financial regulation
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Financial Regulation. Ivan J Kirov Fed Challenge Feb 4 2010. Paths Taken and Paths Forward. The Financial System. Financial Institutions Solve informational asymmetry Leverage economies of scale. Banks are Businesses, Too. Bank “Self-Regulation” At sign of trouble: Creditors pull out - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Financial RegulationPaths Taken and Paths Forward
Ivan J KirovFed Challenge
Feb 4 2010
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Capital• Savers• Investment vehicles
Financial Intermediation
• Banks• Financial Markets
Investment• Firms• Entrepreneurs
The Financial System Financial Institutions
Solve informational asymmetry Leverage economies of scale
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Bank “Self-Regulation”◦ At sign of trouble:
Creditors pull out Depositors withdraw Difficult to raise money in capital markets
Hence capital kept on hand
Banks are Businesses, Too
Discipline
Depositors
Creditors
Money Markets
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Finance is systemically important to the functioning of the economy
…Then again, maybe not
Real Econom
yTransmissio
nBanks
Financial Distress
- I- Y
- ΔY
Credit tightens Less Profitability and Growth
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Liquidity (Lender of last resort)◦ Traditional purview of central banks
Deposit insurance◦ In US, from Depression
Creditor guarantees◦ Mostly from last crisis◦ AIG◦ Citi
Government Intervenes
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Guarantees reduce risk in holding bank debt Moreover, they insulate creditors from loss
◦ Risk-taking proliferates Financial institutions’ incentives become out
of line with those of regulators
Moral Hazard
Source: Economist
Banks’ Equity as % of Assets
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To avoid moral hazard implicit in support, governments impose financial regulatory structures
Animal Spirits Contained
Capital• Structural
security• Asset buffer
Liquidity• Rapid-
response• Psychological
buffer
Pay• Align
incentives• “Micro”
buffer
Accounting• Trans-border
coordination• Transparency
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Basel-2: Current main international regulatory framework
Financial institutions must keep on hand at least 4% of risk-weighted assets◦ “On hand”: Tier-1 capital◦ “Risk-weighted”: According to GAAP, but in
practice a firm-specific definition
Problems◦ Tier-1 capital includes debt-like instruments◦ Low capital margin◦ Limited regulation of leverage
Basel-2
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Tobin Tax
Britain’s Bonus Tax
Obama’s Bank Levy
The Volcker Rule
Basel-3
New Regulatory Proposals
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Originated by James Tobin in 1973 FX transactions above “optimal level” – tax
to bring them in line with public optimum.
Financial Tobin Tax is not strictly a form of regulation; more like enforced downsizing.
Problems:◦ How do governments know finance’s “optimal
size”?
Tobin Tax
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Dec. 10, 2009: UK gov’t imposes 50% tax rate on bank bonuses exceeding £25,000
Largely politically motivated
Britain’s Bonus Tax
29%
40%
21%
10%
26-Jan-10
LabourConservativeLib-DemOther
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Tax on financial firms with >$50 billion in assets
Would raise $90bn over 10 years To cover TARP fund Applies mostly to risky activities
◦ Proprietary trading desks
In practice: small, symbolic Principle?
Obama’s Bank Levy
Source: New York Times
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Semi-reinstatement of Glass-Steagall
Banks (or just deposit-taking institutions?) cannot engage in proprietary trading or invest in hedge funds or PE funds
Details still pending Congressional crucible
Volcker Rule
Institution Estimated Revenue Loss
Goldman Sachs $4.5 bnJPMorgan $2 bnCitigroup ~ $500 milSource: New York Times
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Work-in-progress: refinement of Basel-2 rules
General thrust◦ Safe “Tier 1” capital more narrowly defined (mostly
only equity)◦ Financial institutions cannot use proprietary risk
models◦ Liquidity: banks must withstand 30-day credit freeze◦ Capital requirements increased to 6-8% of risk-
adjusted assets
Basel-3
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Liquidity regulation
Institutions pay for not-so-implicit guarantees
“Convertible capital”
Balance between institution-specific and system-wide regulation
Paths forward?
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Julian Simon: The Dismal Science?
“One can hardly imagine, I think, how poor we would be today were it not
for the rapid population growth of the past to which we owe the enormous
number of technological advances enjoyed today. . . . If I could re-do the
history of the world, halving population size each year from the beginning
of time on some random basis, I would not do it for fear of losing Mozart
in the process.”
-Edmund S. Phelps
A Little Fun