fire fighting system.pdf

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SISTEM & PERLENGKAPAN KAPAL

Firefighting system

Dedi Budi P ST MT1

References:Ship Design & Construction Vol. IShip Design & Construction Vol. II

International Maritime Organization (IMO)Introduction to Marine Engineering

Marine Auxiliary MachineryMaritime Engineering Reference Handbook

Ship Construction

Basics of a Fire

There are three (3) components required for combustion to occur:

Fuel to vaporize and burn

Oxygen to combine with fuel vapor

Heat to raise the temperature of the fuel vapor to its ignition temperature

There are two important factors to remember in preventing and extinguishing a fire:

i) If any of the three components are missing, then a fire cannot start.

ii) If any of the three components are removed, then the fire will go out.

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Basics of a Fire

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Oxygen

Air normally contains about 21% oxygen, 78% nitrogen and1% other gases

Fuel

Solid fuels

Liquid fuels

Gaseous fuels

Heat

conduction,

radiation and

convection

Classification of Fires

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A B C DOrdinary

Combustibles

Combustible

Metals

Flammable

Liquids

Electrical

Equipment

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Dedi Budi P ST MT5

Class A fires involve three groups of materials commonly found onboard a vessel, including:

Wood and wood-based materials

Textiles and fibers

Plastics and rubber

Areas in which Class A materials may be located include the following:

Bridge contains wooden desks, charts, almanacs and other such combustibles.

Wood in many forms may be found in the carpenter shop.

Various types of cordage are stowed in the boatswains locker & Emergency locker

Undersides of metal cargo containers are usually constructed of wood or wood-based materials.

Large numbers of filled laundry bags are sometimes left in passageways, awaiting movement to and from the laundry room.


Dedi Budi P ST MT6

Class B fires involve two groups of materials commonly found onboard a vessel:

Flammable liquids

Flammable gases

Areas in which Class B materials may be located include the following:

Machinery Spaces

Cargo Tanks

Ro-Ro Spaces.

Paint Lockers.

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Dedi Budi P ST MT7

Class C Fires ; Electrical equipment involved in fire, or in the vicinity of a fire, may cause electric shock or burns tofirefighters.

Areas in which Class C materials may be located include the following;

Engine Room

Emergency Generator Room

Passageways

Other Locations bridge deck


Dedi Budi P ST MT8

Class D Fires ; Metals are commonly considered to be non-flammable. However, they can contribute to fires and fire hazards in a number of ways.

Areas in which Class D materials may be located include the following;

principally used in the construction of vessels is steel.

containers used for shipping cargo

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Dedi Budi P ST MT9


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Prinsip Pemadaman

API

Udara

HeatBahan bakar

Cooling

Smothering

Starving

Dilution

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Typical of vessel Fire Frequency

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Fire 1992 - 2004


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Where does fire start??


Oil Chemical Property


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Sources of oil leakage


Fire Fighting


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Fire Main Systems

The fire main is a system consisting of sea inlet(s), suction piping, fire pumps and a distributed piping system supplying fire hydrants, hoses and nozzles located throughout the vessel.

Aboard a vessel, water is moved to a fire in two ways:

Via the fire main system, through hose lines that are manipulated by the vessels personnel

Through piping systems that supply fixed manual or automatic sprinkler or spray systems


Fire main System

Supplies sea water (centrifugal pumps) at high pressure throughout the sip for sprinkle system and hand held hose

Depend on the ship size, type, service

Fire pumps must not be connected to any oil piping connection to the bilge system is permitted for emergency dewatering

May be used for other service bilge, ballast, sea water cooling 1 pump is kept immediately available for firemain

At least two fire pumps should be installed, For vessels 1000 gross tons and above, each main fire pump is to be independently power-driven.

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Fire main System

Capacity fire pumps depends on the ship size and service

Minimum flow rate based on ship size number of fire hose

Total required capacity pump need not exceed 180 m3/hr

Individual Pump Capacity 25 m3/hr

Required hose nozzle size (1,5 or 2,5 inch)

Pressure fire pumps ( 1psi = 0,069 bar)

Minimum pressure for non-tankers= 50 psi

Minimum pressure for tankers= 75 psi

Superstructure 100~150 psi

Shore connection to the fire main must be provided and installed both sides of the ship

Dedi Budi P ST MT19

Fire main System

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Emergency fire pump

Capacity For cargo vessels of 2000 gross tonnage and upward: 25 m3/h

Capacity For cargo vessels less than 2000 gross tonnage: 15 m3/h

emergency fire pump is to be of the self-priming type

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Fire main System

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Fire main System

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Fire hoses should not have a length greater than:

15 meters (49 feet) in machinery spaces

20 meters (66 feet) in other spaces and open decks

25 meters (82 feet) on open decks with a maximum breadth in excess of 30 meter (98 feet)

The minimum number of hoses to be provided on vessels of 1,000 gross tonnage and upwards is at least one for each 30 m (100 ft) length of the vessel and one spare, but in no case less than five in all.

standard nozzle sizes are to be 12 mm (0.5 in.), 16 mm (0.625 in.) and 19 mm (0.75 in.) or as near there to as possible

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Fire main System

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Fire main System

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Fire main System

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Fire main System

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Fire main System

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Fire main System

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Fire main System

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Fixed Gas Fire Extinguishing Systems

typically suppress fires by reducing the available oxygen

the most common fixed gas extinguishing systems encountered are either high/low pressure CO2 systems or those utilizing Halon alternatives.


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Advantages Disadvantages

Dedi Budi P ST MT31

Damage to sensitive equipment can be avoided, especially in the case of electronic equipment.

Clean up time and equipment down time is substantially reduced.

Some gaseous agents are hazardous to personnel.

Cooling effect of gas systems is significantly less than water-based systems.

Unlike the unlimited supply of water for fire-fighting systems, the quantity of gas available is limited to that carried in the cylinders protecting the space.


CO2 Fire-extinguishing Systems

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is standard commercial product

CO2 gas is an effective agent for class A (wood, paper, etc.), class B (flammable liquids and gases) and class C (electrical equipment) hazards as it displaces the oxygen necessary for combustion.

Reduction of oxygen content to 15% is sufficient to extinguish most fires

Carbon dioxide cannot be used on Class D


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Reducing the oxygen content from the normal 21% in air to 15%

40% of the total volume of the largest machinery spaces that is protected by the CO2system

If the CO2 system is installed in the cargo spaces, the quantity of CO2 available should be sufficient enough to give at least a minimum of 30% of the total volume of the largest space that is protected by the CO2 system

requires that the fixed piping systems for machinery spacesis to be such that 85% of the gas can be discharged into the space within 2 minutes.

CO2 Distribution Piping The design pressure at the nozzle is not to be less than 10 bar

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Additional/Alternative Requirements for Special Locations

Oil Carrier Cargo Pump Rooms

Gas Carrier Cargo Pump and Compressor Rooms

Paint Locker and Flammable Liquid Lockers



COFlooding system

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Fixed Water Fire Extinguishing Systems

General Principles

Cooling of the flame temperature

Reduction of the radiant heat received at the fuel surface

Requires the system to be capable of providing water application at a rate of at least 3.5 L/min/m2 for spaces with a deck height not exceeding 2.5 meters

and a capacity of at least 5 L/min/m2 (for spaces with a deck height of 2.5 meters or more.


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Dedi Budi P ST MT39

pump(s) fixed piping system distributed array of nozzles

water spray

fixed supply piping overhead nozzles automatic activation

water sprinkler

low pressure, 3-5 bar (43-72 psi) high pressures, 100-150 bar (1450-2175

psi).

water mist systems


Dedi Budi P ST MT40

General System Component

Requirements

PumpsSprinkler System

Piping Components and Materials

Nozzles

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Dedi Budi P ST MT41

Fixed Water Spray Systems in Machinery Spaces

required fixed pressure water-spraying fire-extinguishing

distribution of water of at least 5 L/min/m2

requires nozzles to be fitted above bilges, tank tops and other areas over which oil fuel is liable to spread

prime mover of the system pump may be driven by independent internal combustion machinery


Dedi Budi P ST MT42

Fixed Water Sprinkler Systems in Accommodation Spaces

required automatic sprinkler system is to be capable of immediate operation at all times

requires sprinklers to be placed in an overhead position

application rate of not less than 5 L/min/m2

requires that an independent power pump

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Dedi Budi P ST MT43


Dedi Budi P ST MT44

Fixed Water Spray Systems in Ro-Ro Spaces

fixed pressure water spray system

requires the system to be capable of providing water application at a rate of at least 3.5 L/min/m2 for spaces with a deck height not exceeding 2.5 meters

capacity of at least 5 L/min/m2 for spaces with a deck height of 2.5 meters or more.

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Dedi Budi P ST MT45


Dedi Budi P ST MT46

Water sprinkle system

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Dedi Budi P ST MT47

Fixed Water Mist Systems in Machinery Spaces and Cargo Pump Rooms

required minimum pressure, droplet size and velocity, minimum required discharge flow rate,

capable of continuously supplying water for at least 30 minutes in order to prevent re-ignition or fire spread within that period of time.

system is to also be provided with a pressure tank


Dedi Budi P ST MT48

Fixed Water Mist Systems in Accommodation and Service Spaces

required minimum pressure, droplet size and velocity, minimum required discharge flow rate

the system is to be fitted with a fresh water pressure tank to maintain the pressurized condition of the system

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Dedi Budi P ST MT49

Water mist system

Foam Fire Extinguishing Systems

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Foam is produced by the combination of three materials:

Water

Air

Foam making agent

Foam Characteristics

Knockdown Speed and FlowKnockdown Speed and Flow

Heat ResistanceHeat Resistance

Fuel Resistance.Fuel Resistance.

Vapor SuppressionVapor Suppression

Alcohol ResistanceAlcohol Resistance

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Dedi Budi P ST MT51

Types of Foams

Low Expansion Foams

expansion ratio of 12:1 12 volumes of foam.

Pressure in the lines range 12 bar

Mid Low Expansion Foams

expansion ratio of between about 20:1 to 100:1.

High-Expansion Foams

expand in ratios of over 100:1.

Pressure in the lines range 4-5 bar



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Dedi Budi P ST MT53


Dedi Budi P ST MT54

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Gas Carrier Cargo Area Fire Extinguishing Systems

The system is used to protect the cargo deck area and all loading station manifolds on the vessel

The units are self-contained fire-fighting systems that use a dry chemical extinguishing agent propelled by a high-pressure inert gas such as nitrogen.

Dry chemical powders, such as sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate and urea potassium bicarbonate can be very effective in extinguishing small LNG or LPG fires



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Dedi Budi P ST MT57

Extinguishing Effects of Dry Chemical

Chain Breaking

Cooling

Smothering

Shielding of Radiant Heat


Dedi Budi P ST MT58

Requirements for Fire Fighting Systems Onboard Gas Carriers

Dry Chemical Powder Fire Extinguishing Systems

Cargo Area Water Spray Systems

Fire Main System

Cargo Pump/Compressor Room Fixed CO2 Fire Extinguishing System

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Portable/Semi-portable Fire Extinguishers

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extinguishers onboard a vessel include

Water

Soda-Acid Extinguishers

Cartridge-Operated Water

Extinguisher

Stored-Pressure Water

Extinguishers

Foam

Chemical Foam Portable Fire Extinguishers

Mechanical Foam

Extinguishers

Carbon-dioxide Dry chemical Dry powder

WA

TE

R

CO

2

PO

WD

ER

FO

AM

Dry

Cem

ical


Dedi Budi P ST MT60

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Dedi Budi P ST MT61


Dedi Budi P ST MT62

Water Extinguishers

9.5 liter and weighs 13.6 kg

It has a typical reach of 10.7 to 12.2 meters and expends itself in about 55 seconds.

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Dedi Budi P ST MT63

Foam Used on class B fires

Insulator and absorber of radiant heat ; it also excludes oxygen from fire


CO2 Class B and C fires

Machinery spaces, particularly near electrical equipment

Not permitted in the accommodation

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Fire Extinguishing System

Advantages CO2 Disadvantages CO2

It is a non corrosive gas.

It is available everywhere

It does not conduct electricity.

It does not leaves any kind of residue.

It is non-flammable

most toxic gas

In case of non-continuous supply of CO2, chances of re-ignition increases if air is re-admitted to the compartment too soon after the fire

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Dedi Budi P ST MT66

Dry Powder Can be used on all classes of fire but it has no cooling effect

Location electrical equipment

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Dedi Budi P ST MT67

fire fighting system.pdf

Documents

class b materials

class c materials

class d materials

groups of materials

woodbased materials

fuel vapor heat

laundry room

rubber areas