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Finding and Evaluating Secondary Sources in the Digital Age Professor Bush February 14, 2018

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Page 1: Finding and Evaluating Secondary Sources in the Digital Ageteaching.erinbush.org/.../s18_wk4_SecondarySources.pdfSecondary Sources A secondary source in history tells the story of

Finding and Evaluating Secondary Sources in the Digital Age

Professor BushFebruary 14, 2018

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Tonight

Evaluating information/sourcesyou find online.

Secondary sourcesa. What are they?b. How to find them.c. How to use/read them.d. Scholarly Article (“I Loved Joe”)e. Wikipedia 

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Where do you start a research project?

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Secondary SourcesA secondary source in history tells the story of the past, but it’s clear that story has been run through a filter of interpretation, comment, analysis; the story is told by someone who did not experience first‐hand or participate in the events or conditions you're researching. 

Scholarly secondary sources put forth an argument about the meaning of the past (the “so what?” Q); popular history sources put forth facts about the past. 

All CREDIBLE secondary sources are based on primary sources (and you can tell what those sources are).

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Secondary Sources – Analog & DigitalArgument‐driven• Monographs• Journal articles• Textbooks• Library/Museum exhibits*• Digital history projects

Fact‐based• Encyclopedias• Wikipedia• Most websites• Film/documentary• Library/Museum exhibits*• Most media stories – feature stories

Why use them?• to collect the facts on a topic you know little about. 

• to understand background or context of the topic you’re researching.

• to obtain expert interpretations in order to evaluate events.

• to gain insight by examining the same event from different perspectives or interpretations.

• to help you form your own opinion.

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Finding Secondary Sources

Google Search

GMU Library Catalog / Worldcat Keyword Subject heading

Google Scholar

Bibliographies & Citations

Journal Databases JSTOR ProQuest

Finding relevant secondary sources requires multi‐step searches or several rounds of research.

Page 7: Finding and Evaluating Secondary Sources in the Digital Ageteaching.erinbush.org/.../s18_wk4_SecondarySources.pdfSecondary Sources A secondary source in history tells the story of

Finding & Evaluating Secondary Sources

In a world of abundance, finding good information online means we must dig through search results. 

Remember: Names & looks can be deceiving!

You need to investigate:1. Who authored/runs/owns the website? 2. What metadata is used to attract visitors?3. What is the history of the site itself? How current is it?4. Reviews of the site?

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Evaluating Information Online 

Hitler Historical Museum – http://www.hitler.org/

“The Hitler Historical Museum is a non‐biased, non‐profit museum devoted to the study and preservation of the world history related to Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist Party.”

Page 9: Finding and Evaluating Secondary Sources in the Digital Ageteaching.erinbush.org/.../s18_wk4_SecondarySources.pdfSecondary Sources A secondary source in history tells the story of

Who owns it?

Hitler Historical Museum vs.

National Museum of American Jewish History

Page 10: Finding and Evaluating Secondary Sources in the Digital Ageteaching.erinbush.org/.../s18_wk4_SecondarySources.pdfSecondary Sources A secondary source in history tells the story of

What is its history?

We can consult the Wayback Machine:

Web.archive.org

Page 11: Finding and Evaluating Secondary Sources in the Digital Ageteaching.erinbush.org/.../s18_wk4_SecondarySources.pdfSecondary Sources A secondary source in history tells the story of

Finding Secondary Sources

Google Search

GMU Library Catalog / Worldcat Keyword Subject heading

Google Scholar

Bibliographies & Citations

Journal Databases JSTOR ProQuest

Finding relevant secondary sources requires multi‐step searches or several rounds of research.

Page 12: Finding and Evaluating Secondary Sources in the Digital Ageteaching.erinbush.org/.../s18_wk4_SecondarySources.pdfSecondary Sources A secondary source in history tells the story of

Credible Journals

This is a sample of some of the most relevant journals to this class and your final projects• Journal of American History• American Historical Review• American Journal of Legal History• Law & History Review• Journal of Social History

The Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology, Volume 92, Issue 3 (2002)

There are more – when in doubt check the American Historical Association’s list of academic journals. https://secure.historians.org/pubs/free/journals/

Page 13: Finding and Evaluating Secondary Sources in the Digital Ageteaching.erinbush.org/.../s18_wk4_SecondarySources.pdfSecondary Sources A secondary source in history tells the story of

Reading & Evaluating Secondary Sources

Ask these basic questions about every source, no matter how obvious the answer might seem.

• Who is the author? What are his/her credentials?• What is the argument?• Does the author base the work on primary sources or original research?• Are there any sources that you are aware of that the author does not consider?• Are there notes and citations; bibliography or other apparatus of research?• Do these references contain major/current works in the same field?• When was it published?• Who published it? Academic press? Journal? 

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“I Loved Joe, But I Had to Shoot Him” Let’s practice with a real secondary source.

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The Impact of Wikipedia

Articles 5,571,231

Pages 44,204,105

Avg Edits/Page 21.15

Images 832,812

Users 32,904,080

Admins 1,230

Listen to Wikipedia

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Wikipedia

Beulah AnnanBelva Gaertner

Wikipedia could be your first stop, but it should never be your last.

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Wikipedia

Pros• Fast, timely.• Easy source of background info.

•Mine the references.• Crowd forces relative factual accuracy.

Cons• Biases do exist.• Purposefully avoids controversy/disputes over interpretation.

• Forces acceptance of common wisdom.

• Not friendly to original research.• “Open community” is overstated.

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Chicago Manual of Stylehttp://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html

Single author book

Note format:• 1. Jeffrey S. Adler, First in Violence, Deepest in 

Dirt: Homicide in Chicago, 1875‐1920, (Cambridge: University of Harvard Press, 2006), 100. 

• 2. Adler, First in Violence, 145.

Bibliography format:

• Adler, Jeffrey S. First in Violence, Deepest in Dirt: Homicide in Chicago, 1875‐1920. Cambridge: University of Harvard Press, 2006.

Single author journal

Note format:• 1. Jeffrey S. Adler, “I Loved Joe, But I Had to 

Shoot Him”: Homicide by Women in Turn‐of‐the‐Century Chicago, The Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology 92, Nos. 3‐4 (2003): 867.

• 2. Adler, “I Loved Joe,” 870.

Bibliography format:• Adler, Jeffrey S. “’I Loved Joe, But I Had to Shoot 

Him’: Homicide by Women in Turn‐of‐the‐Century Chicago.” The Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology 92, Nos. 3‐4 (2003): 867‐897.

**You can reference Wikipedia in your Biblio as a “source used” using the “website” format from CMS. You should never be quoting Wikipedia!

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Next Week

1. Primary sources!2. Reading and making sense of them.3. Images as primary sources.4. Reading and understanding newspaper articles.