fire protection by k r thanki
TRANSCRIPT
FIRE PROTECTION
05/0
1/20
23
1
Sub.: BUILDING SERVICES (3360604)
UNIT -VI
Prepared By:
K.R.THANKI (BE Civil)
LECTURER CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENTGOVERNMENT POLY TECHNIC ,
JUNAGADH,GUJARAT-INDIA.
CONTENTS:
Introduction
Causes of fire and Effects of fire
General Requirements of Fire Resisting building as per IS and NBC 2005
Characteristics of Fire resisting materials
Fire Fighting Installations for Horizontal Exit, Roof Exit / Fire Lifts, External Stairs
The Fire Triangle:Three elements - fuel, oxygen and heat - are required to start a fire.The oxidation process will not be possible without any one of these elements.
Fuel (Fire Load)
Oxygen (Ventilation) Heat (Ignition)
Fire is a rapid oxidation process accompanied by the evolution of heat, light, flame and the emission of sound.
Definition and Causes of Fire2
Introduction
What is Fire ?
Fire is a chemical reaction called combustion resulting in the release of heat and light.
To initiate and maintain this chemical reaction, there are three factors which must be present at the same time in order for a fire to occur.
They are the following;
Fuel Combustion substance either solid, liquid or gas.
Oxygen Air containing approx. 21% oxygen.
Heat The attainment of a certain temperature (a fire normally maintains its own heat supply).
FIRE HAZARDS / SOURCES• Short Circuits (faulty electrical wires andswitchboards)
• Naked Lights
• Explosive and fire works
• Unmindful Smoking
• Radiation
• Mechanical heat & spark
Aims inFire Safety DesignA To prevent fire
B To safeguard the lives of occupants and
firefighters
C To reduce damage on the building, its contents,
and on surrounding buildings
BasicPrinciples for design
1Fire Avoidance
2 Fire Detection
3 Fire Growth Restriction
4Fire Containment
5 Fire Control
6Smoke Control
7 Escape Provisions
1.4 FIRE CLASSIFICATION
There are four main classes for fire:
A - B - C - D These classifications depend on the nature of the material which is burning.
Class A Solid materials: free burning combustibles such as wood,
paper, fabric, plastic, etc...
Class B Flammable liquids: oils, petrol, alcohol, greases, paint, varnishes, etc.
Class C Flammable gases: propane, butane, acetylene, etc…
Class D Combustible metals: magnesium, titanium, zirconium, aluminium powder, lithium, pothasium for
which special consideration has to be given to the method of application, appliance and extinguisher media.
Class E Electrical Fire: normally is produced by the heat generated by a short circuit or an
electrical socket overcharged.
HISTORY OF FIRE SERVICES:
• 321 BC - In Kautilya’s Arthashastra there were chapters about Fire Preventive Rules • 27-14 BC - Fire Station concept of Augustus Caesar in Roman Empire. • 1027 A.D - Fire Preventive Codes by King William-I • 1666 A.D - Great London Fire. • Modern Fire and Rescue Services.
FIRE FIGHTING:FIRE EXTINGUISHER
• FIRE EXTINGUISHER SHOULD BE INSTALLED AS PER THE INDIAN STANDARDS CODE(IS:2190-1971)
• PORTABLE EXTINGUISHERS ARE FITTED AT VARIOUS LOCATIONS IN THE COMMON AREA TO FIGHT DIFFERENT TYPES OF FIRE:
• DRY POWDER TYPE :IS:2171-1962• FIRE BUCKETS :AS PER ISI• CARBON DI OXIDE: IS:2878/1976 • WATER CARBONDI OXIDE: IS:940/1976• MECH FOAM TYPE: IS:10204
FIRE DETECTION & FIGHTING SYSTEM
• IT INCLUDES THE SMOKE DETECTION AND FIRE ALARM SYSTEM ACCORDING TO THE INDIAN STANDARDS AND NATIONAL ELECTRICAL CODE
• IS-2175 : HEAT SENSITIVE FIRE DETECTORS FOR USE IN AUTOMATIC FIRE ALARM SYSTEM
• IS-2189 : CODE OF PRACTICE FOR SELECTION,INSTALLATION AND MAINTAINENCE OF AUTOMATIC FIRE DETECTION AND ALARM SYSTEM
• IS-11360 : FOR SMOKE DETECTORS USED IN AUTOMATIC ELECTRICAL FIRE ALARM SYSTEM
• BS-5839 : FOR MANUAL CALL POINTS
Other equipment and materials that we use to fight fires include:
• Fire hoses(63mm/IS-636)• Buckets of water• Sprinkler systems• Fire blankets and• Sand in buckets
SAFE WORK PRACTICES
Workers can significantly reduce fire hazards by following some basic precautions:
• Ground all electrical equipment and the workpiece.
• Use the correct cable size.• Make sure all electrical connections
are tight, clean, and dry.• Keep dry.• Keep cables and connectors in good
condition.
Keep the eletronic wires/devices away from children
Proper use and maintenance of gas stoves
• Miscellaneous Requirements– For automotive and industrial shops, at
the end of the work day or as necessary:
• Clean all work areas of oil to prevent buildup• Return all oils and flammables to their proper
storage cabinet/area• Turn off all power equipment or unplug• Turn off all fuel valves and power to such
systems
BASIC DRAW-BACKS OF FIRE FIGHTING IN INDIA
• 70% of India, mostly rural and semi urban areas, not covered by fire fighting.
• Almost total dependence on Govt to provide fire fighting services.
• Fire Fighting subject does not come under Centre or State but under the Local Govt, like Municipal Corporation jurisdiction. Local Govt, invariably short of funds and hence little allocation for fire fighting.
• High rise buildings of earlier vintage do not have requisite fire safety norms.
• Fire & Emergency Services not empowered to carry out checks of violations to safety norms.
• Shortage of manpower & modern fire fighting equipment with Fire & Emergency Services.
#1 HAVING AN UNMARKED OR NON-VISIBLE STREET ADDRESS ON THE FRONT OF YOUR
BUILDING
Assume that there being an emergency in your building and the authorities and aid couldn't find it because they can't make out if they have the right address!
#2 EXIT DOOR(S) ARE DIFFICULT TO OPEN FROM INSIDE
Imagine if one were to break out and your occupants had to hastily remember a secret password to exit, or worse, they couldn't unlock the door.
#3EMERGENCY LIGHTING AREN'T WORKING PROPERLY FOR NORMAL, EMERGENCY OR BOTH
MODES
#4ELECTRICAL OUTLETS, CIRCUIT BREAKERS PANELS AND JUNCTION BOXES THAT ARE UNCOVERED. NEEDS APPROPRIATE COVER PLATE AND HAVE CLEAR ACCESS TO PANELS.
#5USING EXTENSION CORDS FOR PERMANENT PURPOSES.
#6 NOT NAVING FIRE EXTINGUISHERS VISIBLE, OPERABLE OR PRESENT
One way to make a routine fire inspection last longer than it should, if by having inoperable equipment. If one unit isn't working, this will prompt the inspector to test all of them.
#7 HAVING AN UNSERVICED FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM
Fire Sprinkler System Must be serviced every 5 years by licensed fire protection official. This could be a liability both for fire inspection and insurance wise.
#8 COMMERCIAL COOKING OPERATION AREA THAT HASN'T BEEN FIRE SUPPRESSION SERVICED EVERY SIX MONTHS.
#9 HAZARDOUS MATERIAL (CHEMICALS, GASSES, SOLIDS) THAT AREN'T SAFELY STORED OR ARE STORED WITHOUT A PERMIT.
Now we know that you wouldn't store any combustible materials by the doors or exit - would you?Be sure that you're up to code in enough time before THAT time.
INFORMATION IN FIRE SAFETY PLAN
Must include: 1. Identification of the significant fire hazard
2. Procedures for recognizing and reporting unsafe conditions
3. Alarm procedures
INFORMATION IN FIRE SAFETY PLAN
Must include: 4. Procedures for notifying employees of a fire
emergency
5. Procedures for notifying fire response organizations of a fire emergency
6. Procedures for evacuation
INFORMATION IN FIRE SAFETY PLAN
Must include: 7. Procedures to account for all employees after
an evacuation
8. Names, job titles, or departments for individuals who can be contacted for further information about the plan.
FIRE CONTROL METHOD
METHOD
The methods used to extinguish a fire, once started, fall into two classes:
1. deprive the fire of oxygen and
2. cool the fire below the ignition temperature
3. Most fire extinguishers operate by excluding oxygen from the site of combustion
CONTAIN OF FIRE EXTINGUISHER
1. Portable fire extinguishers contain CO2
2. dry chemical extinguishers contain nitrogen
3. water and foam extinguishers typically use air
TYPES OF FIRE EXTINGUISHER
A small, disposable sodium bicarbonate dry chemical unit intended for home kitchen use
A typical dry chemical extinguisher containing 5 lbs. of ammonium phosphate dry chemical.
TYPES OF FIRE EXTINGUISHER
A 20lb.U.S.Navy cartridge-operated purple-K dry chemical (potassium bicarbonate) extinguisher
TYPES OF DRY CHEMICAL• Powder
• Powder based agent that extinguishes by separating the four parts of the fire tetrahedron.
• It prevents the chemical reaction between heat, fuel and oxygen and halts the production of fire sustaining "free-radicals", thus extinguishing the fire.
TYPES OF DRY CHEMICAL
• Foam
• Foams are sprayed on fires to exclude air. The foam is generated in the extinguisher using water and a foaming agent.
• The most type in portable foam extinguisher is aqueous film forming foam.
TYPES OF DRY CHEMICAL
• Water
• Air pressurized water cool burning material by absorbing heat. (cool burning material)
• Water Mist uses a fine misting nozzle to break up a stream of deionized water to the point of not conducting electricity back to the operator
TYPES OF WET CHEMICAL• Antifreeze Chemicals added to water to lower its
freezing point to about −40 °F. Has no appreciable effect on extinguishing performance.
• Wet Chemical (potassium acetate, carbonate, or citrate) extinguishes the fire by forming a soapy foam blanket over the burning oil and by cooling the oil below its ignition temperature.
CO2 AND CLEAN AGENT• Such extinguishers spray a cloud of CO2 particles,
which convert to gas and blanket the area, excluding oxygen
• Other systems to exclude oxygen use nitrogen gas or Freon.
• CO2, a clean gaseous agent which displaces oxygen. the high-pressure cloud of gas can scatter burning materials
FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM
Fire Fighting System
External Fire Fighting
Pillar or Post Fire Hydrants
Flush Hydrants
Internal Fire Fighting
External Fire Fighting System
Arrangement for providing Combined Fire Fighting and Domestic Water Storage Tank
Pillar or Post Fire Hydrants
Flush Hydrants
Internal Fire Fighting
Residential Premises Fire Protection System
• Fire Hose system• Automatic Sprinkler
system• Portable Fire
extinguishers• Fire Alarm system
Industrial Fire Fighting System
• High velocity water spray
• Foam system• Dry Chemical Powder• Carbon dioxide• Fire alarm system
