finnish approach for synergistic effects of research ... · finnish approach for synergistic...

Finnish approach for synergistic effects of research, reliability and safety in nuclear energy

Rauno Rintamaa,Senior Advisor, EnergyNENE2014 Conference

September 8-11,2014Portoroz, Slovenia

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Content

Key points of the Finnish energy system

VTT and Energy research at VTT – brief outline

Nuclear energy - mission, research areas, national research programmes, some selected examples

Case Study -LTO/PLEX

ConclusionsSMART ENERGY SYS




Fifth level

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Key Points of the Finnish Energy System




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Current Finnish Energy Situation

Finland, Norway, Sweden and Denmark form a common Nordic electricity market with effective transmission gridFinland is very depending on the import of energy natural sources The Finnish electricity system has several characteristic features:

Highly diversified production structure High share of bioenergy (around 15 %)Very high overall efficiency due to extensive use of combined heat and power (CHP) plantsLarge share of industry in the total electricity consumption (around 50 %)

The EU emission trading system of CO2 was started in 2005.Nuclear energy plays significant role in reducing GHG emissions in the Finnish energy system

The need for stable and competitive price of electricity is crucial to the Finnish energy-intensive industry.

Electricity price in rather low level – one of the lowest in EU Member States 15,5 cent/kWh (ref. Eurostat 2013)This continues to be a major incentive to expand the use of nuclear energy and competitive CHP-based bioenergy

Electricity Supply by Energy Source 2013(83.9 TWh)

Source: Finnish Energy Industries

Waste fuels1,1 %

Peat4,0 %

Coal11,8 %

Oil 0,3 %

Bio fuel12,8 %

Natural gas8,1 %

Wind power0,9 %Net imports

18,7 %

Hydro power15,2 %

Nuclear power27,1 %

Renewables around 30 %

Carbon dioxide free 69 %

Import not included

Electricity Consumption 2013(83.9 TWh)

Source: Finnish Energy Industries

Finland has ambitious targets of renewable, nuclear and energy efficiency

by 2020Share of renewable energy will be grown to 38 % of primary energyMore than 50 % of the renewable energy comes from sustainable forestry and is produced mostly in combined heat and power (CHP) plantFinland will double to 20 % the EU bio fuel target of 10 % - bio diesel coming also from wood residue

Four nuclear reactor operating, 5th under construction, positive decision in principle by Parliament for two more reactors

If all realized they will produce 60 % of electricityRenewables and nuclear combined leading to very low CO2 emissions

Energy efficiency improvement in housing, traffic and industry in total of 20 %

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Current share of nuclear power of the electricty production almost 30 %

Fortum: 2 x PWR 488 MW (net)Loviisa 1 4,0 TWhLoviisa 2 4,0 TWh

TVO: 2 x BWR 860 MW (net)Olkiluoto 1 7,47 TWhOlkiluoto 2 7,16 TWh(OL3 – EPR, 1630 MW)(Olkiluoto 4)

Fennovoima:(Hanhikivi 1) under revision of DiP in Parliament

Total electricitysupply 83,9 TWh in 2013

• No reprocessing of spentfuel – ban to import/exportnuclear waste (since 1994)

• Construction license of geological repository underevaluation in government

• Decommissioning of FiR -research reactor planned

Status of Finnish Nuclear Energy Activities

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Reliable and safe operation of Finnish NPPs provided basis for NPP owners to plan capacity expansion

• The annual load factors have been consistently around 90%.

• The maintenance outages have been record short.

• During modernisation projects in late 1990's the capacities of the existing NPPs were uprated with the total amount of 350 MWe

• Present total nuclear capacity around 2700 MW

Annual Load Factors for Finnish NPPs

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1987

1989

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

2009

2011

Ann

ual L

oad

Fact

or (%

)Loviisa 1

Loviisa 2

Olkiluoto 1

Olkiluoto 2

Average

Development of the public acceptance of nuclear power 1983 ‐ 2014

Source:

VTT and Sustainable Energy Research

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Biggest multitechnological applied research organisation in Northern Europe

Services and the way of work• Cross-disciplinary technological and business expertise • A not-for-profit and impartial research centre

Customers• Finnish and international companies as well as public sector

organisations

Business areas and VTT companies

• Knowledge intensive products and services • Smart industry and energy systems• Solutions for natural resources and environment

• VTT Expert Services Ltd (incl. Labtium Ltd)• VTT Ventures Ltd• VTT International Ltd (incl. VTT Brasil LTDA)• VTT Memsfab Ltd

ResourcesTurnover 320 M€(2012 VTT Group), personnel 2,900 (31.12.2013 VTT Group)Unique research and testing infrastructureWide national and international cooperation network

*) Source: Roles, effectiveness, and impact of VTT, VTT & Technopolis Group, 2013.

OF THE MOST DEMANDING

INNOVATIONS in Finland include VTT expertise. (*

VTT ‐ Diverse and sustainable energy researchVTT operates as an innovation and technology partner for companies and supports

decision-making in the public sector, and provides research, development, demonstration and analysis services to clients in overall business value chain.

• Provides 400 energy experts• Provides modern experimental facilities, pilot plants and

calculation tools• Synergy with other VTT competencies• Networks - international, e.g

– SET Plan instruments• EERA, European Energy Research Alliance

– Nuclear, bioenergy, wind, fuel cells, smart grid…• European Industrial Initiatives

– European Technology Platforms– NUGENIA Association (Nuclear Gen II&III R&D)– ITER, International Thermal Fusion Reactor– IEA , International Energy Agency– NEA, Nuclear Energy Agency

• Clients from all segments of energy business value chain

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VTT’s R&D service portfolio on energy

NUCLEAR ENERGY• Reactor safety and licensing support• Plant life management• Spent fuel management and disposal• Next generation nuclear technologies

RENEWABLE ENERGYBioenergy

• From biomass and waste to fuel, heat and power• Integrated concepts

Wind power• Cold climate wind power• Grid and energy system integration studies

New technical opportunities • Fuel cell technology development• Intelligent solutions for photovoltaic

EFFICIENT AND SMART ENERGY SYSTEM

Smart energy value chain & energy system

Energy efficiency solutions• Transport• Industry• Buildings and districts

Operation and maintenance solutions

ADVANCED COAL TECHNOLOGIES

• CCS Chain Management• Oxyfuel combustion• Concept and technology development• Fuel switch from fossil to bio

Towards a sustainable low carbon society

Sustainable Nuclear Energy Research at VTT

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Nuclear energy R&D competencies and resources

VTT has 200 experts and scientists in nuclear energybacked up with competent staff in other departmentsVTT’s annual budget for nuclear activities is over €20 millionVTT research competencies cover – reactor safety and plant life management– future reactors (Gen-IV) – waste management and – fusion

VTT performs contracted research on challenging topics related to nuclear safety, plant life management and nuclear waste management

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VTT is a forerunner in developing and analyzing technologies for

safe and efficient operation of existing and new NPPs and

timely management of spent fuel and other nuclear wastes.

VTT is an active international partner in developing current new generation nuclear fission technology and nuclear fuel cycle options and

fusion technology including ITER.

VTT is one of the major technical support organizations (TSO) for the authorities and nuclear industry in Finland and abroad

Nuclear Energy R&D Vision and Mission

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Areas in VTT nuclear fission research

Nuclear Waste Management and DisposalModelling for post-closure safety assessmentEncapsulation and disposal technology developmentDisposal system and component examination technologiesSite characterisation and evaluationOperational safety of fuel and waste management and transport

Reactor Safety Analyses and Licensing SupportFuel and reactor physics Thermal hydraulics & integrated analyses Accident and transient analyses Severe accident management Radiological release analysisProbabilistic safety analysis (PSA)Automation (I&C) validation and verificationHuman factors engineering, control roomOrganization safety culture and human factorRemote operation and virtual reality

Plant Life Management and Material PerformanceStructural safety and integrity of reactor circuit and structuresMaterial performance assessmentAgeing managementLong term operation

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Nuclear Safety Research in Finland

Safety research has a key role in competence buildingThe volume of the nuclear energy research in 2010 was 73.5 M€

Nuclear waste management outside the KYT2010 Programme

KYT2010

Reactor safety outside the SAFIR2010

SAFIR2010

Fusion

Others

Full picture of the Finnish research on nuclear sector can found in the “Report of the Committee for Nuclear Energy Competence in Finland” (March 2012)http://www.tem.fi/files/33402/Report_of_the_Committee_for_Nuclear_Energy_Competence_in_Finland.pdf

20

Competence build-up – SAFIR 2014

National Nuclear Power Plant Safety Research Programme• Long tradition, started already 1980’s • Involves all Finnish nuclear stakeholders• Chaired by the Finnish Nuclear Regulator STUK• Coordinated by VTT

Research areas in 2014

1. Man, organisation and society2. Automation and control room3. Fuel research and reactor analysis4. Thermal hydraulics5. Severe accidents6. Structural safety of reactor circuits7. Construction safety8. Probabilistic risk analysis9. Development of infrastructure

http://safir2014.vtt.fi

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SAFIR2014 and SAFIR2018 Research Programmes on Nuclear Power Plant Safety

Man, organisation and society

Automation and control room

Fuel research and reactor analysis

Thermal hydraulics

Severe accidents

Structural safety of reactor circuits

Probabilistic safety assessment (PRA)

Development of research infrastructure

The volume of SAFIR2014 in 2013 was 10 M€(74 person years, 45 research projects)

SAFIR2018 will start 1 January 2015 and end in 31 January 2019. A framework plan defining the contents will be published in September 2014. The planning is based on recent national “Nuclear Energy Research Strategy” and is carried out in the following research areas:

1. Plant safety and systems engineering2. Reactor safety3. Structural safety and materials.

For more information see: http://safir2014.vtt.fi/

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Selected examples of R&D competences

Systems researchAprosApros applications

Severe accident managementFracture mechanicsAircraft crash experimental simulation and numerical modellingGeological disposal concept of spent fuelExperimental research infra

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.Systems Analysis

• Probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) and decision support• Assessment of safety critical automation (I&C)

Computer Simulation Models and Technology• Plant-wide dynamic simulation models• Simulation based training and testing of automation• Semantic information models in industry: integration of

simulation with design

Human Factors Engineering (HFE) and Systems Usability• Human activity and Human-Technology Interaction (HTI) in

control rooms• Development and evaluation of control room operations and

technology• Competence development and training

Competences in systems research

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Coal power plant training simulatorENGINEERING

SIMULATORS

APROS

Comprehensiveness of plant simulation

ADVANCEDPROCESSANALYSISCODES

ENGINEERINGSIMULATORS

AprosAccuracy of physical description

ADVANCEDPROCESSANALYSISCODES

TRAININGSIMULATORS

Apros® Advanced Process Simulation Software Recent nuclear power plant analysis applications:• BWR and PWR Power upgrades, • Life time extensions, • Loviisa ICT renewal,• Independent EPR safety analysis

Developed since 1986 by:• VTT Technical Research

Centre of Finland, and • Fortum

® Trademark of Fortum and VTT. Requests to [email protected]

Combustion power plant applications:• Introduction of super critical pressures,• Use of Bio-fuels and mixed fuel,• Detailed fluidized beds,• CO2 CaptureApros has users in 26 countries

Spreading Compartment

Core Catcher Melt PlugMelt Discharge Channel Protective Layer

Sacrificial Material

Protective Layer

Sacrificial Material

Severe reactor accident management: molten corium‐concrete interaction

• Special type of sacrificial concrete used in Olkiluoto 3 EPR reactor pit, containing hematite (Fe2O3)

• In a severe accident, the concrete interacts with molten corium

• Very scarce experimental data available about this special concrete at high temperatures

• Objective: Reduce uncertainties in simulating EPR severe accident scenarios Fi

gure

sou

rce:

Are

va

Fracture mechanics:The Loviisa challenge behind the Master Curve approach

Integrity of RPV in transients- More reliable assessment of RPV ageing

→ extension of RPV plant life

Model

Coreweld!

Material

Testing

Integrity

The Master Curve

Surveillance

Aircraft crash experimental simulation and numerical modelling

Motivation: Large passenger aircraft crash is one design criterion for modern NPPs

The main concerns:Structural integrity of the impact loaded reinforced concrete wall

Local perforation by hard particles (motors…)Excessive global displacements

Loading function due to an aircraft crashPenetration of fuel tanks inside the buildingFuel release and spreading from disintegrating tanks

Experimental results are needed for verification and development of numerical methods and calculation models.

VTT special expertise:Flexible experimental platformNumerical tools verified against experimental data

Medium scale impact test facility capacity: missile 100 kgvelocity 200 m/s (with light <40 kg missiles)

• VTT’s expertise on spent fuel technology and safety assessment has been vital in the Finnish studies

• The most important technical support studies, such as integrated performance assessment of long-term safety of spent fuel disposal, were carried out by VTT

• VTT was comprehensively involved in the studies needed to support the application for the construction license for the disposal and encapsulation facility for spent fuel in Olkiluoto

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Nuclear research infrastructure at serviceVTT’s nuclear safety research includes both experimental and computational safety analyses, licensing support and nuclearwaste.

Computational and simulation toolsStructural materials research in the underground research hall.RoVir - Remote Operation and VirtualReality Center in TampereImpact – missile collision facility

In use 2016:New hot cells, radiochemistry, finalrepository laboratories in the VTT Centre for Nuclear Safety.

In use later:JHR – Jules Horowitz Reactor - 2% utilization portion of the Cadarachematerials test reactor

Case study

Research on Plant Life Extension

Advanced light water reactors (industrial R&D)

Plant life management (industrial R&D)

Safety of nuclear power plants (national R&D)

R&D for Plan Life Management and reactor safety

Reliable concepts

Reliable operation

Risk informedsafety management

Probabilistic safety assessment

SSCageing management

A design data base of safety related SSCs

A monitoring data base of safety related SSCs

SSC data base

Plant life management

Plant design Challenge:BIG DATAHow to• create• qualify• harvest• manage• etc?

Challenge: Assure Safety of any System, Structure and Component (SSC) including uncertainties in component conditions related to acceptance level

Years

Uncer-tainty

Failure condition, Acceptance level including safety factor

Component conditionDesign basis + ageing effects

Safety margin (p=50%)

Benefit

Inspection orsurveillance update

Economic life

Safe life

Increasedrisk of use

??

R&D for long term operation and safety

Challenge for knowledge integration(Integrity Assessment)

Realistic loads and environmentstesting, monitoring, measuring

Modelling

Integrated safety assessment

Basic phenomena

Measuring & monitoring

Verification

Basic researchon material technology, material mechanics,

environmental effects, manufacturing technology

Modelling and simulation diagnostics, data management

Verification of results,validation of methods,

accuracy/reliability/uncertainties

Incorporation of risk aspects

Residual stresses-weld, cladding

Postulated defect location and size

Mechanical andphysical properties-weld, cladding,base metal

Neutron fluence onto the wall

Stresses due tovarious mechanical and thermalloading transients

Key issues in structural integrity assessment of RPV in PTS transient

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20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

1975 1985 1995 2005 2015Year

Tran

sitio

n te

mpe

ratu

re Core reduction

Annealing Re-embritt-lement?

Recovery?Original

"Design curve"

WithoutWith

Loviisa 1 surveillanceRe- embrittlement after thermal annealing

Verification

Surveillance

Dosimetry

Reference

Assessment ofirradiation

embrittlement

Verification

Verification

Detecting andsizing ofdefects Loading

conditions

Thermalhydraulics

Verification

Verification

Fracturemechanics

Verification

PTS-experiments

Verification

Verification Verification

Essentialrelationship

Essentialrelationship

Simulationof EOL

condition

STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY ASSESSMENTVerification paths for PTS analysis

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Key steps of life management in Loviisa RPVOperation/ data available

1977

1979

1980

1988-1995

1996

1996

2012

Year Means/technique

CVN (T), KJC (T)embrittlement

higher than expected

Dummy elements,backfitting

Specimen reconstitution,surveillance material

Dry annealing

CVN, CVN precracked,taylored material

CVN, subsize, survaillance tests

CVN, CVN precracked

Irradiation response,revision of lifetime estimation

Reduction of reactor core

Annealing response,reirradiation response

Vessel annealing,revision of lifetime estimation

Surveillance programmefor annealing

Relicensing of RPV, extensionof life time up to 50 years

Start of operation, surveillanceprogramme, lifetime estimation

Reirradiation response,revision of lifetime estimation1999

Relicensing of RPVPeriodic safety review (2010)2004




Fifth level

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Conclusions




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Conclusions

Research is crucial for safe and economic operation of existing and new NPPs and for training new experts for use of nuclear authorities and industryExperimental research and benchmarking/demonstration play important role in verifying and validating the research results. Safety research on any System, Structure and Component relevant to safety, enables reliable operation of NPPs duringthe design life and, in particular beyond, the design lifeResearch and development of phenomelogies and methodologies relevant to safety should be performed throughinteractive dialogue between all nuclear stakeholders

SAFETY IS A JOINT CONCERNReliable operation is a follow-up of assuring safety

Nature does not wait. Emissions have to be

reduced now!

THANK YOU

Technology is, however, just an asset. VTT hopes that future generations can live in a world with low-emission energy production and a clean environment.

More info: www.vtt.fi

TECHNOLOGY FOR BUSINESS

Further information: www.vtt.fi

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