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SubSaharan AfricaFinancial Sectors: Issues, Challenges,and Reform Strategies
Catherine PattilloIMF Africa Department
Financial Sector Development isCrucial for GrowthTheory and empirical findings support theimportance of finance for growth.
Countries with betterfunctioning financialsystems grow faster.
Financial development also helps reducepoverty.Financial sectors in lowincome SSA areamong the world’s least developed.Deeper and more efficient financial markets areneeded to improve SSA’s economic prospects.
Financial Development and growth
b. Ratio of Private Sector Credit to GDP
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1961 66 71 76 81 86 91 96 2001
Top quartile Middle quartiles Bottom quartile
Oil producers Average
a. Liquid Liabilities as a Share of GDP
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1961 66 71 76 81 86 91 96 2001
Financial Development of Countries Classified by Growth (Percent)
Source: IMF World Economic Outlook database, 2004.Note: The six oilproducing countries are classified separately. The remaining countries are classified by quartiles, according to realgrowth over 1960–2003.
Very Limited Financial SectorDevelopment
Financial depth— asmeasured by M2 toGDP— is lower thanin most otherdeveloping regions.High M1 to M2 ratioshow the importanceof cash over otherfinancial instruments.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004
Sub Saharan Africa
Latin America and the Caribbean
Developing Asia
Developing Europe
SSA lowincome
Financial Depth Indicators: M2 to GDP(Percent)
SSA MiddleIncome countries Have Deeper,Sounder, More Diversified SectorsKey financial depth indicatorsin middleincome SSA arecomparable or higher than inother middleincome countries.Populations have greateraccess.Banking sectors are moreefficient and sound.But banking in oil producers issimilar or more constrainedthan in lowincome SSAcountries.
a. Bank deposits/GDP
0
20
40
60
199099 200004
b. Private Sector Credit/GDP
0
20
40
60
80
199099 200004
c. M2/GDP
0
20
40
60
80
100
199099 200004SSA LowIncome CountriesSSA MiddleIncome CountriesOther MiddleIncome Countries
Indicators of Financial Developmentby Income Group
Banking Soundness
Most banking systems are reasonably sound,but weakness persist in some countries andbanks.However, standard indicators may not fullycapture the risks to which SSA bankingsystems are exposed.While banking systems are profitable, they areless efficient than elsewhere in the world.
Banking Efficiency and Profitability
Though banking systems areconcentrated, they arebecoming more competitive.
Small market sizecontributes to concentration,given need for institutions toreach economies of scale.
Less efficient than globalcomparators.Despite high overhead costs,SSA banks are profitable.
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
SubSaharan AfricaLowIncome
Other LowIncome(excluding SSA)
199699200003
Banking Sector Concentration Ratios
Financial Markets and MarketInfrastructure
Banks’financialintermediation role islimited:
Bank deposits were 19percent of GDP in lowincome SSA in 2004,compared to 38 percentin other developingregions.Private sector loans wereonly 13 percent of GDP.
Interbank activity isconstrained and efforts toenhance financial marketinfrastructures have notyet had visible effects.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004
Sub Saharan AfricaLatin America and the CaribbeanDeveloping AsiaDeveloping EuropeSSA lowincome
Private Credit by Deposit Money Banks to GDP(Percent)
Difficult Operating Environment:Legal Environment
Financial market activity isconstrained by poor legalsystems, weak property rights andpoor enforceability of contracts.
Strong correlation between privateloans as a share of GDP andcredit information and legalframework indices.
Difficulties of enforcingcommercial contract through thecourts:
On average, creditors go through35 steps, wait 15 months, and pay43 percent of country per capitaincome before receiving payment.
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
SubSaharan Africa Other lowerincome(excluding SSA)
perc
ent o
f val
ue
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Cost of debt enforcement (left axis)Enforcing contract cost (left axis)Registering property cost (right axis)
Doing Business Costs of Debt and ContractEnforcement and Property Registration
Difficult Operating Environment :Regulation and Supervision
While many regulatory requirements arelargely in line with international norms,implementation of supervision is oftenconstrained.
Limited independence of supervisorslessens power to demand “promptcorrective action”Greater forbearanceResource constraints
Economic Challenges Arising fromFinancial Sector Weakness
Access to financialservices— savings andloans— is lower in SSAthan in other LICsFew households areable to have accountswith a formal institution
Limited physicalaccess to bankbranchesHigh bank charges orminimum balancesAdministered interestrates
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Swazilan
dZim
babwe
Côte d'
Ivoire
Namibi
aSou
th Afric
aNigeri
aRwand
aUgan
da
Congo
, Repu
blic of
Tanzani
aKeny
aZam
biaGhan
aCam
eroon
Malawi
Burkina
Faso Benin
Madagas
car Chad
Average for SSA
Average Savings in Commercial Banks(Relative to per capita income)
Source: IMF staff calculations.
Innovative Attempts to ExpandFinancial Services
Finmark Trust isbenchmarking accessand defining unmetdemand at householdlevel in southern Africa.Efforts contributed toadoption of “FinancialAccess Charter”in SouthAfrica.
Mzansi accounts (lowcost banking for lowincome earner) created.
Botswana Namibia South AfricaGeneral characteristics
Financially included 54 55 63Served by banks 43 51 47Served by other formal institutions 6 3 8Served exclusively by informal market 5 1 8
Product usageSavings 51 50 …Transactions 43 41 …Insurance 33 25 …Credit 21 22 …
Source: FinScope, 2005.
Selected Findings from FinScope Surveys(Percent of respondents)
Note: FinScope defines financially included individuals as those who use formal, informal orinterpersonal financial products (excluding transfers). Among this group, the “banked” refer tothose who use at least one or more bank products. Formal providers include registeredmicrolenders.
Insufficient Financing of the Economy
Access to credit and cost of financing identifiedin surveys as key obstacles facing enterprisesMost sectors suffer from financing constraints,but agriculture faces the greatest challenges.
a. Distribution of Loans in SSA Countries
11.64
23.98
53.56
10.81
Primary Secondary Tertiary Other
b. Distribution of GDP per Sector in SSACountries
31.70
17.88
50.46
SubSaharan Africa: Distribution of Loans and GDP by Sector
Source: IMF staff calculations.
Insufficient Financing of the Economy(Cont.)
Main impediments toincreased lending
High real lending ratesWeak property rightssystem for both land andmovable property limitcollateral
Unclear land titles dueto lack ofdocumentation,overlapping systems ofrights and ownership,and overstretchedlegal systems
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
SubSaharan Africa Lowincome (Excl. SSA)Middleincome (Excl. SSA) Highincome (OECD)
Real lending rates in SSA versus Rest of the World(Percent)
Insufficient Financing of the Economy(cont.)
Main impedimentsto increasedlending (cont.)
Attractiveness tobanks ofproviding fundsto thegovernment.
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
SubSaharan Africa lowincome
Other lowincome(excluding SSA)
199094199599200004
Banking Sector Claims on Government(Ratio to total claims)
Financial sector Environment ComplicatesMonetary Policy Implementation
Monetary policyimplementation hindered by:
Structural excessliquidity in the bankingsystemShallow interbankmarketsUnderdeveloped thingovernment securitiesmarketsInsufficiently deep andliquid foreign exchangemarkets.
Use of rulesbasedmonetary instruments suchas reserve requirementsimposes significant costs onbanks.
10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Ang
ola
Ben
inB
otsw
ana
Bur
kina
Fas
oB
urun
diC
amer
oon
Cap
e V
erde
Cen
tral A
fric
an R
ep.
Cha
dC
omor
os, T
heC
ongo
, Dem
. Rep
. of
Con
go, R
epub
lic o
fC
ôte
d'Iv
oire
Equa
toria
l Gui
nea
Eritr
eaEt
hiop
iaG
abon
Gam
bia,
The
Gha
naG
uine
aG
uine
aBi
ssau
Ken
yaLe
soth
oLi
beria
Mad
agas
car
Mal
awi
Mal
iM
aurit
ius
Moz
ambi
que
Nam
ibia
Nig
erN
iger
iaR
wan
daSã
o To
mé
&Se
nega
lSe
yche
lles
Sier
ra L
eone
Sout
h A
frica
Swaz
iland
Tanz
ania
Togo
Uga
nda
Zam
bia
Zim
babw
e
Ratio of Excess Reserves to Total Deposits1
(Percent, end 2004)
Source: IMF staff calculations.1 Where 2004 yearend data are not available, the most recent data point is used.
Financial Sector Reforms:Microfinance
Government andNGOs are promotingmicrofinance as avehicle to promoteaccess to financialservices by the poor.Sector has beengrowing fast, and hassuccessfully targetedthe poor.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Zam
bia
Cong
o, D
R
Cha
d
Tanz
ania
Zim
babw
e
Cam
eroo
n
Mad
agas
car
Nig
eria
Rw
anda
Gha
na
Cong
o
Cot
e D
'Ivoi
re
Bur
kina
Fas
o
Uga
nda
Mal
awi
Ken
ya
Beni
n
MFIsCommercial banks
SubSaharan Africa: Access to Financial Services ofMFIs and Commercial Banks(Percent of total population)
Sources: CGAP database; Claessens (2005); and IMF staff calculations.
Financial Sector Reforms:Microfinance
However, thesector remainsmuch smaller thanthe banking sectorand suffers fromlow profitability.
Nam
ibia
Nig
eria
Con
go, D
RC
had
Sout
h A
fric
aZa
mbi
aZi
mba
bwe
Sier
ra L
eone
Nig
erM
ozam
biqu
eTa
nzan
iaC
ongo
Gam
bia
Gui
nea
Côt
e D
'Ivoi
reG
hana
Bur
kina
Fas
oM
adag
asca
rEt
hiop
iaC
amer
oon
Mal
iSe
yche
lles
Sene
gal
Togo
Uga
nda
Rw
anda
Mal
awi
Swaz
iland
Ben
inK
enya
0
5
10
15
20
25
Percent of commercial bank assets
Percent of GDP
Sources: CGAP Database; and IMF staff calculations.
Size of the Informal Financial Sector(Percent)
Financial Sector Reforms:Enterprise Financing
Some countries are opting to use stateand development banks to promotemore financing to priority sectors.
These efforts could be fraught withsame types of risks experienced in thepast.
Financial Sector Reforms:Enterprise Financing (Cont.)
While stock marketshave helped listedcompanies acquirefinance, few companiesare listed and turnoveris low.
High costs and lack ofsupportinginfrastructure are aconcern.
Country
Number ofListed
Companies
MarketCapitalization
(Percent ofGDP)
ValueTraded(Percentof GDP)
Turnover(Percent)
Botswana 18 29.4 0.6 2.1Côte d'Ivoire 39 13.6 0.3 2.5Ghana 29 30.7 0.8 3.2Kenya 47 24.9 2.1 8.0Malawi 8 9.0 1.0 11.1Mauritius 41 39.3 1.6 4.4Namibia 13 8.1 0.3 4.7Nigeria 207 20.1 2.3 13.9South Africa 403 214.1 76.5 45.0Swaziland 6 9.3 0.0 0.0Tanzania 6 6.2 0.2 2.5Uganda 5 1.4 0.0 0.2Zambia 11 8.0 0.1 1.1Zimbabwe 79 87.9 14.0 3.9Egypt 792 51.3 7.5 17.1Malaysia 962 161.3 50.8 33.4Mexico 152 25.4 6.3 29.1Thailand 465 70.6 66.7 93.8Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators.
SubSaharan Africa: Indicators of StockMarket Development, 2004
Financial Reforms:Other Institutions and Operating Environment
With financial liberalization, the NonBankFinancial Intermediaries (NBFI) sector isgrowing.
NBFIs are a diverse group of institutions with apotential to increase the level of products andservices available.
Many countries are trying, with varying successto improve the operating environment throughchanges to the legal and regulatory framework.
Financial Sectors Need to be a Reformpriority for SSA
Key priorities include:Eliminate distortions from interest rate controls,excessive use of costly regulatory monetary instruments,and supervisory forbearance.Increase market size by promoting financial integration inexisting monetary unions and harmonized approach toregulation in other countries.Promote a prudential framework in line with economicstructures.Use alternative instruments (e.g. leasing) or alternativesto collateralization (e.g. group guarantees, reversibleequity stakes) to overcome bottlenecks.Avoid new specialized stateowned institutions.Apply the legal and regulatory framework evenhandedly.