finishing talk newsletter - february 2009

8/14/2019 Finishing Talk Newsletter - February 2009

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F in i sh i ng Spo t l i gh t :

NASFs Sur-Fin 2009

Inside This Issue:

Adding too much ma-

terial, resulting in

scrap, rework and

wasted material; Adding too little ma-

terial, resulting in

scrap, rework and loss

of business;

Inability to certify the

process;

Difficulty in tracking

process costs; and

Process control limitsexceeding the specifi-

cation limits.

Reducing Variation

Depleting bath chemi-

cals occurs as a func-

tion of time, tempera-

All electroplating,anodizing and electro-

coating baths requiremaintenance. One of

the most frequent

needs is replenishing

depleted materials.

There are several tech-

niques to accomplish

that

It has been and contin-

ues to be common in

the finishing industry to

manually add bright-

eners, plating solution,

acid, caustic, pigment,

resin and other materi-

als based on existing

conditions, educated

F E B R U A R Y 2 0 0 9 V O L U M E 2 , I S S U E 2

B E T T E R B A T HM A N A G E M E N T

1

I N D U S T R Y E V E N T S

2

N E W S & N O T E S

3

F R O M T H EF O R U M S

6

F I N I S H I N GS P O T L I G H T

9

T H E L A S TW O R D

1 5

C O N T E N T S

(page 6)

B E T T E R B A T H M A N A G E M E N T W I T HM E T E R C O N T R O L S B Y : C R A I G H E N R Y

Continued on page 4

(page 9)

guesses or test-and-

add methods. This can

vary from measured

amounts at prescribedtimes to a five-gal

bucket-full whenever

someone thinks of it.

Some of the obvious

disadvantages include

the following:

Forgetting to add the

materials;

Adding the wrong

amounts; Adding the wrong

materials;

Peaks and valleys in

bath chemistry be-

cause of inconsistent

additions;

From the

Forum

Non-insulatedAnodes

Metal finishing and thefourth grade

(page 15)


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Page 3V O L U M E 1 , I S S U E 8

N E W S & N O T E S

Little Rock, AR Caterpillar Inc. an-nounced it will open a road grader plantin North Little Rock, where it will invest$140 million in its factory and hire 600

workers. Equipment and training at theplant will be state-of-the-art. Work willmove from a plant in Illinois, which alsomakes mining equipment and needs tomake room for extra production in thatline. Caterpillar announced in June thatit would spend $1 billion to upgrade fiveU.S. plants, money it was able to spendbecause of demand from other nations.

Beijing, China Aviation Industry Corp.of China is building a $1.2 billion heli-copter factory in Tianjin, east of Beijing,and should produce its first helicopterthis year. Last week, AVIC obtained a

176 billion Yuan ($26 billion) line ofcredit from a group of 10 government-owned banks to finance product devel-opment and other ventures.

Washington, DC The EPA is finalizingchanges and clarifications to air qualitypermitting rules to encourage greateruse of flexible air permits. EPAs assess-ment of flexible air permits demon-strated that they can enable significantenvironmental and economic benefits,while reducing administrative workloadfor permitting authorities and facilities.

This final action affects both EPAs op-erating permits and New Source Reviewprograms. A facility with a flexible per-mit would explain its anticipated opera-tional and construction changes for theduration of the permit term. The state,local or tribal air quality permitting au-thority would include permit conditionsto ensure protection of public healthand the environment for all of thosechanges. These flexible permits do notprovide approval for changes not withinthe scope of conditions considered atthe time of the permit application. Fa-cilities must still meet their require-ments under the Clean Air Act.

Mississauga, Ontario Aerospaceparts maker Cyclone Manufacturing isbucking the job-shedding trend. Thecompany says it will create 133 jobs byinvesting in new technology with thehelp of a $7.7-million grant from theOntario government. Overall, the com-pany plans to spend $50 million duringthe next five years to develop parts thatare lighter. Company president Andrew

ence. The Fiesta, which made its debut atthe North American International AutoShow in 2007 under the name, "The

Verve," will go on sale in the U.S. some-

time in 2010.Charlotte, NC Goodrich and Rolls-Royce announced today that theyveformed a joint venture company to de-velop and supply engine controls forRolls-Royce aero engines. The joint ven-ture company, Rolls-Royce Goodrich En-gine Control Systems Limited, operates as

Aero Engine Controls. Each of the con-tributing companies owns 50 per cent of

Aero Engine Controls. Goodrich will retainthe aftermarket products and servicesbusiness associated with the joint ven-ture's products.

Washington, DC The Powder CoatingInstitute (PCI) has announced thatRodger Talbert will join the PCI team asTechnical Director. This newly createdrole is aligned with PCI's goals to offeradditional benefits to members by provid-ing technical expertise and support to theentire industrial coatings market place.

As Technical Director, Rodger will act asthe technical liaison between PCI and themarket place, focusing on training andeducation. With Rodger's extensive ex-perience and background in the coatings

industry, PCI will now be able to offertechnical guidance, market research,speaking and training, coating evaluationand testing, and much more

Stennis Space Center, MS 27 highschool teams from MS, LA, and FL gath-ered at Stennis Space Centers Sten-niSphere for the regional kickoff of the18th annual For Inspiration and Recogni-tion of Science and Technology RoboticsCompetition. Its the first step towardsthe national and international competi-tion. Teams will participate in the BayouRegional, March 19-21 at the University

of New Orleans, to qualify for a place in April at the FIRST Championship in At-lanta.

Conklin, NY Impress USA, a globalleader in the consumer metal packagingindustry, will build a new manufacturingplant in Coklin, NY. The project will ini-tially bring 75 new, full-time employeesto the location during the first phase ofconstruction and initial operations.

Sochaj says the provincial support willallow Cyclone to speed up its growthplans and offer customers a broaderrange of products and services. The com-

pany's customers have included Boeing,Bombardier and Embraer

Slidell. LA Northrop Grumman brokeground Wednesday on a new facility.Northrop in October 2008 bought 3001, aprovider of geospatial data productionand analysis, including airborne imaging,surveying, mapping and geographic infor-mation systems. The new office combinesthe existing Slidell 3001 office with theone at Stennis Space Center in Missis-sippi. The new 20,000 square-foot facilitybrings 85 jobs, including 50 new positionsto St. Tammany Parish.

San Antonio, TX - The San AntonioManufacturers Association (SAMA)awarded MetoKote Corporation, San An-tonio, Texas the Environmental Excel-lence Award in Industrial Pretreatment atthe 2008 Environmental Seminar. Thisaward is given annually to SignificantIndustrial Users (SIUs) that have met thegeneral criteria established by the Divi-sion. This criteria includes: not havingany reporting violations from January 1,2007 through June 30, 2008 to indicatecurrent compliance; the company has

been permitted for at least two years;and the company has not been listed asSignificantly Non-Compliant (SNC) in thepast three years. In addition, award re-cipients must display environmental stew-ardship by recognizing best managementpractices, water conservation practices,pollution prevention and initiatives thatare educational, innovative, cooperative,responsive, voluntary and effective. Meto-Kote had top honors this year and wasone of only three companies selected.

Detroit, MI Ford Motor Co. beganmanufacturing the Fiesta subcompact car

in China on January 16th as it aims tointroduce the car around the worldthrough 2010. The Fiesta will be built atthe Changan Ford Mazda Automobile Co.manufacturing facility in Nanjing, China,the company said in a statementWednesday. The car will go on sale latein the first quarter. Ford has been toutingthe Fiesta as its first "global car" since aversion of the vehicle - with very littlechanges - will be available in almostevery car market where Ford has a pres

V O L U M E 2 , I S S U E 2


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Page 4

C O N T I N U E D F R O M P A G E 1 B E T T E R B A T H M A I N T E N A N C E

B Y : C R A I G H E N R Y , J P T E C H

bath is much less. This variation

can be improved even more with

more frequent additions.

Measuring the correct parameter(time, amp-hr, conductivity, pH)

that correlates with the rate of

depletion and replenishing the

bath at the corresponding rate

will minimize process variation.

This manifests itself in optimizing

both costs and quality because

expensive chemicals are not

wasted, scrap and rework are

reduced, and process predictabil-

ity is enhanced.

Amp-Hr Basis for Additions

Using amp-hr to add materials is

based on a direct correlation be-

tween the depletion rate and the

amount of product going

through the bath. This is true

whether you are an electro-

plater, anodizer or electrocoater.

The amp-hr measurement com-

bines both time and current used

and accommodates variances in

load size as well as the time

spent in the bath. The amp-hr

meter constantly samples the

amount of current used by the

rectifier and generates an amp-

hr measurement. The controller

then sends a signal to the pump-

ing system to add the required

amount of material to the bath

to replace the amount con-

sumed. The length of time to

pump and the frequency of addi-

tions can be adjusted to provide

the precise amount needed. Af-

ter these adjustments, an opera-

tor should find that the bath

does not require testing as often

F I N I S H I N G T A L K

Continued on next page

added are correct. If the addi-

tions are made less frequently,

then the effect is even more pro-

nounced.Compare the previous variation

to Figure 2 where additions are

made once per hour. It is obvi-

ous that the variation within the

ture and the number of items

moving through the bath.

As you can see in Figure 1, if

additions are made every 8 hr,the concentration of the bath

varies significantly during the

day. This illustration is based on

the premise that the amounts


5/16

Page 5

because the chemistry remains

more consistent throughout the

day, week and month.

The meter will have several

inputs and outputs:

Power (110 or 220 VAC);

Millivolts from the rectifier amp

meter or shunt;

Pump outputs from relays in

the meter;

Alarm outputs from the meter;

and

Level inputs from the additive

container.

Basic meters will show cumula-

tive amp-hr totals. Optional fea-

tures will make the meter a more

valuable tool as well as making

the operation less labor intensive

and reliable. Options can include

the following:

Resettable amp-hr totals for

load, shift, day or weekly track-

ing. This feature will allow you to

track and trend productivity and

compare different operators,

shifts, bath chemistries or other

factors.

Non-resettable amp-hr totals.

This feature is necessary to meet

environmental compliance laws

and regulations.

Multiple pump operation. This

feature allows you add two or

more components to a bath at

different rates based on the

same rectifier and bath outputs.

Multiple rectifier summing. This

allows you to sum the amp-hr

totals from one bath with multi-

ple rectifiers so the additions can

be based on the aggregate total.

The capacity to add up pump

cycles and pump run time. This

allows you to track the amount

of material added to the bath,

use this data for performance

trends and generate precise cost

data as a function of amp-hr, run

time or product.

Permanent memory retention

without the use of batteries. This

feature is essential to maintain

the integrity of data.

Material level alarms. This pro-

vides warning before the reser-

voir is empty so that bath chem-

istries remain in tolerance.

Fused pump outputs. These

protect the meter in the eventthat a pump motor fails.

PC network capability. This fea-

ture allows the user to access all

of the data in the meter from a

personal computer or PLC,

Continued on page 8...

V O L U M E 2 , I S S U E 2

Continued on page 10


6/16

This month were taking a look at an issue that edu-

ardot00 in Venezuela is currently experiencing withhis cyanide zinc bath. He is has questions about insu-

lating his anode bars and is having some trouble with

burning. Forum members Dustin Gebhardt, and

Paul Fisher have pitched in to give their two cents

on the problem. Feel free to add your thoughts to

their ongoing discussion by visiting the forums at

www.finishingtalk.com/community and choosing the

Zinc Plating Forum.

For more From the Forum discussions, check out

our live internet television show, Finishing TalkLive, where hosts Paul Fisher and Paul Skelton bring

our bulletin boards to life on the only IPTV Channel

dedicated to the Metal Finishing Industry.

www.Finishing.TV

Page 6F I N I S H I N G T A L K

F R O M T H E F O R U M : N O N I S U L A T E D A N O D E S

eduardot00

Hello, Im running a cyanide zinc plating line in

Venezuela. We plate planar steel pieces of 4x4x0.7mm average dimensions in a rack of 30pz

each, our baths dimensions are: 1x2x1meters, the

question is: The anode lead of the rectifier is at-

tached to the steel tank, and the zinc anodes are

hanging in a bar welded to the tank, yes they

arent insulated!! And I dont now why because all

the theory says the opposite. We are unsatisfied

with the finishing quality, too many stained or

burned pieces. I would like to know if a reason ex-

ists in order that my installation is like that..

thanks!!

Paul Fisher

Hello Edwardo, Can you post some pics of your

tank configuration and of the stained and burned

parts? I think if you can do this there are many

here who could help you more.

eduardot00

The anode bar is attached to the tank, the cathode

is insulated from the tank and have a round end

where the rack stands an get the current, we have

four zinc anodes for each side of the rack, the av-

erage bath comp. is: cyanide: 70 g/l, caustic: 48 g/

l, zinc metal: 26 g/l. The pieces whit problem are

of mayor area like in the picture, the small area

pieces are ok. Thanks!!!

Dustin Gebhardt

A burned deposit can be caused by many things.

The parts may be too close to the anode (or the

tank walls in this case). The current may be too

high. The zinc metal may be too low. The caustic

may be too high (giving too much conductivity and

therefore too much current).

Also the bath agitation may be poor. I noticed

that you do not have any sort of mechanical agita-

tion or solution movement. Do you have a filter to

help move the solution? How about eductors?

You don't want to use air for agitation as this will

generate excess carbonates.

Posted in January 2009


7/16


8/16


F R O M T H E F O R U M , ( C O N T I N U E D F R O M P G 7 ) . . .

Sodium Carbonate Analysis

1) Pipette a 5 ml sample of the plating bath into a

250 ml beaker.

2) Add 50 ml of DI water to the beaker.

3) Set the beaker on a hot plate and heat to a

boil. Add 20 ml of 10% Barium Chloride while stir-

ring the sample. Allow the sample to settle. After

the sample has settled add several more drops of

Barium Chloride and observe if any more precipi-

tate is formed. If so, then add 10 mls more of

10% Barium chloride.

4) Filter the solution through a #2 Whatman filter

paper washing the flask and the precipitate with

hot DI water.

5) Remove the filter paper with the precipitate in

tact and place in a 250 ml flask. Add 100 ml DI

water to the flask and place on a hot plate and

bring the sample to a boil.

6)When the sample comes to a boil add 3 - 5 dropsof Modified Methyl Orange Indicator to the flask

and titrate the solution with 0.94N Sulfuric Acid to

a permanent purple endpoint.

Note: Re-boil sample if the color fades to green

then continue titrating with 0.94N sulfuric Acid.

Calculation: mls of 0.94N Sulfuric Acid X 1.32 =

oz/gal; Sodium Carbonate oz/gal Sodium Carbon-

ate X 7.5 = grams/liter Sodium Carbonate

eduardot00

Thanks Dustin, very helpful, Im going to do this

analysis... We prep the weekly additions using air

agitation before adding to the bath.. maybe this

method increase the sodium carbonate concentra-

tion???

Dustin Gebhardt

Yes, that is correct - air agitation can increase

carbonate formation.

Finishing Market

The sodium carbonate is formed by the adsorption

of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by the so-

dium hydroxide in the plating solution. If your solu-

tion is air agitated this will increase the rate of ad-

sorption. Similarly, excessive turbulence from a fil-

tration system will, over a period of time increase

the concentration. We've sold Carbonate Removal

Systems on our website in the past. These sys-

tems allow for either continuous and/or batch

treatment for the removal of sodium carbonate in

plating baths.


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Page 11V O L U M E 2 , I S S U E 2

mediately visible cause.

Rectifier failure. Your rectifier

may experience partial failure or

component degradation that will

ultimate lead to complete recti-

fier failure. The ability to sense

this before a catastrophic failure

occurs can reduce repair costs,

unscheduled downtime and loss

of production.

Power consumption. A rectifier

operating with a defective com-

ponent creates high ripple that

also means that the rectifier is

operating inefficiently, so your

power bills are higher to produce

the same amount of work.

Additional features to consider

for this specific product include

auto-ranging so that all voltages

can be measured and alarm out-

puts set at adjustable settings.

Flow Meters. These units can

both monitor and control the

flow of material within the proc-

ess. They can balance levels in

baths, make additions based on

the amount of material passing

the measurement point and pro-

vide summary data and alarm

outputs to assure process con-

trol.

Current Density Meters. The

ability to measure current den-

sity is an invaluable tool to de-

termine if you are optimizing ion

transfer within your bath. Bymeasuring the current density

over the entire surface of part

racks, you can assess anode

placement, anode to cathode

ratios, bath efficiency and depo-

sition rates.

Meter Selection Determining

which brand and model of meter

fits your needs should be based

on several factors, including but

not limited to ease of use, reli-

ability, visibility of display, 110

or 220 VAC input, resistance to

harsh environments, size and

convenience of mounting and

value. Of course, another critical

factor is in choosing a vendor

who knows your process and

can supply reliable products.

This article was written by; CraigHenry of JP Tech, East Troy, MI and

reprinted with permission from

Products Finishing Magazine. The

Resource For Product Finishing Pro-

fessionals 2008 Gardner Publica-

tions, Inc .


12/16

F I N I S H I N G T A L KPage 12

free reclaim in multiple color finish-ing applications. "We wanted toinstall the best system possible,"said Mr. Hall. "One that would allow

us to become more diversified withregard to part sizes and color op-tions and remain flexible into theforeseeable future. We chose oursupplier for a variety of reasons,not the least of which was the per-formance of its powder spray sys-tems. We were also comfortablewith the company based on ourpast experience and the knowledgethat they would provide the highlevel of customer service and tech-

nical support we were likely toneed before and after the sale."

Simply installing a new powdercoating booth and some automatedspray guns would not have com-pletely removed the stress on thecompany's existing powder coatingsystem. Therefore, Royston alsomade the commitment to replaceall related systems, including theoverhead conveyor and rackingsystem, five-stage cleaning systemand bake ovens. "Our supplierworked closely with us and ourother equipment and material ven-dors to design and install the opti-mal system and to train our per-sonnel to operate the new technol-ogy. As a result, we were able todeploy a staged conversion, replac-ing one system at a time withoutshutting down and with virtually noloss in productivity," proclaimed Mr.Hall.

Meeting the Demands TwoCyclo-Kinetic roll-on/roll-off pow-der coating spray booths are thecentral piece of the new powdercoating system. Each booth isequipped with 14 opposing Versa-Spray II automatic guns and twoSure Coat guns for penetrationinto Faraday cage areas.

convenience stores more conven-ient.

Following the trend of the general

economy, the demand for the com-pany's merchandising systems in-creased dramatically during the1990s. As demand increased be-cause of a number of new custom-ers, the number of colors that Roys-ton needed to spray increased aswell.

For much of the decade, the com-pany's powder coating systemserved it quite well. But, as the sys-tem was asked to handle an ever-

increasing workload, the companyrealized that its aging powder coat-ing system would no longer be ableto keep up with all the new orders.

The roll-on, roll-off system Theroll-on, roll-off system enablesRoyston to change colors six ormore times per day. Jerry Hall,manufacturing engineering managerat Royston, explained that the exist-ing powder coating system was sim-ply too old and too inefficient tomeet the increased demand andadded colors. "We were definitelyexperiencing the strains of growth,"stated Mr. Hall. "Most of the strainwas coming from our powder coat-ing operation. Inconsistent powdercoating coverage required excessivemanual touchups, and slow colorchanges caused slow-downs andbottlenecks. Powder losses causedby poor recovery and contaminationexceeded 100 lb/day."

The good news of the company'sincreased business was counter-acted by the bad news of its inade-quate powder coating system. How-ever, in July 1999, after 2 years ofevaluation that included four facilitytours and lab tests, Royston re-ceived more good news. It came inthe form of an automatic powdercoating system specially engineeredfor fast, efficient, contamination-

Increasing the capacity of its sys-tem made Royston more efficient.But, that's not the only way to in-

crease efficiency. Check out Profit-ing from ControlThe (Up) RightWay to find out more.

Stressful situations tend to exacer-bate an individual's faults. Take agolfer, for example. When playingalone or on the driving range, mostgolfers tend to make more techni-cally sound and efficient swings thatlead to better shots. However, inthe heat of competition, most golf-ers tighten up. The stressful situa-

tion causes the golfer to revert toold swing faults that result in poorshots. You can see this phenome-non virtually every week (at leastwhen Tiger Woods is not playing)on the PGA Tour when a relativelyinexperienced player gets near thelead.

When finishing lines are pushed to-ward maximum capacity, they oftenoperate like a golfer under stress. Ifthe line is running at a given capac-

ity, one that is not too taxing for thesystem's capabilities, you may notnotice any faults. Perhaps you'recoating at 3 mils instead of 2 mils,but at the given capacity the prob-lem isn't that great. But, as the ca-pacity increases and the finishingsystem is stressed, that 1 mil differ-ence in coating thickness is multi-plied. Instead of costing the com-pany a few thousand dollars, theincreased coating thickness is nowcosting the company tens of thou-sands of dollars.

Good News, Bad News, GoodNews Royston LLC (Royston, GA)is a manufacturer of high-qualitycounters and merchandising sys-tems, including shelves, brackets,grids, inserts, moldings and acces-sories, that are designed to make

A U T O M A T I C P O W D E R C O A T I N GM E E T I N G C U S T O M E R S ' D E M A N D S B Y S T E V E N R . K L I N E , J R

Continued on page 14


13/16


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Depending on the size and shape ofthe parts, the new system can pow-der coat up to 1,200 parts per hourwith a reject rate less than 1%. And a single shift of five workerscan now handle three full shifts ofmanufacturing.

Even though the new system runsat faster line speeds to accommo-date the increase in demand, Roys-ton has realized a more consistentfilm build that has significantly re-duced powder use. "With the oldsystem, mil thickness could rangefrom 1-4 mils on a single part,"stated Ted McCutchen, productionsupervisor at Royston. "The systemgives us a controllable, consistent

thickness of 1.5-2.0 mils from thetop to the bottom of every part."

Royston's merchandising sys-tems Royston's merchandising sys-tems, which are used in conven-ience stores, are known for theirimage-enhancing appearance, flexi-bility and durable construction. Inaddition to meeting the increasedproduction levels, the new powdercoating system has also enabledRoyston to handle the increased

number of colors needed to satisfyits customers' demands. The previ-ous process typically required 4 hrof cleaning and preparation tochange colors. Not only was thetime to change colors too long, butRoyston also estimated that it waslosing 120 lb of powder to scrap ona daily basis, including 30-40 lbthat were sprayed to waste. Aver-age cost of $3/lb, powder lossalone was costing the company$75,000-100,000/yr.

With the new spray booths, thecompany is able to change colors inthe offline booth in an average of 1hr and reclaim multiple colors withefficiencies as high as 98.5%.Spray-to-waste is eliminated, re-ducing Royston's overall powder-to-scrap to less than 25% of previouslevels.

The roll-on, roll-off system enablesthe company to change colors sixor more times a day. Six of theseven portable hoppers are dedi-cated to its most common colors,while the seventh hopper is usedfor frequent color changes. "In ad-dition, we maintain a small station-ary booth in which we manuallycoat smaller batches," said Mr.McCutchen.

The additional pressures created bythe increased demand for the com-pany's product and the additionalcolors have been alleviated, makingthe new powder coating system amodel of efficiency. From rack tounload, parts now travel 2,220 ft in

2 hr prior to being assembled orpackaged and shipped to customersfor on-site assembly.

According to Richard Edenfield,director of engineering at Royston,the new operation has exceededthe company's expectations. "Thetechnology is more advanced andbetter supported than any other wehave used," said Mr. Edenfield. "Inless than a year, we've gone fromrunning a light' booth and a dark'

booth that severely restricted ourability to diversify, to an advancedsystem that enables us to produceas many parts in as many colors aswe choose on any given day. That'sthe level of flexibility we were look-ing for. To produce a high qualityproductwhich is what your repu-tation is aboutyou need highquality equipment and high qualityservice."

This article was written bySteven

R. Kline, Jr. and reprinted withpermission from Products Finishing

Magazine. The Resource For Prod-

uct Finishing Professionals 2008

Gardner Publications, Inc .

A U T O M A T I C P O W D E R C O A T I N G C O N T I N U E D

The American Society for Quality(ASQ), has learned that when itcomes to kids dream jobs, engi-neering is not on the list. An over-whelming 85 percent of youthsay they are not interested in afuture engineering career, ac-cording to a recent survey of youthand adults conducted by Harris In-teractive on behalf of ASQ.

According to the survey, the topthree reasons why kids arent inter-ested in engineering are Kids dontknow much about engineering (44percent), kids prefer a more excitingcareer than engineering (30 per-cent) and they dont feel confidentenough in their math or scienceskills (21 percent) to be good at it.This is despite the fact that the larg-est number of kids ranked math (22percent) and science (17 percent) astheir favorite subjects.

In an effort to raise awareness, aswell as promote engineering as acareer choice, ASQ is developing awebinar for young people and par-ents that will be made available onthe ASQ Web site, www.asq.org/manufacturing, during National En-gineers Week, February 15-21.


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February 20 09

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