final year project harmonised guidelines final b.sc. i.t. …€¦ · · 2015-11-26the fyp report...

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Final

Contents

1. Introduction..................................................................................................................................... 5

Study Unit Description ............................................................................................................................ 6

Components of an FYP ............................................................................................................................ 9

2. Important Milestones .................................................................................................................... 10

3. The Progress Report ...................................................................................................................... 12

3.1 Purpose ....................................................................................................................................... 12

3.2 Format and Expected Content .................................................................................................... 12

4. The FYP Report .............................................................................................................................. 14

4.1 Proposed Structure ..................................................................................................................... 14

4.2 The Introduction Chapter ........................................................................................................... 15

4.3 Background and Literature Review............................................................................................. 15

4.4 Literature Review ........................................................................................................................ 16

4.5 Specification and Design ............................................................................................................. 16

4.6 Implementation .......................................................................................................................... 16

4.7 Evaluation ................................................................................................................................... 17

4.8 Future Work ................................................................................................................................ 17

4.9 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................. 17

4.10 Supporting Structures ........................................................................................................... 18

4.10.1 The Title Page ............................................................................................................................................. 18

4.10.2 Declaration of Authenticity for Undergraduate Students ...................................................... 18

4.10.3 The Abstract ................................................................................................................................................ 19

4.10.4 Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................................. 19

4.10.5 Appendices .................................................................................................................................................. 19

4.11 Formatting and Layout .......................................................................................................... 20

5. The Review Paper .......................................................................................................................... 22

5.1 Purpose ....................................................................................................................................... 22


6. Abstract for FYP Brochure ............................................................................................................. 23

6.1 Purpose ....................................................................................................................................... 23

Faculty of Information & Communication Technology

Final Year Project Harmonised Guidelines

B.Sc. I.T. (Hons.) in Artificial Intelligence Degree

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7. The Poster ..................................................................................................................................... 24

7.1 Purpose ....................................................................................................................................... 24


8. The Viva Voce (Oral Examination) ................................................................................................. 25

8.1 Purpose ....................................................................................................................................... 25


9. The External Examiner................................................................................................................... 26

10. The Hard Bound Copies ................................................................................................................. 27

11. Miscellaneous ................................................................................................................................ 29

12. Appendices .................................................................................................................................... 30

12. 1 Dissertation Template .............................................................................................................. 30

12. 2 Review Paper Template (ACM) ................................................................................................ 31

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Document Management

Date Version Compiled By Notes

26th

September 2014 0.1 Joel Azzopardi First Draft

26th

November 2015 0.2 Joel Azzopardi Updated Version

Group Members

Dr Joel Azzopardi

Prof. Alexiei Dingli

Mr Michael Rosner

Email Distribution List:

[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

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Appendices

Appendix A – Dissertation Template …………………………………………………........................................... 12.1

Appendix B – Review Paper Template (ACM) ……………………………………………………........................... 12.2

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1. Introduction

This document has been derived from the Final Year Project Harmonisation Guidelines prepared by the Faculty

of ICT in 2011, for students enrolled in an ICT undergraduate degree programme. Its aim is to provide a clear

description of how these guidelines have been adapted for the B.Sc. I.T. (Hons.) in Artificial Intelligence degree

programme.

This document contains and refers to material:

1. Published on the ICT Website of the University of Malta (http://www.um.edu.mt/ict, last retrieved

October 2011).

2. The document “A Short Guide to Dissertation Writing” published by the, then, Department of

Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence.

3. The document “Notes for the Presentation of Final-Year Dissertations in the Faculty of Engineering” by

Prof. Robert Ghirlando.

Students are also encouraged to read the University’s official regulations on FYPs also.

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Study Unit Description

Study Unit Coordinator(s): Various

Semester: 1 & 2

ECTS Credits: 24 (Faculty of ICT).

Tutorials / Practicals: 0

Lectures: A seminar titled “How to write a literature review”

The final-year project is the largest single piece of work assigned to students throughout their degree. It is

intended both to consolidate the skills gained throughout the degree programme as well as prepare students

to undertake and participate in projects upon graduation. Thus, the aims as well as the criteria of assessment

of the final-year project are rather wide-ranging.

There are two phases in a Final Year Project:

1. Phase 1 is the Preliminary Stage where students start discussions with potential supervisors on

possible Final Year Project titles / areas to be undertaken.

2. Phase 2 is the Commencement Stage where students, following confirmation by the Board of Studies

on the project selected, will start working on their Final Year Project.

Both phases involve deadlines to which students will be asked to adhere to.

The main components of this study unit will comprise the following:

1. A Review Report, in the form of a 6-page scientific paper, whose aim is to demonstrate the skills of the

student in condensing the salient and relevant parts of his/her effort in the form of a review,

highlighting the road-map of the scientific method that was adopted in tackling the issues that were

exposed through the student’s background research, (including the background research itself), work

carried out, results obtained, and conclusions drawn. This can also serve as a summary of the student’s

work, as well as to guide the assessment process of the external examiner.

2. A written dissertation in the form of a report detailing the context, effort, reasoning and conclusions

of the student’s academic endeavor. The specific qualities expected in this dissertation are

summarized below:

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Work:

• Originality: to conceive of and develop original ideas and designs;

• Research methods: to use sound scientific methods of research;

• Problem-solving skills: to solve problems in a structured and rational manner;

• Achievement: to produce complete and correctly functioning artefacts.

Management:

• to work on one’s own initiative, subject to a minimum of one (1) communication per

month between student and supervisor;

• It is the student’s responsibility to ensure that communication will take place. Supervisors

will ‘raise a flag’ when they notice that students are repeatedly ignoring meeting requests;

• to keep to deadlines;

• to adequately plan project work;

• to coordinate with third parties (including artifacts developed by such).

Communications Skills:

• to produce adequate user documentation relating to the artifact produced;

• to identify and explain the relevant concepts clearly;

• to report comprehensively on the work produced.

The recommended number of pages for the dissertation write-up is 35 pages. The maximum number

of pages is 40 inclusive of references.

Requests for additional pages must reach the Faculty, one month before submission.

This study unit also requires the production of:

1. A progress report (to be presented in the form of 6-page work-in-progress paper, and a 1-page work

plan), which needs to be agreed upon, approved and signed off, by both student and supervisor(s).

Further work on this study unit can only proceed after due sign off of this report.

2. A suitable poster displaying the highlights of the student’s project is also required as part of the

deliverables of this study unit. Students are obliged to submit the poster in terms of Regulation 79 of

the General Regulations for University Undergraduate Awards, 2004. Students who fail to submit the

poster may not be permitted to graduate. The poster will also be used by the student as a visual aid for

the description of the project during the viva-voce (oral defence).

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3. A 1-page abstract for the ICT FYP Exhibition.

Method of Assessment (Non-Compensatable):

Review Paper: (10%) Dissertation, Presentation & Oral Examination: (90%)

If the student fails to pass, and with the recommendations of the external examiner and the panel of

supervision assigned, students will be allowed to re-submit their dissertation and redo their presentation & oral

examination. In such case, the maximum grade that may be awarded shall be grade D.

Important Notes:

• Final year project areas of interest will be made available online. However, students are allowed to

approach lecturers to discuss any ideas regarding any titles they might have.

• Students must attend the students’ annual project exhibition, which normally takes place sometime

during the first two weeks of July.

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Components of an FYP

This section lists the items that a student is expected to deliver during the course of an FYP. This list also

includes components that do not necessarily contribute to the final grading of the FYP.

• Progress report (in the format of a work-in-progress scientific paper with a maximum length of 6 pages

and a 1-page work-plan).

• First draft to supervisor.

• Spiral-bound copies.

• Review paper.

• 1-page abstract for ICT FYP Exhibition.

• Poster.

• Hard-bound copies.

These deliverables are highlighted and placed on a timeline in the next section.

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2. Important Milestones

Period

(Approximate*)

Milestone Notes

Previous Year

April Publishing of FYP Titles and

Areas of interest.

The first approved Final Year Project titles and

Areas of Interest will be made available to

students.

April Final Year Project information

session.

Students are encouraged to do their utmost to

attend.

May Submission of project proposals

/ agreement forms by students.

Before Final Year Project titles and areas of

interest are made available online and during this

time frame, students are ALLOWED to approach

lecturers to discuss any ideas regarding any Final

Year Project titles that they might have.

Project proposals and any agreement

arrangements are to be recorded and submitted

through the apposite agreement template.

The selection of the title should be based on the

specialization in which the student has enrolled.

May Title accepted or rejected. Official notification from departmental offices.

The complete list of allocated titles will be made

available online.

Beginning of ‘FYP Year’

December, before

recess.

Submission of progress report. An electronic copy of the Progress Report (in PDF

Format), has to be submitted according to

established board’s procedures.

January, Mid Feedback by examiners on the

progress report. This is given

through the supervisor.

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February, End (Week

4)

Submission of Background and

Literature Review chapter(s) to

the supervisor for reviewing.

Recommended Milestone

March, Mid (Week 3) Submission of Design and

Methodology chapter(s) to the

supervisor for reviewing.


April, Mid (Week 2) Submission of Evaluation

chapter to the supervisor for

reviewing.


April Final call for students to submit

any requests for changes in

their Final Year Project titles.

All requests are to be forwarded via email to

departmental secretary.

Recommendations will then be asked for from

respective supervisors, prior to submission to the

Board of Studies for its consideration and

endorsement.

May, Beginning (Week

1)

Submission of First Draft to

supervisor for review.

Review of work submitted beyond this deadline is

at the discretion of the supervisor.

May, Mid Feedback by supervisor on first

draft.

May, End Submission of Spiral Bound

Copies.

June Submission of Review Report.

May / June Submission of 1-page abstract

for ICT Final Year Student

Projects Exhibition.

June Submission of Poster.

June Oral examinations and

demonstrations.

July Submission of Hard Bound

Copies of report.

* exact dates will be published yearly.

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3. The Progress Report

3.1 Purpose

An ICT Final Year Project requires the production of a progress report, which needs to be agreed upon,

approved and signed off, by both student and supervisor(s). Students are obliged to produce a report

according to departmental procedures. Further work on this study unit can only proceed after due approval of

this report.

The main aims of the progress report are:

• To establish a checkpoint between supervisor and student. The problem (aims and objectives),

methodology and evaluation plan should have been defined by this point.

• Establish a plan of action milestones and as such to ascertain whether the timeline proposed by the

student is realistic.

• An opportunity for the supervisor(s) to give feedback on the plan of action.

• A unique opportunity for the student to receive feedback from examiners on the research being

carried out.

3.2 Format and Expected Content

The Progress Report should consist of 2 main components:

• A work-in-progress paper (max. 6 pages) that provides a clear description of the aims and objectives, a

description about work related to the chosen area (literature review) and a description of the

proposed solution, as well as an evaluation plan.

• A work plan (e.g. in the form of a Gantt chart) (max. 1 page) that describes the plan for the remaining

months – start of coding, system design and implementation, evaluation, start of dissertation writing,

etc..

The work-in-progress paper must be written in scientific paper format and should be written in a style similar

to that of a professional academic work shop or conference proceedings. The following structure is suggested:

• Abstract

• Introduction – Introduction to the area, motivation for the project, and a defense of why the problem

is non-trivial.

• Aims and Objectives.

• Background research and Literature review.

• Proposed Solution – Methods and techniques used or planned.

• Evaluation Plan – The evaluation strategy and techniques that is being proposed.

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• Conclusions including expected outcomes and difficulties/challenges.

• Bibliography.

The work-in-progress paper should not be longer than six (6) pages (including all the sections listed above but

not including the Work Plan).

The Work plan should be a single page that describes:

• Identification of the subtasks and their dependencies.

• Arrangement of these subtasks and dependencies on a timeline/Gantt chart.

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4. The FYP Report

4.1 Proposed Structure

In general, the structure of an FYP report will consist of:

1. Title page.

2. Declaration of Authenticity for Undergraduate Students.

3. Abstract.

4. Acknowledgements.

5. Table of contents.

6. Other tables and lists.

7. Main content:

a. Introduction – Including section on Aims and Objectives.

b. Background.

c. Literature review

d. Design.

e. Implementation.

f. Evaluation – including a section on how similar systems in literature have been evaluated (if

applicable).

g. Future work.

h. Conclusions.

8. Glossary (options).

9. Table of abbreviations (optional).

10. Appendices:

a. Including user guides (if necessary), contents of the CD (or other digital media), questionnaires

(if applicable), complete data collected or samples.

11. Bibliography and References.

Please refer to the template as available through Appendix A (12.1). LaTeX resources are also available

through the apposite FYP webpage.

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4.2 The Introduction Chapter

• Introduce the area and the FYP without assuming that the reader has any special knowledge in the

area.

• The aims and goals of the project.

• Any non-aims of the project (e.g. in a purely theoretical project, the development of an artifact would

not necessarily be an aim).

• The approach used.

• Any assumptions.

• A high level description of the project.

4.3 Background and Literature Review

The purpose of the background section is to provide the typical reader with information that they cannot be

expected to know but which they will need in order to fully understand and appreciate the rest of the project.

This section may describe such things as:

• the wider context of the project,

• the anticipated benefits of the system,

• the likely users of the system,

• any theory associated with the project,

• the software/hardware development method(s) used,

• any special diagramming conventions used,

• existing software (or hardware) that is relevant to the system,

• Etc…

Note on the “Typical Reader”: in the case of an FYP the potential readers would usually be:

• The supervisor(s).

• An external examiner.

• Other ICT students.

Since projects will likely include different kinds of theory, programming language choices, compilers,

software/hardware components, APIs, development boards and IC technologies, one cannot always assume

that the reader will be familiar with the details of all of them. Certain assumptions may be made on the

background of the potential reader (e.g. it would be fair to assume that the audience will be familiar with

general programming concepts, object oriented principles, basic circuit theory and system design). However,

when more esoteric choices are made (e.g. dependency on a proprietary image processing library or design

kit), the author will want to elaborate and use references to guide the reader.

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4.4 Literature Review

The literature review component of the report should include:

• An extensive study in the area of interested, highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of existing

methods.

• A review of the state-of-the-art (Description of similar systems) published material in the area.

• A summarization of the published material in the area.

• A critical analysis of exiting material and methods.

• An explanation showing why the literature chosen to review is relevant to the FYP.

4.5 Specification and Design

The purpose of this section is to give the reader a clear picture of the system/artifact/project/work that has

been created in the FYP and why it has been created in the way chosen.

Details:

• Fine details, specifically details of the system (software or hardware) should be left out. Also, any

complete rigorous specification is better relegated to an appendix.

• Using diagrams (including but not limited to flowcharts and system level block diagrams) is strongly

recommended.

• Any design choices have to be justified (e.g. by discussing the implications of different design choices

and then giving reasons for making the choices made).

• The design of the project will almost certainly have evolved during development. Focus should be

made on the project as it is in its final state but often there are good reasons for describing

intermediate states too (e.g. to discuss details of the design method used).

4.6 Implementation

The Implementation section is similar to the Specification and Design section in that it describes the system

but it does so at a finer level of detail, generally down to the code / theorem / algorithm / circuit / hardware…

level. It can also describe any problems that may have arisen during implementation.

• In case of a software development project, the description of all the code in the system should be

avoided, as well as quoting large “pieces” of code. The student should describe the overall system

structure, and focus on the most important parts. Complete source code listings should be put on the

accompanying digital media (e.g. CD or DVD). One must be especially critical to the operation of the

system.

• Mentioning unforeseen problems encountered during implementation.

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• Explanation of a seemingly disproportionate amount of project time taken up in dealing with such

problems. The implementation section gives you the opportunity to show where that time has gone.

4.7 Evaluation

The evaluation component of an FYP is critical.

• One has to make sure and explain why all tests used to evaluate the system are relevant, using

evidence from the literature about similar systems, and justifying any deviations from standard

approaches;

• Demonstration that system works as intended (or not, as the case may be);

• Include comprehensible summaries of the results obtained;

• If a complete evaluation was not possible or feasible, the student should describe an ideal evaluation

scenario, and how the evaluation performed fits into this ‘ideal’ scenario;

• The student must also critically evaluate the system in the light of the results obtained, describing its

strengths and weaknesses;

• Ideas for improving it can be carried over into the Future Work section.

4.8 Future Work

Whether by the end of the project all the original aims and objectives have been completed or not, there is

always scope for future work. Also the ideas will have grown during the course of the project beyond what the

student could hope to do in the time available. The Future Work section is for expressing these unrealised

ideas. It is a way of recording 'I have thought about this'. A good Future Work section should provide a starting

point for someone else to continue the work which has been done. Note that the focus in this section should

be more on future research (and research questions coming out of the current research) rather than just on

ways how to enhance the developed artefact.

4.9 Conclusions

The Conclusions section should be a summary of the project and a restatement of its main results, i.e. what

has been learnt and what it has achieved. An effective set of conclusions should not introduce new material.

Instead it should draw out, summarise, combine and reiterate the main points that have been made in the

body of the dissertation and present opinions based on them.

The Conclusions section marks the end of the dissertation proper.

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4.10 Supporting Structures

4.10.1 The Title Page

The title page should include:

• The title of the dissertation,

• The name of the author,

• The name of the supervisor and the co-supervisor,

• The name of the department and college,

• The date of the completion of the dissertation,

• The qualification for which the dissertation is a part.

4.10.2 Declaration of Authenticity for Undergraduate Students

Available to download from

http://www.um.edu.mt/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/254319/authenticityformug.pdf

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4.10.3 The Abstract

This is a summary of the dissertation. It must be less than 300 words long. It should give enough information to

allow a potential reader to decide whether or not the whole dissertation will be of interest to them. It should

briefly describe the main features of the dissertation including the aims and conclusions, brief overview of the

results obtained and a critical statement of the success of the approach. It should be both self-contained and

self-explanatory, and it should refer to anything not mentioned in the rest of the dissertation.

4.10.4 Acknowledgements

This section should be used to record any debt for the use of facilities or help from particular sources. You

should mention any organisations that have helped fund the project. Also, for placement students, it would be

diplomatic to include the name of the supervisor in the host organisation where the student was placed and

any of his or her colleagues who helped you.

4.10.5 Appendices

Appendices are repositories for material which the student wishes to include in the dissertation but which

would seriously obstruct the flow of ideas put anywhere in the main body. Printouts of the final version of any

code should be avoided – the code must be available digitally on accompanying media.

Examples of items that could go in appendices are:

• A glossary of terms.

• Fundamental and basic theory.

• Schematic Diagrams.

• Detailed notes on the programming language chosen.

• A user’s guide.

Important notes:

• Students are to submit 3 copies of their FYP dissertation/report to the Department’s office.

• Assessment takes place on the basis of the contents of the spiral-bound copy and any accompanying

material. Any final artifacts, documents, source code, an electronic version of the report itself, etc…

should be included in a CD with every spiral-bound copy submitted.

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4.11 Formatting and Layout

Paper Size: A4.

Printing: One-Sided.

Line Spacing: 1.5.

Font Size: 12pt for main content, 10pt allowed for auxiliary content.

Font Type: Serif font (e.g. Times New Roman) for main content and headings.

Monospace font (e.g. Courier New) for algorithms, procedures.

Margins: 25mm top, bottom, right, and 37mm left (to allow for binding).

Page numbering: Arabic numerals, bottom of page, centred.

Maximum length: The recommended number of pages for the dissertation write-up is 35 pages. The

maximum number of pages is 40 inclusive of references.

Requests for additional pages must reach the Faculty, one month before submission.

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4.12 Sample Title Page

<Final Year Project Title>

<Author’s Full Name>

<Department Name>

University of Malta

<Month and Year>

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

<Degree Name>

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5. The Review Paper

5.1 Purpose

The aim of the Review Report, in the form of a 6-page scientific paper, is to demonstrate the skills of the

student in condensing the salient and relevant parts of his/her effort in the form of a review, highlighting the

road-map of the scientific method that was adopted in tackling the issues that were exposed through the

student’s background research, (including the background research itself), work carried out, results obtained,

and conclusions drawn. This can also serve as a summary of the student’s work, as well as to guide the

assessment process of the external examiner.


The review paper must be written in scientific paper format and should be written in a style similar to that of a

professional academic workshop or conference proceedings. The following structure is suggested:

• Abstract.

• Introduction and Background.

• Aims and Objectives.

• Design.

• Implementation.

• Results and Evaluation.

• Conclusions and future work.

• Bibliography.

Important notes:

• Three copies of the Review Report are required and should be submitted to the Department’s office.

• An electronic copy of the report (in PDF Format) has to be forwarded via email to departmental office.

Please refer to the template as available through Appendix B (12.2). LaTeX resources are also available

through the apposite FYP webpage.

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6. Abstract for FYP Brochure

6.1 Purpose

Students are required to submit an abstract of their FYP for inclusion in the yearly FYP brochure. The FYP

brochure is handed out during the annual FYP exhibitions but is also used by the Faculty as a showcase of its

work at conferences and in meetings with external stakeholders.


• The abstract should consist of circa 250 words outlining the general purpose, methods and

achievements of the FYP.

• Two relevant, high-resolution images must be submitted.

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7. The Poster

7.1 Purpose

The Poster is intended to present the project in a poster session at a conference or exhibition. The emphasis

should be on a visual style of communication with attention given to the, generally, short time span available

to the reader.


• The poster should be presented printed on an A1 gloss 190GSM photo paper.

• It should be in portrait.

• It should be accompanied with two poster hangers (top and bottom).

Posters are usually expected to be in colour and use a combination of graphics, captions, diagrams and short

text notes to describe the FYP as concisely, yet clearly, as possible.

The title of the project, the name of the student as well as that of the supervisor(s) should be clearly visible on

the poster.

Note:

• The posters will be displayed during the annual ICT exhibition. A requirement sheet will be made

available to students where they will indicate any resources that they might require to exhibit their

project.

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8. The Viva Voce (Oral Examination)

8.1 Purpose

The main purpose of the presentation is to demonstrate the student’s ability to communicate their work and

achievements. In addition to this, it is also an opportunity for the student to demonstrate their artifact (if any).

Students will be graded based on the quality of the material they present, their communication skills,

adherence to the time requirements of the presentation and demonstrating that they truly understand the

FYP area.


Each project will be allocated 30 minutes of presentation time, which will be subdivided as follows:

1. The first part (5 minutes) will be allocated to the actual FYP presentation. This part will consist of a

poster presentation whereby the student will give an overview of the research performed.

2. The second part (5 minutes) will consist of a demonstration of the artifact, or visualisation of the

obtained results developed as part of the research.

3. The third part will consist of questions from the examiner(s).

Demonstrations are to be conducted on machines belonging to the students. It is the responsibility of the

students to ensure that their demonstration is functioning before their actual allocated presentation time slot.

In cases when students require departmental machines and resources for their demonstrations, the Faculty

will do its best to satisfy these requests. However, it still remains the responsibility of the students to ensure

the correct functioning of their demonstrations.

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9. The External Examiner

As per Regulation 20 (2) (c) of the University Assessment Regulations, 2009, whenever deemed necessary,

external examiners may moderate the results and /or recommend changed to unpublished marks of all

compulsory final year study-units assessed at the end of the last semester, including the dissertation study-

unit when one is required.

Therefore students are required to be on call, in case external examiners wish to meet with them and evaluate

issues associated to their dissertation.

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10. The Hard Bound Copies

Before producing the Hard Bound copies, through their respective supervisor(s), students are asked to

ensure that there are no nominal changes proposed by the Board of Examiners.

As per regulation 84 of the General Regulations for University Undergraduate Awards, 2004, -

'Before graduating, and where applicable, students shall present two hard bound copies of the dissertation to

the Faculty, and one electronic version for the University Library, which shall include a signed declaration of

authenticity. The electronic version must conform to the standards set by the University of Malta Library'.

Students are therefore required to submit bound copies of their FYP report as follows:

• One for each supervisor (students who are co-supervised must submit an additional copy of their

report for the co-supervisor), and

• The Departmental archives.

Associated media must to be included with the supervisor’s and departmental copies.

Hard Bound Copies covers should be black with silver or gold writing (see examples below).

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Students are also required to submit an electronic copy of their final dissertation on a single CD-ROM or via

email to the Department. Dissertations must be in PDF format.

Students are asked to refer to the following links for further guidance –

• Electronic Thesis & Dissertation (ETD) Guide –

http://www.um.edu.mt/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/230745/new_guidelines_manual_-_nov14.pdf.

• Guidelines to Electronic Theses and Dissertations (ETD) University of Malta Library Video Tutorial –

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YR3TIeHBF3E.

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11. Miscellaneous

1. The FYP report should be submitted together with a digital medium which should contain:

a. A soft copy of the report in PDF format.

b. Any source code, system diagrams, etc... related to any artifact that has been developed.

c. Executable versions of the artifact (if any).

2. Acceptable digital media are ‘USB pen drives’ or Compact Discs. Submission of digital content on

floppy discs (this is known to happen) is not acceptable.

3. The student may be asked, in writing or by email, by the supervisor/s, examiner/s or the Departmental

or Faculty Office, to submit the report directly to a Moodle space for assignment.

4. With the exception of excerpts to illustrate algorithms, design and capabilities, full source code should

not be printed in the report.

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12. Appendices

12. 1 Dissertation Template

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University of Malta

❋❛❝✉❧'② ♦❢ ■❈❚

❯♥✐✈❡+-✐'② ♦❢ ▼❛❧'❛

❖❝(♦❜❡/ ✷✵✶✺

❙✉❜♠✐%%❡❞ ✐♥ ♣❛+%✐❛❧ ❢✉❧✜❧❧♠❡♥% ♦❢ %❤❡ +❡1✉✐+❡♠❡♥%2 ❢♦+ %❤❡ ❞❡❣+❡❡ ♦❢ ❇✳❙❝✳ ■❈❚ ✐♥

❆+%✐✜❝✐❛❧ ■♥%❡❧❧✐❣❡♥❝❡ ✭❍♦♥2✳✮

UNIVERSITY OF MALTA

FACULTY/INSTITUTE/CENTRE/SCHOOL__________________________

DECLARATION OF AUTHENTICITY FOR UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS

Student’s I.D. /Code _____________________________

Student’s Name & Surname _________________________________________________

Course _________________________________________________________________

Title of Long Essay/Dissertation

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

I hereby declare that I am the legitimate author of this Long Essay/Dissertation and that it is my

original work.

No portion of this work has been submitted in support of an application for another degree or

qualification of this or any other university or institution of higher education.

I hold the University of Malta harmless against any third party claims with regard to copyright

violation, breach of confidentiality, defamation and any other third party right infringement.

______________________ ______________________

Signature of Student Date

11.06.2015

❆❜"#$❛❝#✿

❍❡"❡ ✐$ ❛ ♦♥❡ ♣❛❣❡ $✉♠♠❛"② ♦❢ .❤❡ ♣"♦❥❡❝.✳ ❚❤❡ ❡♠♣❤❛$✐$ $❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ♦♥ ♠♦.✐✈❛.✐♦♥✱

❝❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡✱ $♦❧✉.✐♦♥ ♣"♦♣♦$❡❞ ❛♥❞ "❡$✉❧.$✳ ■. $❤♦✉❧❞ ❣✐✈❡ .❤❡ "❡❛❞❡" ❛♥ ♦♣♣♦".✉♥✐.② .♦ ❛$$❡$$

✐♥ ❛ ❢❡✇ $❡❝♦♥❞$ ✇❤❡.❤❡" ✐. ✐$ ♦❢ ✐♥.❡"❡$. .♦ ❤✐♠ ♦" ❤❡"✳

■. ✐$ ✇♦".❤✇❤✐❧❡ "❡♠❡♠❜❡"✐♥❣ .❤❛. .❤✐$ ✐$ ♥♦. ❛ ♠✉"❞❡" ♠②$.❡"②✱ $♦ .❡❧❧ .❤❡ "❡❛❞❡" ✇❤❛.

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.❤❡② ❝❛♥ ✉♥❞❡"$.❛♥❞ .❤❡ "❡$✉❧.$ ♦❢ .❤❡ ♣"♦❥❡❝.✳

❚❤✐$ ❛❜$."❛❝. $❤♦✉❧❞ ♥♦. ❡①❝❡❡❞ ♦♥❡ ♣❛❣❡✱ ❛♥❞ ❞♦❡$ ♥♦. ❝♦✉♥. .♦✇❛"❞$ .❤❡ ♣❛❣❡ ❧✐♠✐.✳

✸

❆❝❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡♠❡♥+,✿

■ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❧✐❦❡ )♦ )❤❛♥❦ ▼✉①①✉✱ ♠② ❤❛♠2)❡3✱ ❢♦3 ❤✐2 ❝♦♥)✐♥✉♦✉2 2✉♣♣♦3) ❛♥❞ ❢♦3 ❦❡❡♣✐♥❣ ♠❡

❝♦♠♣❛♥② )❤3♦✉❣❤♦✉) )❤✐2 ♣❛2) ②❡❛3✳ ❚❤❛♥❦2 ♠✉2) ❛❧2♦ ❣♦ )♦ ♠② ❝❛) ❢♦3 3❡❢3❛✐♥✐♥❣ ❢3♦♠

❡❛)✐♥❣ ▼✉①①✉✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ ♠② 2✉♣❡3✈✐2♦32 ✇❡3❡ ❛❧2♦ ♦❝❝❛2✐♦♥❛❧❧② ❤❡❧♣❢✉❧✳

❈♦♥#❡♥#%

✶ ■♥#$♦❞✉❝#✐♦♥ ✶

✷ ❙#$✉❝#✉$❡ ●✉✐❞❡❧✐♥❡/ ✶

✸ ❙#②❧❡ ●✉✐❞❡❧✐♥❡/ ✸

✹ ❈♦♥❝❧✉/✐♦♥/ ✹

✐

▲✐"# ♦❢ ❋✐❣✉)❡"

✶ ❋✐❣✉%❡ ❝❛♣*✐♦♥- ❣♦ ❜❡❧♦✇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺

✐✐

▲✐"# ♦❢ ❚❛❜❧❡"

✶ ◆♦#❡ #❤❛# #❛❜❧❡ ❝❛♣#✐♦♥- ❣♦ ❛❜♦✈❡ #❤❡ #❛❜❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹

✐✐✐

❖♥ ❲#✐%✐♥❣ ❛ ❋✐♥❛❧ ❨❡❛# ,#♦❥❡❝%

∗

❏♦❤♥ ❙♠✐'❤

†

❙✉♣❡$✈✐'❡❞ ❜②✿ ❏♦❤♥♥② ❙♠✐(❤② ❛♥❞ ❏♦♥ ❙♠②(❤❡

❖❝(♦❜❡/ ✷✵✶✺

✶ ■♥#$♦❞✉❝#✐♦♥

4❧❡❛6❡ ❛❧❧♦✇ ♠❡ (♦ ✐♥(/♦❞✉❝❡ ♠②6❡❧❢✳ ■ ❛♠ ❙♠✐(❤✱ ❏♦❤♥ ❙♠✐(❤✳ ■ ❤❛✈❡ ✇♦/❦❡❞ ♦♥ ♠② ✜♥❛❧

②❡❛/ ♣/♦❥❡❝( ✉♥(✐❧ ✐( ❞/♦✈❡ ♠❡ ❝/❛③②✱ ❞/✐✈✐♥❣ ♠② 6✉♣❡/✈✐6♦/6 ❝/❛③② ✐♥ (❤❡ ♣/♦❝❡66✳ ❚❤✐6

/❡♣♦/( ✐6 (❤❡ ❢/✉✐( ♦❢ (❤❛( ❝/❛③✐♥❡66✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ■ ❤♦♣❡ ■ ❝❛♥ 6❤❛/❡ ✇✐(❤ ②♦✉✳ ▲✉❝❦✐❧② ■ ❤❛❞

▼✉①①✉ ♠② ❤❛♠6(❡/ (♦ ❦❡❡♣ ♠❡ ❝♦♠♣❛♥②✳ ■ ❤♦♣❡ ②♦✉ ❤❛✈❡ ❛ 6♦✉❧♠❛(❡ (♦♦✳

◆♦.❡✿ ❏♦❤♥ ✐6 ✐♥❞❡❡❞ ❝/❛③②✳ ❉♦ ♥♦( ✐♥(/♦❞✉❝❡ ②♦✉/6❡❧❢ ❤❡/❡✱ ❜✉( ♠♦(✐✈❛(❡ ②♦✉/ ✇♦/❦✱

✐♥(/♦❞✉❝❡ ②♦✉/ ♣/♦❥❡❝( /❡6✉❧(6✱ ❛♥❞ ♣/❡6❡♥( ❛♥ ♦✉(❧✐♥❡ ♦❢ (❤❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥(✳ ❙(✉❞② (❤❡ ✐♥(/♦✲

❞✉❝(✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ❣♦♦❞ ♣❛♣❡/ ♦/ (✇♦ ❛♥❞ ❡♠✉❧❛(❡ (❤❡✐/ 6(②❧❡✳

✷ ❙#$✉❝#✉$❡ ●✉✐❞❡❧✐♥❡/

❚❤✐♥❦ ♦❢ ②♦✉/ /❡♣♦/( ❛6 (❤❡ (❡❧❧✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❛ 6(♦/②✳ ❚❤❡/❡ ✐6 ♥♦ ✜①❡❞ 6(/✉❝(✉/❡ ②♦✉/ /❡♣♦/( ❤❛6 (♦

❛❞❤❡/❡ (♦✱ ❜✉( (❤❡/❡ ❛/❡ 6♦♠❡ ♣❛/(6 ♦❢ (❤❡ 6(♦/② ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇✐❧❧ ✐♥✈❛/✐❛❜❧② ♠❛♥✐❢❡6( (❤❡♠6❡❧✈❡6

✐♥ (❤❡ /❡♣♦/(✳ ❇❡❧♦✇ ✐6 ❛ ❧✐6( ♦❢ (②♣✐❝❛❧ ♣❛/(6 ✇❤✐❝❤ ♠❛② ♦/ ♠❛② ♥♦( ❜❡ 6❡❝(✐♦♥6 ✐♥ (❤❡

/❡♣♦/(✿

❆❜'.$❛❝.✿ ❚❤❡ ❛❜6(/❛❝( 6❤♦✉❧❞ ❛❝( ❛6 ❛ 6(❛♥❞✲❛❧♦♥❡ ✭✈❡/②✮ ❜/✐❡❢ ❞❡6❝/✐♣(✐♦♥ ♦❢ (❤❡ ✇❤♦❧❡

6(♦/②✿ ❚❤❡ ❝♦♥(❡①(✱ (❤❡ 6♦❧✉(✐♦♥✱ ❤♦✇ ❡✛❡❝(✐✈❡ ✐( ✇❛6 ❢♦✉♥❞ (♦ ❜❡✳ ❚❤❡/❡ ✐6 ♥♦ ❜❡((❡/

✇❛② (♦ ❧❡❛/♥ ❤♦✇ (♦ ✇/✐(❡ ❛♥ ❛❜6(/❛❝( (❤❛♥ ❜② ❝❛/❡❢✉❧❧② /❡❛❞✐♥❣ (❤❡ ❛❜6(/❛❝(6 ♦❢ ❣♦♦❞

♣❛♣❡/6✳ ❚❤✐6 ✐6 ✉6✉❛❧❧② (❤❡ ❧❛6( ♣❛/( ♦❢ (❤❡ /❡♣♦/( (♦ ❜❡ ✇/✐((❡♥✳

∗■ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❧✐❦❡ )♦ )❤❛♥❦ ▼✉①①✉✱ ♠② ❤❛♠2)❡3✱ ❢♦3 ❤✐2 ❝♦♥)✐♥✉♦✉2 2✉♣♣♦3) ❛♥❞ ❢♦3 ❦❡❡♣✐♥❣ ♠❡ ❝♦♠♣❛♥②

)❤3♦✉❣❤♦✉) )❤✐2 ♣❛2) ②❡❛3✳ ❚❤❛♥❦2 ♠✉2) ❛❧2♦ ❣♦ )♦ ♠② ❝❛) ❢♦3 3❡❢3❛✐♥✐♥❣ ❢3♦♠ ❡❛)✐♥❣ ▼✉①①✉✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ ♠②

2✉♣❡3✈✐2♦32 ✇❡3❡ ❛❧2♦ ♦❝❝❛2✐♦♥❛❧❧② ❤❡❧♣❢✉❧✳

†❙✉❜♠✐))❡❞ ✐♥ ♣❛3)✐❛❧ ❢✉❧✜❧❧♠❡♥) ♦❢ )❤❡ 3❡?✉✐3❡♠❡♥)2 ❢♦3 )❤❡ ❞❡❣3❡❡ ♦❢ ❇✳❙❝✳ ■❈❚ ✐♥ ❆3)✐✜❝✐❛❧ ■♥)❡❧❧✐❣❡♥❝❡

✭❍♦♥2✳✮✳

✶

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❛ #❡♣❛,❛(❡ #❡❝(✐♦♥✳ ▼♦(✐✈❛(❡ (❤❡ ♣,♦❜❧❡♠ ✇❤✐❝❤ ②♦✉, ,❡#❡❛,❝❤ ❤❛# ❜❡❡♥ ❛❞❞,❡##✐♥❣✱

❛♥❞ ✐♥(,♦❞✉❝❡ (❤❡ ♣,♦❜❧❡♠✱ ②♦✉, #♦❧✉(✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✐♥❢♦,♠❛❧❧② ♣,❡#❡♥( (❤❡ ,❡#✉❧(#✳ ❆( (❤❡

❡♥❞ ♦❢ (❤❡ #❡❝(✐♦♥✱ ♦♥❡ ✉#✉❛❧❧② ❡①♣❧❛✐♥# (❤❡ #(,✉❝(✉,❡ ♦❢ (❤❡ ,❡#( ♦❢ (❤❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥(✳

❇❛❝❦❣#♦✉♥❞✿ ❋♦, (❤❡ ,❡❛❞❡, (♦ ✉♥❞❡,#(❛♥❞ ②♦✉, ✇♦,❦✱ ❤❡ ♦, #❤❡ ✇✐❧❧ ❤❛✈❡ (♦ ✉♥❞❡,#(❛♥❞

❛ ♥✉♠❜❡, ♦❢ (❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ (❡❝❤♥✐=✉❡# ♦, ,❡#✉❧(#✳ ❚❤✐# ✐# ✇❤❡,❡ (❤❡② ❣♦✳ ❋♦, ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱ ✐❢

②♦✉ ✉#❡ ▲❙❆✱ ②♦✉ #❤♦✉❧❞ ❡①♣❧❛✐♥ ✇❤❛( ▲❙❆ ✐#✳ ❉♦ ♥♦( ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ✉♥♥❡❝❡##❛,② (❤✐♥❣#

❥✉#( (♦ #❤♦✇ (❤❛( ②♦✉ ,❡❛❞ ❛ ♣❛♣❡, ❤❡,❡✳ ❯#✐♥❣ (❤❡ #❛♠❡ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱ ②♦✉ #❤♦✉❧❞ ♥♦(

❡①♣❧❛✐♥ ♦(❤❡, #(❛(✐❝ ❛♥❛❧②#✐# ♦, ❝♦♠♣✐❧❡, ♦♣(✐♠✐#❛(✐♦♥ (❡❝❤♥✐=✉❡# ♥♦( ,❡❧❡✈❛♥( (♦ ②♦✉,

❛♣♣,♦❛❝❤✳

▲✐"❡#❛"✉#❡ ❘❡✈✐❡✇✿ ❲❤✐❧❡ (❤❡ ❜❛❝❦❣,♦✉♥❞ ❣❛✈❡ (❤❡ ,❡❛❞❡, (❤❡ (♦♦❧# (♦ ✉♥❞❡,#(❛♥❞ ②♦✉,

✇♦,❦✱ (❤✐# #❡❝(✐♦♥ ❡①♣❧❛✐♥# ,❡#✉❧(# ❢,♦♠ ♦(❤❡, ♣❛♣❡,#✱ ,❡❧❛(✐♥❣ (❤❡♠ (♦❣❡(❤❡, ❛♥❞

✇✐(❤ ②♦✉, ✇♦,❦✳ ❚❤✐# #❡❝(✐♦♥ #❤♦✉❧❞ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❛♥ ,❡✈✐❡✇ ♦❢ (❤❡ #(❛(❡✲♦❢✲(❤❡✲❛,( ✭#✐♠✐❧❛,

#②#(❡♠#✮ ✐♥ (❤❡ ❛,❡❛ (❤❛( ②♦✉ ❛,❡ ✇♦,❦✐♥❣ ♦♥✳ ❙✉❝❤ #②#(❡♠# ❝❛♥ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❝♦♠♠❡,❝✐❛❧

#②#(❡♠#✱ ❜✉( ♠♦,❡ ✐♠♣♦,(❛♥(❧② #②#(❡♠# ❞❡#❝,✐❜❡❞ ✐♥ ♣✉❜❧✐#❤❡❞ ❧✐(❡,❛(✉,❡✳ ❨♦✉ #❤♦✉❧❞

♣,♦✈✐❞❡ ❛ ❝,✐(✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❛❧②#✐# ✭❤✐❣❤❧✐❣❤(✐♥❣ #(,❡♥❣(❤# ❛♥❞ ✇❡❛❦♥❡##❡#✮ ♦❢ (❤❡ ❡①✐#(✐♥❣

#②#(❡♠#✳ ❚❤❡,❡ ✐# ♥♦(❤✐♥❣ ♠♦,❡ ❢,✉#(,❛(✐♥❣ (❤❛♥ ✜♥❞✐♥❣ ❛ ❧✐#( ♦❢ ♣❛,❛❣,❛♣❤# ❡❛❝❤

❞❡#❝,✐❜✐♥❣ ❛ ❞✐✛❡,❡♥( ♣❛♣❡, ✇✐(❤♦✉( #②♥(❤❡#✐#✐♥❣ ❤♦✇ (❤❡ (❡❝❤♥✐=✉❡# ❛,❡ ❧✐♥❦❡❞✱ ❛♥❞

❤♦✇ (❤❡✐, ❛♣♣,♦❛❝❤ ✐# ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥(❛,② ♦, ❞✐✛❡,❡♥( ❢,♦♠ ②♦✉,#✳

❉❡4✐❣♥✿ ❚❤❡ ♣✉,♣♦#❡ ♦❢ (❤✐# #❡❝(✐♦♥ ✐# (♦ ❣✐✈❡ (❤❡ ,❡❛❞❡, ❛ ❝❧❡❛, ♣✐❝(✉,❡ ♦❢ (❤❡ #②#✲

(❡♠✴❛,(✐❢❛❝(✴♣,♦❥❡❝(✴✇♦,❦ (❤❛( ❤❛# ❜❡❡♥ ❝,❡❛(❡❞ ✐♥ (❤❡ ❋❨K ❛♥❞ ✇❤② ✐( ❤❛# ❜❡❡♥

❝,❡❛(❡❞ ✐♥ (❤❡ ✇❛② ❝❤♦#❡♥✳ ❉❡#✐❣♥ ❝❤♦✐❝❡# #❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❥✉#(✐✜❡❞ ✭❡✳❣✳ ❜② ❞✐#❝✉##✐♥❣

(❤❡ ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛(✐♦♥# ♦❢ ❞✐✛❡,❡♥( ❞❡#✐❣♥ ❝❤♦✐❝❡# ❛♥❞ (❤❡♥ ❣✐✈✐♥❣ ,❡❛#♦♥# ❢♦, ♠❛❦✐♥❣ (❤❡

❝❤♦✐❝❡# ♠❛❞❡✮✳ ❏✉#(✐✜❝❛(✐♦♥# ❛,❡ ❜❛#❡❞ ♦♥ ②♦✉, ♣❡,#♦♥❛❧ ❡①♣❡,✐❡♥❝❡# ❛# ✇❡❧❧ ❛# ♦♥

,❡#✉❧(#✴♦❜#❡,✈❛(✐♦♥# ♠❡♥(✐♦♥❡❞ ✐♥ ❧✐(❡,❛(✉,❡✳ ■( ✐# ❝,✉❝✐❛❧ (❤❛( ✇❤❡,❡ ❞✐✛❡,❡♥( ❞❡✲

#✐❣♥ ♦, #♦❧✉(✐♦♥ ♦♣(✐♦♥# ✇❡,❡ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡✱ ②♦✉ ❞✐#❝✉## (❤❡♠ ❛♥❞ ✇❤② ②♦✉ ✇❡♥( ❢♦, (❤❛(

♣❛,(✐❝✉❧❛, #♦❧✉(✐♦♥ ✐♥ (❤✐# #❡❝(✐♦♥✳

▼❡"❤♦❞♦❧♦❣②✿ ◆♦✇ ❝♦♠❡# (❤❡ ♣❛,( ✇❤❡,❡ ②♦✉ ❡①♣❧❛✐♥ ②♦✉, ❛♣♣,♦❛❝❤ ✭#♦❧✉(✐♦♥✮ ✐♥ ❞❡(❛✐❧✳

❘❡♠❡♠❜❡, (❤❛( ②♦✉, ,❡♣♦,( ✐# ♥♦( #②#(❡♠ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥(❛(✐♦♥ ✖ ②♦✉ ♥❡❡❞ ♥♦( ❣✐✈❡ ❞❡✲

(❛✐❧# ❛❜♦✉( ❛♥② ♣,♦❣,❛♠# ②♦✉ ❤❛✈❡ ✇,✐((❡♥ ✭✉♥❧❡## (❤❡② ❛,❡ ❞✐,❡❝(❧② ,❡❧❡✈❛♥( (♦ ②♦✉,

♣,♦❥❡❝(✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❞❡#❝,✐♣(✐♦♥ #❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❛( (❤❡ ❛❧❣♦,✐(❤♠ ❧❡✈❡❧✱ ❛♥❞ ✐( ❝❛♥ ❛❧#♦ ❞❡#❝,✐❜❡

❛♥② ♣,♦❜❧❡♠# (❤❛( ♠❛② ❤❛✈❡ ❛,✐#❡♥ ❞✉,✐♥❣ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥(❛(✐♦♥✳ ❚❤✐# #❡❝(✐♦♥ ❣✐✈❡# ②♦✉

(❤❡ ♦♣♣♦,(✉♥✐(② (♦ #❤♦✇ ✇❤❡,❡ (❤❛( (✐♠❡ ❤❛# ❣♦♥❡✳

✷

❊✈❛❧✉❛%✐♦♥✿ ❆ ✜♥❛❧ ②❡❛' ♣'♦❥❡❝, ✐. ♥♦, ❛ ♣'♦❣'❛♠♠✐♥❣ ❝❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡✱ ❜✉, ❛ .❝✐❡♥,✐✜❝ ❡♥❞❡❛✈✲

♦✉'✳ ■, ✐. ❝'✉❝✐❛❧ ,❤❛, ②♦✉ ❡✈❛❧✉❛,❡ ②♦✉' '❡.✉❧,.✱ ✇❤❡,❤❡' ✐, ✐. ❛ ;✉❛❧✐,❛,✐✈❡ ❞✐.❝✉..✐♦♥✱

❛♥ ❡♠♣✐'✐❝❛❧ .,✉❞② ♦' ❛ ❢♦'♠❛❧ ❛♥❛❧②.✐.✳ ■♥ ,❤✐. .❡❝,✐♦♥ ②♦✉ ✇✐❧❧ ♥❡❡❞ ,♦ ❞❡♠♦♥.,'❛,❡

,❤❛, ,❤❡ .②.,❡♠ ✇♦'❦. ❛. ✐♥,❡♥❞❡❞ ✭♦' ♥♦,✮✱ ❛♥❞ ♣'♦✈✐❞❡ ❛ ❝♦♠♣'❡❤❡♥.✐❜❧❡ .✉♠♠❛'②

♦❢ ,❤❡ '❡.✉❧,. ♦❜,❛✐♥❡❞✳ ■❢ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡,❡ ❡✈❛❧✉❛,✐♦♥ ✇❛. ♥♦, ♣♦..✐❜❧❡ ♦' ❢❡❛.✐❜❧❡✱ ②♦✉

.❤♦✉❧❞ ❞❡.❝'✐❜❡ ❛♥ ✐❞❡❛❧ ❡✈❛❧✉❛,✐♦♥ .❝❡♥❛'✐♦✱ ❛♥❞ ❤♦✇ ,❤❡ ❡✈❛❧✉❛,✐♦♥ ♣❡'❢♦'♠❡❞ ✜,.

✐♥,♦ ,❤✐. ➶➫✐❞❡❛❧❵ .❝❡♥❛'✐♦✳ ❨♦✉ ♠✉., ❛❧.♦ ❝'✐,✐❝❛❧❧② ❡✈❛❧✉❛,❡ ,❤❡ .②.,❡♠ ✐♥ ,❤❡ ❧✐❣❤,

♦❢ ,❤❡.❡ '❡.✉❧,. ♦❜,❛✐♥❡❞✱ ❞❡.❝'✐❜✐♥❣ ✐,. .,'❡♥❣,❤. ❛♥❞ ✇❡❛❦♥❡..❡.✳

❋✉%✉+❡ ❲♦+❦✿ ❲❤❡,❤❡' ❜② ,❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ ,❤❡ ♣'♦❥❡❝, ❛❧❧ ,❤❡ ♦'✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❛✐♠. ❛♥❞ ♦❜❥❡❝,✐✈❡. ❤❛✈❡

❜❡❡♥ ❝♦♠♣❧❡,❡❞ ♦' ♥♦,✱ ,❤❡'❡ ✐. ❛❧✇❛②. .❝♦♣❡ ❢♦' ❢✉,✉'❡ ✇♦'❦✳ ❆❧.♦ ,❤❡ ✐❞❡❛. ✇✐❧❧ ❤❛✈❡

❣'♦✇♥ ❞✉'✐♥❣ ,❤❡ ❝♦✉'.❡ ♦❢ ,❤❡ ♣'♦❥❡❝, ❜❡②♦♥❞ ✇❤❛, ②♦✉ ❝♦✉❧❞ ❤❛✈❡ ❤♦♣❡❞ ,♦ ❞♦ ✐♥

,❤❡ ,✐♠❡ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❋✉,✉'❡ ❲♦'❦ .❡❝,✐♦♥ ✐. ❢♦' ❡①♣'❡..✐♥❣ ,❤❡.❡ ✉♥'❡❛❧✐.❡❞ ✐❞❡❛.✳

■, ✐. ❛ ✇❛② ♦❢ '❡❝♦'❞✐♥❣ ❵■ ❤❛✈❡ ,❤♦✉❣❤, ❛❜♦✉, ,❤✐.✬✳

❈♦♥❝❧✉1✐♦♥1✿ ❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ ♣'❡.❡♥, ②♦✉' ❝♦♥❝❧✉.✐♦♥.

✶

✳ ❚❤✐. ✐. .✐♠✐❧❛' ,♦ ,❤❡ ✐♥,'♦❞✉❝,✐♦♥✱ ❡①✲

❝❡♣, ,❤❛, ♥♦✇ ②♦✉ ❤❛✈❡ ,❤❡ ❧✉①✉'② ,❤❛, ②♦✉ ❝❛♥ ❛..✉♠❡ ,❤❛, ,❤❡ '❡❛❞❡' ❤❛. '❡❛❞ ,❤❡

✇❤♦❧❡ '❡♣♦',✱ ❛♥❞ ②♦✉ ♠❛② ,❤✉. ♣'❡.❡♥, ②♦✉' ❝♦♥❝❧✉.✐♦♥. ✐♥ ❛ ♠♦'❡ ,❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ ✇❛②✳

❆❝❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡♠❡♥%1✿ ■❢ ②♦✉ ✇❛♥, ,♦ ,❤❛♥❦ ❛♥②♦♥❡✱ ✐, ❝❛♥ ❣♦ ❤❡'❡✳

❇✐❜❧✐♦❣+❛♣❤②✿ ❘❡❧❡✈❛♥, ✇♦'❦ ②♦✉ '❡❢❡''❡❞ ,♦ ✐♥ ②♦✉' '❡♣♦', .❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❧✐.,❡❞ ❤❡'❡✳ ❚❤❡

❛✐♠ ♦❢ ,❤❡ ✐♥❢♦'♠❛,✐♦♥ ✐♥ ,❤❡ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣'❛♣❤② ✐. ,♦ ❡♥❛❜❧❡ ,❤❡ '❡❛❞❡' ,♦ ✉♥✐;✉❡❧② ✐❞❡♥,✐❢②

,❤❡ .♦✉'❝❡ ✐❢ ♦♥❡ ✇❡'❡ ,♦ ❜❡ ❧❡❢, ❧♦❝❦❡❞ ✉♣ ✐♥ ❛ ❧✐❜'❛'② ✇✐,❤♦✉, ✐♥,❡'♥❡, ❛❝❝❡..✳ ❏✉., ❛

♣❛♣❡' ,✐,❧❡ ❛♥❞ ❧✐., ♦❢ ❛✉,❤♦'. ✇✐❧❧ ❣❡, ②♦✉ ♥♦✇❤❡'❡✱ .♦ ♠❛❦❡ .✉'❡ ②♦✉ ✐❞❡♥,✐❢② ❛❧❧ ,❤❡

'❡❧❡✈❛♥, ✐♥❢♦'♠❛,✐♦♥✱ .✉❝❤ ❛. ,❤❡ ❝♦♥❢❡'❡♥❝❡ ♦' ❥♦✉'♥❛❧ ✇❤❡'❡ ❛ ♣❛♣❡' ✇❛. ♣✉❜❧✐.❤❡❞✱

♦' ,❤❡ ♣✉❜❧✐.❤❡' ♦❢ ❛ ❜♦♦❦✳ ❯.✐♥❣ ❇■❇❚

❊

❳ ❤❡❧♣. ❜② ❣✐✈✐♥❣ ②♦✉ ❛ ❧✐., ♦❢ ✜❡❧❞. ,♦ ✜❧❧ ✐♥✱

❛♥❞ ❜② ❝'❡❛,✐♥❣ ❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣'❛♣❤② ✉.✐♥❣ ❛ .,❛♥❞❛'❞ .,②❧❡✳

✸ ❙"②❧❡ ●✉✐❞❡❧✐♥❡+

❍❡'❡ ❛'❡ .♦♠❡ .,②❧❡ ❣✉✐❞❡❧✐♥❡. ✇❤✐❝❤ ②♦✉ .❤♦✉❧❞ ❢♦❧❧♦✇ ✇❤❡♥ ✇'✐,✐♥❣ ②♦✉' '❡♣♦',✿

✶✳ ❚❤❡ ❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❡❞ ❧❡♥❣,❤ ♦❢ ,❤❡ ❞✐..❡',❛,✐♦♥ ✐. '❡♣♦', ✐. ✸✺ ♣❛❣❡. ✐♥❝❧✉.✐✈❡ ♦❢ ✜❣✉'❡.✱

,❛❜❧❡. ❛♥❞ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣'❛♣❤② ❜✉, ♥♦, ,❤❡ ,✐,❧❡ ♣❛❣❡✱ ,❤❡ ❧♦♥❣ ❛❜.,'❛❝,✱ ,❛❜❧❡ ♦❢ ❝♦♥,❡♥,.

✶

❆♥❞ ♥♦$❡ $❤❡ ♣❧✉*❛❧✱ ✉♥❧❡-- ②♦✉ ❤❛✈❡ *❡❛❝❤❡❞ ❥✉-$ ♦♥❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉-✐♦♥✳

✸

❚❛❜❧❡ ✶✿ ◆♦)❡ )❤❛) )❛❜❧❡ ❝❛♣)✐♦♥/ ❣♦ ❛❜♦✈❡ )❤❡ )❛❜❧❡

◆❛♠❡ ❆❣❡ ❙♠✐(❤*♦♥✐❛♥ ❢❛❝(♦/

❏♦❤♥ ✷✶ ✶✳✷

❏♦❤♥♥② ✺✸ ✶✳✽

❏♦♥ ✸✺ ✶✳✸

❛♥❞ )❤❡ ❧✐/)/ ♦❢ ✜❣✉=❡/ ❛♥❞ )❛❜❧❡/ ✭✐❢ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡❞✮✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡=✱ ♠❛❦❡ /✉=❡ ②♦✉ ❞♦ ♥♦) ❡①❝❡❡❞

✹✵ ♣❛❣❡/✳ ❆♥② ♠❛)❡=✐❛❧ ❜❡②♦♥❞ )❤❡ ✜=/) ✹✵ ♣❛❣❡/ ✇✐❧❧ ♥♦) ❜❡ )❛❦❡♥ ✐♥)♦ ❛❝❝♦✉♥) ❜②

)❤❡ ❡①❛♠✐♥❡=/✱ /♦ ♠❛❦❡ /✉=❡ ②♦✉ /)✐❝❦ )♦ )❤✐/ ❧✐♠✐)✳ ❚=②✐♥❣ )♦ ✇✐♥ /♣❛❝❡ ❜② ❝❤❛♥❣✐♥❣

♠❛=❣✐♥/✱ ❢♦♥) /✐③❡✱ ❧✐♥❡ /♣❛❝✐♥❣✱ ❡)❝✳ ✐/ ♥♦) ❛❧❧♦✇❡❞ ❛♥❞ ♠❛② =❡/✉❧) ✐♥ ❢❛✐❧✐♥❣ )❤❡

♣=♦❥❡❝)✳

✷✳ ❨♦✉ ♠❛② ❝✐)❡ ♣❛♣❡=/ ❜② ✉/✐♥❣ )❤❡ ▲

❛

❚

❊

❳ ❭❝✐#❡④❛❛❛⑥ ❝♦♠♠❛♥❞✱ )♦ ♦❜)❛✐♥ ❬▼✐)✾✻❪✳

❈✐)✐♥❣ ♠✉❧)✐♣❧❡ ♣❛♣❡=/ ♠❛② ❜❡ ❞♦♥❡ ✉/✐♥❣ ❛ /✐♥❣❧❡ ❭❝✐#❡④❛❛❛✱❜❜❜⑥ ❝♦♠♠❛♥❞ )♦

♣=♦❞✉❝❡ ❛ =❡❢❡=❡♥❝❡ ❧✐❦❡ ❬▼✐)✾✻✱ ❙♠❡✵✼❪✳

✸✳ ❆❧✇❛②/ ❝❛♣✐)❛❧✐/❡ =❡❢❡=❡♥❝❡/ )♦ ❝♦♥❝=❡)❡ /❡❝)✐♦♥/✱ )❛❜❧❡/ ❛♥❞ ✜❣✉=❡/ ✖ /❡❡✱ ❢♦= ❡①❛♠✲

♣❧❡✱ ❙❡❝)✐♦♥ ✶✱ ❚❛❜❧❡ ✶ ❛♥❞ ❋✐❣✉=❡ ✶✳

✹✳ ❈❛♣✐)❛❧✐/❡ ❛❧❧ ✇♦=❞/ ✐♥ /❡❝)✐♦♥/ ❛♥❞ /✉❜/❡❝)✐♦♥/ ❡①❝❡♣) ❢♦= ❛=)✐❝❧❡/✱ ♣=❡♣♦/✐)✐♦♥/ ❛♥❞

❝♦♥❥✉♥❝)✐♦♥/✳ ■❢ ②♦✉ ❞♦ ♥♦) ❦♥♦✇ )❤❡ ❞✐✛❡=❡♥❝❡ ❜❡)✇❡❡♥ ❛ ♣=❡♣♦/✐)✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❛ ♣=♦♣♦✲

/✐)✐♦♥✱ ■ /✉❣❣❡/) ②♦✉ ❧♦♦❦ )❤❡ )❡=♠/ ✉♣ ✐♥ ❛ ❣=❛♠♠❛= ❜♦♦❦✳

✹ ❈♦♥❝❧✉'✐♦♥'

❚❤❡=❡ ✐/ ♥♦) ♠✉❝❤ )♦ ❝♦♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❤❡=❡✳

✹

University of Malta

❋✐❣✉$❡ ✶✿ ❋✐❣✉$❡ ❝❛♣+✐♦♥. ❣♦ ❜❡❧♦✇

❘❡❢❡#❡♥❝❡&

❬▼✐+✾✻❪ ❏♦❤♥. ▼✐+❤✳ ❚❤❡ ♣.②❝❤♦❧♦❣② ♦❢ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ $❡❢❡$❡♥❝❡. ✐♥ ♣❛♣❡$.✳ ❇❉◆ ❈♦♠♣✉(✐♥❣

❙✉-✈❡②1✱ ✷✽✭✹✮✿✶✾✻✕✶✾✾✱ ✶✾✾✻✳

❬❙♠❡✵✼❪ ❏♦ ◆✳ ❙♠❡❡+❡✳ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣-❛♣❤✐❡1 ■ ❍❛✈❡ ❑♥♦✇♥✳ ❘✐♥❣❡$ J✉❜❧✐.❤❡$.✱ ✷✵✵✼✳

✺

31 | P a g e

12. 2 Review Paper Template (ACM)

The paper template presented in ACM Format was taken from

http://www.acm.org/sigs/publications/proceedings-templates.

Alternate ACM SIG Proceedings Paper in LaTeX Format∗

[Extended Abstract]†

Ben Trovato‡

Institute for Clarity inDocumentation

1932 Wallamaloo LaneWallamaloo, New Zealand

[email protected]

G.K.M. Tobin§

Institute for Clarity inDocumentationP.O. Box 1212

Dublin, Ohio 43017-6221webmaster@marysville-

ohio.com

Lars Thørväld¶

The Thørväld Group1 Thørväld Circle

Hekla, [email protected]

Lawrence P. LeipunerBrookhaven LaboratoriesBrookhaven National Lab

P.O. Box [email protected]

Sean FogartyNASA Ames Research Center

Moffett FieldCalifornia 94035

[email protected]

Charles PalmerPalmer Research Laboratories

8600 Datapoint DriveSan Antonio, Texas 78229

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

This paper provides a sample of a LATEX document whichconforms, somewhat loosely, to the formatting guidelines forACM SIG Proceedings. It is an alternate style which pro-duces a tighter-looking paper and was designed in responseto concerns expressed, by authors, over page-budgets. Itcomplements the document Author’s (Alternate) Guide toPreparing ACM SIG Proceedings Using LATEX2ǫ and BibTEX.This source file has been written with the intention of beingcompiled under LATEX2ǫ and BibTeX.The developers have tried to include every imaginable sort

of “bells and whistles”, such as a subtitle, footnotes on ti-tle, subtitle and authors, as well as in the text, and everyoptional component (e.g. Acknowledgments, Additional Au-thors, Appendices), not to mention examples of equations,theorems, tables and figures.To make best use of this sample document, run it through

LATEX and BibTeX, and compare this source code with theprinted output produced by the dvi file. A compiled PDF

∗(Produces the permission block, and copyright informa-tion). For use with SIG-ALTERNATE.CLS. Supported byACM.†A full version of this paper is available as Author’s Guide toPreparing ACM SIG Proceedings Using LATEX2ǫ and BibTeXat www.acm.org/eaddress.htm‡Dr. Trovato insisted his name be first.§The secretary disavows any knowledge of this author’s ac-tions.¶This author is the one who did all the really hard work.

Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work forpersonal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies arenot made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copiesbear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, torepublish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specificpermission and/or a fee.WOODSTOCK ’97 El Paso, Texas USACopyright 20XX ACM X-XXXXX-XX-X/XX/XX ...$15.00.

version is available on the web page to help you with the‘look and feel’.

Categories and Subject Descriptors

H.4 [Information Systems Applications]: Miscellaneous;D.2.8 [Software Engineering]: Metrics—complexity mea-sures, performance measures

General Terms

Theory

Keywords

ACM proceedings, LATEX, text tagging

1. INTRODUCTIONThe proceedings are the records of a conference. ACM

seeks to give these conference by-products a uniform, high-quality appearance. To do this, ACM has some rigid require-ments for the format of the proceedings documents: thereis a specified format (balanced double columns), a specifiedset of fonts (Arial or Helvetica and Times Roman) in cer-tain specified sizes (for instance, 9 point for body copy), aspecified live area (18 × 23.5 cm [7” × 9.25”]) centered onthe page, specified size of margins (1.9 cm [0.75”]) top, (2.54cm [1”]) bottom and (1.9 cm [.75”]) left and right; speci-fied column width (8.45 cm [3.33”]) and gutter size (.83 cm[.33”]).The good news is, with only a handful of manual settings1,

the LATEX document class file handles all of this for you.The remainder of this document is concerned with show-

ing, in the context of an “actual” document, the LATEX com-mands specifically available for denoting the structure of aproceedings paper, rather than with giving rigorous descrip-tions or explanations of such commands.

1Two of these, the \numberofauthors and \alignau-thor commands, you have already used; another, \bal-ancecolumns, will be used in your very last run of LATEXto ensure balanced column heights on the last page.

2. THE BODY OF THE PAPERTypically, the body of a paper is organized into a hier-

archical structure, with numbered or unnumbered headingsfor sections, subsections, sub-subsections, and even smallersections. The command \section that precedes this para-graph is part of such a hierarchy.2 LATEX handles the num-bering and placement of these headings for you, when youuse the appropriate heading commands around the titles ofthe headings. If you want a sub-subsection or smaller partto be unnumbered in your output, simply append an aster-isk to the command name. Examples of both numbered andunnumbered headings will appear throughout the balance ofthis sample document.

Because the entire article is contained in the documentenvironment, you can indicate the start of a new paragraphwith a blank line in your input file; that is why this sentenceforms a separate paragraph.

2.1 Type Changes and Special CharactersWe have already seen several typeface changes in this sam-

ple. You can indicate italicized words or phrases in yourtext with the command \textit; emboldening with the com-mand \textbf and typewriter-style (for instance, for com-puter code) with \texttt. But remember, you do not haveto indicate typestyle changes when such changes are partof the structural elements of your article; for instance, theheading of this subsection will be in a sans serif3 typeface,but that is handled by the document class file. Take carewith the use of4 the curly braces in typeface changes; theymark the beginning and end of the text that is to be in thedifferent typeface.

You can use whatever symbols, accented characters, ornon-English characters you need anywhere in your docu-ment; you can find a complete list of what is available inthe LATEX User’s Guide[5].

2.2 Math EquationsYou may want to display math equations in three distinct

styles: inline, numbered or non-numbered display. Each ofthe three are discussed in the next sections.

2.2.1 Inline (In-text) Equations

A formula that appears in the running text is called aninline or in-text formula. It is produced by the math envi-ronment, which can be invoked with the usual \begin. .

.\end construction or with the short form $. . .$. Youcan use any of the symbols and structures, from α to ω, avail-able in LATEX[5]; this section will simply show a few examplesof in-text equations in context. Notice how this equation:limn→∞ x = 0, set here in in-line math style, looks slightlydifferent when set in display style. (See next section).

2.2.2 Display Equations

A numbered display equation – one set off by verticalspace from the text and centered horizontally – is produced

2This is the second footnote. It starts a series of three foot-notes that add nothing informational, but just give an ideaof how footnotes work and look. It is a wordy one, just soyou see how a longish one plays out.3A third footnote, here. Let’s make this a rather short oneto see how it looks.4A fourth, and last, footnote.

by the equation environment. An unnumbered displayequation is produced by the displaymath environment.Again, in either environment, you can use any of the sym-

bols and structures available in LATEX; this section will justgive a couple of examples of display equations in context.First, consider the equation, shown as an inline equationabove:

limn→∞

x = 0 (1)

Notice how it is formatted somewhat differently in the dis-playmath environment. Now, we’ll enter an unnumberedequation:

∞∑

i=0

x+ 1

and follow it with another numbered equation:

∞∑

i=0

xi =

∫

π+2

0

f (2)

just to demonstrate LATEX’s able handling of numbering.

2.3 CitationsCitations to articles [1, 3, 2, 4], conference proceedings [3]

or books [6, 5] listed in the Bibliography section of your arti-cle will occur throughout the text of your article. You shoulduse BibTeX to automatically produce this bibliography; yousimply need to insert one of several citation commands witha key of the item cited in the proper location in the .tex

file [5]. The key is a short reference you invent to uniquelyidentify each work; in this sample document, the key is thefirst author’s surname and a word from the title. This iden-tifying key is included with each item in the .bib file foryour article.The details of the construction of the .bib file are beyond

the scope of this sample document, but more informationcan be found in the Author’s Guide, and exhaustive detailsin the LATEX User’s Guide[5].This article shows only the plainest form of the citation

command, using \cite. This is what is stipulated in theSIGS style specifications. No other citation format is en-dorsed or supported.

2.4 TablesBecause tables cannot be split across pages, the best place-

ment for them is typically the top of the page nearest theirinitial cite. To ensure this proper “floating” placement oftables, use the environment table to enclose the table’s con-tents and the table caption. The contents of the table itselfmust go in the tabular environment, to be aligned properlyin rows and columns, with the desired horizontal and verti-cal rules. Again, detailed instructions on tabular materialis found in the LATEX User’s Guide.Immediately following this sentence is the point at which

Table 1 is included in the input file; compare the placementof the table here with the table in the printed dvi output ofthis document.To set a wider table, which takes up the whole width

of the page’s live area, use the environment table* to en-close the table’s contents and the table caption. As with asingle-column table, this wide table will “float” to a locationdeemed more desirable. Immediately following this sentenceis the point at which Table 2 is included in the input file;

Table 1: Frequency of Special CharactersNon-English or Math Frequency Comments

Ø 1 in 1,000 For Swedish namesπ 1 in 5 Common in math$ 4 in 5 Used in business

Ψ21 1 in 40,000 Unexplained usage

fly.eps

Figure 1: A sample black and white graphic (.epsformat).

again, it is instructive to compare the placement of the ta-ble here with the table in the printed dvi output of thisdocument.

2.5 FiguresLike tables, figures cannot be split across pages; the best

placement for them is typically the top or the bottom ofthe page nearest their initial cite. To ensure this proper“floating” placement of figures, use the environment figureto enclose the figure and its caption.

This sample document contains examples of .eps and .psfiles to be displayable with LATEX. More details on each ofthese is found in the Author’s Guide.

As was the case with tables, you may want a figure thatspans two columns. To do this, and still to ensure proper“floating” placement of tables, use the environment figure*to enclose the figure and its caption. and don’t forget to endthe environment with figure*, not figure!

Note that either .ps or .eps formats are used; use the\epsfig or \psfig commands as appropriate for the differ-ent file types.

2.6 Theorem-like ConstructsOther common constructs that may occur in your article

are the forms for logical constructs like theorems, axioms,corollaries and proofs. There are two forms, one produced bythe command \newtheorem and the other by the command\newdef; perhaps the clearest and easiest way to distinguishthem is to compare the two in the output of this sampledocument:

This uses the theorem environment, created by the\newtheorem command:

Theorem 1. Let f be continuous on [a, b]. If G is an

fly.eps

Figure 2: A sample black and white graphic (.epsformat) that has been resized with the epsfig com-mand.

rosette.ps

Figure 4: A sample black and white graphic (.ps for-mat) that has been resized with the psfig command.

antiderivative for f on [a, b], then∫

b

a

f(t)dt = G(b)−G(a).

The other uses the definition environment, created bythe \newdef command:

Definition 1. If z is irrational, then by ez we mean theunique number which has logarithm z:

log ez = z

Two lists of constructs that use one of these forms is givenin the Author’s Guidelines.There is one other similar construct environment, which

is already set up for you; i.e. you must not use a \newdef

command to create it: the proof environment. Here is aexample of its use:

Proof. Suppose on the contrary there exists a real num-ber L such that

limx→∞

f(x)

g(x)= L.

Then

l = limx→c

f(x) = limx→c

[

gx ·f(x)

g(x)

]

= limx→c

g(x)· limx→c

f(x)

g(x)= 0·L = 0,

which contradicts our assumption that l 6= 0.

Complete rules about using these environments and usingthe two different creation commands are in the Author’sGuide; please consult it for more detailed instructions. Ifyou need to use another construct, not listed therein, whichyou want to have the same formatting as the Theorem orthe Definition[6] shown above, use the \newtheorem or the\newdef command, respectively, to create it.

A Caveat for the TEX Expert

Because you have just been given permission to use the\newdef command to create a new form, you might thinkyou can use TEX’s \def to create a new command: Pleaserefrain from doing this! Remember that your LATEX sourcecode is primarily intended to create camera-ready copy, butmay be converted to other forms – e.g. HTML. If you in-advertently omit some or all of the \defs recompilation willbe, to say the least, problematic.

3. CONCLUSIONSThis paragraph will end the body of this sample docu-

ment. Remember that you might still have Acknowledg-ments or Appendices; brief samples of these follow. There isstill the Bibliography to deal with; and we will make a dis-claimer about that here: with the exception of the reference

Table 2: Some Typical CommandsCommand A Number Comments

\alignauthor 100 Author alignment\numberofauthors 200 Author enumeration

\table 300 For tables\table* 400 For wider tables

flies.eps

Figure 3: A sample black and white graphic (.eps format) that needs to span two columns of text.

to the LATEX book, the citations in this paper are to articleswhich have nothing to do with the present subject and areused as examples only.

4. ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis section is optional; it is a location for you to acknowl-

edge grants, funding, editing assistance and what have you.In the present case, for example, the authors would like tothank Gerald Murray of ACM for his help in codifying thisAuthor’s Guide and the .cls and .tex files that it describes.

5. ADDITIONAL AUTHORSAdditional authors: John Smith (The Thørvald Group,

email: [email protected]) and Julius P. Kumquat(The Kumquat Consortium, email: [email protected]).

6. REFERENCES

[1] M. Bowman, S. K. Debray, and L. L. Peterson.Reasoning about naming systems. ACM Trans.Program. Lang. Syst., 15(5):795–825, November 1993.

[2] J. Braams. Babel, a multilingual style-option systemfor use with latex’s standard document styles.TUGboat, 12(2):291–301, June 1991.

[3] M. Clark. Post congress tristesse. In TeX90 ConferenceProceedings, pages 84–89. TeX Users Group, March1991.

[4] M. Herlihy. A methodology for implementing highlyconcurrent data objects. ACM Trans. Program. Lang.Syst., 15(5):745–770, November 1993.

[5] L. Lamport. LaTeX User’s Guide and DocumentReference Manual. Addison-Wesley PublishingCompany, Reading, Massachusetts, 1986.

[6] S. Salas and E. Hille. Calculus: One and SeveralVariable. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1978.

APPENDIX

A. HEADINGS IN APPENDICES

The rules about hierarchical headings discussed above forthe body of the article are different in the appendices. Inthe appendix environment, the command section is usedto indicate the start of each Appendix, with alphabetic orderdesignation (i.e. the first is A, the second B, etc.) and a title(if you include one). So, if you need hierarchical structurewithin an Appendix, start with subsection as the highestlevel. Here is an outline of the body of this document inAppendix-appropriate form:

A.1 Introduction

A.2 The Body of the Paper

A.2.1 Type Changes and Special Characters

A.2.2 Math Equations

Inline (In-text) Equations.

Display Equations.

A.2.3 Citations

A.2.4 Tables

A.2.5 Figures

A.2.6 Theorem-like Constructs

A Caveat for the TEX Expert

A.3 Conclusions

A.4 Acknowledgments

A.5 Additional AuthorsThis section is inserted by LATEX; you do not insert it.

You just add the names and information in the \addition-

alauthors command at the start of the document.

A.6 ReferencesGenerated by bibtex from your .bib file. Run latex, then

bibtex, then latex twice (to resolve references) to create the.bbl file. Insert that .bbl file into the .tex source file andcomment out the command \thebibliography.

B. MORE HELP FOR THE HARDYThe sig-alternate.cls file itself is chock-full of succinct and

helpful comments. If you consider yourself a moderatelyexperienced to expert user of LATEX, you may find readingit useful but please remember not to change it.

final year project harmonised guidelines final b.sc. i.t. …€¦ · · 2015-11-26the fyp report...

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