finland - european environment agency · the urban sprawl rate in finland is slightly above...
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Country fact sheet
September 2017
Photo: © Toni García, My City/EEA
Land cover 2012
Finland
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Finland
1
Land cover 2012 Overview of land cover & change 2006-2012 The land cover development in Finland has similar intensity and structure as in the previous period, with only slightly lower overall change rate. With a mean annual change rate of 0.35% of total area, the dynamics of development in the Finish landscape is rather high, compared to other European countries. The extent of forest conversions in the country is huge, which is caused by extensive forest coverage itself. These conversions will always be the most powerful driver of development of the Finish landscape. The intensity of these internal forest flows is comparable to the previous period. On the other hand, conversions from forested and natural land to agriculture, which were remarkable during the period 2000-2006, lost most of it intensity in the 2006-2012 period. The speed of urban sprawl in Finland remains stable, with an annual artificial land take rate of about 0.4%, which is slightly above the European average. Sprawl is driven by the extension of mines and quarrying areas, as well as dump, construction and industrial or commercial sites. On the other hand, the extensions of residential and sport and leisure areas, which were major sprawl drivers in the period 2000-2006, show significant decline. Note: The results presented here are based on a change analysis of 44 land cover types mapped consistently on a 1:100.000 scale across Europe over more than decade between 2000-2006-2012 - see Corine land cover (CLC) programme for details. Number of years between CLC2006-CLC2012 data for Finland: 6
1% 5%
4%
72%
2%1%
6%
9%
1.1. Land cover 2012[% of total]
-12000
-8000
-4000
0
4000
8000
12000
1.2. Net change in land cover 2006-2012 [ha]
-2.0
0.0
2.0
1.3. Net change in land cover [% of initial year
2006]
A rtific ial areas A rable land & permanent c rops Pas tures & mosaics Fores ted land
Semi-natural vegetation O pen spaces/ bare soils Wetlands Water bodies
Summary balance table 2006-2012
Art
ific
ial
area
s
Ara
ble
lan
d &
per
man
ent
cro
ps
Pas
ture
s &
mo
saic
s
Fore
sted
lan
d
Sem
i-n
atu
ral
veg
etat
ion
Op
en s
pac
es/
bar
e so
ils
Wet
lan
ds
Wat
er b
od
ies
TO
TA
L
[hu
nd
red
s h
a]
Land cover 2006 4544 15633 13384 242269 7079 2006 21691 32054 338662
Consumption of initial LC 14.3 73.9 56.2 6272.3 0.0 1.8 32.2 2.5 6453
Formation of new LC 120.4 56.0 23.0 6156.1 0.0 5.7 92.1 0.0 6453
Net Formation of LC 106.1 -17.9 -33.3 -116.2 0.0 3.9 59.9 -2.5 0
Net formation as % of initial year 2.3 -0.1 -0.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.0
Total turnover of LC 134.7 129.9 79.2 12428.4 0.0 7.5 124.3 2.5 12906
Total turnover as % of initial year 3.0 0.8 0.6 5.1 0.0 0.4 0.6 0.0 3.8
Land cover 2012 4650 15615 13351 242153 7079 2010 21751 32052 338662
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Finland
2
Land cover trends comparison 2000-2006 vs. 2006-2012
0.33%
0.32%
0 30000 60000 90000 120000
2000-2006
2006-2012
2.4. Annual land cover change[ha/year, % of total area]
0 100000 200000
Artificial areas
Arable land& permanent crops
Pastures& mosaics
Forested land
Semi-natural vegetation
Open spaces/ bare soils
Wetlands
Water bodies
2.5. Annual turnover of LC types [ha/year]
2000-2006
2006-2012
-8000 -4000 0 4000 8000
Artificial areas
Arable land& permanent crops
Pastures& mosaics
Forested land
Semi-natural vegetation
Open spaces/ bare soils
Wetlands
Water bodies
2.6. Net annual change of LC types [ha/year]
Summary trend figures 2000-2006 2006-2012
Annual land cover change [ha/year] 112389 107554
Annual land cover change as % of initial year 0.33% 0.32%Land uptake by artificial development as mean annual change [ha/year] 1803 1851
Agricultural land uptake by urban and infrastructures development as mean annual change [ha/year] 333 223
Net uptake of forests and semi-natural land by agriculture as mean annual change [ha/year] 7474 -88
Net conversion from pasture to arable land and permanent crops as mean annual change [ha/year] 0 0
Forest & other woodland net formation as mean annual change [ha/year] -6347 -1936
Dry semi-natural land cover net formation as mean annual change [ha/year] -1 83
Wetlands & water bodies net formation as mean annual change [ha/year] -2602 957
0
30000
60000
90000
lcf1
Urb
an la
ndm
anag
emen
t
lcf2
Urb
anre
side
ntia
l spr
awl
lcf3
Spr
awl o
fec
onom
ic s
ites
and
infr
astr
uctu
res
lcf4
Agr
icul
ture
inte
rnal
conv
ersi
ons
lcf5
Con
vers
ion
from
for
este
d &
natu
ral l
and
toag
ricu
lture
lcf6
Withd
raw
al o
ffa
rmin
g
lcf7
For
ests
crea
tion
and
man
agem
ent
lcf8
Wat
er b
odie
scr
eation
an
dm
anag
emen
t
lcf9
Cha
nges
due
to n
atur
al a
ndm
ultip
le c
ause
s
2.7. Intensity of main change drivers (LC FLOWS) [ha/year]
2000-2006
2006-2012
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Finland
3
Artificial surfaces sprawl (2006-2012)
0.41
%
0.41
%
0
1000
2000
2000-2006 2006-2012
3.8. Artificial land take [ha/year,
% of initial year]
Slowdown of residential and sport and leisure sprawl
The urban sprawl rate in Finland is slightly above average, compared to other European countries, and stable in time, as it was almost identical in the 2000-2006 as in 2006-2012. Geographically, it is situated not only on the south, but around all major Finish cities, with the highest concentration in the surroundings of capital city of Helsinki. The largest area has been taken by mines, quarries and waste dumpsites – with much more intensive formation than in previous period. Also the area of construction sites and industrial and commercial units grows much faster, compared to 2000-2006. In contrast, the sprawl of discontinuous urban fabric and sport and leisure facilities, which was the main driver of the artificial land development in the 2000-2006, continues with significantly lower intensity during the period 2006-2012. The main source for these newly built urban areas is former forested land.
75%
14%
3%7%
1%const.
3.9. Artificial surfaces 2012 [% of total area]
0 300 600 900
3.10. Artificial land take 2006-2012 [ha/year]
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
Con
tinu
ous
urba
n fa
bric
Dis
cont
inuo
us u
rban
fab
ric
Ind
ustr
ial o
r co
mm
erci
alun
its
Roa
d an
d ra
il ne
twor
ks a
ndas
soci
ated
land
Por
t ar
eas
Airpo
rts
Min
eral
ext
ract
ion
site
s
Dum
p si
tes
Con
stru
ctio
n si
tes
Gre
en u
rban
are
as
Spo
rt a
nd le
isur
e fa
cilit
ies
3.11. Mean annual artificial change by class [ha/year]
2000-2006
2006-2012
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Finland
4
Agriculture (2006-2012)
Decrease of conversion from natural land to agriculture
In the long term, the development of the finish agricultural land is driven exclusively by external exchanges with another land cover types – internal conversions of agricultural land are not observed in the country. During the previous period 2000-2006, the conversions from forest and wetlands to agriculture were frequent in Finland and caused significant formation of arable land. However, in the 2006-2012, these conversions lost most of their intensity, which means both arable and pasture land have negative net change balance, with prevailing consumption of land. There still remains some amount of conversion from transitional woodland to agriculture, which, together with opposite withdrawal of farming with transitional woodland creation, are the main drivers of the agricultural land development in Finland in the period 2006-2012.
21154%
2220.003
%
2310.3%
2420.03%
24346%
4.12. Agricultural areas 2012 [% of total area]
-0.4
7%
-6.6
7%
-30.
96%
-0.1
7%
0.36
%
16.9
6%
0.04
%
-8000
-4000
0
4000
8000
Non
-irr
igat
ed a
rabl
e la
nd
Per
man
ently
irriga
ted
land
Ric
e fie
lds
Vin
eyar
ds
Fru
it t
rees
and
ber
ry p
lant
atio
ns
Oliv
e gr
oves
Pas
ture
s
Ann
ual/
pe
rman
ent
crop
s
Com
plex
cul
t. p
atte
rns
Agr
icul
ture
with
nat
. ve
g.
Agr
o-fo
rest
ry a
reas
4.13. Development of agricultural areas 2006-2012– detailed balance [ha]
Consumption of initial land cover
Formation of new land cover
211 Non-irrigated arable land
212 Permanently irrigated land
213 Rice fields
221 Vineyards
222 Fruit trees and berry plantations
223 Olive groves
231 Pastures
241 Annual crops associated with permanent crops242 Complex cultivation patterns
243 Agriculture land with significant areas of natural vegetation244 Agro-forestry areas
-1000
1000
3000
5000
7000
Non
-irr
igat
ed a
rabl
e la
nd
Per
man
ently
irriga
ted
land R
ice
field
s
Vin
eyar
ds
Fru
it t
rees
and
ber
ry p
lant
atio
ns
Oliv
e gr
oves
Pas
ture
s
Ann
ual/
per
man
ent
crop
s
Com
plex
cul
t. p
atte
rns
Agr
icul
ture
with
nat
. ve
g.
Agr
o-fo
rest
ry a
reas
4.14. Mean annual agricultural change by class [ha/year]
2000-2006
2006-2012
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Finland
5
Forest & nature (2006-2012)
79%2%
1%
7%
11%
5.15. Forest & nature areas 2012
[% of total area]
Forest
Semi-natural vegetation
Open spaces/ bare soils
Wetlands
Water bodies
Extensive internal forest flows
About 72% of the landscape in Finland is covered by forests and therefore, changes in forested land are the main drivers of land cover development in the country, mostly represented by internal forest conversions. The intensity of these flows is comparable with the previous period, with slightly prevailing recent felling and transition over forest creation from transitional woodland, which also shows the same trend as in the 2000-2006. Net change of forested land is characterized by the consumption of coniferous forest and formation of mixed, broad-leaved forest and transitional woodland and shrub, the last one significantly higher compared with previous period. Concerning external exchange of natural land, the conversion from wetlands to agriculture, which was frequent in the period 2000-2006, almost disappeared from the Finish landscape and the conversion from forest to agriculture occurs with significantly lower intensity. Another interesting trend in the frame of natural land development in Finland is the creation of wetlands (in particular peatbogs), mostly through the conversion from coniferous forest and arable land. This trend of peatbogs creation had been observed already during the previous period, but not through the conversion from arable land.
-0.1
9%
-2.5
3%
-0.2
6%
-7.4
2%
-5.2
4%
-0.0
7%
-0.5
3%
-0.1
3%
-1.2
9%
0.00
%
-100
.00%
1.84
%
0.81
%
1.87
%
11.3
0%
0.37
%
0.19
%
0.42
%
1.28
%
-400000
-300000
-200000
-100000
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
Bro
ad-l
eave
d fo
rest
Con
ifero
us for
est
Mix
ed for
est
Nat
ural
gra
ssla
nd
Moo
rs a
nd h
eath
land
Scl
erop
hyllo
us v
eget
atio
n
Tra
nsitio
nal w
oodl
and
shr
ub
Bea
ches
, du
nes,
san
d
Bar
e ro
ck
Spa
rsel
y ve
geta
ted
area
s
Bur
nt a
reas
Gla
cier
s/pe
rp.
snow
Inl
and
mar
shes
Pea
tbog
s
Sal
t m
arsh
es
Sal
ines
Int
ertida
l fla
ts
Wat
er c
ours
es
Wat
er b
odie
s
Coa
stal
lago
ons
Est
uaries
Sea
and
oce
an
5.16. Development of forest & nature areas 2006-2012 – detailed balance [ha]
Consumption of initial land cover
Formation of new land cover
-60000
-30000
0
30000
Bro
ad-l
eave
d fo
rest
Con
ifero
us for
est
Mix
ed for
est
Nat
ural
gra
ssla
nd
Moo
rs a
nd h
eath
land
Scl
erop
hyllo
usve
geta
tion
Tra
nsitio
nal w
oodl
and
shr
ub
Bea
ches
, du
nes,
san
d
Bar
e ro
ck
Spa
rsel
y ve
geta
ted
are
as
Bur
nt a
reas
Gla
cier
s an
d pe
rpet
ual
snow
Inl
and
mar
shes
Pea
tbog
s
Sal
t m
arsh
es
Sal
ines
Int
ertida
l fla
ts
Wat
er c
ours
es
Wat
er b
odie
s
Coa
stal
lago
ons
Est
uaries
Sea
and
oce
an
5.17. Mean annual forest & nature change by class [ha/year]
2000-2006
2006-2012
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Finland
6
Annex: Land cover flows and trends Land cover flows 2006-2012
Artif. areas 0,2%
Arable land 1%
Pastures1%
97%
Wet. 1%
6.18. Consumption of land cover2006-2012 [% of total change
area]
Artif. areas 2%
Arable land 1%
Pastures0,3%
95%
Open sp.0,1%
Wet. 1%
6.19. Formation of land cover 2006-2012 [% of total change
area]
A rtific ial areas A rable land & permanent c rops Pas tures & mosaics Fores ted land
Semi-natural vegetation O pen spaces/ bare soils Wetlands Water bodies
lcf10.1%
lcf20.3%
lcf32% lcf5
1%
lcf61%
lcf794%
lcf92%
6.20. Drivers of change (LC FLOWS)2006-2012 [% of total change area]
lc f1 U rban land management
lc f2 U rban res idential sprawl
lc f3 Sprawl of economic s ites and infras truc tures
lc f4 A griculture internal convers ions
lc f5 C onvers ion from fores ted & natural land to agriculture
lc f6 Withdrawal of farming
lc f7 Fores ts c reation and management
lc f8 Water bodies c reation and management
lc f9 C hanges due to natural and multiple causes
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Finland
7
Artificial areas
Arable land &
permanent crops11%
Pastures & mosaics
1%
Forested land82%
Open spaces / bare soils
0.3%
Wetlands5%
Water bodies
1%
7.21. Consumption by artificial land take2006-2012 [% of total]
Disc. urban fabric16%
Industrial/commer.
15%
Road/rail network0.3%
Port areas2%
Airports0.1%Mineral
extraction27%
Dump sites18%
Construct.17%
Sport/leisure
5%
7.22. Formation by artificial land take2006-2012 [% of total]
0.41%
0.39%
0 1000 2000
2000-2006
2006-2012
7.23. Net formation of artificial area [ha/year, % of initial year]
-200 0 200 400 600
lcf11Urban development/ infilling(cons.)
lcf11Urban development/ infilling(form.)
lcf12 Recycling of developed urbanland (cons.)
lcf12 Recycling of developed urbanland (form.)
lcf13 Development of green urbanareas (cons.)
lcf13 Development of green urbanareas (form.)
lcf21 Urban dense residential sprawl
lcf22 Urban diffuse residential sprawl
lcf31 Sprawl of industrial &commercial sites
lcf32 Sprawl of transport networks
lcf33 Sprawl of harbours
lcf34 Sprawl of airports
lcf35 Sprawl of mines and quarryingareas
lcf36 Sprawl of dumpsites
lcf37 Construction
lcf38 Sprawl of sport and leisurefacilities (cons.)
lcf38 Sprawl of sport and leisurefacilities (form.)
lcf54 Conversion from developedareas to agriculture
lcf72 Forest creation, afforestation
lcf81 Water bodies creation
lcf911 Semi-natural creation
lcf913 Extension of water courses
lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires
lcf93 Coastal erosion
lcf99 Other changes and unknown(cons.)
lcf99 Other changes and unknown(form.)
7.24. Artificial development by change drivers(LC FLOWS) [ha/year]
2000-2006
2006-2012
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Finland
8
Agriculture
Disc. urban fabric0.2%
Industr./ comm. 0,03% Dump
sites0.3%
Sport/leisure0.1%
Coniferous forest0.1%
Transition.woodland/
shrub81%
Beaches, dunes,
sand plains1%
Bare rock1%
Inland marshes
2%
Peatbogs11%
Salt marshes
2%
Water bodies0.1%
Sea and ocean1%
8.25. LC consumed by agriculture 2006-2012 [% of total]
Non-irrigated arable71%
Pastures23%
Agriculture with
natural veg.6%
8.26. Formation of agricultural land from non-agriculture 2006-2012 [% of total]
Non-irrigated arable57%
Fruit trees/berry plantations
0.1%
Pastures25%
Agriculture with
natural veg.18%
8.27. Consumption of agricultural landby non-agriculture 2006-2012 [% of total]
Disc. urban fabric4%
Industr/comm.
2%
Road/rail network0.1% Airports
0.1%
Mineral extraction
0.1% Dump sites0.2%
Construct.3%
Sport/leisure
2%
Broad-leaved forest0.1%
Transition.woodland/
shrub56%
Bare rock4%
Inland marshes
0.3%
Peatbogs29%
Salt marshes
1%
8.28. Formation of non-agricultural landfrom agriculture 2006-2012 [% of total]
-1400 -700 0 700 1400
Conversion from forest toagriculture
Conversion from dry semi-natural & natural land to
agriculture
Conversion from wetlands toagriculture
Withdrawal of farming withwoodland creation
Withdrawal of farming withoutsignificant woodland creation
8.29. Main annual conversions between agriculture and forests & semi-natural land
2006-2012 [ha/year]
-1 0 1
Extension of pasture, set asideand fallow land
Conversion from pasture to arableand permanent crops
8.30. Mean annual conversion between arable land and pasture [ha/year]
2000-2006
2006-2012
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Finland
9
0 1
lcf411 Uniform extension ofset aside fallow land and
pasture
lcf412 Diffuse extension of setaside fallow land and pasture
lcf421 Conversion from arableland to permanent irrigation
perimeters
lcf422 Other internalconversions of arable land
lcf431 Conversion from olivesgroves to vineyards and
orchards
lcf432 Conversion fromvineyards and orchards to
olive groves
lcf433 Other conversionsbetween vineyards and
orchards
lcf441 Conversion frompermanent crops topermanent irrigation
perimeters
lcf442 Conversion fromvineyards and orchards tonon-irrigated arable land
lcf443 Conversion from olivegroves to non-irrigated arable
land
lcf444 Diffuse conversionfrom permanent crops to
arable land
lcf451 Conversion from arableland to vineyards and
orchards
lcf452 Conversion from arableland to olive groves
lcf453 Diffuse conversionfrom arable land topermanent crops
lcf461 Conversion frompasture to permanentirrigation perimeters
lcf462 Intensive conversionfrom pasture to non-irrigatedarable land and permanent
crops
lcf463 Diffuse conversionfrom pasture to arable and
permanent crops
lcf47 Extension of agro-forestry
9.31. Mean annual agriculture internalconversions [ha/year]
2000-2006
2006-2012
-2000 0 2000 4000 6000
lcf13 Development of green urbanareas
lcf2 Urban residential sprawl
lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites andinfrastructures
lcf511 Intensive conversion fromforest to agriculture
lcf512 Diffuse conversion from forestto agriculture
lcf521 Intensive conversion fromsemi-natural land to agriculture
lcf522 Diffuse conversion from semi-natural land to agriculture
lcf523 Conversions from agriculture-nature mosaics to continuousagriculture (cont. agri. cons.)
lcf523 Conversions from agriculture-nature mosaics to continuousagriculture (cont. agri. form.)
lcf53 Conversion from wetlands toagriculture
lcf54 Conversion from developedareas to agriculture
lcf61 Withdrawal of farming withwoodland creation
lcf62 Withdrawal of farming withoutsignificant woodland creation
lcf81 Water bodies creation
lcf913 Extension of water courses
lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires
lcf93 Coastal erosion
lcf99 Other changes and unknown(agri. cons.)
lcf99 Other changes and unknown(agri. form.)
9.32. Mean annual conversions between agricultureand other LC types [ha/year]
2000 - 2006
2006 - 2012
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Finland
10
Forest & nature
Disc. urban fabric0.05%
Road/rail network0.03%
Dump sites4%Sport/leisu
re0.02%
Non-irrigated arable51%
Fruit trees/berry plantations
0.1%
Pastures27%
Agriculture with
natural veg.19%
10.33. LC consumed by forest & nature2006-2012 [% of total]
Broad-leaved forest0.2%
Coniferous forest0,1% Mixed
forest1%
Transition.woodland/
shrub63%
Bare rock5%
Inland marshes
0.4%
Peatbogs31%
Salt marshes
2%
10.34. Formation of forest & nature land from non-forest /nature 2006-2012
[% of total]
Broad-leaved forest0.3%
Coniferous forest29%
Mixed forest5%Transition.
woodland/ shrub54%
Beaches, dunes,
sand plains0.3%
Bare rock0.5%
Inland marshes
1%
Peatbogs8%
Salt marshes
1%
Water bodies0.1%
Sea and ocean1%
10.35. Consumption of forest & nature landby non-forest/nature 2006-2012 [% of
total]
Disc. urban fabric8%
Industrial/commer.
8%
Road/rail network0.1%
Port areas1%
Mineral extraction
17%
Dump sites11%Construct.
9%
Sport/leisure
2%
Non-irrigated arable32%
Pastures10%
Agriculture with
natural veg.3%
10.36. Formation of non-forest/nature landfrom forest & nature 2006-2012 [% of total]
Broad-leaved forest3%
Conifer. forest58%
Mixed forest25%
Transit. woodland
shrub14%
10.37. Forested land 2012 [% of total area]
0 30000 60000
Consumption of forest land byurban sprawl
Conversion from forest toagriculture
Recent fellings and transitions
Withdrawal of farming withwoodland creation
Forest creation, afforestation
Conversion from transitionalwoodland to forests
Forest creation over wetlands
10.38. Main trends in woodland & forests consumption/formation 2006-2012
[ha/year]
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Finland
11
Natural grass.2%
Moors and
heath.76%
Beaches, dunes
and sand plains0,1%
Bare rock17%
Sparsely vegetated areas
5%
11.39. Dry semi-natural areas 2012 [% of total area]
0 20 40 60 80 100
Consumption of dry semi-naturalland cover by urban sprawl
Conversion of semi-natural landcover to agriculture
Forest creation, afforestation overdry semi-natural land
Withdrawal of farming withoutwoodland creation
Decrease of permanent snow andglaciers
11.40. Main trends in dry semi-natural land consumption/formation 2006-2012
[ha/year]
Inland marshes
1%
Peatbogs40%
Salt marshes
0.3%Water
courses1%
Water bodies58%
Estuaries0.002%
11.41. Wetlands & water 2012[% of total area]
-200 0 200 400 600 800 1000
Consumption of wetlands byurban sprawl
Conversion of wetlands toagriculture
Forest creation and afforestationover wetlands
Withdrawal of farming withoutwoodland creation
Net water bodies creation
Net wetlands creation
11.42. Main trends in wetlands & water consumption/formation 2006-2012
[ha/year]
-80000 -40000 0 40000 80000
lcf13 Development of green urban areas
lcf2 Urban residential sprawl
lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures
lcf511 Intensive conversion from forest to agriculture
lcf512 Diffuse conversion from forest to agriculture
lcf61 Withdrawal of farming with woodland creation
lcf71 Conversion from transitional woodland to forest (cons.)
lcf71 Conversion from transitional woodland to forest (form.)
lcf72 Forest creation, afforestation
lcf73 Forests internal conversions (cons.)
lcf73 Forests internal conversions (form.)
lcf74 Recent felling and transition (cons.)
lcf74 Recent felling and transition (form.)
lcf8 Water bodies creation and management
lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (cons.)
lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (form.)
11.43. Mean annual conversions of forest & other woodland[ha/year]
2000-2006
2006-2012
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Finland
12
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100
lcf13 Development of green urban areas
lcf2 Urban residential sprawl
lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures
lcf521 Intensive conversion from semi-natural land to agriculture
lcf522 Diffuse conversion from semi-natural land to agriculture
lcf523 Conversions from agriculture-nature mosaics to continuous…
lcf62 Withdrawal of farming without significant woodland creation
lcf72 Forest creation, afforestation
lcf74 Recent felling and transition
lcf8 Water bodies creation and management
lcf82 Water bodies management
lcf911 Semi-natural creation (form.)
lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (cons.)
lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (form.)
lcf913 Extension of water courses (cons.)
lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires (cons.)
lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires (form.)
lcf93 Coastal erosion (cons.)
lcf94 Decrease in permanent snow and glaciers cover (cons.)
lcf94 Decrease in permanent snow and glaciers cover (form.)
lcf99 Other changes and unknown (cons.)
lcf99 Other changes and unknown (form.)
12.44. Mean annual conversions of dry semi-natural LC [ha/year]
2000-2006
2006-2012
-3600 -3000 -2400 -1800 -1200 -600 0 600 1200
lcf13 Development of green urban areas
lcf2 Urban residential sprawl
lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures
lcf53 Conversion from wetlands to agriculture
lcf62 Withdrawal of farming without significant woodland creation
lcf72 Forest creation, afforestation
lcf8 Water bodies creation and management (cons.)
lcf81 Water bodies creation
lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (otherthan LCF91)
lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (otherthan LCF912)
lcf911 Semi-natural creation (form.)
lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (cons.)
lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (form.)
lcf913 Extension of water courses (form.)
12.45. Mean annual conversions of wetlands and water LC [ha/year]
2000-2006
2006-2012
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Finland
13
CLC Changes 2006-2012
CLC Changes 2000-2006
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Finland
14
Drivers of change 2006-2012
Drivers of change 2000-2006
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Finland
15
Artificial sprawl 2006-2012
Artificial sprawl 2000-2006
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Finland
16
Agriculture 2006-2012
Agriculture 2000-2006
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Finland
17
Forest and nature 2006-2012
Forest and nature 2000-2006