fire operations in the urban interface-tactics

8/9/2019 Fire Operations in the Urban Interface-tactics

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Fire Operations in theFire Operations in theUrban InterfaceUrban Interface

Fire Operations in theFire Operations in theUrban InterfaceUrban Interface

UNIT 4UNIT 4 ---- TACTICSTACTICSUNIT 4UNIT 4 ---- TACTICSTACTICS


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TACTICS: IntroductionTACTICS: Introduction

Key Points:Key Points: Structure defenseStructure defense

involves equipment andinvolves equipment and

e el a a (e el a a (

may not) normally bemay not) normally be

assigned to wildlandassigned to wildland

and/or structuraland/or structural

firefighting.firefighting. The moving fire controlsThe moving fire controls

the actionthe action. Resources. Resources

defending structuresdefending structures

must be mobile,must be mobile,


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Common ProblemsCommon Problemspg. 25pg. 25

Traffic congestionTraffic congestion

Concerned and even panicky citizensConcerned and even panicky citizensRoute traffic and establish accessRoute traffic and establish access

A lack of information on access, numberA lack of information on access, numberof structures and their locationof structures and their location

Deciding which structures to defendDeciding which structures to defend

ReconnaissanceReconnaissance

Structure TriageStructure Triage


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Routing Traffic andRouting Traffic andEstablishing AccessEstablishing Access

Turn the traffic controlTurn the traffic controlover to law enforcementover to law enforcement

e ee e

access roadsaccess roads

Come up with a trafficCome up with a traffic

planplanClear existing trafficClear existing traffic

Leave a clear path forLeave a clear path for

other incoming unitsother incoming units


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Advise ResidentsAdvise Residents

Evacuation may beEvacuation may be

desirabledesirableto clear area forto clear area forfirefightingfirefighting

operationsoperationsto minimize risk toto minimize risk tocitizenscitizens

Advise evacueesAdvise evacuees

to take a minimum ofto take a minimum ofbelongingsbelongings

to closeto close--up, but notup, but not


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Advise Residents (contd)Advise Residents (contd)

Residents that remainResidents that remain

can be helpfulcan be helpful they may know locations ofthey may know locations of

other structures, waterother structures, water

e e ee e e

hazards, etc.hazards, etc.

they can help prepare theirthey can help prepare their

homehome

advise them on wateradvise them on waterconservationconservation

Homeowners who remainHomeowners who remain

should be advisedshould be advised


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ReconnaissanceReconnaissance

Based on what youBased on what youhave seen:have seen:

establish your ownestablish your own

prioritiespriorities

consider timeconsider time

remainingremaining

considerconsider

defensibility of thedefensibility of the

structuresstructures

incoming resourcesincoming resources


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Structure TriageStructure Triage Each arrivingEach arriving

resource may have toresource may have to

perform structureperform structuretriagetriage

e e lee e le

learned in Unit 3learned in Unit 3


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ENGINE OPERATIONSENGINE OPERATIONSENGINE OPERATIONSENGINE OPERATIONS


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ENGINE OPERATIONSENGINE OPERATIONSENGINE OPERATIONSENGINE OPERATIONS


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Terra (1994)Terra (1994)Terra (1994)Terra (1994)


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Terra Fire (1994)Terra Fire (1994)Terra Fire (1994)Terra Fire (1994)


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Terra (1995)Terra (1995)Terra (1995)Terra (1995)


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Engine Access & PositioningEngine Access & PositioningEngine Access & PositioningEngine Access & Positioning

Negotiating the accessNegotiating the access

Pay attention to landmarks and hazardsPay attention to landmarks and hazards Mark the routeMark the route

If necessary, mark escape routes and safetyIf necessary, mark escape routes and safety

Negotiating the accessNegotiating the access

Pay attention to landmarks and hazardsPay attention to landmarks and hazards Mark the routeMark the route

If necessary, mark escape routes and safetyIf necessary, mark escape routes and safety

zoneszones Back the engine into position from the lastBack the engine into position from the last

known turn aroundknown turn around

zoneszones Back the engine into position from the lastBack the engine into position from the last

known turn aroundknown turn around


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Engine Access & PositioningEngine Access & PositioningEngine Access & PositioningEngine Access & Positioning

Engine positionEngine position

Park off the road. Do not block accessPark off the road. Do not block access

Do not park over flammable vegetationDo not park over flammable vegetation

Park on the side of the structure that willPark on the side of the structure that will

Engine positionEngine position

Park off the road. Do not block accessPark off the road. Do not block access

Do not park over flammable vegetationDo not park over flammable vegetation

Park on the side of the structure that willPark on the side of the structure that will

minimize engine exposure to heat and lowingminimize engine exposure to heat and lowingfirebrandsfirebrands

Park close enough, but not right next to, thePark close enough, but not right next to, the

structure to minimize the length of hose linesstructure to minimize the length of hose lines Avoid parking near hazardsAvoid parking near hazards

Leave the doors closed and windows rolled upLeave the doors closed and windows rolled up

minimize engine exposure to heat and lowingminimize engine exposure to heat and lowingfirebrandsfirebrands

Park close enough, but not right next to, thePark close enough, but not right next to, the

structure to minimize the length of hose linesstructure to minimize the length of hose lines Avoid parking near hazardsAvoid parking near hazards

Leave the doors closed and windows rolled upLeave the doors closed and windows rolled up


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Hose Lines and NozzlesHose Lines and NozzlesHose Lines and NozzlesHose Lines and Nozzles

Working linesWorking lines

Hose sizes (1, 1, )Hose sizes (1, 1, )

Deploy two lines, one around each side ofDeploy two lines, one around each side of

Working linesWorking lines

Hose sizes (1, 1, )Hose sizes (1, 1, )

Deploy two lines, one around each side ofDeploy two lines, one around each side of

structure, long enough to meet behindstructure, long enough to meet behindstructure (structure ( 200)200)

Attach lines to the same side of the engineAttach lines to the same side of the engine

with shutwith shut--off valve at engineoff valve at engine Lead lines behind the engine and not in theLead lines behind the engine and not in the

exit pathexit path

structure, long enough to meet behindstructure, long enough to meet behindstructure (structure ( 200)200)

Attach lines to the same side of the engineAttach lines to the same side of the engine

with shutwith shut--off valve at engineoff valve at engine Lead lines behind the engine and not in theLead lines behind the engine and not in the

exit pathexit path


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Supplementary linesSupplementary lines

Lines should be readily available forLines should be readily available foruse on the roof or interior of theuse on the roof or interior of the

structurestructure

Supplementary linesSupplementary lines

Lines should be readily available forLines should be readily available foruse on the roof or interior of theuse on the roof or interior of the

structurestructure

Interior line (1 )Interior line (1 ) Roof line ( hardRoof line ( hard--line or gardenline or garden

hose)hose)

Lines positioned for immediate useLines positioned for immediate use

should be charged and checkedshould be charged and checked

Interior line (1 )Interior line (1 ) Roof line ( hardRoof line ( hard--line or gardenline or garden

hose)hose)

Lines positioned for immediate useLines positioned for immediate use

should be charged and checkedshould be charged and checked


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Engine safety lineEngine safety line Protection of the engine and crewProtection of the engine and crew

Len th of hose 1 lon enou h to reachLen th of hose 1 lon enou h to reach

Engine safety lineEngine safety line Protection of the engine and crewProtection of the engine and crew

Len th of hose 1 lon enou h to reachLen th of hose 1 lon enou h to reach

around the enginearound the engine It must be easily reached and quickly chargedIt must be easily reached and quickly charged

by the crewby the crew

It must not fall off if the engine is in motionIt must not fall off if the engine is in motion

around the enginearound the engine It must be easily reached and quickly chargedIt must be easily reached and quickly charged

by the crewby the crew

It must not fall off if the engine is in motionIt must not fall off if the engine is in motion


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NozzlesNozzles Combination nozzle: best choiceCombination nozzle: best choice

In hi h winds strai htIn hi h winds strai ht--stream ti s on workinstream ti s on workin

NozzlesNozzles Combination nozzle: best choiceCombination nozzle: best choice

In hi h winds strai htIn hi h winds strai ht--stream ti s on workinstream ti s on workin

lines or roof lines work bestlines or roof lines work best

lines or roof lines work bestlines or roof lines work best


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Lines left or previously laidLines left or previously laid Working lines may be abandoned, but are stillWorking lines may be abandoned, but are still

usableusable

Lines left or previously laidLines left or previously laid Working lines may be abandoned, but are stillWorking lines may be abandoned, but are still

usableusable

Lines can be laid prior to taking up a positionLines can be laid prior to taking up a position PrePre--laid lines should be left so they are easilylaid lines should be left so they are easily

noticed (flagged) and within reach of anynoticed (flagged) and within reach of any

incoming engineincoming engine

Lines can be laid prior to taking up a positionLines can be laid prior to taking up a position PrePre--laid lines should be left so they are easilylaid lines should be left so they are easily

noticed (flagged) and within reach of anynoticed (flagged) and within reach of any

incoming engineincoming engine


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Confronting the Fire At theConfronting the Fire At the

StructureStructure


StructureStructureSpotting ZoneSpotting Zone

Firebrands are the major problemFirebrands are the major problem Firebrands may ignite new fires a mile orFirebrands may ignite new fires a mile or

more ahead of the main firemore ahead of the main fire

Spotting ZoneSpotting Zone

Firebrands are the major problemFirebrands are the major problem Firebrands may ignite new fires a mile orFirebrands may ignite new fires a mile or

more ahead of the main firemore ahead of the main fire

Remain mobile enough to quickly reach anyRemain mobile enough to quickly reach anypoint within your area of responsibilitypoint within your area of responsibility

Constantly check for new ignitions; patrol andConstantly check for new ignitions; patrol and

post lookouts (w/ communication)post lookouts (w/ communication)

Quickly attack any spot fire; completelyQuickly attack any spot fire; completely

extinguishextinguish

Remain mobile enough to quickly reach anyRemain mobile enough to quickly reach anypoint within your area of responsibilitypoint within your area of responsibility

Constantly check for new ignitions; patrol andConstantly check for new ignitions; patrol and

post lookouts (w/ communication)post lookouts (w/ communication)

Quickly attack any spot fire; completelyQuickly attack any spot fire; completely

extinguishextinguish


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Full Containment (around structure)Full Containment (around structure)

The wildland fire can be stopped short of theThe wildland fire can be stopped short of thestructurestructure

The control line will com letel surround theThe control line will com letel surround the

Full Containment (around structure)Full Containment (around structure)

The wildland fire can be stopped short of theThe wildland fire can be stopped short of thestructurestructure

The control line will com letel surround theThe control line will com letel surround the


StructureStructure


StructureStructure

structure or will join adjacent control linesstructure or will join adjacent control lines If possible, simply put the fire out when itIf possible, simply put the fire out when it

reaches the control perimeterreaches the control perimeter

Otherwise, fire out from a control lineOtherwise, fire out from a control line

structure or will join adjacent control linesstructure or will join adjacent control lines If possible, simply put the fire out when itIf possible, simply put the fire out when it

reaches the control perimeterreaches the control perimeter

Otherwise, fire out from a control lineOtherwise, fire out from a control line

CCCC


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Partial Containment (around structure)Partial Containment (around structure)

The wildland fire will move past the structure before aThe wildland fire will move past the structure before a

control line can be establishedcontrol line can be established Attempt to reduce the fires intensity as it movesAttempt to reduce the fires intensity as it moves

towards the structuretowards the structure

Partial Containment (around structure)Partial Containment (around structure)

The wildland fire will move past the structure before aThe wildland fire will move past the structure before a

control line can be establishedcontrol line can be established Attempt to reduce the fires intensity as it movesAttempt to reduce the fires intensity as it moves

towards the structuretowards the structure


StructureStructure


StructureStructure

Use working lines to knock down the fire front that isUse working lines to knock down the fire front that ismoving directly toward the structuremoving directly toward the structure

When the fire front is split, use the working lines toWhen the fire front is split, use the working lines to

lead the fire around the structurelead the fire around the structure After the main fire passes, put out any fire along theAfter the main fire passes, put out any fire along the

structures perimeterstructures perimeter

Quickly check the structure for fireQuickly check the structure for fire

Use working lines to knock down the fire front that isUse working lines to knock down the fire front that ismoving directly toward the structuremoving directly toward the structure

When the fire front is split, use the working lines toWhen the fire front is split, use the working lines to

lead the fire around the structurelead the fire around the structure After the main fire passes, put out any fire along theAfter the main fire passes, put out any fire along the

structures perimeterstructures perimeter

Quickly check the structure for fireQuickly check the structure for fire

C f i h Fi A hC f i h Fi A hC f i h Fi A hC f i h Fi A h


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No Containment (around structure)No Containment (around structure)

The wildland fire will blow throughThe wildland fire will blow throughessentially unchecked; efforts are directed toessentially unchecked; efforts are directed to

No Containment (around structure)No Containment (around structure)

The wildland fire will blow throughThe wildland fire will blow throughessentially unchecked; efforts are directed toessentially unchecked; efforts are directed to


StructureStructure


StructureStructure

Direct all hose lines onto the structure andDirect all hose lines onto the structure and

allow the wildland fire to burn pastallow the wildland fire to burn past

If safety of the crew is jeopardized, retreat to aIf safety of the crew is jeopardized, retreat to a

prepre--identified safe zone and reidentified safe zone and re--enter the areaenter the area

when the fire has passedwhen the fire has passed

Direct all hose lines onto the structure andDirect all hose lines onto the structure and

allow the wildland fire to burn pastallow the wildland fire to burn past

If safety of the crew is jeopardized, retreat to aIf safety of the crew is jeopardized, retreat to a

prepre--identified safe zone and reidentified safe zone and re--enter the areaenter the area

when the fire has passedwhen the fire has passed


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Fighting Roof FiresFighting Roof FiresFighting Roof FiresFighting Roof Fires

Flammable roofs are frequently ignited byFlammable roofs are frequently ignited by

wildland fireswildland fires

Flammable roofs are frequently ignited byFlammable roofs are frequently ignited by

wildland fireswildland fires

the key is quick attackthe key is quick attack

extinguished from the outsideextinguished from the outside

make sure the fire is out; remove shinglesmake sure the fire is out; remove shingles

the key is quick attackthe key is quick attack

extinguished from the outsideextinguished from the outside

make sure the fire is out; remove shinglesmake sure the fire is out; remove shingles


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Fire spread across roofFire spread across roof

assume fire has spread into and through theassume fire has spread into and through theroofroof

Fire spread across roofFire spread across roof

assume fire has spread into and through theassume fire has spread into and through theroofroof

Fighting Roof FiresFighting Roof FiresFighting Roof FiresFighting Roof Fires

exterior and interiorexterior and interior

Only agency personnel trained andOnly agency personnel trained and

equipped for structural firefighting areequipped for structural firefighting are

permitted to make an interior attackpermitted to make an interior attack

exterior and interiorexterior and interior

Only agency personnel trained andOnly agency personnel trained and

equipped for structural firefighting areequipped for structural firefighting are

permitted to make an interior attackpermitted to make an interior attack


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Water & Foam UseWater & Foam UseWater & Foam UseWater & Foam Use

Water Supplies:Water Supplies:

Save a 100Save a 100--gallon reserve in your enginegallon reserve in your engine Take advantage of any opportunity to addTake advantage of any opportunity to add

Water Supplies:Water Supplies:

Save a 100Save a 100--gallon reserve in your enginegallon reserve in your engine Take advantage of any opportunity to addTake advantage of any opportunity to add

Know the characteristics of the water supplyKnow the characteristics of the water supply

System capacitySystem capacity

Flow rateFlow rate

PressurePressure

ReliabilityReliability

Know the characteristics of the water supplyKnow the characteristics of the water supply

System capacitySystem capacity

Flow rateFlow rate

PressurePressure

ReliabilityReliability


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Water application:Water application:

Effective application is the key to conservingEffective application is the key to conservingwater and using it effectivelywater and using it effectively

Timing of water applicationTiming of water application

Water application:Water application:

Effective application is the key to conservingEffective application is the key to conservingwater and using it effectivelywater and using it effectively

Timing of water applicationTiming of water application

Water & Foam UseWater & Foam UseWater & Foam UseWater & Foam Use

Wetting down with waterWetting down with water Reducing the heat buildReducing the heat build--upup

Duration of the heat waveDuration of the heat wave

Peak heat wave tacticsPeak heat wave tactics

Wetting down with waterWetting down with water Reducing the heat buildReducing the heat build--upup

Duration of the heat waveDuration of the heat wave

Peak heat wave tacticsPeak heat wave tactics


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Water ApplicationWater ApplicationDuration of the Heat WaveDuration of the Heat Wave

Water ApplicationWater ApplicationDuration of the Heat WaveDuration of the Heat Wave

The duration of the intense heat producedThe duration of the intense heat producedby burning wildland fuels depends uponby burning wildland fuels depends uponthe fuels involved and on the overallthe fuels involved and on the overall

The duration of the intense heat producedThe duration of the intense heat producedby burning wildland fuels depends uponby burning wildland fuels depends uponthe fuels involved and on the overallthe fuels involved and on the overall

urn ng con t onsurn ng con t onsurn ng con t onsurn ng con t ons


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Water ApplicationWater ApplicationPeak Heat Wave TacticsPeak Heat Wave Tactics

Water ApplicationWater ApplicationPeak Heat Wave TacticsPeak Heat Wave Tactics

Do not waste water by spraying at a wallDo not waste water by spraying at a wallof flame during the peak of the heat andof flame during the peak of the heat andsmokesmoke

Do not waste water by spraying at a wallDo not waste water by spraying at a wallof flame during the peak of the heat andof flame during the peak of the heat andsmokesmoke

ee re uge n t e s a e o somet ng t atee re uge n t e s a e o somet ng t atblocks intense radiant heatblocks intense radiant heat

Wait until you have an opportunity to doWait until you have an opportunity to dosome good with your watersome good with your water

Use water when and where you have theUse water when and where you have theadvantage, not on fire that is burning at itsadvantage, not on fire that is burning at itspeak intensitypeak intensity

ee re uge n t e s a e o somet ng t atee re uge n t e s a e o somet ng t atblocks intense radiant heatblocks intense radiant heat

Wait until you have an opportunity to doWait until you have an opportunity to dosome good with your watersome good with your water

Use water when and where you have theUse water when and where you have theadvantage, not on fire that is burning at itsadvantage, not on fire that is burning at itspeak intensitypeak intensity


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Foam UseFoam UseFoam UseFoam Use ClassClass--A foam is an aggregation of smallA foam is an aggregation of small

bubbles created by injecting air into a mixturebubbles created by injecting air into a mixtureof water and foam concentrate.of water and foam concentrate.

When correctly applied, foam:When correctly applied, foam:

ClassClass--A foam is an aggregation of smallA foam is an aggregation of small

bubbles created by injecting air into a mixturebubbles created by injecting air into a mixtureof water and foam concentrate.of water and foam concentrate.

When correctly applied, foam:When correctly applied, foam:

excludes the air from the fuel and envelopes theexcludes the air from the fuel and envelopes thevolatile combustible vapors at the fuel surfacevolatile combustible vapors at the fuel surface

reflects radiant heat and absorbs heat ofreflects radiant heat and absorbs heat of

combustioncombustion

clings to vertical surfacesclings to vertical surfaces

releases water from its bubble structure at areleases water from its bubble structure at a

reduced ratereduced rate

excludes the air from the fuel and envelopes theexcludes the air from the fuel and envelopes thevolatile combustible vapors at the fuel surfacevolatile combustible vapors at the fuel surface

reflects radiant heat and absorbs heat ofreflects radiant heat and absorbs heat of

combustioncombustion

clings to vertical surfacesclings to vertical surfaces

releases water from its bubble structure at areleases water from its bubble structure at a

reduced ratereduced rate


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Attack Methods Using FoamAttack Methods Using FoamAttack Methods Using FoamAttack Methods Using Foam Direct AttackDirect Attack

Indirect AttackIndirect Attack Structure TreatmentStructure Treatment

Direct AttackDirect Attack

Indirect AttackIndirect Attack Structure TreatmentStructure Treatment

Begin treating the structure 10Begin treating the structure 10--15 minutes15 minutes

before the expected front beginsbefore the expected front begins

Foam should be applied to a structure byFoam should be applied to a structure by

lofting the foam from a distancelofting the foam from a distance

Fuel tanks and LPG containers can be coatedFuel tanks and LPG containers can be coated

Begin treating the structure 10Begin treating the structure 10--15 minutes15 minutes

before the expected front beginsbefore the expected front begins

Foam should be applied to a structure byFoam should be applied to a structure by

lofting the foam from a distancelofting the foam from a distance

Fuel tanks and LPG containers can be coatedFuel tanks and LPG containers can be coated


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MobilityMobilityMobilityMobility

Stay mobileStay mobile Do not Do not dig indig in

Stay mobileStay mobile Do not Do not dig indig in

structure:structure: abandon the hoseabandon the hose

take only the fittingstake only the fittings

structure:structure: abandon the hoseabandon the hose

take only the fittingstake only the fittings


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Retreating & ReturningRetreating & ReturningRetreating & ReturningRetreating & Returning

It may be necessary to retreat due toIt may be necessary to retreat due tointensity of the fireintensity of the fire

If returning to a structure after the main fireIf returning to a structure after the main fire

It may be necessary to retreat due toIt may be necessary to retreat due tointensity of the fireintensity of the fire

If returning to a structure after the main fireIf returning to a structure after the main fire

has passed, watch for hazards:has passed, watch for hazards: Downed power linesDowned power lines

Burning snagsBurning snags

Rock & logs on roadRock & logs on road SmokeSmoke

Weakened bridges or cattle guardsWeakened bridges or cattle guards

has passed, watch for hazards:has passed, watch for hazards: Downed power linesDowned power lines

Burning snagsBurning snags

Rock & logs on roadRock & logs on road SmokeSmoke

Weakened bridges or cattle guardsWeakened bridges or cattle guards


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Extinguishment & FollowExtinguishment & Follow--upupExtinguishment & FollowExtinguishment & Follow--upup

Within the limits of time available,Within the limits of time available,there are important things youthere are important things youshould do to assure that the structureshould do to assure that the structure

Within the limits of time available,Within the limits of time available,there are important things youthere are important things youshould do to assure that the structureshould do to assure that the structure

rema ns sa erema ns sa e Covered in Unit 5, Public RelationsCovered in Unit 5, Public Relations

and Followand Follow--upup

Video:Video: Engine OperationsEngine Operations

rema ns sa erema ns sa e Covered in Unit 5, Public RelationsCovered in Unit 5, Public Relations

and Followand Follow--upup

Video:Video: Engine OperationsEngine Operations


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FIRING OUT (BURNING OUT)FIRING OUT (BURNING OUT)FIRING OUT (BURNING OUT)FIRING OUT (BURNING OUT)

Firing out (burning out) means to set fireFiring out (burning out) means to set firealong a control line in order to remove fuelalong a control line in order to remove fuelbetween the line and the main fire.between the line and the main fire.

The main fire may (or may not) be activelyThe main fire may (or may not) be activelyadvancing.advancing.

Crew Bosses have the authority to initiateCrew Bosses have the authority to initiate

burnout procedures unless specificallyburnout procedures unless specificallyordered not to.ordered not to.


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BACKFIREBACKFIREBACKFIREBACKFIRE A backfire means to set fire along the innerA backfire means to set fire along the inner

edge of a control line to consume the fueledge of a control line to consume the fuelin the path of a wildfire and/or change thein the path of a wildfire and/or change thedirection of force of the fires convectiondirection of force of the fires convection

The decision to backfire is normally madeThe decision to backfire is normally madeby the operations section chief, approvedby the operations section chief, approvedin the incident action plan, and put intoin the incident action plan, and put intoeffect at the division leveleffect at the division level

FIRING OUT IS VALUABLEFIRING OUT IS VALUABLEFIRING OUT IS VALUABLEFIRING OUT IS VALUABLE


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FIRING OUT IS VALUABLEFIRING OUT IS VALUABLE

WHEN . . .WHEN . . .

FIRING OUT IS VALUABLEFIRING OUT IS VALUABLE

WHEN . . .WHEN . . . YOU CANNOT WAIT for the main fire toYOU CANNOT WAIT for the main fire to

reach your established control line.reach your established control line. The CONTROL LINE WILL NOT HOLDThe CONTROL LINE WILL NOT HOLD

..

The INTENSITY of the main fire at theThe INTENSITY of the main fire at thecontrol line would be great enough tocontrol line would be great enough tothreaten the structure.threaten the structure.


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fire operations in the urban interface-tactics

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