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Sub-Saharan Africa Financial Sectors: Issues, Challenges, and Reform Strategies Catherine Pattillo IMF Africa Department

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Page 1: Financial€Sectors:€Issues,€Challenges, and€Reform€Strategies · Financial€Development€and€growth b.€Ratio€of€Private€Sector€Credit€to€GDP 0 5 10 15 20

Sub­Saharan AfricaFinancial Sectors: Issues, Challenges,and Reform Strategies

Catherine PattilloIMF Africa Department

Page 2: Financial€Sectors:€Issues,€Challenges, and€Reform€Strategies · Financial€Development€and€growth b.€Ratio€of€Private€Sector€Credit€to€GDP 0 5 10 15 20

Financial Sector Development isCrucial for GrowthTheory and empirical findings support theimportance of finance for growth.

Countries with better­functioning financialsystems grow faster.

Financial development also helps reducepoverty.Financial sectors in low­income SSA areamong the world’s least developed.Deeper and more efficient financial markets areneeded to improve SSA’s economic prospects.

Page 3: Financial€Sectors:€Issues,€Challenges, and€Reform€Strategies · Financial€Development€and€growth b.€Ratio€of€Private€Sector€Credit€to€GDP 0 5 10 15 20

Financial Development and growth

b. Ratio of Private Sector Credit to GDP

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1961 66 71 76 81 86 91 96 2001

Top quartile Middle quartiles Bottom quartile

Oil producers Average

a. Liquid Liabilities as a Share of GDP

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1961 66 71 76 81 86 91 96 2001

Financial Development of Countries Classified by Growth (Percent)

Source: IMF World Economic Outlook database, 2004.Note: The six oil­producing countries are classified separately. The remaining countries are classified by quartiles, according to realgrowth over 1960–2003.

Page 4: Financial€Sectors:€Issues,€Challenges, and€Reform€Strategies · Financial€Development€and€growth b.€Ratio€of€Private€Sector€Credit€to€GDP 0 5 10 15 20

Very Limited Financial SectorDevelopment

Financial depth— asmeasured by M2 toGDP— is lower thanin most otherdeveloping regions.High M1 to M2 ratioshow the importanceof cash over otherfinancial instruments.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004

Sub Saharan Africa

Latin America and the Caribbean

Developing  Asia

Developing Europe

SSA low­income

Financial Depth Indicators: M2 to GDP(Percent)

Page 5: Financial€Sectors:€Issues,€Challenges, and€Reform€Strategies · Financial€Development€and€growth b.€Ratio€of€Private€Sector€Credit€to€GDP 0 5 10 15 20

SSA Middle­Income countries Have Deeper,Sounder, More Diversified SectorsKey financial depth indicatorsin middle­income SSA arecomparable or higher than inother middle­income countries.Populations have greateraccess.Banking sectors are moreefficient and sound.But banking in oil producers issimilar or more constrainedthan in low­income SSAcountries.

a. Bank deposits/GDP

0

20

40

60

1990­99 2000­04

b. Private Sector Credit/GDP

0

20

40

60

80

1990­99 2000­04

c. M2/GDP

0

20

40

60

80

100

1990­99 2000­04SSA Low­Income CountriesSSA Middle­Income CountriesOther Middle­Income Countries

Indicators of Financial Developmentby Income Group

Page 6: Financial€Sectors:€Issues,€Challenges, and€Reform€Strategies · Financial€Development€and€growth b.€Ratio€of€Private€Sector€Credit€to€GDP 0 5 10 15 20

Banking Soundness

Most banking systems are reasonably sound,but weakness persist in some countries andbanks.However, standard indicators may not fullycapture the risks to which SSA bankingsystems are exposed.While banking systems are profitable, they areless efficient than elsewhere in the world.

Page 7: Financial€Sectors:€Issues,€Challenges, and€Reform€Strategies · Financial€Development€and€growth b.€Ratio€of€Private€Sector€Credit€to€GDP 0 5 10 15 20

Banking Efficiency and Profitability

Though banking systems areconcentrated, they arebecoming more competitive.

Small market sizecontributes to concentration,given need for institutions toreach economies of scale.

Less efficient than globalcomparators.Despite high overhead costs,SSA banks are profitable.

0.50

0.55

0.60

0.65

0.70

0.75

0.80

0.85

0.90

Sub­Saharan AfricaLow­Income

Other Low­Income(excluding SSA)

1996­992000­03

Banking Sector Concentration Ratios

Page 8: Financial€Sectors:€Issues,€Challenges, and€Reform€Strategies · Financial€Development€and€growth b.€Ratio€of€Private€Sector€Credit€to€GDP 0 5 10 15 20

Financial Markets and MarketInfrastructure

Banks’financialintermediation role islimited:

Bank deposits were 19percent of GDP in low­income SSA in 2004,compared to 38 percentin other developingregions.Private sector loans wereonly 13  percent of GDP.

Interbank activity isconstrained and efforts toenhance financial marketinfrastructures have notyet had visible effects.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004

Sub Saharan AfricaLatin America and the CaribbeanDeveloping  AsiaDeveloping EuropeSSA low­income

Private Credit by Deposit Money Banks to GDP(Percent)

Page 9: Financial€Sectors:€Issues,€Challenges, and€Reform€Strategies · Financial€Development€and€growth b.€Ratio€of€Private€Sector€Credit€to€GDP 0 5 10 15 20

Difficult Operating Environment:Legal Environment

Financial market activity isconstrained by poor legalsystems, weak property rights andpoor enforceability of contracts.

Strong correlation between privateloans as a share of GDP andcredit information and legalframework indices.

Difficulties of enforcingcommercial contract through thecourts:

On average, creditors go through35 steps, wait 15 months, and pay43 percent of country per capitaincome before receiving payment.

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Sub­Saharan Africa Other lower­income(excluding SSA)

perc

ent o

f val

ue

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Cost of debt enforcement (left axis)Enforcing contract cost (left axis)Registering property cost (right axis)

Doing Business Costs of Debt and ContractEnforcement and Property Registration

Page 10: Financial€Sectors:€Issues,€Challenges, and€Reform€Strategies · Financial€Development€and€growth b.€Ratio€of€Private€Sector€Credit€to€GDP 0 5 10 15 20

Difficult Operating Environment :Regulation and Supervision

While many regulatory requirements arelargely in line with international norms,implementation of supervision is oftenconstrained.

Limited independence of supervisorslessens power to demand “promptcorrective action”Greater forbearanceResource constraints

Page 11: Financial€Sectors:€Issues,€Challenges, and€Reform€Strategies · Financial€Development€and€growth b.€Ratio€of€Private€Sector€Credit€to€GDP 0 5 10 15 20

Economic Challenges Arising fromFinancial Sector Weakness

Access to financialservices— savings andloans— is lower in SSAthan in other LICsFew households areable to have accountswith a formal institution

Limited physicalaccess to bankbranchesHigh bank charges orminimum balancesAdministered interestrates

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Swazilan

dZim

babwe

Côte d'

Ivoire

Namibi

aSou

th Afric

aNigeri

aRwand

aUgan

da

Congo

, Repu

blic of

Tanzani

aKeny

aZam

biaGhan

aCam

eroon

Malawi

Burkina 

Faso Benin

Madagas

car Chad

Average for SSA

Average Savings in Commercial Banks(Relative to per capita income)

Source: IMF staff calculations.

Page 12: Financial€Sectors:€Issues,€Challenges, and€Reform€Strategies · Financial€Development€and€growth b.€Ratio€of€Private€Sector€Credit€to€GDP 0 5 10 15 20

Innovative Attempts to ExpandFinancial Services

Finmark Trust isbenchmarking accessand defining unmetdemand at householdlevel in southern Africa.Efforts contributed toadoption of “FinancialAccess Charter”in SouthAfrica.

Mzansi accounts (low­cost banking for low­income earner) created.

Botswana Namibia South AfricaGeneral characteristics

Financially included 54 55 63Served by banks 43 51 47Served by other formal institutions 6 3 8Served exclusively by informal market 5 1 8

Product usageSavings 51 50 …Transactions 43 41 …Insurance 33 25 …Credit 21 22 …

Source: FinScope, 2005.

 Selected Findings from FinScope Surveys(Percent of respondents)

Note: FinScope defines financially included individuals as those who use formal, informal orinterpersonal financial products (excluding transfers). Among this group, the “banked” refer tothose who use at least one or more bank products. Formal providers include registeredmicrolenders.

Page 13: Financial€Sectors:€Issues,€Challenges, and€Reform€Strategies · Financial€Development€and€growth b.€Ratio€of€Private€Sector€Credit€to€GDP 0 5 10 15 20

Insufficient Financing of the Economy

Access to credit and cost of financing identifiedin surveys as key obstacles facing enterprisesMost sectors suffer from financing constraints,but agriculture faces the greatest challenges.

a. Distribution of Loans in SSA Countries

11.64

23.98

53.56

10.81

Primary Secondary Tertiary Other

b. Distribution of GDP per Sector in SSACountries

31.70

17.88

50.46

Sub­Saharan Africa: Distribution of Loans and GDP by Sector

Source: IMF staff calculations.

Page 14: Financial€Sectors:€Issues,€Challenges, and€Reform€Strategies · Financial€Development€and€growth b.€Ratio€of€Private€Sector€Credit€to€GDP 0 5 10 15 20

Insufficient Financing of the Economy(Cont.)

Main impediments toincreased lending

High real lending ratesWeak property rightssystem for both land andmovable property limitcollateral

Unclear land titles dueto lack ofdocumentation,overlapping systems ofrights and ownership,and overstretchedlegal systems

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Sub­Saharan Africa Low­income (Excl. SSA)Middle­income (Excl. SSA) High­income (OECD)

Real lending rates in SSA versus Rest of the World(Percent)

Page 15: Financial€Sectors:€Issues,€Challenges, and€Reform€Strategies · Financial€Development€and€growth b.€Ratio€of€Private€Sector€Credit€to€GDP 0 5 10 15 20

Insufficient Financing of the Economy(cont.)

Main impedimentsto increasedlending (cont.)

Attractiveness tobanks ofproviding fundsto thegovernment.

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

Sub­Saharan Africa low­income

Other low­income(excluding SSA)

1990­941995­992000­04

Banking Sector Claims on Government(Ratio to total claims)

Page 16: Financial€Sectors:€Issues,€Challenges, and€Reform€Strategies · Financial€Development€and€growth b.€Ratio€of€Private€Sector€Credit€to€GDP 0 5 10 15 20

Financial sector Environment ComplicatesMonetary Policy Implementation

Monetary policyimplementation hindered by:

Structural excessliquidity in the bankingsystemShallow interbankmarketsUnderdeveloped thingovernment securitiesmarketsInsufficiently deep andliquid foreign exchangemarkets.

Use of rules­basedmonetary instruments suchas reserve requirementsimposes significant costs onbanks.

­10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Ang

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Ben

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otsw

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Bur

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 Fas

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Cap

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tral A

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Ratio of Excess Reserves to Total Deposits1

(Percent, end 2004)

    Source: IMF staff calculations.1 Where 2004 year­end data are not available, the most recent data point is used.

Page 17: Financial€Sectors:€Issues,€Challenges, and€Reform€Strategies · Financial€Development€and€growth b.€Ratio€of€Private€Sector€Credit€to€GDP 0 5 10 15 20

Financial Sector Reforms:Microfinance

Government andNGOs are promotingmicrofinance as avehicle to promoteaccess to financialservices by the poor.Sector has beengrowing fast, and hassuccessfully targetedthe poor.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Zam

bia

Cong

o, D

R

Cha

d

Tanz

ania

Zim

babw

e

Cam

eroo

n

Mad

agas

car

Nig

eria

Rw

anda

Gha

na

Cong

o

Cot

e D

'Ivoi

re

Bur

kina

 Fas

o

Uga

nda

Mal

awi

Ken

ya

Beni

n

MFIsCommercial banks

Sub­Saharan Africa: Access to Financial Services ofMFIs and Commercial Banks(Percent of total population)

Sources: CGAP database; Claessens (2005); and IMF staff calculations.

Page 18: Financial€Sectors:€Issues,€Challenges, and€Reform€Strategies · Financial€Development€and€growth b.€Ratio€of€Private€Sector€Credit€to€GDP 0 5 10 15 20

Financial Sector Reforms:Microfinance

However, thesector remainsmuch smaller thanthe banking sectorand suffers fromlow profitability.

Nam

ibia

Nig

eria

Con

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Sout

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fric

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ongo

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adag

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Togo

Uga

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Mal

awi

Swaz

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Ben

inK

enya

0

5

10

15

20

25

Percent of commercial bank assets

Percent of GDP

Sources: CGAP Database; and IMF staff calculations.

Size of the Informal Financial Sector(Percent)

Page 19: Financial€Sectors:€Issues,€Challenges, and€Reform€Strategies · Financial€Development€and€growth b.€Ratio€of€Private€Sector€Credit€to€GDP 0 5 10 15 20

Financial Sector Reforms:Enterprise Financing

Some countries are opting to use stateand development banks to promotemore financing to priority sectors.

These efforts could be fraught withsame types of risks experienced in thepast.

Page 20: Financial€Sectors:€Issues,€Challenges, and€Reform€Strategies · Financial€Development€and€growth b.€Ratio€of€Private€Sector€Credit€to€GDP 0 5 10 15 20

Financial Sector Reforms:Enterprise Financing (Cont.)

While stock marketshave helped listedcompanies acquirefinance, few companiesare listed and turnoveris low.

High costs and lack ofsupportinginfrastructure are aconcern.

Country

Number ofListed

Companies

MarketCapitalization

(Percent ofGDP)

ValueTraded(Percentof GDP)

Turnover(Percent)

Botswana 18 29.4 0.6 2.1Côte d'Ivoire 39 13.6 0.3 2.5Ghana 29 30.7 0.8 3.2Kenya 47 24.9 2.1 8.0Malawi 8 9.0 1.0 11.1Mauritius 41 39.3 1.6 4.4Namibia 13 8.1 0.3 4.7Nigeria 207 20.1 2.3 13.9South Africa 403 214.1 76.5 45.0Swaziland 6 9.3 0.0 0.0Tanzania 6 6.2 0.2 2.5Uganda 5 1.4 0.0 0.2Zambia 11 8.0 0.1 1.1Zimbabwe 79 87.9 14.0 3.9Egypt 792 51.3 7.5 17.1Malaysia 962 161.3 50.8 33.4Mexico 152 25.4 6.3 29.1Thailand 465 70.6 66.7 93.8Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators.

Sub­Saharan Africa: Indicators of StockMarket Development, 2004

Page 21: Financial€Sectors:€Issues,€Challenges, and€Reform€Strategies · Financial€Development€and€growth b.€Ratio€of€Private€Sector€Credit€to€GDP 0 5 10 15 20

Financial Reforms:Other Institutions and Operating Environment

With financial liberalization, the Non­BankFinancial Intermediaries (NBFI) sector isgrowing.

NBFIs are a diverse group of institutions with apotential to increase the level of products andservices available.

Many countries are trying, with varying successto improve the operating environment throughchanges to the legal and regulatory framework.

Page 22: Financial€Sectors:€Issues,€Challenges, and€Reform€Strategies · Financial€Development€and€growth b.€Ratio€of€Private€Sector€Credit€to€GDP 0 5 10 15 20

Financial Sectors Need to be a Reformpriority for SSA

Key priorities include:Eliminate distortions from interest rate controls,excessive use of costly regulatory monetary instruments,and supervisory forbearance.Increase market size by promoting financial integration inexisting monetary unions and harmonized approach toregulation in other countries.Promote a prudential framework in line with economicstructures.Use alternative instruments (e.g. leasing) or alternativesto collateralization (e.g. group guarantees, reversibleequity stakes) to overcome bottlenecks.Avoid new specialized state­owned institutions.Apply the legal and regulatory framework even­handedly.