finding strength in weak reactions program handouts... · may require enhancement to aid in...
TRANSCRIPT
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Finding Strength in Weak Reactions
November 30, 2016
Raeann Thomas, MLS(ASCP)CM
Blood Bank Supervisor
Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania
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Objectives
Describe how antibody resolution work-flow at the Hospital of
the University of PA has evolved over time with solid phase
Explain how to look at serological results in depth to help
resolve antibody problems that may otherwise be called “non-
specific”
Illustrate situations in which weak Capture results resulted in
the discovery of clinically significant antibodies through case
studies.
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Background Information
Blood Bank
• Receive approximately 250 samples a day for testing
• Instrumentation:
– 2 Neos for performing all ABO/Rh types and antibody screens (2014)
– Echo for performing antibody panels on all new positive screens and for
additional testing as needed (2016)
• Also use gel and tube methods
• All reference testing is performed in-house (except molecular)
Hospital of the University of PA
• University of Pennsylvania Health
System
• >750 beds
• Large Heme/Onc outpatient population
• All types of transplants performed
• No longer a Trauma Center as of 2014
• Transfused 83,883 blood products in
2015
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Background Information
In our lab, we have been gradually relying more and more on solid
phase- WHY?
• Periodically, we would see patients with strong positive antibody screens in
solid phase (Galileo) and negative testing in other methods (gel, tube, ficin)
• Not only 1 sample, but consecutive samples on the same patient
• We sent a few patients to another hospital to run panels on their Echo
• Nearly all came back with JK identifications!
– Bhoj V. Detection of Kidd Antibodies With Unclear Serology. Poster
Presented at: AABB Annual Meeting; October 2012; Boston, MA
• Through additional studies, found that PEG was closest in sensitivity to solid
phase for JK
Early 2012- installed a manual solid phase station for additional
testing of solid phase panels
• All patients with newly identified inconclusive reactivity MUST have solid phase
panel before releasing products
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In first 3 months of 2015-
7 of 16 JK required solid
phase to identify
Anti-Jkb is identified in solid
phase only
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Reference Testing Flow Chart Positive Ab
Screen
Full Gel Panel
Additional methods
if necessary
New Antibody
Identified
Select cells in
appropriate method
Manual Solid
Phase panel
New
positive?
History of
Antibodies?
Any Nonspecific
reactivity?
Historical
antibodies
demonstrating
Work flow prior to
Echo installation
Primary method for
identification was
gel
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Background Information
After manual solid phase was introduced:
• Gel remained our primary testing method for reference testing
• Our reference testing could more accurately reflect our screening methods
• Began to pick up more antibodies than we had originally expected, not just JK
• But manual reading is difficult and subjective.
2014- Began running all antibody screens in solid phase (Neo)
• Unless an antibody to the test method was detected
• Found patients that had JK antibodies in samples that were repeatedly missed
due to gel antibody screens, causing some patients to have severe delayed
transfusion reactions
• However- our reference testing work flow still remained the same
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New Reference Testing Flow Chart Positive Ab
Screen
Echo Panel
Additional methods
if necessary
New Antibody
Identified
Select cells in
appropriate method
New
positive?
History of
Antibodies?
Historical
antibodies
demonstrating
Work flow after
Echo installation
(September 2016)
Primary method for
newly positive
antibody screens is
solid phase
Primary method for
select cells is gel
Additional rule
outs in PEG
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Background Information September 2016- Echo is live
• All first time positive antibody screens have a panel run on the Echo
• Additional testing methods vary depending on Echo results
• BIG adjustment for the staff; still fine-tuning our work flow
• Additional unexpected process changes:
– Due to increase in unexpected weak/equivocal reactions observed during
validation, plasma is placed in a clean tube and spun again for 8 minutes
before loading on the Echo for a panel.
• Also validated our Neos for panels in case the Echo is out of service
Problem remains that no one method is perfect for picking up all
antibodies all the time
Weak reactions continue to be a source of frustration
However, it is important not to become complacent with our testing
and review of work ups
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Why are weak reactions important?
A clinically significant antibody could be newly developing or
could be waning
• JK
Could be signs of an antibody that may be better detected in a
different test method
• K and tube with LISS
• JK and solid phase
May require enhancement to aid in identification
• Lewis and ficin
The patient’s condition/treatment may be causing weakened
expression
• Patient’s age
• Immunosuppression
• Apheresis
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What can we do? Look for patterns
• Are there any antigens that the weak reactions have in common?
• Dosage?
Enhancement media
• Ficin or PEG
Changes test methods
• Solid phase vs gel vs tube
Antigen type the patient
• Serology or molecular
Try to find any history from an outside hospital
Weak/Equivocal reactions in solid phase
• Equivocal reactions on antibody screens- always interpret as positive!
• Weak/equivocal reactions in panel-
– Ask a coworker for a second opinion
– Start by verifying reactions you are confident are pos/neg, then go
back to the reactions you are having difficulty grading
– Refer to the references provided by Immucor
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Guidance for Interpreting Galileo
EchoTM Images
Guidance for Troubleshooting
Atypical Echo Images (Table-2:
Atypical Capture-R Reactions
Interpreted as Negative on the Echo)
Great references for
grading questionable
reactions!
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Case 1 46 year old male admitted for a possible liver transplant
Historically O pos and antibody screen negative May 2016
• Patient received several transfusions during the previous 6 months
Currently O pos and antibody screen positive
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Cell 3 and 6 were graded at 1+ by the technologist • Adherence is seen in the background of the well. Cell button is smaller and lighter in
color when compared to a negative reaction
Cell 1 was graded as 1+ by the technologist
All other cells were verified as negative
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Auto Control performed
in tube with LISS
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Interpretation
Anti-E identified. Rh phenotype is R1r
Patient received the transplant
Received 16 RBCs during surgery without complication
Patient was discharged a week later
Important to review and grade equivocals according to
Immucor’s guide for interpreting weak/equivocal reactions
Important to review and verify all negative reactions
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Case 2 44 year old male with history of mechanical aortic valve repair
(2009) transferred from an outside hospital with possible
endocarditis
Historically O pos and antibody screen negative in 2010
• Received several products during admission
Currently O pos and antibody screen positive
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Cell 12 is the only positive reaction report by the Echo
Cells 5 and 6 were graded as 1+ by the technologist
All other cells were verified as negative
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Auto Control performed
in tube with LISS
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What can we do next?
Look for patterns
• Are there any antigens that the weak reactions have in common?
• Which antigens correspond to the reactions on the antibody screen?
• Dosage?
Enhancement media
• Ficin or PEG?
Antigen type the patient?
• At this point- we are unsure if the patient has been transfused recently
Try to find any history from an outside hospital
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Little c, Fya, and Leb
are positive on all 4
cells
Cob is positive on
cell 12
Kell is homozygous
on cell 6
Possibly multiple
antibodies
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Select cells were run in tube with PEG
Little c, Leb and Cob are ruled out on the first cell.
Kell is ruled out on homozygous cell
Fya is ruled in with 2 positive reactions
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Interpretation
Anti-Fya identified. Patient typed Fya negative
• Able to obtain history from an outside hospital
• No antibodies, no recent transfusions
Important to verify all negative reactions!
Just because all clinically significant antibodies appear to be
ruled out, don’t be quick to interpret as inconclusive/non-
specific reactivity!
Look for any pattern in the reactions
Try different test methods to rule in/out
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Conclusion
Antibodies do not read textbooks!
• Don’t expect perfect “textbook” demonstration when performing panels
Investigation of weak reactions can be critical to identifying a
clinically significant alloantibody
• Especially when is has been years since their last exposure
Review of positive reactions is also necessary to ensure
antibodies to low frequency antigens are not missed
Use additional test methods to rule in/out when necessary or
to enhance weak reactivity
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THANK YOU!!
QUESTIONS?
COMMENTS?