finding common grounds

8/3/2019 Finding Common Grounds

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CommonGrounds

RediscoveRing the common

naRRative of tuRkey and euRope


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ReerchCenter

o the sfpa


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CommonGroundsCeren Zeynep Ak

Mensur Akgn

Peter Balazs

Deniz Bingol McDonald

David Judson

David Krl

Lucia Najlov

Adam S zymaski

Sylvia Tiryaki


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Finding Common groundsrece te c aate f Te a Epe

Pbe: rC sFPA reeac Cetef te sa Fe Pc Acat

Pfea b J C

de & pt: sta Jee | reea, . . .

isBn: 978-80-89356-08-9

Te pbe a at f t cect f ea w e tepe te atte t gea maa F f te us, Fe-c Ebet stft Bataa a ope scet Fat Bataa f te a ee ppt.


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Contents

inTroduCTion ............................................................................7

Firing ThE imAginATion in ThE nArrATivEBATTlEsPACE oF our AgE ....................................................... 11David Judson

WhAT doEs ThE Eu nEEd To do

And WhAT ArE iTs FEArs? ......................................................25Adam Szymaski

ThE CzECh Eu PrEsidEnCy And TurkEy:is morE ThAn ThE minimum PossiBlE? ............................. 41David Krl

ThE Eus ExPErimEnT WiThCondiTionAliTy And PuBliC oPinion mAking................63

Peter Balazs and Deniz Bingol McDonald

ChAllEngEs 2009: Eu-TurkEy rElATionson ThE roAd To? .................................................................. 77Ceren Zeynep Ak, Mensur Akgn, Sylvia Tiryaki

TAlking TurkEy in slovAkiA: in sEArChoF ThE ProPEr CurE For An unCErTAin diAgnosis ........ 91Lucia Najlov

ABouT AuThors ..................................................................... 103


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IntroduCtIon

luCiA nAJlov

Te cect f ea ffee t e cta e fte ea tat cae t f te bat a te atf ceat tat wee e a Epeacte. Wete t wa Bataa, Bapet, Pae, Waaw af ce itab, te at eae a pce tat c betbe ecbe a f a wa t f te Te-Eu aa. Te

at c be cpae t a e atpca p f paeew f teee te ae caae f a ta tat wa pee- twa a pt wee te tac t e. se f te weeeac f a wa t tp te ta a b t bac t a jctf wee te c tae e afe t te ee etat.ote wee cce tat tee wa wa t tp t a te weeate t t ee w t b a ew tac tat te ta cca .

We eea appace wee epe t bat,

te c eat wa ctcte pt: a efft tectct te cc a te ccete tep tat eee tbe tae t ece te c Eu-Te etat. Te twa caacte tat ae te bject f tee ea c factcpete te cpe f be cpcate, tbb a -pectabe. hece ee f aa a a e ae a tett a te eece peete te atce ae f fcte e f ea, t aa tecca apect c a tettta pepaee f bt pae t ae pc-ete

ea ea wt te cet tate f te etat a watwa epecte f te Cec peec f te Epea u.

Te btt e f te tet ae abt t ea tat, eptethe complexity, both Turkey and the EU must nd a way to live andw tete f t f a be ea te at eat f a pepaatc e: te t ae a t f c eee.

it wa t a ea eea f te at f t cect tpt tete e ata a fwa- ea t b-ject. Wat ce (t a fact) e t be teet, ee a bt


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etc, a a p t wt a at etabe app e-, qc te t et e a tab. dc aacaec, t-tae a jat, we a, a-e c, c a wp a cfeece, t tpcae bece te e te pat few ea. Bt we a e bte

e-- qet pe, t patcpat jt ae atte , t w t appe. Te tt betwee te tw e f teeqat a eapate. T ae e t a i t beee teEu e wt te Eu-pea eep epeat i t beeete T ae e wt te ef.

i c a atpee, t tae a t f tat t t p-ee a te bt e. T, t pepe eawt te bject ae e t cce, ff te ec, tat te ae fact te f te we t a w e t ea watc e-t ew. Afte f aa, ee f attca we cceeand reecting a serious social phenomenon, there is a secret desiref a tc ce.

yet w ae tee epe f peee e fte tat ff te ec? F fact a e pe ea: a pe a tbee t et. Te ec efft f a a a pa ttt t eac f a wa t etat te T Eu jeae pf tat te eatp f te tw taet t

et atce te eat f te et, bt a e ata avital bond. It will not be forgotten, it just needs to be xed.nw, t cea w tee ceat ae tae pace ita-

bul, but where do the four Central European capitals t in the pic-te? dt te ew Epea ebe tate ae e eae f te w t ea wt? ye te bt a tat peapte bet awe f te c eae te w e ecetacce epeece te ae eae tat a wa-ete ap-pac t pc-a t a pt f te wat t be cce-

ful. And the approach of rst deal with things domestic then comet t fe a we e t ee t be a ateate.

mee, a paf pce f eta teee fte attaa pat a c t te wt te p a cf bec ee tate wt aet ece a te e flaw, and at the same time striving to nd their place back on a world( at eat Epea) ap, te ae eae a e t e wat t ea t be a te. ha t epeece, teeta f Te bac t w pe a we


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as Turkeys ghts with the EU, is authentic, not formal. It is not accece tat ew ebe ae a e p-fte-eaeetpt ta e.

yet te eaeet-fe pt ete ta be te we t ce t a , wat e ptat, tat-

ec te Eu aea. mt bee cce tat we tce t ctea e a f te ew te t be cpc- t, e fte ta t wa te fttep f te ea te be. T, e f te eceat f t e f ew Eu ebe t apf te ce Eu ptc ebe bet a acta be.

Te pbe wee e a te te e f te eqat Te tef at te te t eetate te ae t c aa Epe ewce. oeepa te etc f teb t wp tef t epe e a c a Eu, e-looking the friends it has among those whose hour of inuence has

et t ce. A tee ea ae a a efft t efc teTe Eu ebate t a a et at tce b econsideration: to look at how the country can benet from learningf te ccee a tae f Ceta Epea Eu acce.

Te cect tat wt ctbt f het da newet--cef da J, w ea wat ea

ca a cat bea te b ccat ebetwee te Eu a Te. Te we fw wt f atce -ing at EU decision-making vis--vis Turkey. Adam Symaski writesabt te Eu fea -- T ebep a ete pce te Eu a bette ep w. da k atwat c be epecte f te Cec Eu peec a deB mcda a Pete Baa aae te e f cta-t a pbc p eaeet. Cee A, sa Ta ame A eaate te u appac afte at ea ea-

ation report. We close the volume by another reection an essay onta Te saa wat t tae t atea a ee- aa tpc.


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FIrIng the

ImagInatIon In thenarratIve battlespaCe

oF our age

dAvid Judson

it w e appe. i e tat fte, ta a ace-t w w p f watee cat eee te31t Cet f te pt-a ea ceate b ba wa te 21t. Te w wat t ce bac a ecaate te acetcat tat ebae te e f te 20t Cet p aproject to create the rst semblance of continental unity in Europe

ce te ra.i te, te taa e f tb f acet pba t cat e pace e Te wee i appe t ea wee tee ea a epe ra t tat wat te ppe t ae bee te twet ce. T a a-wa facate e, f w t abt ace wimpulse would be to look rst for the emperors palace or the senate.But archeologists dont think this way. They want to rst probe intote e teect f teecta a ptca fe, eta

te e f cece, eae w te c teacte wt tepoor and nd the symbolic heart of this lost civiliation. In short,te wat t be wt te bac aate.

s, at eat we Te, te bet bet t tat at tetwet ce. Acet ae t qte e w. Peap be-cae f pea w t ect wa ae f te tec fi Ae ee. o peap e t te aatae e b t e-ap t ew te ta, t wee te te cae. i a eet,t wee te pee act wa. F watee ea, ee

is where one is deemed most likely to nd the most interesting stuff.


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T cpete te etap, wee w be te etpec-te twet ce f te Epea u 10 cete ece?Wee i t ae te tea c bac t te f te Eu t f ce, i w ae aat tat Be. F tate, aec ea w be ce te cef ce f Eja

(jt wat te ea b ct? te w we.) sec-, wat tte eece f cte et Be ta w ebe bteate. lat, Be a wee te ee a tet f te Eu ee ea teact. nee a c fteecta fe. Te aate w t be f ee.

n, ace t te fte w be t cece t cte-ta Pae. i t cae, t t te twet ce f teEu, a tct be t dea Fae ia. i fact t at te e cete f te Eu f we ce te accea pef;e te 1,000 ea i a aw t eece, t e t eet pept abt te pace wt wc tee atte f acce- w pcee.

i a eet, t be te pt wee te aate fte Epea pject e aee a appeae. i tew, ate 2008 a ea 2009 a f t f te tatfuture be the equivalent of 476, when the Barbarians nally did inte at ra Epe. Tat e pefe te geate E-

pe e f t weeb re becae a e 1453 a teTurks embarked on their rst serious European integration projectwt te ac f Bat.

What they nd does not necessarily have to be a failure scenario.Cee, t a aa be et cpaabe t 221BC, the year the Chin rst unied the warring dynasties of China.me ta tw ea wtt a ae cae w ee emeasure of endurance. If what they are to nd is success, maybe itw be et e 1648. mabe t pe we ae w

t w be ewe b fte eeat a te eqaet fte teat f Wetpaa, wc ee t te 30 yea Wa aee te ccept f tate eet. Te t e tt bac te.

Can the eU redisCover its narrative?

of ce te t a et t be ece. F we te Eu a-ate a bee eep tbe f e te f a we ta f


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ea abt wc ca ea t e w, ea 2009 wee te aate w ccee fa. i t t be te e fb tate, te f Fec Peet nca sa, w Ja. 1 petee t ee te tat Eu Peec t ef-fecte atc t bac aa wt a ea Jaa peacea t

t iae? o t be et e ce, acta eaauthority to the rst former Warsaw Pact nation, namely the smallCech Republic, to be the nominal president for the rst six monthsf 2009?

i te Eu t peate a baca a aeat f c aae-et tactc, a a ett wt e ceet tate tat eea ea t te t f ft pwe? W te tet f w eete tp f pbc eaep at a ecc c a a-

cate b te Cec Pe mte me Tpae? o w fa pate a fa aca, Cec Peet vaca kabece te e wt te tat w t, e f eeat,laisse-faire and an EU whose ocial policy is that freedom andppet ae c e eaee ta te cate? ye, kaacta a a beee tat.

Ete te B Ba c at te Eu. o te ga Cape.Tat te ca , t te Eu, et a etee cea ca-ee ce a te ccetc cce f a et eea f

te apt at ba ecc f te pat 30 ea,wt te wt pe aet 70 ea, ae t atedramatic. Hence my notion that Prague would be a ne place to es-tab wee t a cae f, a wee t a wet, wee e t t a te-tae te ecaat.

ok. i eae t a bee a t tct. Be fe-wae. if ce t cte t t bece e. Jt pete e tc a cwe ta cpatet wt aqac Aeca wt a ite-ra pa. Be pte. m aet

is this: the European Union has been losing its narrative, its deningt, f e te. se, bt f pepecte taca,a te cpet b, a etc eeet ae eacpete cape. Ta f te Eu aate wee a e, t wbe e tat be a a epc te te f Eet hewa J stebec. T e wa aea t tee a fc.

A w we ee t tafe t a w f lew Ca. oewe wat eat Ca Wea t ee te cee pae twa aeece t te ctae acq?

Te aate, aate, ae jt appeae.


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B pfe i a a ttee. s f aate ae ap-pt; t t be et e wat a eetat feewe a pece appea t etct. Tat te Eu t ceepeete t e et ea t te cw aceeet fc a ae ta eat t jt appt, bt tac.

s aw e t epa jt w i t aate ae ptat.i a ate t c te ate f te ew b-

e, i ae fte f ef aac te fw aet:depte te fact we pecee w a a atte f ate eac t ece wat te we w wte te ce f tea, te ae eat et ffeet. rate, t ee t e,ja e a t a ae f scabbe wt a te bef ette te tabe. it ta t pc a te a a-ebe te bet w we ca. Te ffeece betwee scabbe aja, wee, tat we t pc f a ette p te tabe; we pc f te aaabe aate e bcte a cet. We te cbbe te tete a te ee-et f wc t ceate te a ew aat te ct f ttepate. T e te a eeta aate t pe a wtat te scabbe ba a t pe. Tee e jafaeta ea.

i ae tat te ae c ecbe te fat-fa Epea

u: te aaabe aate p t qae wt te eat.sa ffeet, te pece te u scabbe et fa t f teeeet eee t ctct a aate. A t e f aeteate t pfe, i eae t t e t be f aja tetb. A e ta e cca i ae fef abee a eetc b pee f et t. Wc pe pt, i w ae. F te t f ee cat eaet e ppte b te bae Je-Cta aate fat.

i aa eae te t f tc a et f tt tetate f te Epea u, te ppect f Te eepetwt te ctet f te ae epeete b te Eu a te ea-tp f a t t te ewet ebe f te Eu cb. Bt we tee ea t a c f a t, a ceat bbet Bataa b te sa Fe Pc Acat, i aea few tt. i a t abt t ffe b t. i ae paa- t ft. i cat ee ffe p te ee f a ea tat tea t a at e te te f te 7t Faew t te


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eate c-be ce ppt f t-cta ae.Bt i ae a few ea i ae bee ae t ae. i cetat tee ae te tt f a te, w a ewpape a tcat ct.

Elsewhere, you will nd ample analysis of the precipice uponwc te T-Eu eatp w pt. Te t ecet iae ea e f te bet. Te a Epe: Te dece yea

Aea, b te iteata C gp, pce ate 2008. itte tat T pbc ppt a ppe f a f 65 pe-cet t a w f 27 pecet e p 2007. natat etet te e, a at-Epea attte ae bece atea,te ept ae.

F te Epea e, te w w f te Fec, tegea a te a et t a c cce wcEpea t ae tepete b Te a ea t ta T act tepete ( te Eu) a teet teEu. A wwa we cecte pa.

Wtt ct te accac f t a, ew fte pbe qte ffeet. it b w t t: Te ea cfaced by the EU is not Irish selshness, French arrogance or Polishfecee te face f ecept-a t te ct c- te bt f te C Acta Pc. rate, t

te cape appeaace f a ceet t a t wat teEu a abt.From the perspective of a newspaperman in stanbul, the implica-

t f t cape f aate ae fte cfe b te ee-ece f ew a cpet at-aate. Tee ae te tatce f wt te ae, c a Aea mee peepatep nca sa u f te meteaea;tee a we ae cet w t f cee tate ttete te bt te ae pecee a ce wee i e a

pttpe f Pa B. Tee ae te Pa B t c fte te ae a at te cecte T cc-e: a Eaa aace f e wt te eet ratat fat bec Te t ptat ta pate e.Some nd the idea of a more robust embrace of Muslim brethenpatca appea f t e b wt acce t a seeWeat F c a te be t kwat dba. i fone of the ndings in a recent study on political views in Istanbulspaw attw facat. repet t a e ce


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w ftat wt wat te pecee a te pc f teEpea u; we ae t et eee, t ce te-et eepe T te wt Tc e pace e

Aebaja, kaata, ubeta a ka.F a ttee pepecte, i t ce ece t -

ea f a a-bt-tae Eu ef a acce pce t tatf a -aate cpet wt eeet at-aate. Teet ceece. i w ce bac t t atte f te Epeau, a w i beee tat a cee efft t ece te cbf te cetfa fce tea t apat be fe b at c f a ct a te ptace f a-ratives. But rst I need to explain the narrative of the Daily News, a47-ea- E aae ewpape Te. F t eate epeece tat a bee tt te dnA faate.

Afte e ta tw ecae w te u.s. ea, i weff te pfe 2000. A acaec pject bt e bact Te 2001, a ct wee i e a a teeae a at. i 2004, te fate bt e bac t ja, ta tet refea, Te ata be a, pat f te damea gp. A te ewpape, aae a tee et-w we b te paw da a te ct E

aae a. i wat e te aet a paw- cpa. A e t ae, te c f eep te c-pa e Aeca at a T aae ewpape we teE ewpape wa ffe bea t fee te ta. Afte ethan a years resistance, I nally moved back to work in my nativeaae 2006. A a epeece wt a cpe a t-fac-ete aat, te epeece a btee epect f ha-detc gece. it a a, wee, e etee fte ttt f te Eu.

Wat ea cce e t t wee te et f a f-a bt t- c a eea ea tecpa. Tee ce Ep Ca, te et--cef f refea,seat E, te et--cef f met, a t f te tethe company and Vuslat Dogan Sabanc, my boss and the publisherof Hrriyet, the companys agship. Our fundamental conclusionwas that there are really just ve narratives about Turkey in play inte Epea ea. Te ae a fw: The Turkish-Kurdish ethnic conict.


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Te e f Aea ece, aee f a T, a -tca fact f a Aea.

s-cae , te pactce f e feae fa- ebe w beta te faa tt wt c ce a aapppate e affa. Te taa aate eea ae

t a k pbe. Fee f epe, patca te t Atce 301

f te pea ce tat e t ae t Te ace, w wae t a ffee we e t teT at. it a be ete tat t aateea a jt tee ptat: et oa Pa a Efafak and the murdered Armenian-Turkish journalist Hrant Dink.Te e f te jat e 301 cae (cte w w f te da new) t et.

lat te cta b f te ia . eca, teheadscarf issue, the debate on secular delity that of late has beente t at aate, te ettf f a te tatae a abt te e.

T ea te scabbe ba f te 130 accete f-eign journalists in stanbul and the 25 or so in the capital of Ankara.se tee ae te ecept tat pe t e. Cp. mee-

e eea. Fe etet. o te etabe pp e-lights of stanbul or the bars of Bodrum. But the basic material forccat T eat te t te abe. Te Euacce pce ae a aate tef; etab t a e-rivative blend of the above ve-part menu. To offer overly simplisticeape: Te j te Eu ce t ee te k-Turkish conict. Or no, Turkey should be outside until it faces upt te Aea ece. Tee w be tw ceet wa tappac a c. We tee ae t ba e t pc p

girls in stanbul, they are quite serviceable at any expatriate coffee-e wee a w-be wete jat ee t etab eef a a eep te.

in the searCh for a magiC hand

i epae ee tat i a te T caea a t f abat t c tee e f ccat apecept. A cete, at eat t, ffe t e eee


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ate f te pact f eeat aate. Te p Cecae a e p ea, bac 1968. Fa t fteefee t te w ea t a a ct, bt a a eb, ain Russias nlandiation of Georgia or Iraqs attempted nland-at f kwat e ea bac. dae w be fee ea

et at e pate wt te t f w te pe testa f da cet at wt te ct Jew te na ccpat. nee tat t patca aate wathe gment of novelist Leon Uriss imagination. Danes really have te taceet aate wt wc t ccate tea te. if ae a bt abt t atte pt, peaeea sa see f sw b Pete he (1992 da, 1993 E).

Wc te b e t te pt i t t ae at te tet,tat t fte, t pee pacae f aate a teew ea a t w wt. Tee ae ee f f b tatee t eta w te ea fte ee t w c-tep. Ee ja c a t eet tet ea t ectena Ca te ca t ae f te ac a()wc e() a t. T be et, i pet a ea ee tac a ef.

A i f t. nt a b ja, teet e.

Bt ate s deee Te scece f a Cecte Ae bdca J. Watt. A ateatca b ta, Watt w a e-ea t epa te fat a peat f etw, c ate iteet. Tee ae a t f teet eape f w cce fccat w. F eape cp ccet. Te qet wa, W wa te t w? Watt a epa- t f ccet c. se tee wa ate ccetf wc a te t te ce. Bt f t, te w teaae t ce we?

F te f awe w ae t ea te b, wc epec e ta ccet. Bt t e f b cece feeece, f pae a a bt ctca te bete e t etw cat, e e t te waepte w ta at i ae et ectee. F afte a,epte ae e ca ceate a te et a peate ett ca etw. Jat eea ate t cacate. s befewae tat te w at t t ate at t, afte - ae at f ac.


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rate ta cp e ccet w ae a te ete te wap, we te t ae cp wt a e-ece aate cabat. Tee cc a we ea e atework, compete within the connes of implicitly agreed consensus tae te w te ae be a-

pae afte te ae ba a be. oe f te few ep-f b t eee f caft t B te B bTt kae. it wa wtte bac te Petcee Ae f 1972bt t t ae tee a ea. Te wtte e t becaef a t ta t fa f te ce tt.

A eceet eape f te wa t w te T c-text came recently when the foreign press corps in Turkey nallyappace a cpe eat te Jtce a de-

epet Pat, AkP. Te bea t bee tat Pe mteRecep Tayyip Erdoan has begun to act of late with all the nesse,teace a ecatc pt f, a, zbabwe rbet mabe fate ea. ste te AkP, f ce, ae eqet be ctcte acc t te actecte f naate n. 5 te t i ae abe. T awa a ba aate cat- te p ceate ecat f te iac eata f

Aata aat te ea-fact keat f te eaf pecct fstanbul and Ankara.

A pace t fte epe naate n. 5 te webtef te Epea stabt itate, a pata Eu-fe pjectcae b nbe aeate matt Ataa. T patca aate,ete ctcte a te pae f Bac T .Wte T, acta tace bac t ea w e cete

vs. periphery dynamics done by the eminent political theorist erifma be te 1960. it a ef t, we aatca

ae t be cpaabe t e f te Ptetat-Catc ca a epae f te cte Bea etc ptc. T

is ne, just so long as the analyst does not overlook the history ofte netea a t eatp t Fae. Wc, f awe te e f t aa, eact wat Ataa p e awc w i t e be ae t et te nbe PeacePe.

Bt et et t naate n. 5 a t e b jat.We eeet f t ee f T jat teea a f te AkP, t a abae t a te e-ta f t ac ptca pat becae e tete. Te


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fe ea t. ut at nebe, we te abae t ea . A eta we a te da new decebe1, 2008 ef eta t. it a e te eaegab Caabaca? We ae ce!

We are all familiar with the means by which pedestrians of Turkishcities collectivize their will to brave trac: a phenomenon of density andunspoken social cohesion. Going solo against aggressive motorists is dar-ing. But if, say, four or ve pedestrians step into the crosswalk at thesame time, this challenge to the oncoming taxi usually works. Sadly, themedia in all societies tend to work the same way. A trend, a develop-ment, a shift in political wind may be sensed by the lone newspaperor magazine. But seldom do they write until what social psychologistscall groupthink provides condence. Journalists tend to shue together,

particularly when confronting the trac of a new narrative.

On groupthink cue, the Economist, the New York Times, Reuters andNewsweek have collectively discovered that Turkeys Prime MinisterRecep Tayyip Erdoan has developed an authoritarian edge. We areshocked, might be a way to express our reaction, paraphrasing CaptainRenaults discovery of gambling in the epic lm Casablanca.

For as the Hrriyet Daily News & Economic Reviews rem Kker re-ports in todays newspaper, these are the same international media orga-nizations who have long criticized Erdoan opponents of being staunch-ly secular and resistant to change. They reached different conclusionsto explain Erdogans migration from reformist to autocrat. But nallythey noticed what their Turkish colleagues have been writing for months.

We wish, of course, that the international media had been vigilant lastspring when the PM was using the public seizure of an opposition me-

dia group to convert a political crony employing his son-in-law into amedia baron with the aid of $800 million or so in questionably securedstate funding. We were disappointed with many of our internationalcolleagues silence when the PM called on followers to boycott this news-

paper and others in the Doan Media Group for reporting a Germancorruption prosecution and conviction of Erdoan allies.When the prime minister launched his new love or leave it rhetoric ofintolerance at a speech in Hakkari some weeks back, we expected more


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international notice. And the stripping of seven reporters accredited tothe prime ministry of their press cards a few weeks ago was a tactic thatshould have received far more international condemnation than it did. ATurkish phrase comes to mind: ite buyurun.

Knowing our prime minister as we do, we expect the next move of hisdefenders will be to decry conspiracy and concoct nutty theories aboutthe synchronized nature of the new criticism. This should be ignored.For groupthink is a curse of lazy journalists everywhere. More impor-tant, we believe, is that the group nally summoned the courage to stepoff of the curb.

T ae: a pact f aate, a te teecta ef aate, ea t p ja. T t ea t a fcte-eta ct te pat f te ew-cpublic. The virus, surely, spreads to public ocialdom, a sort of self-efc feebac p f ace tae . decac be-ce et e ta tat; c cet bece e c afte wt b.

the seCret of diversity of perspeCtives

Wece cca 2009 t t c te fte f teEpea u. Bt wat! i a epae ee tat i anot making the case for propaganda. When the odd Turkish ocial pbc eat eecte a a te patece t te t tecae i ae jt ae, te te t aeeet befe eept. Te ce te a a! ea a i watc a te a ea tafe t a cae f te Te eat. Tee ee t be e aet Cnn e t-

et abaa t pepe cb Epe eeet wt eta ba l l. mabe a webte tw. Te dtc Epaaetaa Jt laej a eee fa a t et te t t t t be a tbce t t Epea tt Te meteaeacat.

A ee we pat cpa. F t abt te ae f scabbe.nt te ae f Caae.


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The ve narratives I mention above are all very real. Often theyae teate a aw fa. Te a eea a aw cef T eat. i te T ctet a te, te peatnarratives do not need to be countered as rst reexes often com-a. Te ee t be eepee a epae p.

A i ae te t ae tt, t te Epea Pb-e: te Eu a aate(). s wee e e f ee?Te e f wc t capte wtte, i a t, ppet ep e twa t. A i cfee, i a t abtt ffe b t. i ae paa t ft. nt a i epet Epe a t u, i a t ee Epea atf t ep, ate wa Aata. se e te, et ecce wt e t ee atte f aate, te -

terious tectonic plates that, however unseen, dene the fault lines ofa ccat.Ee septebe i ae te pee f atte a e-wee

ate te cat f Cafa, ea wee i wa b a ewp, at a eeabe eeac cete a t ta cae te Eaeittte. m tcet t t eeabe ttte (wt g f

ae t ea f t) a pa cae te gbaPteta Pa. it acta ew f a tate ea athat brought then little-known Boris Yeltsin to his rst visit to the

ute state. ma ae yet eppa at Eae caete w. Ta te w p f gPP 25 e atpepe (p e) w ae a ceat abt te tatef te paet. i ae eae a t tee bt w eet eppa cae at te at ate. i f ef t- t beafat at 7.30 te wt A sataa, a miTbcet. A, w be app t w, ea a tea fcace eeace w ae abt t ae bpe, mri ca accpe bete. Ccpe wee t tpc at tat

, wee.No, Alok was trying to nish a point he had begun to make the

evening before about the inuence of Sir Francis Bacon (or the lackf t) c ia wte a Aat r a Jpa la.i t, i wa b et abt te da new, acaee a te ee et f te pepecte et tat e-nes our remarkable newsroom. Of course, Alok responded, typi-cally with a question. How else could you re the imagination in theaate batte pace f ae?


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Tat e tppe e tac. i a t bw A pet wte tat e w a ap i f pcet. F e,

A pe te qet f ae. F e te awe pepecteet. i epe t te ea i pe abe, we ae ce-ate a ewpape we tea ate aae ce f Aa-

bc peae, tee k peae, tw la peae, tw A-ea peae, e Fa peae, e gea peae a egee peae. A tat jt a te T at a ewpape a ct wc a ee f Epe a tw etcp. A te teata taff, we ae e new zeaae,tw Ataa, a F, a gee, a gea, tee Aeca cte,a ia, a iaa a a Pe.

i ecet cee, t Cv, tat f te pbeece et wee t wtc te ewpape aae f pbcatf E t Fec, abt tw t f te taff ae aea pe-pae. Tee a e mat caba, peap a t f te tafffat raaa; we ae a tee bace f mtecee p e zata a t ecet, te pt etwa t ratafaa. Te eac appeae abt twwee a a i ae t et etabe w. We a aee a e, fete e f tt. Bt we ae a c- aate. i t ea, i pe t a eee. if t, i a e

te acet f te 31t Cet w eta.


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What does the eu

need to do and Whatare Its Fears?

ADAM SzYMASKI

Tee ae a t f btace te T wa t te Eu. T-e tef t ece t f te. Epea ptcac a Eu Eaeet Ce o re epeat a a

t f ata tat t ct t pee p te ef pcewe w afte te be f te acce etat octbe 2005.1 Turkey must rst of all improve the fulllment ofte ptca Cpeae ctea. it t e t aatee tt (k, e te), fee f peec t fwe. it t a t ct te a a t ea t ba p-

tca pate. Te ptca eepet 2008 (te appcat tte Cttta Ct t ce w te AkP a te Eeecae) a w pbe abt epect f c ecatc ea te e f aw te epaat f pwe.2 i e t a eee e tea tabt (cecte wt te betweete eca etabet a te e-ceate p) acate t ecatc e, Te a t t apt teew c cttt peet te a ap f te pef 2007-2013 a te nata Pa f te Apt f Eu Ac-

q, bt a t e te tec pbe. Te be teqet f te e f tate a cet a ae a t t wtte pa f te repbc cecte wt te keat e.

1 Cf. o. re, imdi AB zaman, met, 25.08.08, www.et.c.t/2008/08/28

2 Cf. G. Tahinciolu, AKPye ar sulamalar, met, 16.03.2008, www.et.c.t/2008/03/16/aet; E. Ebe, E. A, m. A. Ee, Komutanlar ekyatta sabahlad, met, 03.07.2008, www.et.c.

t/2008/07/03/aet/?e=86


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We t ce t T bat cce t fe pc,te Cp e, a we a pte wt geece a Aea, e-a e.3

Tee cea ae, wee, btace te Epea u et. Te pc f te Eu a te ebe tate appe t affect te

T pe-acce pce eate. T pc qte fte aet f Epe pbe tat ce t t we te T caece p. Acta, eac f te pe f Eu eaeethas been a stimulus to reect on the nature of the EUs identity,t eet wat t e, w t ee tef.4 Te 2004 eaeetaea we te u pbe, a te te ajtetdiculties of the old member states.

i a cae Epea act aaate te abe-e-te tea T pbe. it t be ee tat tee a c cce cce te eat betwee te ppect fT Eu ebep a tea cae tat ct. T-e ee e ptca a ecc ef e t a tetate a, .e. ebep f te Eu. Te ppect f Tacce , te te a, a peabe cete t cat c ef. We te Eu e a tat t t cetaabt T ebep te Te e te fact tat b-e ete a cet t cte wt cae te ct.

T atce a aa f tee Epea btace teT wa t te Eu. Tee e f pbe ae tae tceat, .e. fa-ate, ptca, a c-pc-ca. it ae tat at a f te ae ptat, te e e t e te pbe te t e cce abe ate eate attte f Epea pbc p twa T Euebep a fea cecte wt t. Te at ppe e

3 A tee pbe ae ete te atet Eu ept (EpeaC a Epea Paaet), f e, ee: Commission StaffWorking Document. Turkey 2007 Progress Report, Be, 6.11.2007, ttp://ec.epa.e/eaeet/pf/e_cet/2007//te_p-e_ept_e.pf; European Parliament resolution of 21 May 2008on Turkeys 2007 progress report (2007/2269(ini)), Weea, 21 ma2008 stab,www.epa.epa.e/e/etdc.?pbref=-//EP//TExT+TA+P6-TA-2008-0224+0+doC+xml+v0//En&aae=En

4 k. d,Reinventing Europe? Turkey, European Union Accession and Europea-nization, : E. lag, k. E. Jee (e.), Turkey and the European Uni-on. Prospects for a Difcult Encounter, Paae maca, Bate, new

y 2007, p.51.


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t tat t be teate a tat . Te effectepeetat t ea, bt pbe.

the formal-normative dimension

The rst group of problems on the EU side concerns the formaland normative issues. There are still problems with dening the-nalit politique f te u. Epea ptca ae t e f t be feeat teeeta aat a wetet w be caactee b e ffeeta teat. Te tw f t be e tea etea ete, pate e f a ba act te teata cee. Fa, attee ae e pcpe ce te teate wc te Eu bae, Epea t t abt ae tat ca be cpetf te Epea ett f te u. depe te ptcaprole politicians in Europe treat the cultural (Christian democrats) ptca (ca ecat) e a a ce eeet f t ett.5Te ac f awe t tee qet tp pe te Twa t te Eu. Tee ea ae a t t wt te ffeetinterests of member states or the political prole of their leading par-te. it t eatc te t fce Epea ptca t ae tenal decision in a short time. However, it is possible to start a matter-

f-fact pbc ebate te abe-ete ea.Te cttee f we e ca tate t. sc cc fepet ae fte bee abe t pe ea abt te pce fEuropean integration. The committee would nd it possible to dot wc ae p t f te qet te awe ptcaec-a pee.6 Te w fc tatec qet,e.g. how the EU can preserve its signicance in the global context,t a ett be w eta. hwee, te pbc ebatetate b te cttee cat be e te c abt te

fte f te Eu, a a t f qet a acta t awe- te ce e. Wt t ebate a te aet f a

5 See more: A. Symaski, Turcja a tosamo europejska konfrontacja dwchwizji Europy (Te a Epea iett Cftat f Tw v-sions of Europe), in: F. Goembski (ed.), Tosamo europejska (Epeaiett), W. ittt na Ptcc uwetet Waawe-, Waawa 2005, pp. 128-169.

6 m. Ca, d. heea, s. seee,A Chance for Wise Man, spttEpe, octbe 2007, Cete f Appe Pc reeac (CAP), m-

c 2007, p. 6.


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against a specic solution should be thoroughly analyed. On theother hand the EU can also be forced by reality to dene the ultimatea (te pbe fnalit politique), epeca tat cce te te w.7

Te ec e cce te ct f we .

eepe. Te eate et f te efee te lbTeat tetee te aet abt te ee f Eu ef be-fe te et eaeet a te ebate betwee cteppt te we f te Eu a te tat teat eepea a pt.8 of ce, t be qet tat te u eet be efe. hwee, t t be a t te cabt Eu eaeet a te acce f c caate ctea Te. Te a f ew ebe tate pbe, at

more dicult without a new treaty. Besides, the Constitutional Trea-

t a te lb Teat ae abt a t, bt t eceaabt Eu eaeet, a a cte t. it ceta t tea e te btace f te Teate.

it t, wee, e pbabe tat cte eptca abtEu eaeet w be cce b ppet. Tee a ee,then, to recognie the reality and nd a reasonable solution based oncpe betwee te tw p f cte. oe eape te tct f a te te Eu tat pe f te eqece

eaeet-ef.9

hwee, te pt tat t ca caeppte f eaeet f ct te pc twac caate cte a Te.

Te t fa-ate e cce te eaeettate f te Eu.10 Te cet ew tate pteta ceate

7 Cf. E. F. Keyman, z. ni, Turkish Politics in a Changing World: GlobalDynamics and Domestic Transformations, stanbul Bilgi niversitesiYaynlar, stanbul 2007, pp. 48-51; A. Symaski, Turcja a tosamoepeja ftacja wc wj Ep (Te a Epeaiett Cftat f Tw v f Epe), pp. 128-169.

8 it wa ba cete, a te P pe. see e..: Tusk kry-tykuje Sarkozyego i Merkel (T ctce sa a mee), gae-ta Wbca, 20.06.2008, ttp://wac.aeta.p/Wa-c/1,80708,5335408.t

9 Cf. k-o. la, d. scwae, Die Diskussion ber die Aufnahmefhigkeit derEU, sWP-ste 31, Be, deebe 2007, www.wp-be./c-/et_cet.pp?aet_=4558

10 F e ee: Communication from the Commission to the European Parliamentand the Council. EU Enlargement Strategy and Main Challenges 2006 2007 (in-

cluding annexed special report on the EUs capacity to integrate new members),


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e pbe f te T cae. it cce t tw a p-cpe, .e. ctat a Eu abpt , ate, teatcapact. Eu acce ctat t effecte a e.There are two main conditions that must be fullled to make thispcpe w: te peece f te Eu ebep cete a

eate w ct f tea apt f te Eu e.11 The rste cce te u appac. At peet t tceabe tatte ppect f T Eu ebep ate cea. seebe tate epae te pe-ee ate f etata tat ta abt ateate ccept.12 Becae f t T-e e te fact tat be ete a cet t ctewt te ecea cae te ct. mee, cta-t e t ep e a ea te T wa t teEu. it et abt a ptca pbe (e.. 10% te),effecte we t ce t peetat, a t ajte tte ptca eat Te, wc caactee b teabaace betwee a p cet. Te te pbe te tete f te ptca caacte f t pcpe (e t bew).13 T w cea tat ctat t bemodied. It is important rst of all to strengthen its holistic ap-pac e t tae t ceat te a-ptat e,c te peetat f ef. Te ptca ate f

te pbe appea wt ctat be taateinto rm rules, conditions and benchmarks that will help to denea eta te ctet f te ct e cea.14 it wbe more dicult to restore the clear prospect of Turkish accession.

Be, 8.11.2006, C (2006) 649, ttp://ec.epa.e/eaeet/pf/e_cet/2006/n/c_649_tate_pape_e.pf

11 Cf. F. scefe, s. Eet, h. kbe, Costs, Commitment and Com- pliance: The Impact of EU Democratic Conditionality on Latvia, Slovakia andTurkey, Ja f C maet ste, v. 41, n. 3, 2003, pp.499-501.

12 See more: A. Symaski, Alternatives to EU Membership. The Case ofTurkey, Te P Qate f iteata Affa, 2007, . 4, pp.55-72.

13 Cf. n. Tcc,Report, Unpacking European Discourses: Conditionality, Impact andPrejudice in EU-Turkey Relations, : n. Tcc (e.), Conditionality, Impact andPrejudice in EU-Turkey Relations, iAi-TEPAv rept, J 2007, www.a.t/pf/Qae/Qae_E_9.pf, pp.9-15.

14 Cf. M. Aydn, A. T. Esen, Conditionality, Impact and Prejudices: AConcluding View from Turkey, : n. Tcc (e.), Conditionality, Impact

and Prejudice in EU-Turkey Relations, op.cit., p. 132.


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T a ta f Eu ebe tat ae f Eu ebep f T-e. Te ctebaace te pt f eptc, e-ing that Turkey can be an EU member in the future (if it fullls theCpeae ctea) a tat te Eu tate ae e batce te aee te caate tat f Te.

Te capact f te Eu t abb ew ebe tate a t bemodied as well. It still lacks clear meaning. It leads to a situa-t tat e b te Epea ptca w ae aatT acce. dectct f t pcpe ceqeteee. it ea tat e f te e bjecte a pece pe-nomena of the EU integration capacity must be dened. Until nowt cce te ppe fct f Eu ttt, beta pce. A p f CEPs aat ppe at t t:te capact f te Eu a ece aet, ab aet acet t abb ew ebe tate, a we a te u capactt ae t tatec ect.15 A iAi-TEPAv ept ppe tetae a -ept aa f Te pact te u, tttt, t bet a t a ebe tate ept te cce ().16 Te pact te, .e. cet aete pact f te acce f e ct patca Eu p-ce tat ae w pepae b te Epea C ae te t ect t ctet.17it , ee, ptat t

have a dynamic approach by means of a detailed denition of theEu teat capact. it ea tat t t eaabe t cte qet f ta teat capact, becae te acce few ebe tate w tae pace te pepecte. i teeate a fact cae.18 This concerns rst of all Turkey,wc c be a Eu ebe b 2015 at te eaet.

15 Cf. M. Emerson, S. Aydn, J. de Clerck-Sachsse, G. Noutcheva, Just whatis this absorption capacity of the European Union?, CEPs Pc Bef, n. 113,septebe 2006, ttp://p.cep.be/Bdeta.pp?te_=1381, pp.9-10.

16 Cf. M. Aydn, A. T. Esen, Conditionality, Impact and Prejudices, op.cit., p. 134.17 i te cae f Te te C a pepae a ept ee

ppe.Cf. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliamentand the Council. Enlargement Strategy and Main Challenges 2007-2008, Be6.11.2007, COM (2007) 663 nal, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/e_cet/2007//tate_pape_e.pf, p.12.

18 Cf. M. Emerson, S. Aydn, J. de Clerck-Sachsse, G. Noutcheva, Just what

is this absorption capacity of the European Union?, op.cit., p. 11.


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the politiCal dimension

Te ec p f btace f te Epea e teT wa t te Eu ae f ptca ate. Ptca f eebe tate eptca abt T Eu acce (Face a

Ata a te) ae e te T cae t acee p-tca a fa be bc te et f t tate. it tceabe bt te cae f te pe-acce pce a acceetat a tat f te ata Epea Paaeteect.

Te pcpe a e f te Eu eaeet tate a tenetat Faew f Te ae be e.19 T c-ce te ctat aae abe a te Eu teatcapact, wc ae ceqet bece ptce. Abt te

rst case Nathalie Tocci wrote as follows: the interests and views ofeea ebe tate ae e t tea Eu pe t ctTe acce pce t bat eat t Aea, te

Aeeaa Cp.20 Te pepaat f te ept f te EpeaPaaet T pe te wa t te Eu 2006 (CaeE ept) w t pee bet. d w tenal version of the report in the Foreign Affairs Committee, the Bel-a ept veqe de kee wate t tce a cae tatw tate tat ect b Te f te Aea aace a

a ece a eqeet f bec a Eu ebe. gdtap a ept f geece te ette bat f Te t ece te ece t f Ae-a, bt a Ptc gee.21 se Eu tate fc eecte tea T pbe. Te epae te pbe f atce301 f te pea ce a te ee f ptect f te t fwe a e te, bt fet t ta abt eccpbe t f m te.22 Te pcpe f c-tat a e te cae f te netat Faewf Te. Face, f tace, te eca f benchmarks

19 see e: Negotiating Framework for Turkey, www.epa.e.t/c/e-aeet/c/pf/t20002_e05_ Tr _faec.pf

20 n. Tcc,Report, Unpacking European Discourses, op.cit., p. 14.21 Cf. Amendments 1-343. Draft Report Camiel Eurlings, Turkeys Progress towards

accession (2006/2118(INI)), 4.7.2006, ttp://jp..e.t/Epea%20Paaet-Aeet%20%20daft%20rept%20%20Te-J%202006.pf, pp. 28 a 48.

22 Cf. n. Tcc, Report, Unpacking European Discourses, op.cit., p. 14.


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eqeet f pe a ce f etat capte tbc te pe f e capte a pe te T wat te Eu. F tace, t ppe t et a a ct f cthe chapter Science and Research the introduction of the fulll-et f te Cpeae ctea t te Eu etat pt.

Te Face a bject cce ecc a eta p-c a t capte a pa t bee ce.23

Tee te ae pbe cce te Eu abpt/te-at capact. Te Eu ebe tate eptca abt T ac-ce teat t a a abte pt a t tae t c-eat te te e f te c ee te Eu eaeetstrategy, i.e. the geopolitical signicance of the process. One effectf te pc f te epeetate f tace te ept Eueaeet (Ea B ept) apte b te Epea Paa-et 2008. iteat capact peet at ee paa-ap f te tet.24 it a ef t tat ep Epea ptcabc te acce pce f Te a te caate cte.Te pcpe f teat capact e t eect ee b-jecte bae t teat, pa wt Te25, tea ffac caee cecte wt tea ptca pbe Eucte tat te T cae ae a eectate. i tew, tea f pa te wa f a fe, ata ebate b

p fact a baace aet Te acce, tf te Eu eae ae fa pae t te fe pbcfea f Te ebep.26

T p pt t te eeta pbe f te pc f eEu ebe tate twa T acce. it tceabe tat teinternal situation in countries like France, Austria or Germany inu-ece te attte f te eet t t e. Te fatea cct pc twa te Eu ebep f Te wt a eet te w c-ecc pbe. Te ae e c e

a te pbe f b a tcta cet a teat f

23 Cf. h. e Be, P. ret,Bruxelles attend les choix de M. Sarkozy sur la Tur-quie, le me, 24.05.2007.

24 see e: European Parliament resolution of 10 July 2008 on the Com-missions 2007 enlargement strategy paper, 10 J 2008, www.e-pa.epa.e

25 S. A. Dgit, H. Altnay, S. Benhabib, C. demir, J-F. Leguil-Bayart, See-king Kant in the EUs Relations with Turkey, TESEV, stanbul, December 2006,p. 13.

26 ib., p. 13.


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te, cat a epet, t ceate iapba epba wt te w cete (ee e bew).27 it edicult to force European political elites to disentangle the questionf Te acce f te fea f m at28 wc ecee b e aat a ca.

Tee pba ae epte b ptca we Eu ebepf Te at e. T e cea, epeca we t ce teect. i te peeta eect capa Face Ap-ma 2007 te T e wa e f te a eect tpc. itwas used rst of all by Nicolas Sarkoy to gain support from theFec eectate, wt t eate attte twa m -at.29 iat fea a te pact te ab aet weete a e f te eate attte t Eu ebep te paaeta eect capa Ata septebe 2008.Te Ata Pepe Pat (vP), e f te tw a pate t ct, e te eate attte t Eu ebep f T-e t te pbe f afe be a t at f we.Te Ata Fee Pat (FP) wa e aca. it pae teepbc fee f cte t eect afet, etat tee wee t a fee Ata a te tat Tewa a ae b t Epe.30

Wat ca be e t tat? Ft, te abe a ca

p-Te cat Epe31

ct f c Eu cte ate ute k, swee Pa cteact te e fte T cae b e te ebe tate. Act aat te

27 Cf. g. At, k. Pae, The Mono-cultural Delusion: Turkey and MigrationPolitics, : s. Tw, s. scaefe, g. At, k. Pae, Turks in Europe:Why are we afraid?, Te Fe Pc Cete, l, septebe 2005,pp.28-42.

28 Cf. A. r. Jee, Tackling Turkeys Image Problem in the European Union, P-c Watc #1367, Te Wat ittte f nea Eat Pc,30 Ap2008, www.watttte./tepateC05.pp?Cid=2820

29 Cf. A. septc,Problematyka midzynarodowa w kampanii wyborczej weFrancji (Internationalie te Eect Capa Face), PPregld Dyplomatycny (Polish Diplomatic Review), 2007, no. 3, pp.56-60.

30 Cf. Neustart fr sterreich, www.ep.at/C/dwa/Wap-a_e_Act.pf, p. 22; sterreich im Wort, www.fpoe.at/lead-/Ctetp/Pta/wa08/FP_-Wapa_nrW08.pf

31 z. ni, Turkeys encounters with the new Europe: multiple transformations, inhe-rent dilemmas and the challenges ahead, Ja f ste Epe a te

Baa 2006, . 3, p. 297.


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at Fec tate w tat t pbe. Te abe-etecttee f we e w t be w te e f Tacce te be f Epe (at eat t t ). Temeteaea u wa te e epace b te ccept f au f te meteaea, wc e ew fe t te Ba-

cea Pce.32 Face wa a t ccef eet te waccession from ocial documents concerning Turkey (e.g. the com- pt f te Acat Cc).33 Te p-Te fce a be e acte te ptca ebate Te at teEpea ee. Te ca tce t te c e baaceaet T acce bae pe fact, tea f pe-senting poorly justied, exaggerated opinions for which counter-ar-et ca be ea f (e te cae f te be e).34

It is very dicult to give any recommendations regarding the usef tea ca a ecc pbe t ppe T ap-at, becae ee t a abt cae te ecc aca pc f Eu cte. it ea t ee te ptacef e teet Eu cte eapc cae, bt t dicult to implement this kind of policy.35 hwee, et cabe e e.. te cae f te at pbe. Te Epeaeet pa e attet t te e f a-t. Te pte e te te f at e t a

bee e te usA, Caaa Ataa. me attet t te ea p te qet f wete at ba a wat be te pcpe f a ct tea-t pc. naat f cta et a tae pacewt te Epea e f at.36 it cecte wtte ee f te Eu t pte te ccept f ctep bae tpe ett.

32 see e: Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament andthe Council. Barcelona Process: Union for the Mediterranean, C (2008) 319(Fa), Be 20/05/08, ttp://ec.epa.e/etea_eat/e-e/c08_319_e.pf

33 Cf. s. ke, Yeni AB belgesi ile yola devam, met, 28.05.2008, www.-et.c.t/defat.ap?aTpe=yaadeta&Atceid=760052&A-tid=58&date=28.05.2008

34 see e: A. gaap, k. maa, Der Europische Trkei-Diskurs: Eine Vergleichsanalyse, : A. gaap, k. maa(h.), Die Trkei-Debatte in Europa. Ein Vergleich, vs vea fsawecafte, Webae 2005, pp. 218-224.

35 Cf. Cf. At, k. Pae, The Mono-cultural Delusion, op.cit., p. 44.

36 ib., pp.35-37 a 44-45.


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the soCio-psyChologiCal dimension

Te t, c-pcca fact, cecte wt te -e, ee t be te t ptat btace t be ece.Te e e ee te eate attte f te pbc p f

a Eu cte twa T acce, bae e fte pejce a teetpe. ret f Ebaete e 66 e septebe-octbe 2006 w tat 87% f Ata, 78% f ge-a a 77% f leb cte ae aat T acce.

Acc t FT/ha f Je 2007 b ajte f Fec (71%)a gea (66%) at a t Eu ebep f Te.37 it a e pbe, becae Eu cte ae e a e t aon the continuation of EU enlargement. A direct inuence on thatpce pbe, e t te pcpe f ccat ce

te ew eaeet tate. it a tat Epea cte tbe fe a cte abt Eu eaeet pc.38 Tee wa be efeea, epeca Eu ebep f Te ecte (e.. Face, Ata). Epea pbc p a aa pact te ppect f Eu ebep f Te a tecountries by inuencing the decision of politicians, also regardingte fte f te Eu. it ptat t eebe tat pbc p a pteta eectate a t pt f ew tae t ce-at t a ppt. Tat w t c-pcca fact

ptat.Te qet w a Epea cte t wat T-

e te Eu. Tee ae a ea f t pee, bt tea e e te ea. geea pea Epea ctehave an oversimplied view of Turkey, one that, additionally, is basedon stereotypes and prejudices. It is one shaped rst of all (if not ex-ce) b ffeet ea tat w a pat f te pcte. Aeape te P Tv a pe. o tee, e Wetecae, Te ea aet, eacae a te BpBe.39 Pepe teat Te a a tpca m ct, becae

37 data: Standard Eurobarometer 66,At 2006, ttp://ec.epa.e/pb-c_p/ace/eb/eb66/eb66_e.pf, p. 401; Many European AdultsBelieve that the European Union Should Not Take in New Members, Te haP #59, Je 20, 2007, www.ateacte.c/a_p/e.ap?Pid=775

38 Cf. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Coun-cil. EU Enlargement Strategy and Main Challenges 2006 2007, op.cit.

39 kata Bac ee qte Pa Ta, rete Epea affa e-

t: k. Bac, What Europeans Think About Turkey and Why?, Brieng Note,


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te t ee e.. Atat mae t p tat T-e a eca tate. Tat w te fte t ee a ffeecebetwee T a Aab. Te tee f Te epae ea ept b w eta, Eate apect f te c-t tat ca a be ee Epe. mea e ae w e..

te e pat f T cte. Pepe Epe ee ffeece,t ate, te a tat t f Te a a ct tate t be t Epe. mee, P pe atce tct ae ate b eate e c a tet actte,ptca aaat, a teet a t abe.Becae f a t P cte ae te pe tat Te e f iac e tate a a ta ctatp at tesame time. It is inuenced by the phenomenon that in the Europeanecat te ae pea e teet te aeet fa ct.

Te ae f Te, f f pejce a teetpe, fce a ceate b te abe-ete Epea ptcaf c cte a Ata, gea Face w e teTurkish case for their political benet. Because of their policy peoplebeee tat T acce w ceta ea epetbecae f te at f f T, t c pbc -e te Eu bet, te e f te Eu (wc w be

e ta a fee tae aea) a Eu wt T-ate tt-t, te e f Epea ett a cte, te iaat fEpe, te eepet f a iac faeta acatee wt te a a tabe eb.40 Epeacte ae cce b ptca w ae aat Eu ebe-p f Te, becae te aet cce eate apea e: f jb, ect teat t ata cte.The pro-Turkey camp presents benets that are strategic, long terma ate abtact: ecc wt, a te Eu fe pc,

ee ect.41Te t ptat t tat t be e t cae t ta-

t t pepae a peet a ew ccat a fa-t tate f te Eu cte bt a ew e, p

Cete f Epea ref, septebe 2007, www.ce../pf/ea_te_bac_25ept07.pf, p. 1.

40 see e: C. Ata, Cliches Against Turkeys EU Membership, zetcft fTete, 1+2(2003), pp. 259-266.

41 k. Bac, What Europeans Think About Turkey, op.cit., p. 2.


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and cons. It is rst of all a task for Turkey, but it needs coopera-t wt Epea, te e a ngo (c t ta),ea a acaeca ppte b eet tat ae ftee pee f c cet, a te te a te E-pea C. Te C ca acta be c-ee

f te pject. Te a pcpe f t ew tate bediversication. It means, rstly, that it must be tailored to each EUct a a ec, tat t pe f ffe-et ea a act f ete a f a cte. We tcomes to the rst issue, each EU country actually needs a differenttate t be cce abt Te. T becae f te ffe-et teet a we a pecept f Te a Epe tef tee tate. dffeet appace ae eee te cae f c-te f wc te T e pat f te ebate ataett ptc (e.. Face, gea, Ata, dea) a fEu tate we ebate t pbe a tte t t wt Te (e.. te ute k, spa, ita, Fa, swee,Pa sea). dffeet aet t be e te cae fcte tat ae ce ctact wt Te T e et eapca pt (e.. geece), etece f b T te m at cte (e.. gea) a we a -norities inuencing the debate on Turkey (e.g. Armenians in France)

eepe c-ecc eat (e.. gea te utek) a cte tat ae e t wt Te (e.. Pa Fa). Te ae ffeetate appac t be appe Eu cte tat ee te u t te e f etc pc(e.. gea Face) fe a ect affa (e.. utek Pa).42

Bt Epea ete a a cte ee e eea -fat abt Te. it ecea t eabe te t eepte wee f t ct a t ee te f pcte f Te.

First of all they have to nd out that this country is not black andwte a tat a f t apect ae e cpe. Tee eTe (te wete a eate pat ae cpete ffeet) one Turkish Islam or nationalism each of which has its own speciccaacte awa. Tee ae a T cet tatae cpe a we. i t ctet ta waa abt te c-frontation between Islamic and secular circles is also a simplication(at ete aabe). T ett a ffeet -

42 Cf. n. Tcc, Report, Unpacking European Discourses, op.cit., pp. 25-28.


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e a we. it a t Wete a Eate apect, wc a f Epea t eta.43

Apat f eea wee abt Te, te ew c-cat a fat tate fc ffeet Eu-eatee a tce te t te Epea ebate abt Te.

First, it must present not only diculties on the Turkish way to theEu, bt a te aatae f Te a a u ebe (bt wt-out the populist slogans) rst of all in areas of the economy, se-ct fe pc. it epa t Epea cte tatat te ae -te a abtact, te atte f tee. sete t eqe te epaat f te Eu tef fceta ptca pcee. F tace, t ecea t peetsuch issues as the need for the diversication of supplies of energyece t Epea cte e t w te e f Tea a ee b. Te pte e f te we pce f Euenlargement must be underlined as well in order to ght against theenlargement fatigue that inuences the Turkish case. The geopoliti-ca fact, e ptat pe eaeet , tatwt geece 1981, t be e be a ceta t eb te pe-ete teat capact f te Eu.

sec, a wa epeate a te ffeet ebate, Epe-a be awae f te pbe ceqece f ea Te

a te caate cte te te Eu. Te t ae tepptt t cpae te ateate cea, t jt t ee tepact f acce. Epea t w e abt te eateceqece f a Eu eaeet bcae, c te teatt te u cebt.

T, t ptat t w (a b eet) te ea pc-te f te at Eu eaeet 2004 a 2007 a te pact te u a we a ebe tate. A tte pcte fthis last round of enlargement has a negative inuence, especially

T ebep ppect. it ecea t epa t tecte f c cte a Ata epeca tat te acce fthe 10+2 countries brought benets to the Austrian economy. Theact f te eet f Wfa sce, wc afte 2004pte t te ept p f 1.5 b E a 60,000 ewjb, wet te t ect, bt te t be cte f a pe.44

43 See more: A. Symaski, Turcja a tosamo europejska, op.cit., pp.145-161.

44 Cf. Stenographisches Protokoll. 58. Sitzung des Nationalrates der Republik ster-


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Tee ae ffeet t tat ca be e t eet te abe-e-te bjecte. We t ce t eea wee abt Te,te bet wa t pea t a te Epea pbc t aecta eet tat w be attacte a appea t pepe. it ca belm shows or book fairs (like in Frankfurt last year where Turkey wasa peca et) tat w faae Epea wt a ea Te.it ca a be c a aa feta pat ebt tatw pe tat tee ae a ate betwee T aEpea at. nt T, bt a Epea ngo a eaca pa a ta e ee. Te T e ca tate e eet,bt e fte c cet aat Epea cte aeabe t ca te t, becae te ae te pt, w te pe-pe bette a ca acce a ffeet eae. Te ca abe epae b Epea ea, wt te ep f feate atceor TV documentaries. All these should be condence-building mea-e. Epea t be w t be cce a a ea pctef Te ca ep tat cae. it w eabe Epea cte tee tat te te ae at te ae te we, e aea at eat.T t ea abt te cte e t be e f te pcpetat etee te act f Epea.

We t ce t Epea ete, te t ca be effecte awe. Te ta f ca epeca Epea (T eeac-

e ae e te acce) t w eep aa f Te-Eu eat. it pece eeace a aat, fw terules of objectivity and scientic rigor, who can prepare studies or re-ae pject tat ca e ew t te aet peete te Epea ebate Te, e.. peet te abe-etecea f a Eu wtt Te. Te ct f te effecteinuence is that the research or analyses will include some practicaleceat a eac Epea ete. it ca be e e.. ba ea a eet (b ete t ta),

ecte at tee ete, wc w t jt be e cfeece Te-Eu eat. Epea ea a c cet aatca a ep t eate te et f te t te pbc b a ffeet a tpe f tet (e.. ae). We tce t T a Epea ngo, te t ca t t aee t t Te t w te e ptat f Te-Eu

reich, xxii. geetebpee, mttwc, 5. ma 2004, www.paa-et..at/p/pta/c/pae/Pg/dE/xxii/nrsiTz/nrsiTz_00058/

fae_021013.pf, p. 48.


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eat. Te Epea e ca te epeetate f Tete w w be tee t b te Epea pbc, e.. faatt, pte ca. Tee ae c tate, bt ea t be e.

ConClUsions

Te Epea u a t ebe tate ae a t f w t t eate e te T wa t te Eu, a we a tatf te caate cte. se f te u pbe ccete eaeet pce ect (e.. a pefect Eu eaeettate). hwee, a t f te ae eeta Eu ea tatae p e be te ctet f te u eaeet,epeca a ea Te. Te T cae e a cea a tEpea tat te t ta abt nalit politique a ca te ef te Eu ee a we a ee a apect f teecc a ca pce te ata ee.

Te e e t cae te eate attte f Epea pb-c p twa Eu ebep f Te a te ete p-ce f Eu eaeet. it tef a e pbe a t a a t t wt te fea f Epea cte ea ffeet pcee Epe. Ata, t a a a pact te Eu ea

te fa a ate ptca e. Tee ae et t Epea pbe te aea aae, at teimplementation would be very dicult and possible only in the longte. A ta e be pae ee b ffeet p teebe tate (a Te tef), epe te pbe. i tet ptat c-pcca e te e e t bepae b Epea a T c cet aat ngo,ea acaeca.


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the CzeCh eu

presIdenCy andturkey: Is more

than the mInImum

possIble?dAvid krl

i

n January 2009 the Cech Republic assumed its rst ever presi-ec e te Eu Cc. B epectat a b cceae be attace t w te Cec repbc w tace t e

f Eu eae. Te Cec peec ce at a te we te wec te t f a ba ecc c. Eu eteaeat ae caee aea c a te eece f ra att Eate be, tae eat wt Ca a te ew us a-tat ta e te eaep f te ute state, te tptat tatec a a pate f te Epea u.

i te t f t, te Eu t t paf e t cpete t pce f tea ef b p aea f tecontinuing ratication of the Lisbon Treaty. At the same time it is

ca wt t t abt fe pc t Eu eae-et. A tee e ae t a ae etet tee wt te ap-at f Te t etate t ebep te Epea u te e tat te Cec eet a t pat, wetete e t t, w ae t ae we ea te Eu ttee tbet te.

i t capte we ae tat epte te eea p-eae-et e f te cet cete-t Cec eet, e t ae t epectat abt Eu eaeet eea a


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Te patca. Te eate ac f ta teet te patf Te a te Cec repbc wee, t be e a aece f act a ft wee, epte te epecte acf pe te acce ta, te tw pate ae ce pb eapp teet. Te Cec eaep c be e

ceate ea ffeet wa wc Te be e-ae. T t c ae pte pcat f te fte fthe accession process as such and contribute to renewed condencebetwee Te a te Eu te .

good will striking the wrong note?

A acct f Cec etea eat pte f t Eu pe-

ec a t tat wt e te t ctet f tecet Cec eet t ca wt Eu eaeet. Teea tt f te peec Epe wtt bae pete ee t f tea pee ( te ee f cpetf te tea aet a bea ta-Epea ecc pace, -c ea f et bae), bt a f twa pee.T a ce te ct pce f Eu eaeet aa e p-acte e f Epe te w tae. Eaeet e t a te fe pc pte f te Peec,

ce e t t pt aea Epe te W.A, te Cec eet e t fa ffeetate be-twee cte e f ebep, attac t ae tte ctat pcpe (te w eet te ctea beadmitted), although from the ocial statements of key politicians itca be ece tat ewat te epa pt te ac-ceeate acce f te Wete Baa cte a epecaCata. A t ee t be ew f Te, a te epecta-t f te Cec peec c t be eate . T ee e ce te Cec peec w be fwe b swee,a b ppte f te Epea apat f Te.

Cec pbc p t bac Eu eaeet qte t,wt 62 % f te ppat ppt t acc t te atet E-baete p. At e a t be cat abt t eceateec, te p t t e et t et tat te te ee. A te aj ptca pate t fa cteaeet f te Eu, at wt ffeet eee f eta,

bt aa ae e t ae a u-t te ea fte.


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Wat ape Cec eteat t pt eaeet at te eatf te Eu fe pc aea te ceta fate f te lbTeat. F te Cec repbc t tat ee e peca,as the ratication process has not been completed yet with anothercttta eew pe a te Peet ate .

T ae ce fw eepet at te Eu ee te be-twee te Teat fate a te fte f eaeet cat be eeet. Te fae t ae a cea f wete te Teat ca beapte w ape a btata pe te Eu eaeetft. Te Fec peet nca sa we etat wtte Cec Pe mte Tpe bt ete tat, wttthe ratication of the Lisbon Treaty in the Cech Republic, he wouldt bac fte epa f te u. T pt a bee ecet-

ly reiterated by other senior EU gures, including the (now former)Peet f te Epea Paaet ha get Ptte. Atte Cec eet efe a tae-ff betwee te apt f telb Teat a te ctat f te eaeet pce, teeat f te cet Eu c tat t w eeta be a tae-ff.

Moreover, in the rst days of the Presidency, the Cechs wereface wt aab e pe e te fe pc aeathan enlargement the Gaa conict and the gas crisis. This hasce c Cec ptca a patc ee. it ee a f

a fe pc pte, eaeet wa t ce pe e a t c aaeet ate ta -tetatec t. Eate patep, eat wt ra a et-t te us ba f te Cpeae ba cate cae -t ee t tp te Cec aea w.

Selling enlargement will be more dicult to a public opinion al-ea qte ceptca Eu-15, e tat ca be fte aeate bte ba ape f te Epea ec a te pact f te baecc c, e b cetat a t we we w t

bottom. The controversy that surrounds Treaty ratication in theCec paaet,1 a ee e te pe te attte f

1 Te seate (ppe Cabe f te Cec Paaet) efee te Tea-t f eew f cpatbt wt te Cec Cttt. i nebe2008 te Ct e tat te Teat f cpatbe wt te Ct-tt te pt ae b te seate. hwee, te pptf e ods eat ea qte t, a te t t t e-ac te cae te pt. Ftee, Peet ka aetat e w t te Teat befe te pte tce f a efe-

e ece iea.


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te ct Peet vca ka ae e t epe te Ceceaep f te ecea eeae t p f a e abta bt eaeet pc te et af ea, epte te facttat t c be bace b a f te Eu eet. T cpe wt te ae c eaep f te t Epea

C, wc e t be a ece fce f e-largement in the coming months. Thus, Cech politicians nd them-ee a tae ea we te eea t ppt Eueaeet, bt at te ae te a t pat f te ptca ca ceab ppe t te Teat tat pae te wa f t.

A e atcate a be eteat t acee lb Teatratication would be highly desirable if the ambitions of the Cechpeec te aea f Eu eaeet ae t t be a.

is tUrkey relevant to the agenda of the presidenCy?

F Cec pc ae, T acce t a ate ap-aa e wc te t ee t ae a ete te-et, apat f a eea p-eaeet attte. Bateaeat ae t tae b a patca ctee. T aa bt pte a eate pact te pteta f ce c-peat te Eu peec. o te e a, tee t-

tat w ape pteta pe (bt te f acceetat a Eu-Te c-peat aea c a fepc ee). o te te a, tee ae t tae acete ete e.

i te pat few ea te Cec repbc a Te ae e-joyed ourishing economic relations. Turkey is a priority country forCec ept. Te tt f ta tae eceee 1.5 b usd 20072, eep Te a te tp 20 ta pate, wcreects the sie of the Turkish economy in the global context. Still,

a ect ae tat ta ecc eat ae bewte pteta. it ee tat f te ept ete Cecec Te epeet a pteta e teet aet,epeca f te tata Wet Epea aet (epeca ge-a) cte t be t b te cet ecc c. Te aape f te c f te Wet t te Eat , wee, aeatt Te e e ta a w ae tt e

2 ttp://www.bef.c/c/t/tec-bc-a-eca-p-

pace--c/7/1000802/


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t a. Ecc wt Te t p bew 2 pecet 2009, a te oECd a wae3. it btf wete etee ct Te ca bttte f at Wete Epeaaet f Cec epte at t tce.

Te b ecc pae, epeca te ajt tate-we

company Ez (Cech Power Company) is looking for possibilities offte epa t te T ee aet, afte e acq-sitions that have already been made by Ez4 a wc ae a caeapca wa f epa f t cpa, fce a t abee ecet ea te Baa a Eate Epe5. T caae pcat ee at a ptca ee, epeca te aea fenergy diversication and security, in which both the Cech Republicand the majority state-owned Ez have strong stakes. Businesses,a epeca epte, ae bec te ptca tae-e te Cec cee, a te c-ate p te ce f2008 f a wft apt f te E a w, a t w be -teet t ee wete bee ca pteta pe t be teaj fce twa e tee eat wt Te ate a acate f T Eu acce te fte.

spea ptca te, Te e c a -e te cet Cec ce. Te eta aet c te Eu cte eat t cta ffeece tca e-

ace ae ae , e ccaa b aptca ate ta pate aj ptca fce, a b eaat tat t epeet atea ce. Tee ptat T t te Cec repbc fee tebate a tee e eb cte, tab geaand Austria, nor a signicant Muslim minority such as fuels publicebate cte c a Face te netea. A a Cecata ce Te -etet t ee-

epe, ptca act te t fw aet aea peet

te cte, t ptat te eb cte gea a Ata.

3 Ta zaa: Te Ecc gwt w dp Bew Tw Pe-cet, oEdC Wa, 3 Feba 2009, ttp://www.taaa.c/t-web/etaa.?a=eta&=159810

4 i Feba 2009 CEz w acqe e f te eectct tbt e-tw Te, afte taee f te fe tate-we sEdAs c-pa. T w be te bet Cec etet Te t ate.

5 Acqt ce etet Pa, ha, Baa, ra-

a, Ba a heea, seba a Te


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At a ptca ee, wee, te ods-e eet a beesending rather strong signals to Turkey. During an ocial visit to

Aaa octbe 2008 pe te Tpe f eeT apat t j te Eu, ca tat te Cec repb-c ppt T ebep te Eu cta,

t be fa f a f bttte ebep, ecca ebep, pee patep ffeet pae te faew f te u f te meteaea te t-et6. d eet wt A Babaca nebe 2008kae scwaebe, te fe te, te tat teCec repbc w e t pee p te etat pce ape at eat tw te etat capte t Peec.7.o te te a, e t te w tet f ta eat ate ac f ee teet te T e, te Cec repbc ate e t acee a aj beat te ee ffee te et e tea aet capte Eu-Te ac-ce ta. it eeae t factate a ea te t t teCp pbe, wc te aj pe-ct f bcte cet etat eac tee e, e te, at t a eet pt. lewe, te Cec eaep eet ae eeae Face ct t ppe te pe fthose chapters that, in the French view, imply full-edged Turkish

ebep f te Eu. it a ea qetabe t wat etetthe rhetoric of the current government reects the reality of whatee t be a eea ptca ce Te. it ca be aethat the Cech attitude to Turkey is more complex. At rst glancetee a ae eee f aet a te atea ptcapate ppt f T acce. Te tabe ecept te j pate te eet te Cta decat(KDU-SL). Although they were never outspokenly against Turkishebep, we te etat faew betwee te Eu a

Te wa aee 2005 te pe te eet t awa clause conrming the open-ended nature of the accession negotia-t, wt tate aatee f acce8.

6 ttp://www.aa.c/c/ea-cet/atae/pee---tpae--tece-aae-pp-tp-teca--epe-e-43090/

7 ttp://www.cee.c/tea/e_ew.pp?=342892&_e-a=49

8 k, kaeewc: Te a uae: Wate nt? Ceta E-ropean Reections of Their EU Membership Perspectives, page 18. EU-

roPEum ittte f Epea Pc, 2006.


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Te t ptat aabe w te tw aj pate teODS and SSD view the prospect of Turkish accession in relationt tea eepet e wa te Eu eat t petwa ce ptca teat. At te et, te bt p-pt Te t efft t j te Eu. Te tc t abt t

ce tat te te a cacat ep tet ae ate ffeet, f t cpete ppe. T tate te ods ppt Te f a be f ea, e f tebe a t e f Te nATo tat c ea t betteEu-nATo c-peat a a tete f te Atatc eeet EsdP. F te sca decat, w ae te ce fa f a te EsdP epeet f nATo ( at eatte us), tete te t nATo t T accet te Eu e t ecea ae t be a t cete. seebe f ods (f tace Ja zaa, ods eae te E-pea Paaet) beee tat te acce f Te w ea teEu t cae pte beta pe a t ee t tct pce, c a te CAP, a wt Te ba t w tbe taabe acc t te cet te9.

While the SSD is in principle positive towards some changes inEu epete e ctt acta be, te t t fa f ec te Epea bet, wc te eet

f T acce t be a pt pe b a Eu c-te t w t pa t c f Te. ma pepe te odstend to see that with Turkey on board it will be more dicult to pro-cee qc wt b a te, e ptca peap eefeea Epe. Te a ee Te a a pteta a baacthe dominant role of the Franco-German tandem. The SSD is in the teete b a t ptca Epe a te pteta T acce t te Eu ape t a, t tbe face wt a ea. i w t tat te sca decat

w ate pt f a te, ptca teate Epe.The current SSD leadership also seems to be more liable to sway

wt pbc p a ctea e. i te f pb-c pecept, a epte te eea t p-eaeetsentiments in the Cech society, Turkey is denitely not the mostfae ct f a fte epa f te u. Acct Ebaete 66 (pbe te at f 2006), 30%f Cec ppt te acce f Te. T pt te Cec re-

9 ib, p. 25


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pbc t abe te Eu-25 aeae (wt 28% ppt). Bt ta ae Cec pbc p cee wt attte WeteEpe ate ta e te ew Eu ebe tate wc e-hibit signicantly higher support (e.g. 43% in Slovenia, 40% in Po-a, 39% ha 35% ltaa). Te aa f pbc

p fte w tat T ebep te t be eppte b e pepe, b te f t w pate a wea pepe eecte aaea pt, we eft-w

te te t be e ppe10. s pbc attte eate ae a pbc p ea wtt btate ft, teattte f te sca decatc pat w pbab be c eewa abt te ppect f T acce.

it a f te Cec peec f te Eu w t tae a tea Te t af ea f . st, tee beeate epat f w tee ca be e teet tae Te te Cec peec, t becae f te acce pcetef bt becae f te pteta e tat ae t feate te Cec peec pae. Tee ae at eat teeaea f etea act a Cec pte f a Eu wee T-e pteta a t taee a pate: te ee pcf te Eu, p nATo a Eu eat a Eu pc twacte a e bea a tatec a ect p-

tace f Te. l e ce at te pbe eap aceece f teet f te Cec repbc (a te peecct) a Te t pe e ace f b -tually benecial co-operation and engagement, despite the stalemate te acce pce.

energy: tUrkey as a diffiCUlt bUt indispensable partner?

oe aea wee te Cec repbc ceta eae

t wt Te ee ect. Te btte epeece f teuaa ra a pte f Jaa 2009 a w wc Epe eabe t etea pee, a tat t ca ea-ily nd itself a hostage to disputes among countries outside the EU.

10 Ebaete 66, nata ept f te Cec repbc, pbe at 2006. it teet t ee tat te ppt f Te ea a wt ppt f e.. te lb Teat (t t p-pte b te ae f ca p, ecept tat te atte cae t

et ceate wt te pt f te pate te te f).


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T btte epeece, wee, a t pte e t. it pawe t te pa f Pe mte Tpe attept tceate a Epea faew f etea ee ppe a e-c ew taptat te f ata a a f teCapa Ba a pteta a f Ceta Aa a te aea.

Te -te a f te Cec repbc t t Epea epe-ece ppe f bt e ee cte f ra, wtte e apt tat te cet ra eaep tpe t e ee a a ptca weap. se pepe te Ceceet beee tat te we pte f Jaa 2009 wa p-a abt cet te uae te Eu a ete ew tate tat te Cec Peec pa t acceea, c a te Eate patep. mee, te aaccet f te t tept f ppe f ra tte Fep ppee J 2008 jt afte te Cec repb-lic signed a missile defence treaty with the United States conrmedmany senior gures in the current Cech administration in their viewf te e pc f te ke f t ct f eeresources for political ends. For this, the question of nding viablepp a taptat ateate a we a eep a econsensual approach and solidarity at the EU level to diversicationf etea ppe f tatec f f ee bece a tp p-

t f te Cec eet te Eu peec11

.Afte te batea ea betwee gea a ra te ntstea ppee tat wa ea ctce patca Ceta aEate Epe, c f te ebate w fc te -caeste Ee C. Te Cec repbc w face tw c-pet pject te Eu ae at ec te te tapta-t te f Ceta Aa a Capa a t te Eu. oe f te te ra-bace st stea tate, a at b at-a a f Ceta Aa a ra e te Bac sea t Baa

a te fte t geece a ita, wt a twa ete tseba, ha a Ata. T pject a ra tate, e-t f batea etat betwee ra a te ctet wc te ew ppee t (Baa, seba, ha,

Ata, wt pbe ete t geece a ita).

11 F a fte efeece, ee f tace te peec f Pm Tpe atte nabcc st Bapet, Jaa 2009: ttp://www.e2009.c/e/ew-a-cet/peece-teew/peec-b-e-tp-

ae-at-abcc-t-7778/


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Te te pject te nabcc ppee, eepe a p-pte b te Eu (e te Ta-Epea Ee netw p-ae), wc w b ata a f te Ta-Capaa ppee a Te t Epe. F b ea, te ststea pject ejecte b te cet Cec eet. Te

a wc te Cec ppe t tat t e te -e a e tactc f te ke t te acet ee ec-t ce a Eu ebe tate, t cte a bat-ea ea a cae f te nt stea a t eace t ptcapeece te Bac sea e, eet e pee tecte tat t wat t t Be ate ta t mcw.

F ptca ea te Cec te t fa te nabcc pj-ect becae t ae at t Epea epeece ra bt ce a taptat. Te Cec ppt f nabcc, wee, cet apee b eea fact. ue te stStream, where Russia has secured the sources to ll the pipelinewt e ata a f Ceta Aa cte t c-tact wt a ce cte, c ppe ae beeece f nabcc ecept f Aebaja, a tee ae t to suce in the medium to long term. Although there are variouspbte f te ce cte, a f te aet bee wece etatca Epe, ae et wt

tt efa. F tace ia epee teet a a ptetappe bt Epe t tae t ffe p becae f te tppt f te ute state. mee, te ecet etat nabcc we te ewa attte f Teta twate we pject, a Teta ee t a a t ptca ce tte t bpa ra, et wc wa cea atcate - te ecet t f Te peet ka t Baa12.

Wee e Te ce t pa te cae f te nabccppee? nata, t a e tat ct te eet f te ppe-

e be bt, eae f wee te a eeta ce f wete f te Capa sea, f ia iaq. Bt tee qtesignicant opposition, or at least hesitation, to the project expressedf Aaa e te ecet t. Ft, Te a epeesome concerns over insucient sources of gas being secured for theNabucco pipeline, with the Aerbaijani Shah Deni eld not beingabe t eet te ea tat w ae nabcc wt et

12 Source: www.businessinfo.c (ocial Cech portal for entrepreneurship

a ept)


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13. This has even led to some Turkish senior gures (such as for-eign minister Babacan or BOTA CEO Duyol) arguing that Russiana a be e a a ce f nabcc14. T aet e t aeate te Cec peec, a t cta t te rai-son dtre f Cec ppt f te pject. sec, Te e t

ee t be t app wt be a tat ct f Capaa a cect tat cae bt wat t t t ae tceca teet patcpat. T ea te tat fte pject a pt t at a cpaate aatae t te ra-bace st stea. if te Cec repbc ea etee tsupport the Nabucco project politically, winning the condence ofTurkey in the project and heightening concerns about insucientsources to ll the pipeline are essential. At the same time, Turkeya t eae te ct f pa t ppt t a. if pactcabtace cte a te cte wee t e teet te -abt f nabcc, t w be Te tat w ffe te bet becae t w be ece f tat atete15.

T, we ae ecet wtee attept t T p-pt f te nabcc ppee t Eu-Te etat. d

t t Be Pe te Ea eteate tat f Te tbac te pject, te Eu e fwa pe te eecapte acce etat16. T t pe a ww f

pptt f te Cec Peec. A te ee capte te ect t te tea aet a ct a ae tete tat ae be bce b Cp, te Cec c pbcce t t ft t et. At te ae te, t w ae te CecPeec f te ppt f a e pate f te nabcc pject,t eat becae te nabcc t Bapet bace te -ing of an intergovernmental agreement in the rst half of 200917.

Ftee, te Cec Peec abt t ae te Eu-Capa t ma 2009 wt te cte tat ca act a pte-

13 T cce wa ce Pm Ea t t Be Ja-a 2009, a we a b f eape te T tate-we a cpa-ny BOTA (see also http://www.businessinfo.c/c/aktuality--teritorii/turecka-rma-bota-k-projektu-plynovodu-nabucco/14630/)

14 ttp://www.tepettp.c/e/ew77.t15 Te st stea pject (wc te t e ateate t nabc-

c) tee t bpa Te b t te ppee te Bac seaeabe ect f ra t Baa (vaa)

16 ttp://www.et.c.t/e/etc/10818773.ap?c=1

17 ttp://ew.aet.c/e/2009-01/28/ctet_10727368.t


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ta ppe f nabcc, c Aebaja, Teta akaata a pteta ce cte a Te a gea apteta tat cte. T e t fte aeate ra, at e etet ia a we, a te we pject w bpa te.i t epect, t w be qte ptat t eep Te ba,

t becae f t teet a a pteta tat ct, bt abecae f t eeae te e a c. Te wt tat te Euc pe f t ee a iaa-ra ee aace ee te Eat, p t eet pee e wat te te cf ppe f a t Epe e. Te peet feat betwee ia a Te ecet ea c be e aa ea t ece te pteta ppt f ia t a Ta-Capappee18. Te ppt t pteta eaeet wt ia teEpea e t a t be t te pc ea wtte ppect f p te eat betwee ia a te ew usatat, a Te ca be e a a eat t factate p-teta c f ia a a ce ct f te te a c-. Ftee, iaq be e t a a pteta ppe fte nabcc ppee19. T ceae ee fte te pteta fTe a te ee b f te e. keep Te eae eewe etat wt te ppe cte t a ptat p-ptt tat t be e b te Cec peec.

the CzeCh repUbliC, tUrkey and esdp

i te aea f Epea sect a defece Pc (EsdP), te p-ptte f pe te Cec Eu peec ee qtepromising. At rst sight, the Cech Republic and Turkey seem to haveffeet a a tat pt. Te Cec repbc pat f EsdPa nATo a a c patcpate a te ec-a teetw aat. Te a bee ee acce t EsdP ec-

18 Te a ia e a mea f ueta, a we a aFaew Aeeet, te aea f ee c-peat. hwee, T etet ia ae eae t te ptca cte-es surrounding Iran are settled (BOTA statement to the Cech Ambas- Aaa, ttp://www.bef.c/c/atat--tet/tec-ka-rma-bota-k-projektu-plynovodu-nabucco/14630/)

19 Te a cce eat t pbe c f iaq a a cecountry for Nabucco are non-claried competencies between the centralgovernment and the Kurdish Autonomous Authority over the gas elds

nte iaq.


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a (a a -Eu ebe f nATo), a a et f wc t a beebc Eu-nATo c-peat atatc Eu acce t nATo pa- capacte f c aaeet. Bt Te eae t be c-e EsdP ec-a, epeca a a EsdP peat aebee ta pace Te eate ct (f tace Wete

Baa, Caca ma) a T patcpat a pet be a e aet t a f te EsdP peat. Bt Te tw t patcpate fte wtt a a btata (f t f-edged) say in the decision-making. The current Cech government, te te a, t e etatc abt eacpat EsdPtta f t epeece nATo a etee t pt nATobac at te eat f Eu ect aaeet. Tae ete wa, w-ee, bt cte ae te ae a p te cca-t a c-peat betwee te tw aat.

Te Cec eteat t p f te ectat f te ef nATo ee t ae e pactca ctat, ae wt e-a t nATo kFor k. Te a bee bcte apt f te pate e f te peata pa f t, a t appa cta a bae c faaeet betwee nATo a te Eu. sett t e c-pe wt tw teet f te Cec repbc bt te WeteBaa, wee ea tabt a epeca te fte f k

ae at tae, a te peet f Eu-nATo eat tat a-other imperative of the Cech presidency. It is dicult to imagine atte et wete te Cec repbc ca ce p wt a c-tcte ppa t bc te Eu-nATo eac a wat e-act te Eu w be w t ffe t Te t e te Eu betteacce t te peata a efece capabte f nATo, etat ta te T eet te EsdP pa pcecape eate ecet a ate a Je 2007. oe pef e-

epet t be ec te ppt f Cp, factateb te pe f b-ca ta betwee gee a T C-pt, at t ea t be ee wat pe acta ae te ce f 2009. Te te e t be te 60t aeaf nATo, wee te bc bc f Eu-nATo c-peatc be ewe a a f appceet betwee te tw a-at. i a cae, te we f Te t ct teft ct eet EsdP peat w e apete effectee f EsdP te te. Ft, Te a te

pat ea pe t efece capabte t a etet tat te Eu


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cat aff t e, epeca ew f te pteta c te Epea rap react Fce20. sec, T pptt EsdP peat t eate ct, c a te Baa, teCaca te me Eat, w e ee te effec-tee a etac f c peat f te pt f ew f

T ect cce a Te pt a a nATo a, p-b et fte aeat betwee te Eu a nATo. Te t t t be ee e pe, a te b f fte EsdPpeat ae e t be e f te tpt wee Te aetate ect teet. T, te ct ec fEsdP t cae Te t ce ateate ect tte te EsdP a nATo faew, f tace b eepfa ee tttae ect ae wt ra.

A tee pt e fte cete t te Cec peect p f te bc f Eu-nATo c-peat. it w aenATo e eeat t te Eu (a EsdP) b t acce tnATo capabte, ea e te t bette ptca c-peatbetween the two. Turkey will be once again rmly anchored in theWestern security structures, enabling both organiations to benetf f t ceae ta capabte, a t te Tappette f ee ateate ect aaeet.

the CzeCh presidenCy, tUrkey and the geographiCal

areas of Co-operation

Te tw aea wee pteta c-peat betwee te Cecpresidency and Turkey would be extremely important and benecialca a taate t a e fce c-peat twa cetaaea a e wee T teet a te fe pc p-te f te Cec peec eap, epte bt cte ac

f ect f c eap. l at te t f Cec pte te aea f fe pc, e ca ee tat a f te ae aea fpatca teet t T fe pc, t.

Transatlantic relations

The rst area relevant to both actors are Transatlantic relations.Te cet ctet peat etee b te e

20 Tat Ea: Te T C t Epea defee: ipcat f We-

te sect. Te Wat ittte f nea Eat Pc, Je 2008


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cae f peeta atat te ute state. T etee ptat bt f te Cec repbc Eu peec awe a f Te a t fe pc.

ubte, te Cec repbc w t t e t pt aa t Atatct ct te Eu t eet te e epectat

tat Epea ae eat t te c obaa ata-t a pt te taatatc aea at te eat f t peecpte te fe pc aea. Te peec w ae t a-e a aet f e wc Epea a Aeca tnd a common language under the previous administration: energya cate cae, appac t teata aw a aat,baac ft a a pwe teata eat a aothers, such as the topical issue of the global nancial crisis. TheCec ae a e t t t e Aeca ppt f fte Eueaeet a peap ae t e cebe eat t esceptical European countries. The question now is where Turkey tst t. Te pe atcate ppt f T acce te pat f te usA wa t et wt ewe eta- a Epea cte, te Cec e ffeettactc ee.

mc f t a t wt epectat f peet us T eat a we. Tee ae bee qte c ecet ea,

fw te T paaet ppt t T a-pace a te capa aat iaq, a we a beqet usppt f k at te iaq a aeeete peete T te aat te Pkk. A eepet iaq ee t be ta a e pte t a wt te pe fte us p t f te ct te ea fte, te ppectf beqet peet us T eat ee t beeatc, wt te usA apt a e baace appac twaiaq, c e ca ppt f k at. T ca

be e b te Cec peec a te cte te Eu p-pte f Te ebep b (epeca swee, wc taete Peec afte te Cec) t eet ccete pee wtte us te eet Aaa t pe ef a c-p wt t bat e te acce etat. T a tbe e caef, a pbc p Te cet eatete twa bt te ute state a te Epea u21.

21 see f eape te aa Taatatc Te e, pbe a-

a b te gea maa F, aaabe at www.f.


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ubc te nATo Eu eac e acce t pa aefece capabte, wc a aea bee ce, w beate pbe tep fwa. it w t ae c ee fte Cec repbc t t t cce te ew us atatt eet pee a Eu capta ppt f Tebep. it ate fc p us Eu Terelations and mutual restoration of condence among the parties in-

e. Bt te Eu a te us e a t e T-e a ea tate, epeca te me Eat ate Caca. T c pe te ta te t f te

AkP eet, a t w be a f ect f Te aa t ea act a tab eeet. it w a wtat te Eu a us (patca te fe) t eae wt

Te we t peabe, e.. te aea f ee ect awa epae pe.

The Middle East

Te Cec repbc a bee ete a t pae a ttaee te me Eat, epeca te iae-Paetaconict and the broader concept of regional stability including Syr-a, iaq a ia. Te, te te a, ata pa a et ea e, wc aab a ee ceae ecet

ea wt te AkP eet pwe.rt at te be f te Peec, te Cec eet

wa cfte wt te ee t ae te c gaa, wcbe t te at a f 2008 a ae a e a tat f teCec Peec. Te Eu deeat t te me Eat, eae bFe mte kae scwaebe, t aae t te aarmistice deal between Israel and Hamas, and conrmed the idea ofte Cec repbc t a t eeae e ea ee-pet.

mee, te Cec repbc attte twa te me Eatconict has changed signicantly compared to the position of com-t Cecaa, wc tee t apt t p-Paet-a tace. i te ce f te 1990 te ct fce b- t eat wt a ptca ppt f iae, atCec fe pc ca t be fa f a baace appaca ee ppt f a epeet Paeta tate, ata -e e tet ct. st t iae te t be te

a peate f te Cec appac t te me Eat, e-


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strated by Prime Minister Topolneks ocial visit to Israel in March2009. he epee ppt f iae a cee te acttef haa, heba, sa a ia f t t ee e-a tabt a te peace pce22. Te Cec mEP Jaa hbbecae ea f te Epea Paaet eeat t iae a

the European Parliament has signicantly raised the Cech prole ineat t te me Eat. rea te Cec peec ae-da, perhaps the most signicant items in this respect are the Cechpa t pae eat betwee iae a te Eu. iae bee t a e f te fca pt f te Peec te fepc aea, e te epat f te Epea nebPc Act Pa Ap 2009.

T ae p-iae pt f te Cec eet wcae e btata pbe. Te tateet f te Pe m-te pea Jaa 2009, ca tat te iae te gaa wee a act f etate ef-efece, t cae a tf at t a te eae f cte eb- iae bt a pecptate te ptet f te abaa Pae. it wa a e eate ecee b a Eu cte-pat, t eat t peec peece Face a we a te pe-ec cce swee.

it e tat c a Cec pt w cpcate fte -

tate f te Cec peec -- iae c a t terst EU-Israel summit, which would be a sign of upgrading the mu-ta eatp a peap w e tt a ppt fte Eu iae. it e btf wete te te Eu ebetate w aee t t afte a ecaat f ece gaa,a ca caate a a tat ce t ataa c-. sa, Cec pa t pae te eat wt iae tefaew f EnP ae pt bt b qet e te w-e f few Eu ebe tate t e te ee t ew f te

eet qet.Te eat betwee Te a iae ae a tata

bee e , epeca ta a teece c-peat.However, the conict in Gaa led Prime Minister Erdogan to clashqte t wt iae Peet Pee at te W EccF da, wee Ea qte bt cee ppee f fce b te iae ta. T pt t a qte ap c-trast in approach to the conict between Turkish and Cech foreign

22 ttp://pa..c/ppee.pp?id=6399


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pc, epte te fact tat te Cec ae t t pa a e e-ta e becae f te Peec.

i ecet ea, ee, we wte a ea ft f Tfe pc te e, et Te bec a ecebe pate f a m cte te me Eat, -

c sa, te Paeta Att a ia. Te eat acee-et a bee te ta te etteet f te fte f te gahet betwee iae a sa, wee Te ae te ef a eat, et tat te Eu c bae ae pe f23.Te abt f Te t pa a te ea e a a beetate b te appa f e tp f te un leba (uniFil) septebe 2006, epte te fact tat t waa ec qte ea ctete bt b te paaeta pp-t a pbc p. Apat f t, t we te T c-tet t ppt te Eu, wc wa ppe t ctbtete b f te uniFil fce, at te Epea ctbtte t t be c e et te e.

F wat a bee a, t ee eet tat bt te CecRepublic and Turkey are aiming to raise their prole in Middle East-e affa. Te fe a becae f te pcat attacet te peec aea, wee t a t ae e ee c a te me Eat peace pce, sa ia. i te

atte cae t a becae f te ece f t e a a e-a pwe a becae f t etate ect teet teregion. It would denitely be benecial if the two actors could en-

ae wa f c-peat e ce eat t te meEat. uftate, te ecet eepet ee t pt t tept f te tw act e ate ta ce. me-e, te Cec teet te me Eat e t be-

at tat ca be cae c aaeet. Cec fepc baca ae p pa a e e acte ta t

te meteaea u t te Fec, pata a pe fw Fec ppt f te pa f Eu-iae eat,wc ae w bt. Te ea tatec fc f te CecPeec e t be Eate Patep. Te me Eat a a aea wc a ce Cec T c-peat cabe eae e cet cctace.

23 Te T eat wa, wee, pee decebe 2008 e

to the conict in Gaa.


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The Balkans

sa, pc twa te Wete Baa feate e te Cec aea f te Eu. T ep te -taapat f te Cec repbc t acee tabt te e

and to anchor these countries rmly on their way to the EU. Oneca ae tat T apat w be te ae. Te Baaare the traditional eld of operations for Turkish foreign policy, mo-tate b te eapca, cta a tca pt a teect pact f eepet Te. Te T eetca be tate b t patcpat te kFor k,a we a a be f te Eu-e c a EuFor AlTEA Ba a heea. A, T etet te Wet-e Baa ae t ebe, wc ae Te ee e f

a pc e te e.Te pt f Te twa te e , wee, a bt aw-wa. it aea a act te e, e t t ta a c-

a peece a ecc teet. At te ae te, wee,t a cpett wt at a te cte te e tapat t j te Epea u. i wat wa t ptat?nata, pe te Eu-Te etat peetee tebea f Te twa te Wete Baa. if te eta-t betwee te Eu a Te we, at eat f tee e

pe, t e e tat Te w be a wt Eu p-t te e ate ta t t fw atea tatee teet. if t, Te ca bece a act tat ee teEpea appac, becae t w e te cete t p teae ect a te Eu. i a cae, te Cec repbc tc t t cet pt, wc t t ecpe te T Euacce f te et f Eu eaeet aea Eu (patcawe t ce t Cata). T t cce te cet Teaep tat tee patca pefeece cta -

tca f e cte te acce pce, wc et w eep Te pte eae twa eepet te Wete Baa, a w e e ae Te pptte Eu appac.

The Black Sea Region and the Caucasus

i eat t Bac sea e, te Cec eet a f-eign oce are rather sceptical towards the concept as it might po-

teta ee te EnP, a epeca te Eate Patep


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tate, wc ej t Cec ppt a wc w be e-veloped further under the Cech presidency with the rst summit te fat f Eu-Eate patep cte (27+6)24. ob-, Te t ce te Eate patep, wc aeee, a Te a caate ct wt a tcta ffeet

status from the Ukraine. But in many ways it would be benecial toce Te te Eate patep wt bee ac-ate tat25. Ft, Te be te tw cte e te patep gea a Aea, ej t tca,cultural and linguistic ties to another country- Aerbaijan, and ndstef te tatec ct f te uae becae te tw c-te ae te aet Bac sea tta tate. Te ecet pccaappceet we Peet g te Aea e a a fpe f a ct peet f eat, wee te Eatepatep c pe a ef patf e cebtbecae f te Eu eet.26 Te e eat wt Ae-baja ca be e fa f te Eu, wc ee Aebaja ceat te et t te eabe a ctte ppe f at-a a f te ste Ee C. o te te a, tec f Te a ec f ra (ee a bee) fte Eate patep t e t be ewe eate f tefe tt b ra a t pbab a te Eu e-

be tate tat ej teb acabe eat wt teEu bet Eate eb. Te aet wc ca be ef te c f Te a -c f ra ca be, pe-ce, tat Te ej tcta ffeet eat wt te Eua a pteta ebe we ra e t. A pbe ea fa etat te pat f Te abt be ce te Eat-e Patep a e peaet ba t be te pecepttat t et ate wa t ece Te f Eu ebe-p. Te cte-aet c be tat Te a ce

24 Te t w be e Pae 7 ma 2009 a w ce teepeetate (ea f tate a eet) f a te Eu ebetate a te f te uae, Bea, ma, gea, Aeaa Aebaja.

25 Te C Ccat eabat te a P Swedish Initiative, published on 3 December 2008, opens the oor tote c f te cte te w f teatc patf, t-ate a pae a cae b cae ba.

26 See Duleba, A.; Najlov, L.; Ben, V.; Bilk, V.: The Reform of the Eu-

pea neb Pc. rC sFPA: Bataa, 2008.


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te u f te meteaea a t e t pece teEu ebep ppect, a te Cec Pe mte Tpeeteate.

Peap te t cae e at te et tat te Eat-ern Partnership is not really lled with substance. It is supposedly upt te Cec peec t e t a bt wt ccete pc ta-tives prior to and during the rst summit. At this stage it could alsoea t e ccete t abt wete a wat wa tw ae ee t ce Te a wat wa, a wetea e peaet c f t cte acta eabea acceptabe t te ebe tate.

i a cae, te Cec repbc ae a tatec teet eep Te t eae a a pteta ctebaace

to Russian inuence. The EU views itself as a strong player in theBac sea e a te Caca, bt eat t ra aTe tat atte c e. Te eapt te e eet be ft e a e fa f ra, epeca afte teconict in Georgia in the summer of 2008, and perhaps even more soafte te uaa ra a pte. keep Te te E-pea pat f te Bac sea ceba ca aa w te baacef pwe fa f te Eu, at eat eace t. it a pbetat Te w bece t eae f a be f ea:

becae t w t e t ee t pt a a eabe ee ct Epe eaee, a becae t w t e t ee te -ceae ra peece te e, c a ta b-p t eate ct (f tace st oeta). Te ptetapbe tat t eee betwee ra a te uae ethe status of the Russian Black Sea eet will probably make Turkeyee e pc f a fte ra peece. T t aab Te ce t Epe ta ee befe.

ConClUsion

it eea t ae tat te Cec repbc w aceec t peec eat Te te f a b-tata beat te Eu acce etat, etteet fte Cp e tee Te twa e pe tef tea, Eu-cte ef. mee, t pce e te a f te C ta te Peec, a te C-

w be wea a w t tae ptca t a fa-


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eac ec wt t e f te appac ap. hw-ee, e t t e te Cc te Peec w ae a te aea e t te etea act f te Eu. reew tepte f te Cec peec f Eu fe eat, e caee a t eap wt a e tat ae f ta teet t

T fe pc. T pe teet pt wee a ceae a aet wt Te t pe ew ppttef te Cec peec a.

it btf wat ca be acee eat te e tte f te peec. Te Cec ae aea t wt aepecte e te aea. At te ae te te eatew eate actt te Eu a te t C aPaaet t pe a ww f pptt f te Peect fc ppe w te Cc a at eat pt e f teeea te tabe t be tae p b fte peece. mee,it is something that can contribute to bridging the condence gap onte T e w tat tee ae cte te Eu wt eae wt Te e epte te ac f pe te ac-ce etat. Fa, c tate ca b a be t teswe Eu peec tat ca tae a f tee tt ftea ce wete te ca be pactca peete. deptete ac f epectat, te Eu, te Cec peec a Te

a be ceate ea wa f c-peat te -eate Eu eb. Te wt tat ca appe t bt pa-te w be t e teet a capact t act tete befe fT ebep te Eu accpe.


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the eus experIment

WIth CondItIonalItyand publIC opInIon

makIng

PETEr BAlAzsAnd dEniz Bingol mCdonAld

Eaeet fte pe f a te Eu t ccef f-e pc, a at te ae te t t ptat caee.Fe ea afte t b ba epa, tet f te Euae bee ta a ta f t ccee a t fae. sce tfat wt ebe 1958, eac eaeet a atee

te caacte a we a te cpt f te u. Wt te e-aeet t ce te Eate Epea caate ma 2004te Eu becae a u f 25, a tw te wee ae Jaaf 2007. Te ea pbt f c f tw ea cte,Te a Cata, wa ae at te Epea st, decebe17t, 2004, we te Eu ece t pe ebep etatwt Te octbe 3, 2005. meawe iceac ptca aBe ae e te ppect f a iceac appcat fEu ebep. Cata, e t caate tat ce Je 2004,

has made signicant progress in completing the necessary chapters,we macea, afte bec a caate ct decebef 2005, e t Acce Patep 2008.

i te Eu-15 p t te b ba eaeet tee a beesignicant variation of public support for enlargement, and an evenmore signicant variation of support for the admission of this ortat caate ct. T capte aee t aat f pb-c ppt a we a c te aj ffeece f peceptf ebep f te CEE-10 cte a te ea tee ca-


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ate. it a a t ae te e tat ca be eat f tecae f te ew ebe b Te a t Baa eb.

a speCial Case?

Te ec t pe etat wt Te a bee peceeb eae ec b te he Epea Cc 1999 tat caate tat t Te. Te beqet ebae a we-a ef pce t eet te Eu ptca a ec-c ctea t qaf f etat.1 Te 2005 Epea twa pecee b a btte ebate Epe Te ebt febep a t

finding common grounds

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