grasserie disease. Ph.D thesis submitted to SV
University Tirupati AP. India.
Manoharan, S. (1996). Evaluation of certain botanicals for the management of grasserie
disease of silkworm, bombyx mori L. M.Sc. (Sericulture) thesis, Tamilnadu
Agriculture University, Coimbatore, India. 89.
Manoharraj, K. S. (1994). Effect of certain botanicals on the nuclear polyhedrosis virus
disease of Bpmbyx mori L. M.Sc. (Sericulture) thesis, Tamilnadu Agriculture
University, Coimbatore, India. 62.
314
Marry Flora, C. A. and Samson, M. V. (1991). Studies on histological changes of NPV
infected tissues of silkworm, B. mori. Annual report, Central sericultural Research
and traning Institue, Mysore India., 53.
Marry Flora, C. A. and Samson, M. V. (1992). Studies on histopathological changes of
NPV infected tissue of Silkworm, Bombyx mori .Annual report, Central Sericultural
Research and training Institute, Mysor, India., 53.
Martignoni, M. E. (1964). Mass production of insect pathogens.In:De Bach P Ed. Biological
control of insect pest and weeds.Reinhold, New York., 579-609.
Martignoni, M. E. (1964a). Pathophysilogy in the insect. Annu. Rev. Entmol., 9: 179-206.
Martignoni, M. E. and Milstead, J. E. (1964). Hypoproteinemia in a noctuid larvae in the
course of nucleopolyhedrosis. J. Insect. Pathol., 6: 517-531.
Martin, M. D., Kinner, J. F. and Thomson, J. A. (1971). Developmental changes in the
larva of Calliphora stygia IV. Uptake of plasma protein by the fat body. Aust. J. Biol.
Sci. 24: 291-299.
Masera, E. (1952). About a practically unknown modality of the internal diffusion of the
muscardine, Beauveria bassiana Bals. Vuill. Revue Du A Soie., 4: 3-4.
Masoko, P., Picard, J. and Eloff, J. N. (2007). The antifungal activity of twenty-four
southern African Combretum species (Combretaceae). South African J. of Bot., 73:
173-183.
Mathavan, S., Sudha, P. M. and Muthu, S. P. (1991). Histological and histopathological
studies on midgut epithelium of Bombyx mori larvae affected by Bacillus sphaericus.
Seric., 31(3): 403-411.
Mathavan, S., Sudha, P. M. and Pethimuthu, S. M. (1989). Effect of Bacillus
thuringiensis israelensis on the midgut of Bombyx mori larvae: a histochemical and
histopathological study. J. Invetebr. Pathol., 53: 217-227.
Matindoost, L. (2006). Establishment and characterization of a new cell line from
embryonic tissue of Bombyx mori L. and its susceptibility to baculovirus (BmNPV).
M.sc. thesis on Entomology, the University of Guilan, Iran.
315
Matsumoto, T., Zhu, Y. F. and Kurisu, K. (1985). Mixed infection with infectious
flacherie virus and bacteria in Bombyx mori Larvae: a histochemical and
histopathological study, J. Invertebr Pathol., 53: 217-227.
Mau, J. L., Chen, C. P. and Hsieh, B. C. (2001). Antimicrobial activity of extracts from
Chinese Chive. J. Agric. Food. Chem., 49: 183-188.
Mazzone, H. M. (1985). Pathology associated with Baculovirus infection. In: Viral
insecticides for biological control, (Maramorosch, K. Sherman, K.E. eds.), Academic
Press, London.
Mcmanus, J. F. A. (1948). Histological and histochemical uses of periodic acid. Stain
technology., 23: 99-108.
Melendez, P. A. and Capriles, V. A. (2006). Antibacterial properties of tropical plants from
Puert rico. J.of Phyto., 13: 272-276.
Miao, Y. (2002). Studies on the activity of the alkaline phosphtase in the midgut of infected
silkworm, Bombyx mori L. J. Appl. Entomol., 126: 138-142.
Miao, Y. and Bharathi, D. (2008). Impact of Bacillus thuringiensis on protein and lipid
profiles in the midgut of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. J. of seric. Sci., 260-269.
Miao, Y. G., Zhao, A. C., Zhang, Y. S., Nakagaki, K., Meng, Y., Zhao, T. F. and
Nakagaki, M. (2006). Silkworm, Bombyx mori larvae expresed the spider silk protein
through a novel Bac-to-Bac/BmNPV baculovirus. J. Appl.Entomol. 130(5): 297-301.
Mine, E., Izumi, Si., Katsuki, M. and Tomio, S. (1983). Develop. Biol., 97: 329-337.
Miyadai, T. and Yamashita, O. (1980). Diapause hormone action in the silkworm, bombyx
mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae). Enhancement of trehalase activity in developing
overies inoculated in vitro. Appl. Ento. Zool., 15: 439-446.
Miyajima, S. (1975). Changes in virus infectivity titer in the haemolymph and midgut by
oral infection with cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus of the silkworm, Bombyx mori L.
Res. Bull. Aichi. Agric. Res. Ctr, D., 6: 19-26.
316
Miyajima, S. and Kawase, S. (1971). Multiplication of cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus In:
the silkworm cytoplasmic polyhedrosis of silkworms (Aruga, H. and Tanada, Y.
eds.), University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo, 129-148.
Miyajima. S. and Kawase, S. (1968). Changes in virus infectivity titer in the haemolymph
and midgut during the course of cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus of the silkworm. J.
Invertebr. Pathol., 12: 329-334.
Miyashita, Y. (1986). A report on mulberry cultivation and training methods suitable to
bivoltine rearing in Karnataka., 7-30.
Miyoshi, J. (1959). Changes in the haemolymph protein in Bombyx mori after infection with
flacherie diseases. J. Seric. Jpn., 28: 94-97.
Mohamed Ali, M. I. and Varma, R. V. (1994). Beauveria bassiana – A new insect
pathogen on Atteva fabriciella and its comparative efficacy with Paecilomyces
farinosus, Entomon, 19(3 and 4): 153-157.
Mohsenzadeh, M. (2007). Evaluation of antibacterial activity of selected Iranian Essential
oils against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in nutrient broth medium.
Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 10: 3693-3697.
Molon, C. R. (1989). In Vitro studies on Beauveria bassiana (Bals) Vuil, STS-Dissertation
submitted to International Centre for Training and Research in Tropical Sericulture,
CSR and TI, Mysore, India.
Morga, E. Q., Garcia, A. R., Alvarez, C. S. (2006). Laboratory evaluation of
entomopathogenic fungus Beaveria bassiana and Metarhisium anisoplae against
puparia and adults of ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tetritadae). J. Econ Entomol., 99:
1955-1966.
Mori, H. Kawase, S. and Bellonick, S. (1985). Absence of alkaline protease in cytoplasmic
polyhedral obtained from the cultured cell of Exuoa scandens (Lepidoptera:
Noctuidae). App. Entomol. Zool., 20: 498-506.
317
Morishima, I., Yamada, K. and Ueno, T. (1992). Bacterial peptidoglycans as elicitor of
antibacterial protein synthesis in larvae of the silkworm, B. mori L. Insect. Biochem.
Molec. Biol., 22: 363-367.
Moser, Bettina, A., James, J., Becuel, Susan, E., White, Claudio, A., Gerald, K., Savita,
S., and Ernesto, A. (2001). Morphological and molecular evidence that Culex
nigripalpus baculovirus is an unusal member of the family baculoviridae. J. Gen.
Virol., 82(2): 283-297.
Muller-Kogler, E., Zimmermann, G. (1986). Zur lebensdauer von Beauveria bassiana in
kontaminiertem bodem unter freiland and laboratoriumsbedingungen. Entomophaga.,
31: 285-292.
Mullins, D. E. (1985). Chemistry and physiology of haemolymph. In Copm. Insect. Physiol.
Biochem. Pharm. (Ed. By Kerku, G. A., Gilbert, L. F.) Pergamon Press, New York.,
3: 355-400.
Mummigatti, S. G. and Samson, M. V. (1980). A note on the growth of Beauveria bassiana
(Bals) Vuillemin in different media, Sericologia., 20(4): 324-325.
Munson, S. C. (1953). The haemocytes and pericardial cells and fat body. In insect
physiology. Edited by K. P. Roeder., 218-231
Murugan, K. Jeyabalan, D., Senthil Kumar, N., Sivaramkrishna, S., and Sivprakasam, N.
(1999). Growth promoting effect of plant compounds on silkworm, prceeding of
“National seminar on Tropical Sericulture” held during 28-30th December., 107-108.
Murugan, K., Jeyabalan, D., Senthil, K. N., Senthil, N. S., and Sivaprakasan, N. (1998).
Growth promoting effects of plant productions on silk worm. J. Sci. Ind. Res., 57:
740-745.
Nagata, M. and Kobayashi, M. (1990). Quantitative changes in storage proteins during
larval development of the silkworm, B. mori. The J. of Seric. Sci. of Jap., 59: 461-
468.
318
Narayanaswamy, T. K. and Govindon, R. (1989). Comparative sustability of some breeds
of silkworm Bombyx mori L to Aspergillus flavus Link, Seric., 29: 33-37.
Narayanaswamy, T. K. and Shankar, M. A. (2003). Mulberry nutrition: A tool for quality leaf
and sustainable cocoon production. Department of Sericulture, UAS, Banglore., 65.
Nascimento, G. G. F., Locatelli, J., Freitas, P. C., Silva, G. L. (2000). Antibacterial
activity of plant extracts and phytochemiclas on antibiotic resistance bacteria. J.
micro., 34: 21-27.
Nataraju, B., Balavenkatasubbaiah, M., Sharma, S. D., Salvakumar, T.,
Chandrashekharan, K. and Thiagarajan, V. (2002). Silkworm diseases
management practices during summer. Inndian Silk., 40(12): 9-11.
Nataraju, B., Sathyprasad, K., Manjunath, D. and Kumar, A. C. (2005). Silkworm crop
protection. Central Silk Board., 61-85.
Nazakawa, H., Tsuneioshi, E., Ponnvel, K. M., Ishibashi, J. and Yamakawa, M. (2004).
Antiviral acitivity of a serine protease from the digestive juice of Bombyx mori, larvae
against NPV. Virol., 321(1): 154-162.
Neelagund, S. E. Ingahalli, S. S., Savanurmath, C. J., Hinchigeri, S. B. and Hiremath,
M. B. (2007). Purification and characterisation of antiviral protein from silkworm
fecal matter. Caspian. J. Env. Sci.5(2): 77-85.
Neilson, M. M. (1965). Effects of a cytoplasmic polyhedrosis on adult Lepidoptera. J.
Invertebe. Pathol., 7: 306-310.
Nenaah, E. G. and Ahmed, M. E. (2011). Antimicrobial activity of extracts and latex of
Calotropis procera (Ait.) and synergistic effect with reference antimicrobials. Res. J.
Med. Plant., 5: 706-716.
Neto, C. C., Owens, C. W., Langfield, A. B., Onge, J. S., Vaisberg, A. J. And Hommond,
G. B. (2002). Antibacterial activity of some Peruvian medicinal plants from the
callejon de hauylas. J. Of Etnano., 79: 133-138.
319
Nimbert, M. L. and Schiff, L. A. (2001). Reoviruses and their replication. In field virology,
(Knipe, D. M., Howlely, P. M., Griffn, D. E., Lamb, R. A. Martin, M. A., Roizman,
B. and Stradus, S. E. eds.), (Philadelphia: Leppinocott). Williams and Wikins., 1679-
1728.
Nishiitsutsuji-Uwo, J. and Endo, Y. (1981). Mode of action of Bacillus thuringiensis delta-
endotoxin: Changes in haemolymph pH and ions of Pieris. Lymantria and Ephastia
larvae. Appl. Ento. Zool., 16: 223-225.
Nishiitsutsuji-Uwo, J., Endo, Y. and Himeno, M. (1979). Mode of action of Bacillus
thuringiensis delta-endotoxin: effect on TN-368 cells. J. Invertebr. Pathol., 34: 267-
275.
Noelting, G. and Bernfield, D. (1948). Sur les enzyme amylolytigues III La β- amylase
dosage diactive et control de absence amylase. Helv. Chim. Acta., 31: 286-290.
Noguchi , Y. and Yamaguchi, K. (1982). Development of disease in several species of
Lepidopteran insects subjected to cross infection with cytoplasmic polyhedrosis
viruses. Jpn. J. Appl. Entomol. Zool., 26: 281-287.
Noguchi, Y. (1995). Newly isolated cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (CPV) derived from
Dendrolimus spectabilis CPV (DsCPV). J.Seric. Sci. Jpn., 64: 493-497.
Nordin, G. L. and Maddox, J. V. (1971). Observation on the nature of the carbohydrate
dissolution process on inclusion bodies of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus of Pseudolatia
unipuncta. J. Invertebr. Pathol., 18: 316-321.
Okoli, B. J.and Okere, O. S. (2010). Antimicrobial activity of the phytochemical
constituents of Chrysophyllum albidum G. Don-Holl. J. of Res. In National deve. ,
8(1): 1-9.
Oliveira, I., Sousa, A., Valentao, P., Andrade, P. B., Ferreira, C. F. R. I., Ferreres, F.,
Bento, A., Seabra, R., Estevinho, L. and Pereira, J. A. (2007). Hazel (Corylus
avellana L.) leaves as source of antimicrobial and antioxidative compounds. Food
Chemistry., 105: 1018-1025.
320
Olofsson, E. (1988). Environmental persistence of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus of the
European pine sawfly in relation to epizootics in sweedish Scots pine forest. J.
Invertebr. Pathol., 52: 119-129.
Orhan, D. D., Ozcelik, B., Ozgen, S. and Ergun, F. (2010). Antibacterial, antifungal and
antiviral activites of some flavonoids. Microbiol. Res., 165: 496-504.
Orhan, I., Ozcelik, B., Aslam, S., Kartal, M., Karaoglu, T., Sener, B., Salih, T., ans
Choudhary, M. I. (2010). In vitro biological activity screening of Lycopodium
commplanatum. L. Spe, Chamaecyparissu. (A. Br.)Doll., Natu. Prod. Res., 23(6):
514-526.
Ozcelik, B., Gurbuz, I., Karaoglu, T. and Yesilada, E. (2009). Antiviral and antimicrobial
activities of three seaquiterpene lactones from Centaurea solstitialis L. sp. Solstitialis.
Microbiol. Res., 164: 545-552.
Palliot, A. (1930). Traits des maladies du vera Societ Doin et Cie, Paris. 279.
Panthi, M. P. and Choudhari, R. P. (2006). Antibacterial activity of some selected folklore
medicinal plants from West Nepal. Scint. World., 4(4): 16-20.
Parekh, J. and Chanda, S. (2008). Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of Terminalia
chebula Retz. Fruit in different solvents. J. of Herbs, Spcices and medicinal plants.,
13 (2): 107-116.
Paschke, J. D. and Summer, M. D. (1975). Early events in the infection of the arthropod
gut by pathogenic insect viruses. In: Invertebrates immunity (Maramorsasch K. and
Shope, R. eds.). New York, Academic Press., 72-112.
Pasha, M. K., Barman, A. C. and Nessa, J. M. (1990). In Vitro Control of white
muscardine disease of silkworm Bombyx mori L, Bull Seric Res. (Bangladesh) 1: 78-
79.
Pasteur, L. (1870). “La Pebrine” Etudes sur la maladie des vers a soie Moyer pratique
assume de la combattre et dien prevoir le retour, Gauthier Villars, Paris.
321
Pasteur, N. and Kastritis, C. D. (1971). Developmental studies in Drosophila, Acid
phosphtase, Esterases and proteins in organs and whole fly homogenates during
development of Drosophila pseudoapsura. Dev. Biol., 26: 525-536.
Patel, J. D. and Kumar, V. (2008). Annona squamosa L. Phytochemical analysis and
animicrobial screening. J. Pharm. Res., 1(1): 34-38.
Patel, J. P. and Patel, K. P. (2009). The phytochemical screening and antimicrobial
activities of whole plant extracts of Euphorbia hirta and Euphorbia thymifolia.
Biosc., 4(3): 433-436.
Patil, B. R., Singh, K. K., Pawar, S. E., Maarse, L. and Otte, J. (2009). Sericulture: An
Alternative Source of Income to Enhance the Livelihoods of Small-scale Farmers and
Tribal Communities PPLPI Research Report., 1-26.
Patil, C. S. (1991). Studies on the evalution of Calcium Hydoxide against cytoplasmic
polyhedrosis virus of silkworm, Bombyx mori L, Entomon., 16(2): 147-150.
Patil, R. R., Mahadevappa, M., Mahesha, H. M. and Patil, V. C. (1997). Phagostimulant
effects of parthenium on mulberry silkworm (B. mori L.) “First International
Conference on Parthenium Management” Dharwad, Karnataka, India, Oct. 6-8., 81-
85.
Patnev, T. P. and Mankova, M. I. (1986). Direct and indirect effects of a constant magnetic
field on biological objects. Biol. Avialkosm. Med., 20: 73-76.
Pawar, V. M. and Ramakrishnan, N. (1977). Biochemical changes in larval haemolymph
of Spodoptera litura (Fabricus) due to nuclear polyhedrosis virus infection. Indian J.
Exper. Biology., 15: 755-758.
Payne, C. C. (1981). Cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus in: Pathogenesis of Invertebrate
Microbial disease (Davidson, E.W. eds.), New Jersey, Allanheld, Osmum and Co.pp.,
61-100.
Payne, C. C. and Harrap, K. A. (1977). Cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus in: the atlas of
insect and plant virus (Kurstak, E. and Maramorosch K., eds.). Academic press, Inc
New York, 105-129.
322
Payne, C. C. and Kalmakoff, J. (1974). Biochemical properties of polyhedral and virus
particals of the cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus of Bombyx mori. Intervirology., 4:
354-364.
Payne, C. C. and Mertens, P. C. (1983). The cytoplasmic polyhedrosis viruses, in the
reoviridae (Joklik, W. K., eds.). Planum press New York.
Peckrul, S., Grula, E. A. (1979). Mode of infection of the Corn Earworm (Heliothis Zea) by
Beauveria bassiana as revealed by scanning electron microscopy. J. Invertebr.
Pathol., 34: 238-247.
Pengsuparp, T., Cai, L., Fong, H. H. S., Kinghorn, A. D., Pezzato, J. M., Wani, M. C.,
Wall, M. E. (1994). Pentacyclin triterpenes derived from Marprocizea Africana are
potent inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. J. Nat. Prod., 57: 415-418.
Percy, J. and Fast, G. P. (1983). Bacillus thuringiensis crystal toxin. Ultrastructural stidies
of its effect on silkworm midgut cells. J. Invertebr. Pathol., 41: 86-98.
Pereira, E. P., Conte, H., Ribeiro, L. F. C., Zanatta, D. B., Bravo, J. P., Fernandez, M.
A., Brancalhao, R. M. C. (2008). sCytopathological process by multiple
nucleopolyhedrovirus in the testis of B, mori L. 1758. (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae). J.
Invet. Pathol., 99: 1-7.
Pereira, R. M., Alves, S. B. and Stima, J. L. (1993). Growth of Beauveria bassiana in fire
and nest soil with amendments. J. invertebr. Pathol., 62: 9-14.
Perumal, P., SEkar, V., Rajesh, V., GAndhimathi, S, Sampathkumar, R. and Shuja
Nazimudin, K. H. (2010). Invitro antioxidant activity of Argemone mexicana Roots.
Int. J. of Pharm Tech. Res., 2(2): 1477-1482.
Peter, M. (1988). Investigation on the aspergillosis of mulberry silkworm with special
reference to its control, M. Sc. (Seri) Dessertation, University of Agricultural
Sciences, Bangalore., 62.
Pigott, C. R. and Ellar, D. J. (2007). Role of receptor in Bacillus thuringensis crystal toxin
activity microbial. Mol. Biol. Rev., 71: 255-281.
323
Ponnuvel, K. M., Nakazawa, H., Furukawa, S., Asaoka, A., Ishibashij, T. and
Yamakawa, M. (2003). A lipase isolated from the silkworm shows antiviral activity
against NPV. J. Virol., 77(19): 10725-10729.
Powing, R. F. and Davidn, W. J. (1973). Studies on insect bacterilytic enzymes. Lysozymes
in haemolymph of Galleria mellonella and B.mori. L. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 45:
669-686.
Praful, B. G. (1994). Textbook of medical laboratory technology. 448-450.
Prasad, A. and Wadhwani, Y. (2006). Pathogenic virus and insect tissue : an effective way
of pest control. Cuur. Sci., 91(6): 803-807.
Prasad, N. D. (1999). Silkworm disease management and its limitations, Indian silk., 37(10):
7-9.
Premnath Shenoy, K. R. and Yoganarasimhan, S. N. (2008). Evaluation of antibacteriail
activity of Elanir kujambu an ayurvedic eye formulation. Indian J. of traditional
knowledge., 8(2): 272-274.
Price, G. M. (1973). Protein and nucleic acid mechanism in insect fat body. Biol. Rev., 48:
333-375.
Prudhomme, J. C. and Couble, P. (1979). The adaptation of the silk gland cell to the
production of fibroin in Bombyx mori L. Biochimie., 61: 215-227.
Prudhomme, J. C., Couble, P., Garel, J. P. and Daillie, J. (1985). Silk synthesis.
In:Comprenhsive Insect Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology., 10(17): 571-
594.
Qanungo, K. R. Kundu, C. S. Mullins, J. I and Ghosh, A. K. (2002). Molecular cloning
and characterization of Antheraea mylitta cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus genome
segment 9. J. Gen. Virol., 83: 1483-1491.
Radha, M., Mala, S. R., Revathy, G. and Solayappan, A. R. (1998). In Vitro antifungal
properties of garlic (Allium sativum L) extracts against Collectotrichum falcatum
Went, J. Biol. Control., 12(1): 81-83.
324
Raghavaviah, G. Jayaramaiah, M. Krishna Murthy, R. V. (1988). Biochemical changes
in haemolymph of muscardine and healthy larvae of silkworm Bombyx mori.
Entomo.,13 (3and4): 313-314.
Raghvaiah, G. and Jayaramaiah, M. (1989). Lethal concentration of white muscardine
fungus Beauveria bassiana (Bals) Vuill to different races of mulberry silkworm,
Indian J. Seric., 28(1): 94-96.
Raghvaiah, G. and Jayaramaiah, M. (1990). Susceptibility of some races of the silkworm
Bombyx mori to white muscardine disease, Ind. J. Seric., 29(2): 304-307.
Rahman, M. M. and Gopinathan, K. P. (2004). Systematic and invite infection process of
Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus. Virus Res., 101: 109-118.
Raina, A. K. (1976). Ultrastucture of the larval haemocytes of the pink bollworm
Pectinophora gossypiella (Lepidoptera: Gelechidae). Int. J. Insect Morphol.
Embryol., 5: 187-195.
Raj, K. S. M. (1994). Effect of certain botanicals on the nuclear polyhedrosis virus disease
of silkworm, B. mori L. M.Sc. dissertation, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University,
Coimbatore, India., 62.
Rajasekhar, R. Prasad, B. Subramnyam Reddy, C. Bhaskar, M. Murali, K.
Govindappa, S. (1992). Variations in the tissue biochemical composition in the
Muscardine infected silk worm larvae Bombyx mori (L). Indian J. Comp. Anim.
Physiol., 10(1): 40-44.
Rajashekargouda, R., Gopalan, M., Jayaraj, J. S. and Natarajan, N. (1991). Field
performance of plant extracts of mulberry silkworm, B. mori L. Entomon., 22: 235-
238.
Rajashekhargouda (1991). Studies on methods to increase silk yield of B. mori L. Ph.D.
Thesis, Tamil. Nadu, Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India, 242.
Rajeswari, K. and Isaiarasu, L. (2004). Influence of the leaf flower and pod extracts of
Moringa oleifera on the growth and reproductive parameters of Bombyx mori L. Ent.
29(4): 331-338.
325
Ramesh Babu, K., Ramkrishna, S., Harrish Kumar reddy, Y., Lakshmi, G., Naidu, N.
V., Sadak Basha and Bhaskar, M. (2009). Metabolic alteration and molecular
mechanism in silkworm larvae during viral infection: A review. African J. of
Biotech, 8 (6): 899-907.
Rana, B. K. Singh, U. P.P., Taneja, V. (1997): Antifungal activity and kinetics of inhibition
by essential oil isolated from leaves of Aegle marmelos. J. Ethnopharm., 57: 29-34.
Rao, G. S., Chndra, A. K. and Bhattacharya, J. (1992). Effect of bleaching powder and
lime against grasserie and muscardine diseases of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. Indian
J. Serc., 31(1): 37-40.
Ratcliffe, N. A. (1986). Insect cellular immunity and the recognition of foreignness. Symp Zool.
Soc. Lond., 56: 21-43.
Ratcliffe, N. A. (1993). Cellular defense response of insects. Unsolved problems., in
Parasites and pathogens of insects. Beckage, N. E., Thompson, S. N. and Federici, B.
A. (eds.) Academic press, New York., 245-266.
Ratcliffe, N. A. and Rowley, A. F. (1979). Role of insect haemocyte against biological agents.
In: Insect haemocytes: development, forms, functions and techniquies. A. P. Gupta, Ed.,
Cambridge University Press., 31-414.
Ratcliffe, N. A. and Rowley, A. F. (1987). Insect responces to parasites and other pathogens. In:
Immune responses in parasitic infections,immunology, immunopathology and
immunoprophylaxes, protozoa, arthropods and invertebrates. E. J. L. Joulsby, Ed., C. R.
C. press, Florida., 123-254.
Ratcliffe, N. A., Rowley, A. F. and Fitzgerald, S. W. (1985). Invertebrate immunity, basic
concepts and recent advances. Int. Rev Cytol., 97: 183-349.
Rates, S. M. K. (2001). Plants as source of drugs. Toxi., 39: 603-613.
Ray, P. G. and Majumdar, S. K. (2010). Antimicrobial activity of some Indian Plants.
Econ. Botany., 30: 317-320.
326
Rebecca, J. S. and Grula, E. A. (1981). Nutritional requirements for conidial germination
and hypal growth of Beauveria bassiana. J. Invertebr. Pathol., 37: 222-230.
Rebeiro, C., Simoes, N. and Brehelin, M. (1996). Insect immunity: the haemocytes of the
army worm Mythimna unipuncta (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) and their role in defense
reaction. In Vivo and In vitro studies. J. of Insect Pysiol., 42: 815-822.
Reddanna, P. and Govindappa, S. (1979). Effects of In Vivo Muscular stimulation II.
Influence on hepatic carbohydrate metabolism. J. Anim. Morphos. Physiol., 26: 151-
161.
Reddy, MVR. (1978). Studies on white muscardine disease of silkworm Bombyx mori L, M.
Sc. (Ag) Thesis, University of Agricultural Science, Herbal, Bangalore, 92.
Reddy, S. P. and Locke, M. (1988). The synthesis of haemolymph protein by the larval fat
body of an insect Calpodes ethlius (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae). Insect. Biochem.,
18(4): 405-413.
Reddy, S. V., Singh. B. D., Baig, M. Sengupta, K., Giridhar and Singhal, B. K. (1990).
Efficacy of asiphore as a disinfectant against incidence of silkworm Bombyx mori L.
Indian J. Seric., 29: 147-148.
Reithinger, R., Davies, C. R., Cadena, H., Alexander, B. (1997). Evaluation of the fungus
B. bassiana as a potential biological control agent aginst Phlebotomine sand flies in
Colombian coffee plantations. J. Invertebr. Pathol., 70: 131-135.
Ribeiro, C. and Brehlin, M. (2006). Insect haemocytes: what type of cells is that. J. insect
Physiol., 52: 417-429.
Ribeiro, C., Simoes, N. and Brehelin, M. (1996). Insect Immunity: the haemoytes of the
army worm Mythimna unipuncta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and their role in defense
reactions. In vivo and In vitro studies. J. of Insect Physiol., 42: 815-822.
Richards, A., Coxy, J., Speight, M. and Williams, T. (1999). Foraging in a pathogen
reservoir can lead to local host population extinction. A case study of Lepidoptera-
virus interaction. Oecologia (Berlin)., 118(1): 29-38.
327
Richards, A., Matheos, M. and Christian, P. (1998). Ecological considerations for the
environmental impact evaluation of recombinant baculovirus insecticides. Anti. Rev.
Entomol., 43: 493-517.
Rizki, T. M. and Rizki, R. M. (1987). Surface changes on haemocytes during encapsulation in
Drosophila melnogaster. In: haemocytic and humoral immunity in arthropods. A. P.
Gupta, Ed., Wiley Interscience, New York., 157-190.
Roberts, D. B. and Brook, H. W. (1989). The major serum, proteins of Dipteran larvae.
Experientia., 37: 103-110.
Robinson, P. K. (1966). Pest Artic News Sum Seri B, 12: 131-142.
Rockstein, M. (1978). Biochemistry of insects, Academic Press New York.
Roharmann, G. F. (1986). Polyhedrin structure. J. Gen. Virol.78: 1499-1513.
Roushna, A. and Mishra, N. (1992). Antifungal activity of mixture of essential oils against
some dermatophytes, Ind Perfum., 36: 38-41.
Sacchi, V. F. Parenti, P., Hanozet, G. M., Giordana, B., Luethy, P. and Wolfersberger,
M. G. (1986). Bacillus thuringiensis toxin inhibits K* gradient dependent amino
acid transport across the brush border membrane of Pieris brassicae midgut cells.
FFBS Lett., 204: 213-218.
Saeed, S. and Tariq, P. (2005). Antimicrobial activities of Mentha piperita, Pisum sativum
and Mormordica charantia. Pak. J. Bot., 37(4): 997-1001.
Saha, B. N., Khan, A. R. and Faruki, S. I. (1994). Changes in lipid and water content of
Bombyx mori ingested with Bacillus thuringeinesis Var. Kurstaki. Indian J.Seric.,
33(1): 65-67.
Sahay, A. and Thagavelu, K. (2001). Disease management in tasar silkworm. Indian silk.,
40 (4): 13-16.
Sahay, D. N., Roy, D. K. and Sahay, A. (2000). Disease of tropical tasar silkworm,
Antheraea mylitta (D). Symptons and control measures, In: Lessons on tropical tasar
328
ed. By K. Thangavelu, Central Tasar Research and Training Institute, Piska Nagari,
Ranchi.,104.
Salama, H. S., Sharaby, A and Ragate, M. (1983). Chemical changes in the haemolymph,
Spodoptera littoralis as affected by Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner). Entomophaga.,
28: 331-337.
Salt, G. (1970). The cellular defense reaction of insects. Cambridge monograph in
Experimental Biology. No. 16, Cambridge University Press. London.
Sam Devdas, C. (1994). Some studies on the pathology of Serratia marcescense in silkworm
Bombyx mori L, STS-dessertation submitted to International Centre for training and
Research in Tropical Sericulture, CSR and TI, Mysore., 10-11.
Samsinakova, A., Misikova, S. and Leopold, J. (1971). Action of enzymatic systeme of
Beauveria bassiana on the cutical of the grater wax moth larvae (Galleria melonella).
J. invertebr. Pathol., 18: 332-330.
Samson, M. V. (1987). Bacterial disease of silkworm and their control, Ph. D. Thesis,
University of Mysore, 80-81.
Samson, M. V. and Mummigatti, S. G. (1979). In vitro screening of chemicals against
Beauveria bassiana (Bals) Vuill, Indian J. Seric., 18: 48-50.
Samson, M. V., Baig, M., Sapru, M. L. and Narasimhanna, M. N. (1986). Efficacy of
certain fungicides and disinfectants for the control of white muscardine disease in
mulberry silkworm, Indian J. Seric, 25(2): 78-83.
Samson, M. V., Baig, M., Sharma, S. D., Balvenkatasubbaih, M., Sasidharan, T. O. and
Jolly, M. S. (1990). Indian J. Seric., 29: 248-493.
Sandhya, B., Thomas, S., Isabel, W. and Shenbagarathai, R. (2006). Ethno medicinal
plants used by the valain community of piranmalai hille (Reserved forest),
Tamilnadu, India- A pilot study, African j. of Trad. Compli. and Altern. Medic., 3(1):
101-114.
329
Sangitha, A., Zakaria, Z and Basri, D. F. (2009). Preliminary screening of antibacterial
activity using crude extracts of Hibiscus rosa sinesis.Trop. Life Sci. Res., 20(2): 109-
118.
Sangodala, S., Walters, F. W., English, L. H. and Adang, M. J. (1994). A mixture of
Manduca sexta aminopeptidase and phosphtase enhance Bacillus thuringiensis
insecticidal Cry1Ac toxin binding and 86Rb+ K+ effect in vitro. J. Biol. Chem., 269:
1088-1092.
SantoshKumar, G. H. (1997). Large scale evaluation of insect growth regulator activity of
Lantana camara L. and Clerodendron inermae G. on Bombyx mori L. M. Sc. (Agri)
Thesis, USA, Dhar wad., 108.
Sarma, B. Samson, M. V. Sivaprasad, V. Balavenkatasubbaiah, M. and Datta, R. K.
(1994). Bichemical changes in the haemolymph of the silkworm ,Bombyx mori L.
during the progressive infection of nuclear polyhedrosis virus (BmNPV). Serico.,
34(3):539-541.
Saroglou, V., Marin, P. D., Rancic, A., Veljic, M. and Skaltsa, H. (2007). Composition
and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of six Hypericum species from Serbia. J.
of Biochem. Syst. And Ecol., 35: 146-152.
Satish, G. and Govindon, R. (1988). Effect of starvation and nuclear polyhedrosis virus
infection in Bombyx mori L. on cocoon and post cocoon stages. Indian. J. Seric.,
27(2): 138-144.
Savanrmath, C. J., Basavarajappa, S., Hinchigeri, S. B., Ingalhalli, S. S., Singh, K. K.
and Sanakal, R. D. (1992). Relative incidence of the silkworm viral diseases in
agroclimatic zones of Northern Karnataka, India. Bull. Seric. Res., 5: 51-55.
Savithri, G. (1999). Biology of the silkworm Bombyx mori L with special reference to
disease and treatment with antibiotics, Ph. D. Thesis, Sri Padmavathi Mahila
Visvavidyalayam, Tirupati., 41-70.
Saxsena, B. P., Sharma, P. R. and Tikku, K. (1988). Scanning electron microscopical
studies of the haemocytes of Spodoptera litura. Cyto., 53: 385-391.
Scalbert, A. (1991). Antimocrobial properties of tannins, Phytochem., 30: 3875-3883.
330
Scheck, A. C. Perry, K., Hank, N. C. and Clark, W. D. (2006).Anticancer activity of
extracts derived fron the mature roots of Scutellaria baicalensis on human malignant
brain tumor cells. Biomed. Complement. Alternat. Med., 6: 27.
Scheurer, R. and Leuthold, R. (1969). Haemolymph proteins and water uptake in female
Leucophae maderae during the sexual cycle. J. Insect Physiol., 15: 1067-1077.
Schmidt, O., Theopold, U., Strand, M. R. (2001). Innate immunity and evasion by insect
parasitoids. Bioessays., 23: 344-351.
Searcy D. G. and Maclnnis, A. J. (1970a). Biochemical estimation of RNA by Dische-
orcinol method. Biochem. J., 62: 315-325.
Searcy D. G. and Maclnnis, A. J. (1970b). Biochemical estimation of DNA by Dische-
orcinol method. Biochem. J., 62: 315-325.
Sen, R., Patnaik, A. K., Maheswari, M. and Datta, P. K. (1997). Susceptibility status of
the silkworm B. mori germplasm stocks in India to Bombyx mori germplasm nuclear
polyhedrosis virus. Ind. J. Seric., 36(1): 51-54.
Sen, S. K., Jolly, M. S. and Jammy, T. R. (1969). Diseases of Tasar silkworm Antheraea
mylitta D. (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae). Indian J. Sericulture., 8: 11-14.
Serafini, M. Ghiselli, A. Ferro- Luzzi, A. (1994). Red wine, tea and antioxidants. Lancet.
344-626.
Shapiro, M. (1979). Changes in haemocyte populations. In insect haemocytes, Development,
Forms, Function and Techniques ed. By A. P. Gupta. Cambridge University,
Cambridge. 475-523.
Shaprio, M. and Roberson, J. L. (1987). Yield and activity of gypsi moth (Lepidoptera:
Lymantriidae). Nuclear polyhedrosis virus recoverd from survivors of a virus
challenges. J. Econ. Entomol., 80: 901-905.
Sharma, J., Yadav, A., Unni. B. G. and Kalita, M. C. (2009). Antimicrobial proteins from
non-mulberry silkworms against flacherie causing Pseudomonas aeruginosa AC-3.
J.of Curr. Sci., 89(9): 1613- 1618.
331
Sharma, B. J. (1991). Studies on nuclear polyhedrosis of silkworm Bombyx mori L and its
prevention, STS-dessertation submitted to International Centre for Training and
Research in Tropical Sericulture, CSR and Ti, Mysore, 1-7.
Shield, K. S. (1984). Pathways of nucleopolyhedrosis virus Infection in the gypsy moth,
Lymantria disper. Ph.D. thesis University of Connecticut, Storrs.
Shigematsu, H. (1958). Synthesis of blood protein by the fat body in the silkworm, B. mori
L. Nature, Lond.182: 880-882.
Shigematsu, H. and Takeshita, H. (1968). Formation of silk proteins by the silkworm, B.
mori L. after gamma-ray irradiation in the embryonic stage. J. Insect Physiol,. 14:
173-183.
Shivakumar, G. R., Raman, K. V. A. , Reddy, K. V. R. , Magadum, S. B., Datta, R.
K., Hussain, S. S. , Banerji, A. , Chowdhary, S. K. (1995). Effect of
phytoecdysteroids on larval maturation and economic parameters of the silkworm.
Bombyx mori L. Indian J Seric., 34:46–49.
Shivaprasad, V. C., Chandrasekharaih, C., Mishra, S., Kumar, K. R. K. and Rao, Y. U.
M. (2003). Screening of silkworm breeds for tolrence to BOmbyx mori Nuclear
polyhedrosis virus (BmNPV). Int. J. Indust. Entomol., 7: 87-91.
Shubha, K. and Bhaskar, R. N. (2007). In vitro efficacy of medicinal botanicals on nature
and spread of BmNPV. Bull. Ind. Acad. Seri., 11(1): 25-29.
Shyamala, M. B. (1978). Silkworm flacherie in Karnataka, I. Symptomology, All India
Synposium on Sericultural Sciences, Univ Agril Sci, Bamgalore., 36.
Shyamprasad, S., Naik, P., Vijayalakshmi, K. K. (2002). Efficiency of coleus aromatocus
extracts in modifying cyclophosphamide and mitimycin induced clastogenecity in
mouse bone marrow cells. Indian J. of Expt. Biol., 40: 1020-1025.
Sikorowski, P. P., Andrew, G. L. and Broome, J. R. (1973). Trans-ovum transmission of a
cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus in Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J.
Invertebr. Pathol., 2: 1-14.
332
Sikorowski, P. P., Broome, J. R. and Andew, G. L. (1971). Simple methods for detection
of cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus in Heliothis viresens. J. invertebr. Pathol., 17: 451-
452.
Sinha, A. K., Sinha, U. S. P., Sinha, S. S. and sengupta, k. (1990). Changes in free amino
acids in the haemolymph of pebrine infected larvae and pupae of Antheria mylitta D.
Indian. J. Seric., 29(2): 233-239.
Siti, H., Chandra, I., Rekha, M. and Shelly, S. (2010). Identification and selection of
entomopathogenic fungi as biocontrol agents for Aphis gossyppi from south samatra.
Micro., 4(3): 596-601.
Sivaprakasam, N. (1999). Botanical formulation for management of grasserie disease of
silkworm, B. mori L. Proceeding of “National Seminar on Tropical Sericulture” held
during the 28-30th December.
Sivaprakasam. N., Rabindra, R. J. (1996). Integrated disease management methods for
grasserie in silkworm, B. mori L. Indian J. Seric., 35: 122-127.
Sivaprakasan, N. and Rabindra, R. J. (1995). Incidence of grassirie in silkworm Bombyx
mori (L) in selected districts of Tamilnadu. Indian J. Seric., 34(2): 100-104.
Sivaprakasan, N. and Rabindra, R. J. (1998). Induction of tolerance in silkworm Bombyx
mori (L) to Bm NPV infection by application of selection pressure. Indian J. Seric.,
37(1): 79-80.
Sivashankaran, P., Easwaramoorthy, S. and David, H. (1998). Influence of temperature
and relative humidity on the growth, sporulation and pathogenicity of Beauveria
bassiana, J. Biol. Control., 12(1): 71-75.
Slovak, M., Kazimirova, M. and Bazlikova, M. (1991). Haemocyte of Mamemestra brassicae
(L). (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and their phagocytic activity. Acta Entomol Bohemoslov.,
88: 161-172.
Smith, J. R., Pekrul, S. and Grula, E. A. (1981). Requirement of sequential enzymatic
activities for penetration of the integument of the corn earworm (Heliothis Zea). J.
invertebr. Pathol., 38: 335-344.
333
Smith, K. M, Wycoff, R. W. G. and Xeros, N. (1953). Polyhedral virus disease affecting
the larvae of the private hawk moth Sphinx liguistri (Linn.). Parasitology., 42: 287-
289.
Smith, K. M. (1967). Insect virology. Academic press Inc. New York, London.
Smith, K. M. (1976). Virus- insect relationship, pp 42-59. Longman, New York. NY and
London, UK.
Smith, K. M. and River, C. F. (1956). Some viruses affecting insects of Economic
Impotance. Paracytology., 46: 233-242.
Smith, K. M. and Wyckoff, R. W. G. (1950). Structure with in polyhedral associated with
insect virus diseases. Nature., 166: 861.
Smith, K. R. Heinz, K. M., Samson, C. G. and Fiexr, J. L. (2000). Impact of recombinant
baculovirus application on target Heliothis and non-target predators in cotton. Biol.
Com. 193(3): 201-214.
Smith, R. E. and Furuichi, Y. (1982). The double stranded RNA genome segment of
cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus are independenly transcribed. J. Virol., 41: 326-329.
Soaf, K. A., Trag, A. R., Khan, M. A. and Chisjti, M. Z. (1994). Evaluation of fungicides
against white muscardine disease of silkworm Bombyx mori L caused by Beauveri
bassiana (Bals) Vuill, Indian. J. Seric., 2(1 and 2): 10-16.
Sobeson, M. P., Nunez-valez, M. E., Lorence, A., Gomez, I., Sanchez, J. and Bravo, A.
(2000). Evidence for intermolecular interaction as a necessary step for pore formation
activity and toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis Cryl Ab toxin. FEMS. Microbial. Lett.,
191: 221-225.
Sohaf, K. A., Chisti, M. Z. and Trag, A. R. (1993). Histopathology of the silkworm B. mori
L. infected with B. bassiana (Bals) Vuill, Indian J. Seric., 32(2): 213-215.
Sohi, S. S., Bird, F. T. and Hayashi, Y. (1971). Development of Malacosoma disstria
cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus in Bombyx mori ovarian and Tracheal tissue cultures.
Proc. Inter. Colloq. Insect pathol.Collage part. Maryland USA. 340-351.
334
Somasundaram, P., Ashok kumar, K., Thangavelu, K., Kar, P. K. and Sinha, R. K.
(2004). Preliminary study on isozymes variation in silkworm Germplasm- B. mori L.
and its implication for conservation pertainika. J.Trop. Agri. Sci., 27 (2): 163-171.
Soso-Gomez, D. R., Alves, S. B. and Marichni, L. C. (1991). Variation in susceptibility of
Bombyx mori L. to noclear polyhedrosis virus when reared on different mulberry
genotype. Journal of Applied Entomology., 111(3): 318-320.
Sreedhara, V. M., Shree, M. P., Boraiah, G. and Fletcher, R. A. (1991). Muscardine
disease of silkworms controlled by triazoles, Seric., 31: 423-426.
Sreerama Reddy, G. and Subramnya, G. (1982). Genetic differences between the mutant
with shorter larval duration and the standard in pure mysore race of silkworm B. moro
L. Seric., 196-202.
Stairs, G. R. (1971). Use of viruses for microbial control of insects and Mites,(ed)burges Hd
and Hussey, NW, Academic Press, New York., 97-124.
Steinhause, E. A. (1949). Principlas of insect pathology. 1st ed. Mcgraw Hill, New
York.,757.
Steinhause, E. A. (1958a). Stress as a factor in insect disease. Proc. 10th Intern. Congr.
Entomol, Montreal, 1956. Intern. Conger. Entomol, Ottawa, Canada., 4: 725-730.
Steinhause, E. A. (1958b). Crowding as a possible stress factor in insect disease. Ecology.,
39: 503-514.
Steinhause, E. A. (1959). Serrantia marcescence Bizio as an insect pathogen. Hilogardia.,
28: 351-380.
Steinhause, E. A. (1963). Insect pathology an advanced treatis vol. 1, Academic press, New
York London., 661.
Steinhause, E. A. (1967). Principles of Insect Pathology, Hafner publishing Company, New
York., 318-416.
Steinhouse, E. A. (1947). Princuples of insect pathology, Mac graw hill Book Co Inc
London, Torenton, New York.
335
Strands, M. R. and Reech, L. L. (1995). Immunological basis for coampatability in
parasitoid host relationships. Annu. Rev. Entomol., 40: 31-56.
Sudhakar, G. Chandra, A. K. and Battacharya, J. (1992). Effect of bleaching powder and
lime against grasserie and muscardine disease of the silkworm, Bombyx mori L.
Indian J. Seric., 31(1): 37-40.
Sudhakar, G. Chandra, A. K. and Bhattacharya, J. (1997). Simple method of purify
polyhedral inclusion bodies form Nosema (Microspora:Nosematidae) contamination.
J. of zool., 32: 56-62.
Sue Pekrul and Grula E. A. (1979). Mode of infection of the corn ear worm (Heliothis Zea)
by beauveria bassiana as revealed by scanning electron microscopy, J. of Invertebr.
Pathol., 34: 238-247.
Sugnana Kumari, S., Subba Rao, S. V., Misra, S. and Suryanarayana murty (2011).
Antifungal activity of Turbinaria conoides and evaluation for the effective
concentration against the infection of Beauveria bassiana in silkworm larvae.
Research. J. of microbiol., 1-9.
Sugun, S. (1985). Histopathology of the armyworm, Mythimna separate Infected with
nuclear polyhedrosis virus. Ph.D. thesis, Karnataka University, Dharwad, India.
Sujak, P. K., Ziemnicki, J., Lipa, P. and Bucchowicz, L. O. (1978). Acid and alkaline
phosphate activity in the fat body and mid gut of the armyworm Spodoptera exigua
(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), infected with nuclear polyhedrosis virus. J. Invertebr.
Pathol., 30: 4-9.
Sun, H. D., Qui, S. X., Lin, L. Z., Wang, Z. Y. Lin, Z. W., Pengsuparp, T., Pezzuto, J.
M., Fong, H. H., Cordell, G. A. and Farnsworth, N. R. (1996). Nigranoic acid a
triterpenoid from Schisandra sphaerandra that inhibits HIV-1 reverse transcriptase.
J. Nat. Prod., 59: 525-527.
Suzuki, A., Nagansawa, H., Kataoka, H. H., Isigai, Y., Tamura, A., Guo, S., Zhang, X.,
Ishizaki, H., Tamura, H., Mizoguchi, A. (1982). Isolation and characterization of
336
prothoracicotropic hormone from silkworm, Bombyx mori L. Agr. Biol. Chem., 46:
1107-1109.
Suzuki, Y. and Suzuki, E. (1974). Quantitative measurements of fibrion messenger RNA
synthesis in the posterior silk gland of normal and mutant bombyx mori L. Mol.
Biol.88, 393-407.
Takasusuki, M. C. R., Viana, L. H. D., Baitala, T. V., Nicolin, K. C. and Toledo, V. A. A.
(2006). Characterization of esterases in Tetragonisca angustula and tetragona
clavips. Broc. J. Morphol. Sci. 23 (3 and 4).
Tanada, Y. and Kaya, H. K. (1993). Insect pathology. Academic press. New York, N. Y.
Tanada, Y., Hess, R. T., and Omi, E. M. (1975). Tanada, Y. et al., 1975. Invasion of a
nuclear polyhedrosis virus in midgut of thearmyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta, and the
enhancement of a synergistic enzyme. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 26, 99–104.
Tanaka, S. (1963). Studies on the polyhedrosis of A. yammamai Guer. And pernyi Guer.
Bull. Nagnano Kon. Seric. Expt. Sta. Nagano City, Japan. 68.
Tanaka, S. (1971). Cross transmission of cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus, In: the
cytoplasmic polyhedrosis of the silkworm (Aruga H. and Tanada, T. eds.). University
of Tokyo, Press, Tokyo., 201-206.
Tedders, W. L. (1981). In vitro inhibition of the entmopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana
and Metarrhizium anisopliae by six fungicides used in pecan culture, Env. Entom.,
10(3): 346-349.
Tepass, U., Fessler, L. I., Aziz, A., and Hartenstein, V. (1994). Embryonic origin of
haemocytes and their relationship to cell death in Drosophila development., 120:
1829-1837.
Thomson, J. A. (1975). Major patternes of gene activity during development in
holometabolus insects. Adv. Insect. Physiol., 11: 321-398.
Thomson, W. A. R. (1978). Medicines from the earth. McGraw Hill Book Co., Maidenhead
Kingdom.
337
Thontadarya, T. S. (1966). Influence of temperature and humidity on the longetivity of the
spores of the entomogenous fungus Beauveria bassiana (Bals) Vuill (Fungi:
Imperfecti) and the potentialities of utilising this fungus for the control of some
coleopterous stored grain pests, Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Tennessee.
Thungrabeab and Tongma, S. (2007). Effect of entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria
bassiana (Blasam) and Metarhizium anisoplae (Metsch) on non target insects. Sci,
Tech. J. 7: 32.40.
Tinsley, T. W. and Harrap, K. A. (1976). “Viruses of invertebr in comparative virology”.
(Franket-Conrat H., and Wagner, R. R. eds). Plannum press, New York., 12: 1-101.
Tinsley, T. W. and Harrap, K. A. (1978). “Viruses of invertebrates in Comparative
Virology” (Franket- Contract H., and Wagner, R. R. eds.). Planum press, New
York., 12: 1-101.
Tobe, S. S. and Loughton, B. G. (1969). An autoradiography study of haemolymph protein
uptake by the tissues of the fifth instar locust. J. Insect Physiol., 15: 1331-1346.
Tojo, S., Nagata, M. and Kobayashi, M. (1980). Storage proteins in the Silkworm. Bombyx
mori L. Insect Biochem., 10: 289-303.
Torquato, E. F. B., Miranda Neto, M. H., Brancalhao, R. M. C. (2006).
Nucleopolyhedrovirus infected central nervous system cells of B. mori (L)
(Lepidoptera: Bombycidae). Neotrop. Entomol., 35: 70-74.
Trench, T. (1998). Endogenouse defense mechanism of insects. Zool., 101: 298-315.
Ullal, S. R. and Narasimhanna, M. N. (1987). Handbook of practical Sericulture, Central
Silk Board (Ministry of Textiles government of India), United Mansian, 39, Mahatma
Gandhi Road, Bangalore., 138-151.
Vaidya, M. J.(1960). Indian sericulture problems of modernization, Publicity Sericit
(Popular brochures)-1, Published by Silk Board, Bombay., 2: 33.
Vaijayanthimala, j., Rajendra, P. N. and Pugalendi, K. V. (2001). Antifungal activity of
oils, Indian J. Microbiol., 41: 325-326.
338
Van Regenmortel, M. H. V. (2003). Viruses are real virus species are manmade taxonomic
construction. Archives of Virol., 148: 2483-2490.
Van Regenmortel, M. H. V., Fauquet, C. M., Bishop, D. H. L., Carstens, E. B., Estes, M.
K., Lemon, S. M., Maniloff, J., Mayo, A., MC Geoch, D. J., Pringle, C. R., and
Wichkner, R. B. (2000). Virus taxonomy classified and nomenclature of viruses,
Seventh report of the international committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Academic
Press, San Diego., 395-480.
Vanhaelen, M. and Vanhaelen Fastre (1983). Quantitative determination of biologicaly
active constituents in medicinal plant crude extracts by thin layer chromatography-
densitomerty. J. of Chromato., 281: 263-271.
Vanitha, V., Umadevi, K. J. And Vijayalakshmi. K. (2010). In vitro assessment of
alcoholic leaf extracts of Annona squamosa and Aegle marmelos. Bioscan., 5(2): 225-
229.
Vargas, I., Sanz, P., Premo-yufera (1999). Antimicrobial and antitoxin compounds in the
the nonvolatile fraction of expressed oranged essential oil. J. food protect., 62: 929-
932.
Vasconceos, S. D., Williams, T., Halis, R. S. and Cong, J. S. (1996). Prey selection and
baculovirus dissemination by carabid predators and Lepidoptera. Eco Entomol., 29:
98-104.
Veda, K. Nagai, I. and Harikomi, M. C. (1997). Diseases of the silkworm and preventive
measures, In : silkworm rearing, translated from Japanese language Oxford and IBH
Publishing Co Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, India, 238-270.
Venkatakrishna-Bhatt, H. (2002). Natinal seminar on “Emerging trends in biotechnology
in health science ” (11th and 12th February, 2002), Biopharm 2002- Scientific articles,
Jointly organized by KMCH college of pharmacy and dept of Biochemistry, Dr. NGP
arts and Sci college, 16-23.
339
Venkataramana Reddy, M. R. (1978). Studies on the whote muscardine disease of the
silkworm, bombyx mori L M. Sc. (Ag) Thesis, University of agricultural Science,
Bangalore., 93.
Vey, A. and Fargues, J. (1977). Histological and ultrastructural studies of Beauveria
bassiana infection in Leptinotarsa decemlineta larvae during ecdysis, J. Invertebr
Pathol., 30: 207-215.
Vey, A. and Gotz, P. (1986). Antifungal cellular and defens mechanism in insects. In
“Haemocytic and Humoral immunity in Arthropods” (A. P. Gupta, ed.) Wiley, New
York., 90-115.
Vineet Kumar, Singh, G. P. and Babu. A. M. (2004). Surface ultrastructural studies on the
germination, penetration and conidial development of Aspergillus flavus Link: Fries
infecting silkworm, Bombyx mori L. mycopathologia., 157: 127-135.
Vineet Kumar, Singh, G. P., Babu, A. M., Ashan, M. M. and Datta, R. K. (2009).
Germination, penetration and invasion of B. bassiana on silkworm, B. mori, causing
white muscardine. Italian J. of Zoology.
Vineet Kumar., Singh, G. P., Babu, A. M., Ahsan, M. M. and Datta, R. K. (1999).
Germination, penetration and invasion of B. bassiana on silkworm, Bombyx mori,
causing white muscardine. Italian J. of Zool., 66(1): 39-43.
Volkman, L. E. and Zaal, K. J. K. (1990). Autogrpha californica M, Nuclear polyhedrosis
virus: Microtubules and replication. Virology., 175(1): 292-302.
Wachlt and Kornath (1993). Beitrage Zur Kenntniss der morphologie, biologie and
pathogenic der none mittelungen aur dem forstlichen versuchswesen Osterreichs. Heft
XVI, 5: 1-38.
Waghmare, S. S., Jadhav, D. Y., Ghosh, J. S. and Sahoo, A. K. (2010). Characterization
of some antimicrobial substances from seed coat of Tamarindus indica L. British J. of
Pharmac. And Toxic., 1(1): 29-32.
340
Wago, H. and Ichikawa, Y. (1979). Changes in the phagocytic rate during the larval
development and manner of haemocytic reaction to foreign cells in Bombyx mori.
Appl. Entomol. Zool., 14: 36-43.
Walstad, J. D., Anderson, R. F. and Stambaugh, W. J. (1970). Effect of environmental
conditions on two species muscardine fungi (Beauveria bassiana and Metarrhizium
anisopliae), J. invertebr. Pathol., 16: 221-226.
Watanabe, H. (1967). Protein synthesis in the tissue of silkworm, Bombyx mori infected
with nuclear polyhedrosis virus. J. Invertebr. Pathol., 9: 428-429.
Watanabe, H. (1968). Light radioautography study of protein synthesis in the midgut
epithelium of the silkworm. Bombyx mori infectec with a cytoplasmic polyhedrosis
virus. J. Invertebr. Pathol., 11: 310-315.
Watanabe, H. (1971). Resistance of the silkworm to cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus in the
epithelium of the silkworm, Bombyx mori (Aruga, H. and Tanada, Y. eds.). 169-183.
University of Tokyo press. Tokyo.
Watanabe, H. (1984). Effect of antibiotics on polyhedrosis virus infection in the silkworm
Bombyx mori L reared on artificial diet, J. Seric., Sci Jpn., 53: 160-164.
Watanabe, H. and Kobayashi, M. (1969). Effect of a virus infection on the protein
sunthesis in the silkgland of Bombyx mori L. J. Invertebr. Pathol., 14: 102-103.
Waterhouse, D. F. (1949). pH of gut, Cterpillar, Australian. Tour. Sci. Ind. Res. B2, 428-
437.
Wiesner, A. (1991). Induction of immunity by latex Vedas and by haemlymph transfer in
Galleria mellonella. Dev comp Immunol.,15: 241-250.
Wiesner, A. (1992). Characteristicxs of inert beads provoking humoral immune responsein
Galleria mellonella. J.Insect. Physiol., 38: 533-541.
Wiesner, A. and Gotz, P. (1993). Silica beads induce cellular and humoral immune responses in
Galleria mellonella larvae and in isolated plasmatocytes, obtained by a newly adapted
nylon wool separation method. J. Insect Physiol., 19(10): 865-876.
341
Wigglesworth, V. B. (1965). Excretion: Storage excretion. In the peinciples of inscet
physiology, (6th end.). Methuen, London., 522-532.
Wigglesworth, V. B. (1972). The principles of Insect physiology, 7th ed. Chapman and Hall,
London.
Wild, R. (1994). The complete book of natural and medicinal cyres. Rodale Press, Inc.,
Emmanus.
Wood, W. and Jasinto, A. (2007). Drosophila melanogaster embryonic haemocytes: masters of
multitasking. Nature reviews: Molecular cell Biology., 8: 542-551.
Woodring, G. R. Roe, R. M. and Clifford, C. W. (1976). Relation of feeding, growth and
metabolism to age in the larval, female hosue cricket. J. Insect Physiol., 23.
Woods, H. A. (1980). Protease degradation of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis
virus proteins. Virology, 103: 392-399.
Wu, Q. Y. (1983). Metabolism in the fatbody in insects. Insect Knowledge., 18: 92-93.
Wyatt, G. R. (1967). The biochemistry of sugars and polysaccharides in insects. Adv. Insect.
Physiol.4: 287-360.
Wyatt, G. R. and Kalf, G. F. (1956). Trehalsoe in insects. Fed. Proceedings., 15: 188.
Wyatt, G. R. and Kalf, G. F. (1957). The chemistry of insect haemolymph trehalose and
other carbohydrate. J. Gen. Physiol., 40: 833-848.
Wyatt, G. R. and Kalf, G. F., (1956). Trehalase in insects. Fed. Proceedings., 15: 188.
Wyatt, G. R. and Kalf, G. F., (1985). The chemistry of haemolymph. I. Trehalose and
other carbohydrates. Journal of general physiology., 40: 833-847.
Wyatt, G. R. Pan, M. L. (1978). Insect plasma proteins; A. Rev. Biochem., 47: 779-817.
Wyatt, G. R.,(1961). The biochemistry of insect haemolymph, Annual review of
entomology., 6: 75-102.
Xeros, N. (1952). Cytoplasmic polyhedral virus disease. Nature, 170: 1073-1079.
342
Xeros, S. (1956). The virogenic stroma in nuclear and cytoplasmic polyhedrosis.Nature, 178:
412-413.
Xia, D., Jakana, J., Zhang, J. Q. nad Zhou, Z. H. (2003). Structure comparison of empty
and full cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus : Protein RNA interaction and implications
for endogenous RNA transcription mechanism. J. Biol. Chem., 278: 1094-1100.
Xu H. X., Zeng F.Q., Wan M., Sim K.Y. (1996). Anti-HIV triterpene acids from Geum
japonicum. J. Nat. Prod., 59: 643–645.
Yadav, S. R., Sardesai, M. M. (2002). Flora of Kolhapur District, Shivaji Univerity
Publication, pp. 32, 39, 191, 193.
Yaginuma, T. and Happ, G. M. (1989). 20-Hydroxyecdysone acts in the male pupa to
commit accessory glands toward trehal ase production in the adult mealworm beetle (
Tenebrio molitor ). Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., 73: 173-185.
Yamashita, O., Hasegawa, K. and Seki, M. (1972). Effect of the diapauses hormone on
trehalose activity in pupal ovaries of the silkworm, B. mori L. Gen. Comp.
Endocrinol., 18: 515-523.
Yanagita, T. and Iwashita, Y. (1982). Dischrage and regeneration of the midgut epithelial
cells in the silkworm larvae infected with aspergillus flavus-oryzae fungi, J. seric Sci.
Jpn., 51: 533-536.
Yanagita, T. and Iwashita, Y. (1983). Scanning electron microscopic observation on the
infection of the integument of silkworm larvae by Aspergillus Flavu-oryzae fungi, J.
seric Sci, Jpn., 52: 41-46.
Yanagita, T. and Iwashita, Y. (1987). Histological observation of larvae of the silkworm,
Bombyx mori orally infected with Beauveria bassiana, J. Seric. Sci, Jpn., 56(4): 285-
291.
Yazaki, K. and Miura, K. I. (1980). Relation of the structure of cytoiplasmic polyhedrosis
viruses and the synthesis of its messenger RNA, Virology., 105: 467-479.
343
Yazaki, K. and Sano, T. (1986). Relation of structure of cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus its
genome and the synthesis of its messenger RNA, Procceding of the XI international
Congress on Electron microscopy.
Yeager, J. F. (1945). The blood picture of the southern armyworm (Prodenia eridamin). J.
Agric. Res., 71: 1-40.
Yoshitake, N., Egucji, M. and Akiyama. (1966). Genetic control on the alkaline phosphtase
of the midgut in silkworm, Bombyx mori L. J. Seric. Sci. Jpn., 35: 1-6.
Young, S. Y. and Lovell, J. S. (1971). Haemolymph proteins of Trichoplusia ni during the
course of nuclear polyhedrosis virus infection. J. Invertebr. Pathol., 410-418.
Yu, R. T., Jing-Chen-Sun., Xin-Ying-Lu., Deming Su and Jing-quing Zhang (2007).
Entry of Bombyx mori cypovirus in to midgut cell in vivo. J. Virol., 1-10.
Yu, X., Jin, L. and Zhou, Z. H. (2008). Structural determination: cytoplasmic polyhedrosis
virus. Nature.
Zampini, I. C., Cuello, S., Alberto, M. R., Ordonez, R. M., Almeida, R. D. Solorzano, E.
and Isla, M. I. (2009). Antimicrobial activity of selected plant species from “the
argentine puna” against sensitive and multi-resistant bacteria. J. of Ethano., 124: 499-
505.
Zhang, H., Zhang, J., Yu, X., Zhang, Q., Jakana, J., Chan, D. H. and Zhou, Z. H.
(1999). Visualization of protein-RNA interaction in cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus.
J. Virol., 73: 1624-1629.
Zhang, X., Candas, M., Griko, N. B. Rose-young, L. and Bulla, L. A. (2005). Cytotoxicity
of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry Ab toxin depends on specific binding of the toxin to the
cadherin receptor Bt-R1 expressed in insect cells. Cell death Differ., 12: 1407-1416.
Zhang, X., Griko, N. B., Corona, S. K. and Bulla, L. A. (2008). Enhance exocytosis of the
receptor B. T. R. (1) induced by the Cry1 ab toxin of Bacillus thuringiensis directly
correlated to the execulation of cell death. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B., 149: 581-588.
344
Zibaee, A., Sendi, J. J., Alinia, F. and Etebari, K. (2008). Study on biochemical
differences among five different groups of rice striped stem borer Chilo suppressalis
Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). I. S. J. 5: 20-29.
Website References:
http://ayurvedicmedicinal plants.com/plnts/1952.html
http://ayurvedicmedicinalplants.com/plants/1952.html
http://csb.gov.in/assets/uploads/pat-files/note on seri pdf
http://www.holistic-herbalist.com/terminalia-arjuna.html http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/jan252005/220.pdf, http://idosi.org/abr/2%281-2%29/1.pdf
http://www.tropilab.com/syzygium-jamun.html