finger dermatoglyphics of the toda tribals · pdf fileordinary buffaloes, which are under the...

Ind. J. Phys. Anthrop. & Hum. Genet. Vol. 34. No. 1, (2015) : 109-129

Udai Pratap Singh, Professor, Department of Anthropology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, U.P. - 226007,India, E-mail:[email protected] and Gaurav Mishra, Research Fellow, Department ofAnthropology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, U.P. - 226007, India, E-mail:[email protected]

FINGER DERMATOGLYPHICS OF THE TODA TRIBALSOF NILGIRI HILLS IN TAMIL NADU, INDIA

Udai Pratap Singh and Gaurav Mishra

ABSTRACT

Present paper delineates the finger dermatoglyphic pattern of the pastoral tribal populationof the Nilgiri region, the Todas. The study aims at to report the quantitative fingerDermatoglyphic data of the Todas of Nilgiri hills district, Tamilnadu, using standard inkmethod as the tools for data collection. It was undertaken on 156 adult healthy people ofboth sexes (64 males and 92 females) belonging to ten Munds of Udagamandalam citycovering all three endogamous groups of Todas i.e. Tarthar, Teivali and Christian Todas,demarcating variations in Finger print pattern and ridge countings. Indices such as PatternIntensity Index, Faruhata Index and Dankmeijer’s Index were calculated and statisticalconstants like Mean, Standard Deviation, Standard Error, Chi-square Student ‘t’ test usedto find out bisexual, intra and intergroup variability among Toda tribal population.

Keywords: Finger Dermatoglyphics, Finger pattern, Ridge Counting, Toda Tribe,Udagamandalam City, Nilgiri District, Tamilnadu.

INTRODUCTION

Tamil Nadu a frontier state of South Indian Peninsula, representing the ‘TamilSpeaking Land’ originated formerly from the Madras Presidency of British India(Britannica, 2015). It is the sixth populous state of India (Census, 2011) with a numberof tribal communities residing in its 32 districts. Nilgiri (Neelamalai in Tamil) Districtis one of the most celebrated summer resorts for the tourists in India.Administratively the District consist six taluks namely Udhagamandalam, Coonoor,Kotagiri, Gudalur, Kundah and Pandalur. Udhagamandalam popularly called, asOoty is the Queen of Hill Stations in India. It is the capital of the Nilgiris Districtand has been the venue of Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly.The four tribal groupsliving in the district are: Todas, Kothas, Kurumbas and Irulas. All tribes coexistedlocally in a loose caste-like community organization with Toda ranking top inhierarchy.The Government of India has identified the Todas as one of the sixPrimitive Tribal Groups (P.T.G.) of Tamil Nadu (District handbook, 2015).

110 Ind. J. Phys. Anthrop. & Hum. Genet. Vol. 34. No. 1, 2015

Toda tribe is a lacto-vegetarian P.T.G. found in the Nilgiri Hills district in NorthLatitude between 110 30' 00".12 and 190 30' 00".42, East Longitude between 760 29'52".55 and 76036' 00".21 of Tamil Nadu as shown in the map. They are known byseveral names like Tudas, Tudavans, and Todar; the name Toda is supposed to bederived from the word ‘tud’- the sacred tree of Todas. The Toda language is amember of the Dravidian family. The language is typologically aberrant andphonologically difficult. It is now recognized that Toda is a member of the southernsubgroup of the historical family proto-South-Dravidian; it split off from SouthDravidian, after Kannada and Telugu, but before Malayalam.The Linguist Emeneau(1958) said that, “Toda dialect is an independent language of the Dravidian family affiliatedwith Tamil – Malayalam”.

Their total population according to the 2011 census is 2002 out of which 957 aremale and 1045 females in which 1144 comes in rural while 858 stays in urban area.The entire Toda population lives in 68 small hamlets (settlements)called munds.Traditionally it is a small pastoral community but now they havetaken up commercial agriculture especially the cultivation of vegetables like potatoand cabbage.

Todas have a long and strong physique. They wear a traditional shawl, Purthkuli,which they have to wear during rituals or any other important ceremonies. TheHindu Toda community is divided into two endogamous clans namely Thartharsh-ol (Tarthar) and Theveli-ol (Teivali), which further divided into several exogamousclans (Rivers, 1906). Another religion followed here is Christianity, however TodaChristian is a small group and are converted Christians who form a separatecommunity (Walker, 1986). Hindu Todas are lacto-vegetarian i.e. they use milk foreverything, while Christian Todas are non vegetarian but generally avoid beef andpork. The staple cereal is rice and men are fond of alcoholic drinks (Mishra andSingh 2011).

Todas have a positive attitude towards the formal education which is shown intheir literacy rate i.e. 43.4% (census, 1981). Majority of people including women,are well educated and working into government and private sectors. Few of themacquired horticulture, settled cultivation and animal husbandry.Their economydepends upon the Buffaloes; like cattle-herding and dairy-work. If they have lessthan 20 Buffaloes, they are considered poor. Buffaloes are considered sacred. Theyare kept in a cattle–pen (Tavoush in Toda language). There are two kinds of Buffaloes:Ordinary Buffaloes, which are under the care of ordinary villagers and TempleBuffaloes, under the care of temple priest. Only men can milk the buffaloes. Womenare not supposed to milk the Buffaloes. Works related to the Buffaloes are done bythe men. The Dairies are Toda temples. There are two types of Toda temple: semi-barrel temple and conical temple, on the basis of their shape and structure (Bajpaiand Singh 2012).

Till 1930, polyandry existed among the Todas but when they come under the Britishinfluence Polyandry started losing its importance. Moreover, the measures taken

Finger Dermatoglyphics of the Toda Tribals 111

by the government and education also helped in demolishing polyandry system.Now monogamy is prevalent among the Todas. Another reason why monogamywas given importance was that due to polyandry, cases of female infanticideincreased due to which the female population reduced considerably (Parsarthy,2007).

Lots of studies aiming social and cultural practices revealed information abouttheir day today life. Their socio-economic, demographic and dietary patterns werealso reported (Mishra & Singh, 2011). But the data and information on morphologicalvariation and other genetic variants were lacking. This made interest in carryingout investigation in this area and the finger dermatoglyphic variations of the Todaswere chosen.The principal aim of this paper was to investigate and report fingerdermatoglyphic variations in all three endogamous groups and in both the sexesof Todas of Nilgiri Hills.

DERMATOGLYPHICS

Dermal ridges are one of the unique morphological characters present on palms,soles and lips of the order primates. These ridges provides a valid area of researchin human population. It supplies an additional resource to geneticists who seek tostudy variation within and between populations. Etymologically, dermatoglyphicsis derived from the Greek terms ‘derma’ and ‘glyphe’, means skin carve (carvingson the skin). Logically, it can be defined as study of the skin ridge patterns on thefingers, toes, palms of hands and soles of feet with a purpose to impart firmer gripand to avoid slippage. Scientifically, it is the study of dermal ridges on finger balls,palms and soles, with its qualitative and quantitative traits, which are non-adaptiveand free from paratypic influences (Reddy and Reddy 2006).

It can be traced back to Sir Francis Galton’s 1892 fingerprint publications and 1926Cummins and Midlo work which later on termed it as ‘Dermatoglyphics’ by Sir

Map of Sounthern India and Udagamandalam city. Source: Maps of India


Harold Cummins. It is highly suitable for studying population variation and usedextensively to characterize and differentiate human populations. Due to itspermanency, genetic influence, easily observable and measurable characters(Hauser 1986) and also an inexpensive and non-invasive measure it can beconsidered as one of the most suitable parameter for population variability. Theiranalysis provides a dimension that is largely independent of those of serologicalpolymorphisms, anthropometry, and other variables (Greally and Roberts 1991).Hence, it is widely used in studying personal identification, inheritance, anomalouspatterns and medico-legal cases (Kumbnani 2007).

EPIDERMAL RIDGES

Cornified layer of epithelium and dermal pattern plays an important role indevelopment of ridge pattern. Cell proliferation takes place in the lower region ofepidermis which projects outside in the dermis as normal spaced thickenings.Dermis later projects upwards in the epidermal hollows, called dermal papillae,followed by appearance of elevations formed by them on the skin surface knownas epidermal ridges (Cummins and Midlo, 1926). Differentiation of epidermal ridgestakes place in early foetal development. The ridge pattern is genetically determinedand is affected by environmental factors. There exists relationship betweenepidermal ridge and foetal volar pads, because in course of development the ridgepattern is formed at the site of these pads. Environmental factors such as externalpressure on foetal pads and embryonic foetal finger movements could influenceridge formation (Schaumann and Alter, 1976).

Dermatoglyphic traits such as such as finger ridge count develops between 10 weekpost conception (Babler, 1991). These features inherited through a polygenic systemwith individual genes contributing an additive genetic component (Chakraborty,1991). The formation of Ridge is influenced by individual differences indevelopmental stability and 1st and 2nd trimester insults on the embryo result indermatoglyphic changes.

According to Cummins & Midlo (1926) and Holt (1961) basic finger print patternscan be grouped in three categories:1) Arches, 2) Loops, and 3) Whorls. Arches arethe ridges run from one side to another of patterns, making no backward turns.Ordinarily there is no delta in an arch pattern and found only in 5% of finger printpatterns. There are four types of arch patterns Plain, Radial, Ulnar, and Tentedarches. In Loops one or more ridges enters on either side of impression, re-curves,touches or crosses the line running from the delta to the core and terminates in thedirection of the side,where the ridges entered. Ulnar loop opens on the ulnar sidewhilea radial loop opens on the radial side and it occurs in about 60 to 70% offinger prints. Any finger print pattern which contains two or more deltas will be awhorl pattern. In a whorl some of the ridges make a turn through at least onecircuit and seen in about 25 to 35 % of fingerprint patterns. There are six types ofwhorls: a) Concentric whorl, b) Spiral, c) Mixed whorl, d) Central Pocket Whorl,e)Twin whorl, and f)Accidental whorls (Cummins and Midlo, 1943).


In India, several studies were done covering tribal as well as other populationsfrom different parts of India to understand ethnic, regional and linguistic withpopulation level variations in respect of dermatoglyphics traits like of Biswas (1939),Chandra (1969),Dasgupta et al., (1973), Pateria (1973), Singh and Bhasin (1980);Kumbnani (1991), Bhasin et al. (1994); Bansal (1966), Bhasin and Walter (2001). Studyof the finger patterns was studied by a number of scholars like Collins (1913), Verma(1952), Tiwari (1955), Srivastava (1963), Shukla and Rastogi (1976), Singh (1996)and Singh & Garg (2004), Banik et al. (2009); they take the samples from the Indianpopulation.

There is a deep relation between the disease and the patterns of dermatoglyphics,it was often claimed to be associated with several diseases like congenital heartdisease (David, 1981; Alter and Schulenberg, 1970), Schizophrenia (Balgir & Murthy,1982; Bramon et al., 2005), Cancer (Abbasi et al., 2006), Diabetes (Kumbnani, 2007),E-beta-Thalassemia (Das, et al., 2015), and other diseases which have hereditarybasis (Shiono, 1986; Katz, 1982; Mukherjee 2006) and is employed as a method forscreening for abnormal anomalies.Apart from its use in predicting the diagnosis ofgenetic disease, dermatoglyphics is also used in forensic sciencefor individualidentification (Bansal et al., 2014) in biometrics.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study was undertaken on the three groups i.e. Tarthar, Teivali and Christians,of Todas residing in their Munds in Udagamandalam town of Nilgiri district, TamilNadu. Area wise census was done and a sample of 156 adult people of both sexes(64 males and 92 females) groups were selected by systematic random samplingtechnique from Ten Munds namely Garden Mund, Kandal Mund, Muttunadumund, Karikadu Mund, Nerikuli Mund, Muthoraie Mund, Mulli Mund, ThippkodaMund, Lovedale Mund, Minik Mund and Christian colony.

For the proposed research work informed verbal consent was taken from each ofthem, and ethical clearance from the institution was obtained to carry out the study.Those subjects who have any sign of permanent scar or disease affecting the fingerprintpattern were excluded from the study. The subjects were asked to wash and drytheir hands before taking the samples. Finger bulbs were rolled on the glass platesmeared with ink (Kores) and imprint it on the 10-digit fingerprint identification slipdesigned for the study following standard method of Cummins and Midlo (1961).Excessive pressure on the fingers while inking and recording was avoided (Nithin etal., 2009). The patterns on the rolled finger impressions were identified. Finger andpalm dermatoglyphics variables were analyzed after Cummins and Midlo (1961),finger ridge count after Holt (1961), the a-b ridge count after Fang (1950).

The dermatoglyphic traits considered in the present study includes finger ballpattern types and ridge counts. Digit wise pattern frequencies and pattern intensitiesof finger dermatoglyphs among them were also examined. Indices like PatternIntensity Index, Dankmeijer’s Index and Furuhata’s Index were also calculated.


Further objective of this investigation was to understand the sexual dimorphism incase of the finger dermatoglyphic pattern types, intensities and sizes. Descriptivestatistics includes frequency distribution, mean, standard deviation and standarderror. Statistical projection on probability is done to obtain results using chi squareand Student ‘t’-test. The significance level was set at p<0.05 levels.

RESULTS

The interpretation of data and its comprehensive analysis are hereby given inaccordance with three endogamous groups of Todas i.e. Tarthar, Teiveli andChristian, on the basis of Finger patterns, Indices and Ridge counts.

The Table 1 shows the percent frequency of whorl, loop and arch on each digit ofboth hands in Males of Tarthar Todas. It deals with the percent frequency of thesubtypes of their main patterns as whorl, loop and arch on each digit of both handsin Males of Tarthar Todas. It is found that out of the four types whorls are found inall digits of both hands. Its highest frequency is on IIIrd digit of left hand andlowest of the Vth digit of right hand. An accidental are about on IIIrd, IVth & Vthdigit. Where radial loop is absent in Ist, IVth and Vth digit of right hand and ulnarloop is absent in IIIrd, IVth and Vth digit of left hand. Its frequency is higher thanwhorl only on Vth digit. The higher frequency of total loop is on the IVth digit ofleft hand. Simple arch (S.A.) and tented arch are found rarely as compared to whorl& loops. S.A. is found on Ist, IInd and IIIrd digit. Tented arch is found only on IIndand IIIrd digit of right hand.

The Table 2 deals with the percent frequency of the subtypes of three main patternsof whorls, loop and arches on each digit of both hands in Female Tarthar Todas. Itis found that out of the four types whorls are found in all digits of both hands. Itshighest frequency is on Ist digit of left hand and lowest on the Vth digit of righthand. Central Pocket and Lateral pocket are found in least frequency on all digitcompared to simple whorl. Accidental are completely absent on IIIrd, IVth & Vthdigit and second digit of right hand. The frequency of simple whorl is higher thanother whorl. Radial loop are found in least frequency than ulnar loop. Radial loopis absent in IIIrd and Vth digit of right hand and IVth and Vth digit of left hand.The highest frequency of radial loop in Vth digit of left and lowest frequency in Istdigit of right hand. The highest frequency of ulnar loop in Vth digit of right handand lowest frequency in Ist, IIIrd and Vth digit of left hand. The frequency of simpleand tented arch is lowest than whorl and loop. Simple arch is absent in IVth digitand Vth digit of left hand. The highest frequency of arch is on IInd digit of righthand and the lowest frequency on IVth digit of left and Vth digit of right hand.

The Table 3 deals with the percent frequency of the subtypes of three main patternsof loop,whorl and arches on each digit of both hands in males of Teivali Todas. Thehighest frequency of whorl is on IInd digit of right and Ist digit of both hands andlowest frequency on the Vth digit. Lateral pocket loop is found on Ist digit andright side of IInd digit. Central Pocket loop is absent in Vth digit of both side and


IIIrd digit of left hand. Frequency of simple whorl is higher in all whorls. Anaccidental is completely absent on IInd, IIIrd and Vth digits, Ist digit of right andIVth digit of left hand. The highest frequency of loop is on Vth digit and lowest ison IInd digit. Total frequency of radial loops is higher. Arches are found in minimumfrequency than whorl and loops. Simple arch is totally absent while tented arch arenot found except in IInd digit and IVth digit of right side.

The Table 4 deals with the percent frequency of the subtypes of three main patternsof whorls, loop and arches on each digit of both hands in Female Teivali Todas. Itis found that the highest frequency of whorl is on Ist and IInd digit of left hand andlowest on the IIIrd digit of left hand. Lateral pocket and Accidental are completelyabsent. Central pocket loop is absent in IVth digit of right hand. The highestfrequency of loop is on IIIrd digit and lowest frequency of loop is on IInd digit ofleft hand. Ulnar loop is not found in left hand except IIIrd digit and radial loop isnot found in Right hand except IInd digit. Arches are found in minimum frequencythan whorl and loop. Simple arch is only found in IIIrd digit of left hand and tentedarch is only found on IInd digit of left hand.

This Table 5 deals with the percent frequency of the subtypes of three main patternsof whorls, loops and arches on each digit of both hands in Male Christian Todas.The highest frequency of whorl is on IVth digit of left hand and lowest on the IIIrddigit of left hand. Lateral pocket and Central Pocket are found in leastfrequency.C.P.L found in IInd, Vth digits and IVth digit ofleft hand. L.P.L. is foundin IInd, Vth digit of left hand and Ist digit of right hand. Accidental are completelyabsent. The highest frequency of loop in IIIrd digit of left hand and lowest frequencyis on IInd digit of left hand. The ulnar loop frequency is highest and radial loopsare found in least frequency. The highest frequency of arch is on IInd digit of lefthand. S.A. is found in IInd digit, Ist digit of right hand and IIIrd digit of left hand.T.A. is found in IInd digit, Vth digit and IIIrd digit of right hand.

This Table 6 deals with the percent frequency of the subtypes of three main patternsof whorls, loops and arches on each digit of both hands in Female Christian Todas.The highest frequency of whorl is on IVth digit of right hand and lowest on the IIIrd

digit of right hand. Accidental only found in Ist digit and Vth digit of right hand andLateral pocket loop is found in Ist digit, IInd and IIIrd digit of right hand. Frequency ofC.P.L. is low than simple whorl and total frequency of whorl is higher in simplewhorl. The highest frequency of loop is on Vth digit of right hand and lowest frequencyis on IIIrd digit of left hand. Radial loop is absent in IIIrd digit of left hand, IIIrd digitand Ist digit of right hand. The ulnar loop frequency is higher in total. The frequencyof arches is minimum as compared to whorl and loop. The highest frequency of archis on IInd digit. The total frequency of Arch is higher in tented arch.

FINGER PATTERNS

All composite patterns including twin loops, lateral pocket loops, central pocketloops and accidentals were combined in the whorl category (with two tri-radii).


Radial loops, ulnar loops and tented arches were counted separately and jointly asloops since all these dermatoglyphic characters have one tri-radius. The arch had azero ridge-count without having any triradius.

The table 7, 8 and 9 deals with the percentile frequency of total whorl, arch andloop in Males and Females of Tarthar, Teivali and Christian Toda. It is found thatthe frequency of whorls and loops are higher in Christian Todas.

Chart 1: Showing the percentile frequency of Total Whorl, Arch and Loop in Males andFemales of Tarthar Toda

Chart 2: Percentile Frequency of Total Whorl, Arch and Loop in Males andFemales of Teivali Toda


PATTERN INDICES

For the present study three indices have been calculated:

a) Pattern Intensity Index, b) Furuhata’s Index, and c) Dankmeijer’s IndexThe value of Pattern Intensity Index (P.I.I.) may be stated as the number of triradii per individual or as the average number of triradii per finger.In Table- 10,11, 12 the Pattern Intensity Index of males and females of Tarthar, Teivali andChristian Todas has been shown. The value is higher in Teivali Todas. Its valueis very low in Tarthar todas than Christian todas.

Chart 3: Percentile Frequency of Total Whorl, Arch and Loop in Males and Females ofChristian Toda

Chart 4: Index of Pattern Intensity on Males and Females of Todas


Furuhata’s Index (F.I.) proposes the whorl/loop index (Furuhata, 1927). It gives anidea about the number of whorls in relation to the loops.

Table 13 presents the F.I. in Males and Females of Tarthar, Teivali and ChristianToda Tribals. It can be seen that F.I. value is highest in Teivali females than Tartharmales. Considering males and females as a single unit, the F.I. is higher in Teivali’sthan Tarthar’s.

Dankmeijer’s Index (D.I.) proposes Arch/Whorl index (Dankmeijer, 1938). As thefrequency of whorl increases, the frequency of arches and loops decreases.

Table 14 presents the D.I. in Males and Females of Tarthar, Teivali and ChristianToda Tribals. The D.I. value is highest in Christian male and lowest in Teivalifemales. Considering both males and females as a single unit, the F.I. is higher inChristian’s than Tarthar’s.

RIDGE COUNTING

It reflects the size of patterns which corresponds roughly with the types of loop.On the whole whorls have higher ridge counts than loops while simple archeshave no counts. Table 15, 16 and 17 presents the ridge counts among males andfemales of Tarthar, Teivali and Christian Todas respectively. On the basis of thetables it can be observed that in the Ist and IInd digit mean ridge count is highest inTeivali females and lowest in Christian females. In IIIrd digit mean ridge count ishighest in Tarthar males and lowest in Teivali males. In IVth digit mean ridge countis highest in Christian males while in Vth digit it is highest in Teivali males andlowest in Christian females.

TOTAL FINGER RIDGE COUNT

The total finger ridge count (TFRC) is the sum of the single largest counts on all tenfingers of an individual. The table no 18, 19 and 20 deals with the T.F.R.C. of Tarthar,Teivali and Christian Todas. It can be seen that TFRC value is highest in Teivaliand lowest in Christian Todas. It points out that Teivali have highest ridge countsthan Tarthar and Christian Todas.

The Chi Square (X2) value is found highest in Arches of Teivali Toda and lowest inChristian, as shown in table 21. The value is very low in Christian Todas in Whorlswhile in loops it is lowest in Teivali Todas with Degree of Freedom (DOF) as 2. Theprobability which is less than 10% regarded as significant while more than itconsidered as non significant.

The Student ‘t’ Test values with probability are given in table no 22 and 23. It ishigher in Tarthar/Christian (females) and value is very low in Teivali/Christian(males). With DOF 1 the probability lies in between t.90-t.75, t.75-t.70 and t.60-t.35and considered as Non-significant. When value is above t.90 then regarded asSignificant. Tarthar/Teivali (males) and Teivali/Christian is Non-significant andboth groups are quite similar.


CONCLUSION

After the analysis of quantitative characters in the present cross-sectional studyfollowing conclusions can be made on basis of Finger patterns, Indices and Ridgecounts. Frequency distribution of finger ball pattern of all the three groups of Todasincluding males and females have been shown in Table 1 to 9.

The results revealed that the whorl and loop have higher frequency in Teivali butthe arch has higher frequency among Christian Todas. Whorl, loop and arch havelowest frequency in Tarthar Toda. Teivali Todas have higher Pattern Intensity Indexthan Christian Todas and Tarthar Todas (lowest P.I.). Teivali Todas also have highervalue of Faruhata’s Index than Tarthar and Christian Todas (lowest F.I.). For theDankmeijer’s Index Christian Todas have higher value while lowest is of TeivaliTodas. On the basis of ridge count it can be seen that Teivali Todas have higherridge count than Christians, while Tarthar Todas have lowest ridge count. Chi-square value is higher in arch of Teivali Todas and lowest value of Chi-square isseen in Christian Todas. Student‘t’ test value for ridge count is below 1.56 whichindicates that both the groups i.e. Tarthar/Teivali (males) and Teivali/Christian(male) come from the same population as both values are Non-significant. Theridge count of Tarthar/Teivali (males) and Teivali/Christian (males) is quite similar.In Tarthar/Teivali (females), Tarthar/Christian (males), Tarthar/Christian (females)and Teivali/Christian (females) the value of ‘t’ is above 1.37 mean the data isSignificant and ridge count of these groups is not similar.

Overall accidental loops are low in frequency for Christian and Teivali Todas, twinloops has low frequency for Teivali Todas. High frequency is shown by loops whilepresence of arches found in very low frequency. Whorls have higher frequency inTeivali Toda while low in Tarthar Todas. Loops show higher percentile frequencyin Teivali and arches are in higher frequency for Christian Todas. Highest value inridge counting has shown by Teivali and lowest by Christian Todas. Chi squarevalue is highest in Teivali and lowest in Christians. The probability here lies Non-significant mostly in between 80-90%, 70-50%, 50-30% and 30-10% with DOF 2,where probability less than 10% are considered as Significant. The ‘t’ test value ishigher in Tarthar and Christian females and lowest in Teivali and Christian Male.


Table 1: Percentile Frequency of Pattern Type on Each Digit of Both Hands in TartharToda Male (48 Impressions)

Digit Side Whorls Loops Arches

S.W. T.L.+ C.P.L. A.C. Total R.L. U.L. Total S.A. T.A. TotalL.P.L

I Right 31.2 16.6 2.08 4.16 54.04 - 43.7 43.7 2.08 - 2.08Left 33.3 8.33 6.25 8.33 56.10 39.5 2.08 41.58 2.08 - 2.08Mean 64.5 12.4 4.5 6.2 55.07 19.75 22.8 42.64 2.08 - 2.08

II Right 47.9 2.08 10.4 6.25 66.63 4.16 22.9 27.06 4.16 2.08 6.24Left 39.5 2.08 10.4 4.16 56.14 18.7 12.5 31.2 10.4 2.08 12.48Mean 43.7 2.08 10.4 5.2 61.4 11.43 17.75 29.13 7.28 2.08 9.36

III Right 22.9 8.33 12.5 - 43.73 2.08 45.8 47.88 6.25 2.08 8.33Left 94.4 8.33 10.4 - 113.13 39.5 - 39.5 6.25 - 6.25Mean 58.6 8.33 11.4 - 78.43 20.79 22.9 43.69 6.25 1.04 7.29

IV Right 52.0 2.08 12.5 - 66.58 - 33.3 33.3 - - -Left 54.1 4.16 22.9 - 81.16 18.7 - 18.7 - - -Mean 53.05 1.04 10.37 - 63.87 9.3 16.65 26.0 - - -

V Right 52.0 - 6.25 - 35.35 - 64.5 64.5 - - -Left 54.1 2.08 14.5 - 37.38 62.5 - 62.5 - - -Mean 53.05 1.04 10.37 - 36.36 31.25 32.25 63.5 - - -

All Right 183.1 29.09 43.73 10.41 266.33 6.24 210.2 216.4 12.49 4.16 16.65Digits Left 242.1 24.98 49.95 12.49 343.84 178.9 14.58 193.4 18.73 2.08 20.81

Mean 212.6 27.03 46.84 11.45 305.08 92.57 112.39 204.9 15.61 3.12 18.73

Table no 2: Percentile Frequency of Pattern Type on Each Digit of Both Hands inTarthar Toda Female (57 Impressions)



I Right 28.0 15.7 8.77 3.50 50.97 1.75 36.8 38.55 1.75 3.50 5.25Left 35.0 10.5 15.7 3.50 64.7 28.0 3.50 31.5 3.50 - 3.50Mean 31.5 13.1 12.2 3.5 57.85 14.8 20.15 35.0 3.5 1.75 4.37

II Right 29.8 7.01 17.5 - 54.3 14.0 19.2 33.2 7.01 10.5 17.5Left 42.1 3.50 3.50 1.75 50.8 3.50 38.5 42.0 3.50 3.50 7.0Mean 35.9 5.25 10.5 0.8 52.5 8.75 28.8 37.6 8.76 7.0 12.2

III Right 19.2 1.75 5.26 - 26.2 - 68.4 68.4 3.50 1.75 5.25Left 21.0 3.50 12.2 - 36.7 43.8 3.50 47.3 5.26 10.5 15.7Mean 20.1 2.6 8.73 - 31.4 21.9 35.9 57.8 4.38 6.12 10.4

IV Right 43.8 1.75 12.2 - 57.7 29.8 7.01 36.8 - 5.26 5.26Left 35.0 - 19.2 - 54.2 - 43.8 43.8 1.75 - 1.75Mean 39.4 0.8 15.2 - 55.9 14.9 25.4 40.3 0.8 2.63 3.50

V Right 12.2 - 1.55 - 13.9 - 82.4 82.4 - 1.75 1.75Left 17.5 1.75 12.2 - 31.4 61.4 3.50 64.9 - 5.26 5.26Mean 14.8 0.8 6.97 - 22.6 30.7 42.9 73.6 - 3.50 3.50


Mean 141.8 61.2 54.1 4.32 111.4 45.5 76.65 225.15 13.10 21.01 34.11


Table 3: Percentile Frequency of Pattern Type on Each Digit of Both Hands in TeivaliToda Male (07 Impressions)



I Right 42.8 14.2 14.2 - 71.2 - 28.5 28.5 - - -Left 28.5 14.2 14.2 14.2 71.2 28.5 - 28.5 - - -Mean 35.6 14.2 14.2 7.1 71.2 14.25 14.25 28.5 - - -

II Right 42.8 14.2 14.2 - 71.2 14.2 - 14.2 - 14.2 1 4 . 2Left 28.5 - 14.2 - 42.7 14.2 - 14.2 - 42.8 42.8Mean 35.65 7.1 14.2 - 56.9 14.2 - 14.2 - 28.5 28.5

III Right - - 14.2 - 94.2 14.2 71.4 85.6 - - -Left 42.8 - - - 42.8 - 57.1 57.1 - - -Mean 21.4 - 7.1 - 28.5 7.1 64.2 71.35 - - -

IV Right - - 28.5 14.2 42.7 42.8 - 42.8 - 14.2 14.2Left 28.5 - 14.2 - 42.7 57.1 - 57.1 - - -Mean 14.25 - 21.3 7.1 42.7 49.9 - 49.9 - 7.1 7.1

V Right 14.2 - - - 14.2 - 85.7 85.7 - - -Left 14.2 - - - 14.2 85.7 - 85.7 - - -Mean 14.2 - - - 14.2 42.8 42.8 85.7 - - -

All Right 99.8 28.4 71.1 14.2 213.5 71.2 185.6 256.8 - 28.4 28.4Digits Left 142.5 14.2 42.6 14.2 213.5 185.5 57.8 242.6 - 42.8 42.2

Mean 121.1 21.3 56.8 14.2 213.5 128.3 121.3 251.2 - 35.6 70.8

Table 4: Percentile Frequency of Pattern Type on Each Digit of Both Hands in TeivaliToda Female (09 Impressions)



I Right 33.3 - 11.1 - 44.4 - 55.5 55.5 - - -Left 66.6 - 11.1 - 77.7 22.2 - 22.2 - - -Mean 49.9 - 11.1 - 61.0 11.1 27.7 38.8 - - -

II Right 33.3 - 22.2 - 55.5 44.4 - 44.4 - - -Left 66.6 - 11.1 - 77.7 - 11.1 11.1 - 11.1 11.1Mean 49.9 - 16.6 - 66.6 22.2 5.55 27.7 - 5.55 5.55

III Right 11.1 - 22.2 - 33.3 - 66.6 66.6 - - -Left - - 11.1 - 11.1 44.4 22.2 66.6 22.2 - 22.1Mean 5.55 - 16.6 - 22.2 22.2 44.4 66.6 11.1 - 11.1

IV Right 44.4 - - - 44.4 - 55.5 55.5 - - -Left 22.2 - 22.2 - 44.4 55.5 - 55.5 - - -Mean 33.3 - 11.1 - 44.4 27.7 27.7 55.5 - - -

V Right 33.3 - 11.1 - 44.4 - 55.5 55.5 - - -Left 33.3 - 33.3 - 66.6 55.5 - 55.5 - - -Mean 33.3 - 22.2 - 55.5 16.6 27.7 55.5 - - -

All Right 155.4 - 66.6 - 222.0 44.4 233.1 277.5 - - -Digits Left 188.7 - 188.7 - 277.5 155.4 11.1 210.9 22.2 11.1 33.3

Mean 172.0 - 127.6 - 249.7 79.9 122.1 244.2 11.1 5.55 16.6


Table 5: Percentile Frequency of Pattern Type on Each Digit of Both Hands in ChristianToda Male (09 Impressions)



I Right 44.4 11.1 - - 55.5 - 33.3 33.3 11.1 - 11.1Left 44.4 - - - 44.4 55.5 - 55.5 - - -Mean 44.4 5.55 - - 49.9 27.7 16.6 44.4 5.55 - 5.55

II Right 33.3 - 11.1 - 44.4 11.1 22.2 33.3 11.1 11.1 22.2Left 11.1 11.1 22.2 - 44.4 - 11.1 11.1 11.1 33.3 44.4Mean 22.2 5.55 16.65 - 44.4 5.5 16.6 22.2 11.1 22.2 33.3

III Right 22.2 - - - 22.2 - 66.6 66.6 - 11.1 11.1Left 11.8 - - - 11.1 77.7 - 77.7 11.1 - 11.1Mean 16.6 - - - 16.65 38.8 33.3 72.1 5.55 5.55 11.1

IV Right 66.6 - - - 66.6 - 33.3 33.3 - - -Left 66.6 - 11.1 - 77.7 22.2 - 22.2 - - -Mean 66.6 - 5.55 - 27.1 11.1 16.6 17.7 - - -

V Right 11.1 - 11.1 - 22.2 - 66.6 66.6 - 11.1 11.1Left 11.1 11.1 33.3 - 55.5 22.2 11.1 33.3 - 11.1 11.1Mean 11.1 5.55 22.2 - 38.8 11.1 38.8 49.9 - 11.1 11.1

All Right 177.6 11.1 22.2 - 210.9 11.1 222.0 233.1 22.2 33.3 55.5Digits Left 144.3 22.2 66.6 - 233.1 177.6 22.2 199.8 22.2 44.4 66.6

Mean 160.9 16.65 44.4 - 222.0 94.3 122.1 216.4 22.2 38.8 61.0

Table 6: Percentile Frequency of Pattern Type on Each Digit of Both Hands in ChristianToda Female (26 Impressions)



I Right 34.6 15.3 7.6 3.8 61.3 - 38.4 38.4 - - -Left 50.0 11.5 3.8 3.8 69.1 32.0 33.8 35.8 3.8 - 3.8Mean 42.3 13.4 5.7 3.8 65.2 16.0 21.1 37.1 1.9 - 1.9

II Right 42.3 3.8 7.6 - 53.7 3.8 26.9 30.7 - 15.3 15.3Left 42.3 - 11.5 - 53.8 7.6 32.0 39.6 3.8 11.5 15.3Mean 42.3 1.9 9.55 - 53.7 5.7 29.4 35.2 1.9 13.4 15.3

III Right 19.2 3.8 7.6 - 30.6 - 57.6 57.6 7.6 3.8 11.4Left 26.9 - 3.8 - 30.7 - 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 7.6Mean 23.0 1.9 5.7 - 30.6 - 30.7 30.7 5.7 3.8 9.5

IV Right 50.0 - 32.0 - 82.0 3.8 32.6 36.4 - - -Left 38.4 - 32.0 - 70.4 26.9 7.8 34.5 - 3.8 3.8Mean 44.2 - 32.0 - 76.2 15.35 20.1 35.4 - 1.9 1.9

V Right 15.3 - 19.0 3.8 38.1 3.8 57.6 81.4 - - -Left 15.3 - 26.9 - 42.2 50.0 3.8 53.8 3.8 - 3.8Mean 15.3 - 22.9 1.9 40.15 26.9 30.7 57.6 1.9 - 1.9


Mean 161.35 17.2 73.4 5.7 228.9 63.9 132.0 196.0 11.4 21.0 28.6


Table 7: Percentile Frequency of Total Whorl, Arch and Loop in Males and Females ofTarthar Toda

Group Whorl Loop Arch

Right Left Mean Right Left Mean Right Left Mean

Tarthar (M) 52.9 57.0 54.95 42.5 37.9 42.2 3.33 4.16 3.74Tarthar (F) 40.7 47.3 44.0 55.4 41.0 48.2 3.50 9.12 6.30Total 93.6 10.43 52.01 97.9 78.9 39.43 6.83 13.28 10.05

Table 8: Percentile Frequency of Total Whorl, Arch and Loop in Males and Females ofTeivali Toda



Teivali (M) 40.0 42.8 41.4 57.1 45.7 51.4 2.8 11.4 7.1Teivali (F) 44.4 100 72.2 55.5 37.7 46.6 - 6.6 3.3Total 84.4 142.8 113.6 112.6 83.4 98.0 2.8 18.0 10.4

Table 9: Percentile Frequency of Total Whorl, Arch and Loop in Males and Females ofChristian Toda



Christian (M) 44.4 46.6 45.5 46.6 40.0 43.3 8.8 13.3 11.05Christian (F) 51.5 50.5 51.1 43.0 41.5 42.25 5.3 6.9 6.1Total 95.9 97.3 96.6 89.6 81.5 85.55 14.1 20.2 17.15

Table 10: Index of Pattern Intensity on Males and Females of Tarthar Toda

Group No. Mean S.D. S.E.

Tarthar (M) 48 33.6 5.44 0.88Tarthar (F) 57 32.8 4.32 0.57Total 105 66.4 9.76 1.45

Table 11: Index of Pattern Intensity on Males and Females of Teivali Toda


Teivali (M) 7 33.3 13.4 5.07Teivali (F) 9 40.7 17.4 5.8Total 16 74 30.8 10.8

Table 12: Index of Pattern Intensity on Males and Females of Christian Toda


Christian (M) 9 33.2 9.41 3.13Christian (F) 26 33.1 6.74 1.32Total 35 66.3 16.15 4.45


Table 13: Furuhata’s Index in Males and Females of Toda Tribal

Group No. Right Left Mean

Tarthar (M) 48 124.4 150.3 137.4Tarthar (F) 57 73.4 115.3 94.4Tarthar (M+F) 105 197.9 265.7 231.8Teivali (M) 7 70.0 93.6 81.8Teivali (F) 9 80.0 265.2 172.6Teivali (M+F) 16 150.0 358.9 254.4Christian (M) 9 95.2 116.7 105.8Christian (F) 26 119.7 122.1 120.9Christian (M+F) 35 215.0 238.6 226.7

Table 14: Dankmeijer’s Index in Males and Females of Toda Tribal

Group No. Right Left Mean

Tarthar (M) 48 6.29 7.29 6.79Tarthar (F) 57 8.59 19.28 13.90Tarthar (M+F) 105 14.88 26.57 20.72Teivali (M) 7 7.01 26.60 16.80Teivali (F) 9 0 6.60 3.30Teivali (M+F) 16 7.01 32.20 20.10Christian (M) 9 19.81 18.50 24.10Christian (F) 26 10.29 13.66 11.90Christian (M+F) 35 30.10 42.16 36.13

Table 15: Mean Ridge Counting for Each Digit in Males and Females of Tarthar Toda

Digits Side Group

Male Female

Right 13.54 12.59I Left 13.08 12.54

Mean 13.31 12.56Right 11.5 10.59

II Left 10.35 9.98Mean 10.92 10.28Right 11.77 10.17

III Left 11.77 10.85Mean 11.77 10.51Right 14.66 13.12

IV Left 14.16 11.50Mean 14.41 12.31Right 11.85 12.78

V Left 12.22 11.08Mean 12.03 11.93


Table 16: Mean Ridge Counting for Each Digit in Males and Females of Teivali Toda

Digits Side Group

Male Female

Right 14.42 16.0I Left 11.85 14.11

Mean 13.13 15.05Right 9.71 14.33




V Left 12.28 13.66Mean 12.14 12.6

Table 17: Mean Ridge Counting for Each Digit in Males and Females of Christian Toda

Digits Side Group

Male Female

Right 14.0 13.11I Left 12.3 11.96

Mean 13.15 12.53Right 8.5 10.15




V Left 10.66 10.46Mean 10.38 10.4

Table 18: Total Finger Ridge Counting in Males and Females of Tarthar Toda


Males 48 12.4 0.39 0.04Females 57 11.5 0.27 0.03Total (M+F) 105 23.9 0.66 0.08

Table 19: Total Finger Ridge Counting in Males and Females of Teivali Toda




Table 20: Total Finger Ridge Counting in Males and Females of Christian Toda



Table 21: Chi Square (X2) of Total Whorls, Arches and Loops in Males and Females of Toda

S.No. Group Pattern X2 Value D.O.F. Probability Remark

Whorl 6.19 2 1%>P>5% Signi.1 Tarthar Loop 3.91 2 10%>P>20% Non Signi.

Arch 3.39 2 10%>P>20% Non Signi.Whorl 6.74 2 1%>P>5% Signi.

2 Teivali Loop 0.51 2 70%>P>80% Non Signi.Arch 15.47 2 1%>P>1% Signi.Whorl 0.43 2 80%>P>90% Non Signi.

3 Christian Loop 0.5 2 70%>P>80% Non Signi.Arch 2.12 2 30%>P>50% Non Signi.

Table 22: Value of ‘t’ Test of Ridge Counting for Males of Toda Tribe

S.No. Group ‘t’ Test Value D.O.F. Probability Remark

1. Tarthar-Teivali 1.42 1 t.90>P>t.80 Non Signi.2. Tarthar-Christian 2.58 1 t.90>P>t.80 Signi.3. Teivali-Christian 0.89 1 t.75>P>t.60 Non Signi.

Table 23: Value of‘t’ Test of Ridge Counting for Females of Toda Tribe

S.No. Group ‘t’ Test Value D.O.F. Probability Remark

1. Tarthar-Teivali 3.29 1 t.95>P>t.90 Signi.2. Tarthar-Christian 9.57 1 t.97>P>t.95 Signi.3. Teivali-Christian 2.74 1 t.95>P>t.95 Signi.

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