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Fire-Safety Challenges Facing College Campuses - A

Facilities-Management Point of View

How to protect people and property, prevent fires and manage fire impact on

college campuses.

Mansour A lipour-fard, P.E. | Fire Protection Engineering

How to protect people and property, prevent fires and manage fire impact on college campuses.

Several years ago, a speaker at a conference predicted that, in a lifetime, the lion's share

ofcollege education would be transferred to distance learning programs, and the physical

size of brick-and-mortar campuses would be reduced substantially. While distance

learning has progressed since then, the capability of brick-and-mortar campuses as the

primary venue of higher education remains, for now, unchallenged. Nationwide, campus

physical plants continue to grow with the addition of new laboratories, dormitories,

classrooms, stadiums and many other types of buildings.

It is safe to assume that, for the foreseeable future, the

brick-and-mortar campuses are here to stay, along with

their rewards and challenges. The diverse and complex

facilities and uses, in addition to the unique institutional

politics of a college campus, create unique challenges to

facilities managers. It is their goal is to create and maintain

a physical environment that supports the institution's needs

and objectives. Campus fire safety is critical to the facilities

managers' overall goal.

Similar to nearly all other fire-safety programs, the fire-safety objectives of a college

campus can be simplified as a system dedicated to the following goals: Protection of

people, property and continuity of facilities operations. Based on theFire Safety Concepts

Tree,1 the stated fire-safety objectives can be accomplished if one could "prevent ignition"

or "manage fire impact" in a manner that met the stated fire-safety objectives.

However, for all practical purposes, it is not possible to "prevent ignition" altogether. Nor

is it possible to guarantee that the fire impact can be managed in a manner that meetsthe stated fire safety objectives. Therefore, it is imperative to accom plish as much of

"prevent ignition" and "manage fire impact" branches as feasible.

This article discusses the challenges that facilities managers face in accomplishing the

fire-safety objectives stated above, i.e., protection of people and property, and maintaining

continuity of facilities operations. The challenges will be listed under two main categories,

"fire (ignition) prevention" and "managing fire impact."

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FIRE (IGNITION) PREVENTION

Identify and Address Causes of Ignition in Off-Campus Housing Facilities.

In his testimony to the Pennsylvania State Legislature Labor Relations Committee, Ed

Comeau, then director of the Center for Campus Fire Safety, indicated that 80 percent of

all fatalities related to campuses occur in houses and apartments off-campus. He cited

lack of automatic fire sprinklers, impaired judgment from alcohol consumption, smoking

and disabled smoke detectors as the common threads in many student-housing fire

fatalities.2

Current statistics on student-housing fatalities are available on the Center for Campus

Fire Safety Web page: www.campusfire.org. There are several factors that contribute to

the 4:1 fatality ratio between off-campus and on-campus housing fires: Nearly two-third

of students live off-campus; students living off-campus are very difficult to reach with

regard to fire-safety education and training; the off-campus facilities are less likely to

have adequate fire/smoke detection and alarm systems, and far less likely to have

automatic fire sprinklers; the students are not supervised by campus authorities or their

representatives; and the use of alcohol is more prevalent among students living off-

campus.2

College administrators should be aware that the tragic event of a student death in a fire,

even off-campus, will substantially affect the reputation of their campus and may reduce

the prospective parents' willingness to consider the affected school for their children'seducation. Therefore, it is imperative for campus administrators to find the means, e.g.,

working w ith city officials, to ensure that off-campus student housing is at or above code

requirements and as safe as feasible. An inspection and certification (w ith periodic

recertification) are needed for off-campus housing.

Identify and Address Causes of Ignition in Campus Housing Facilities.

While the majority of student housing fires occur off-cam pus, campus residential facilities

have a relatively high share of on-campus fires across colleges and universities. In

general, the risk to life in all types of residential facilities is higher, partly because sleeping

occupants will have a delayed response to alarms.

In comparison with off-campus and Greek housing, this

risk is reduced in dormitories because of the presence of

well-maintained fire-detection and alarm systems, a higher

probability for the presence of fire suppression systems and

close campus supervision of the facilities.

Altogether, from 1999 to 2002, 75 percent of fires in

dormitories, fraternities, sororities and similar occupancies
http://if%28confirm%28%27http//www.campusfire.org/%20%20/n/nThis%20file%20was%20not%20retrieved%20by%20Teleport%20Pro,%20because%20it%20is%20addressed%20on%20a%20domain%20or%20path%20outside%20the%20boundaries%20set%20for%20its%20Starting%20Address.%20%20/n/nDo%20you%20want%20to%20open%20it%20from%20the%20server?%27))window.location=%27http://www.campusfire.org/%27


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were caused by cooking (43 percent), arson/intentional (18

percent), smoking materials(eight percent) and use of

candles and similar open-flame devices (six percent).3 As

these statistics indicate, college students may not fully

appreciate the importance of fire safety and the

consequences of unsafe practices or risky behaviors.4, 5

An ongoing training and enforcement structure is necessary

in order to address the major causes of residence hall fires.

The program should also train the students adequately so

that they are well aware of fire hazards and risks as they

move to off-campus housing units where fire risks are far

higher than that of on-campus housing.

A very desirable condition is when the campus is provided with competent and dedicated

local/city fire department personnel who will assist in providing fire-safety training to the

students. Otherwise, a substantial annual budget is needed to establish a useful and

effective in-house training program.

Identify and Address Causes of Ignition in Greek Housing Facilities.

Greek housing can be on- or off-campus. However, the ignition potential in Greek

housing may be higher than campus residence halls partly because of the presence of

more ignition hazards such as kitchen appliances, poor housekeeping, a higher probability

of risky behavior and, in some cases, a lack of adequate campus supervision.

Fraternities carry the majority of the Greek housing fire problems. There have been more

fire fatalities in fraternities than in sororities.6 The Greek housing fire-safety issues should

be included in the overall strategies for the on-campus and off-campus fire prevention

programs.

Identify and Address Causes of Ignition in Academic Campus Facilities.

Academic cam pus facilities present unique fire-safety challenges. For example, use of

prohibited items such as candles, halogen lights, cigarettes, hot plates near combustibles;

improper use or storage of lawn mowers and similar equipment; and unauthorized use

and storage of BBQ grills substantially increase the probability of ignition in academic

buildings.

Additionally, many faculty and staff office areas, and faculty and student lounge areascontain kitchenettes with small heat-producing appliances such as toasters and coffee

makers. The assignment of responsibility for these small appliances, e.g., upkeep and

unplugging at the end of each day, may not be well-established. A training, inspection

and enforcement system is needed to reduce the risk of ignition sources in academic

buildings.

Identify and Address Causes of Ignition in High-Hazard Laboratories.

High-hazard laboratories represent conventional campus occupancies with high ignition

potential. Several exam ples of ignition sources in laboratories include chemical, electrical

and mechanical heat sources. Causes of ignition in laboratories include improper

installation of laboratory systems including electrical systems, fum e hoods and their

associated controls; fuel gas piping; and improper or unsupervised use of the laboratory.

Well-designed and properly used laboratories help to reduce the inherent ignition

potential to the expected levels. Actions need to be taken to ensure safe design,

construction and use of chemical laboratories. Such actions include:

1. Ensuring compliance with the requirements of applicable codes, includingNFPA 45,7 and

the adopted building, fire, electrical, plumbing and mechanical codes.

2. Ensuring proper design, installation and use of fume hoods, e.g., through review of design

documents, shop drawing reviews, inspections, commissioning of new installations and

routine inspection of the facilities.

3. Prohibiting the use of hot plates and other heat-producing devic es inside fume hoods or in

other parts of the laboratory when any potential for the presence of f lammable vapors or

other sources of fuel ex ists.

4. Directing laboratory procto rs and users not to leave ex periments, hotplates, pressure

vessels, etc., running unattended, particularly where there is potential for unwantedreactions, overheating or ignition.

5. Limiting the volume of flammable and combustible materials inside and underneath the

hood by storing excess chemicals in approved cabinets.

6. Keeping flammable reagents and gases away from heat and ignition sources.

7. Using listed cabinets to store chemicals such as flammable liquids and acids.


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Identify and Address Housekeeping and Clutter Issues, Particularly in

Stairwells, Corridors and Mechanical Rooms.

One of the ongoing challenges in academic buildings is housekeeping, particularly with

regard to the storage and/or display of combustibles in mechanical rooms, corridors and

stairwells. Several factors contribute to this undesirable and hazardous practice in campus

buildings.

Clutter and unauthorized storage are normally caused by lack of adequate storage space,

high occupant density in buildings, a lack of understanding of the serious fire hazards

created by improper storage of combustibles and inadequate campus resources toestablish and implement a routine training, inspection and enforcement program.

Another source of such fuels is the display of combustible items such as installation of

bulletin boards or newspaper racks in enclosed stairwells, art and academic displays in

corridors, and holiday decorations. Improper storage of combustibles can be addressed

during construction and major renovations or by a routine training, inspection and

enforcement program.

MANAGING FI RE IMPACT

In order to manage the impact of a fire, facilities and their systems need to be ready to

handle fires that will occur. The following paragraphs expand further on this subject.

Prevent Unauthorized Construction.Nonresidential facilities on campus present unique fire-safety challenges. Unauthorized

construction activities happen quite frequently, often by un-informed individuals. Such

activities can adversely affect the fire-safety features of the building including fire

barriers, means of egress, fire suppression systems and fire-detection/alarm systems.

A well-advertised construction review, authorization and inspection system should be

implemented to ensure that all construction activities, large and small, are reviewed and

approved before any construction activity starts. For example, unauthorized IT work,

e.g., running wires and conduits in buildings, can penetrate fire rated stairwell shafts and

rated corridors. The continuation of such unauthorized construction activities might

severely diminish the effectiveness of fire-safety systems in buildings and would cost a

substantial sum to fix.

Without a v iable construction review, authorization and inspection system, a campusmay resemble a collection of disjointed autonomous entities. The chaos that can be

created under this scenario could jeopardize the effectiveness of fire-safety systems in

buildings and must be prevented.

Upgrade Aging Facilities.

8. Separating incompatible chemicals, e.g., oxidizers, from other material.

9. Prov iding secondary containment for all hazardous and regulated liquid chemical

containers, flasks, beakers and other vessels. Segregating incompatible materials (such as

flammables and oxidizers) into different secondary containment trays to prevent undesired

reactions.

10. Utilizing scaled-down exper iments.

11 . Reducing the amount of stored chemicals to the lowest degree possible.

12. Prov iding adequate and continuous training, and practice drills for lab personnel and

students.

13. Ensuring continuous supervision of all experiments.

14 . Directing lab proctors and users to inspect the laboratory to identify any potential fire

hazards before leaving at the end of each day.

15. Directing proctors and users to label containers, flasks, beakers and other vessels to identify

contents. This will help prevent confusion and possible experimental mistakes. It will also

provide critical information to emergency responders when laboratory personnel are not

around.

16. Directing lab proctors and users to establish, write and implement standard operating

procedures for conducting experiments and research operations.

17. Directing lab proctors and users to reduce clutter and to keep most of the hood surface

(footprint) clear. This will improve airflow and make it easier to work inside the hood

without accidentally overturning chemical containers.

18. Directing lab proctors and users to replace glassware, tubing and other equipment that has

defects, leaks or broken components.

19. Directing lab proctors and users to use and maintain vapor traps with solvent distillations.

20. Directing lab proctors and users to ensure that apparatus is stable, i.e., secured fro m tipping

or falling.


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Many of the buildings across U.S. campuses were built decades ago,and some were built

more than a century ago. A large number of these facilities still maintain their inherent

fire hazards, such as open stairwells, unrated exit corridors, combustible construction,

lack of fire suppression and/or lack of adequate fire-detection and alarm system.

The budget needed to upgrade these aging buildings to the levels required by current

codes is astronomical. The competing budgetary needs of campus aesthetics, historic

preservation, backlogged deferred maintenance, continuous building system maintenance

and construction of new facilities will hamper the upgrading of the older buildings. Even

with proper planning, it would take years, if not decades, to upgrade these buildings to an

acceptable level. The time to start planning and request/secure budgets is now. Federalfunding may be available for some for work related to disaster planning for campuses in

the United States. Visit www.fema.gov/institution/university.shtm for more information

for U.S.-based universities.

Provide Fire Sprinklers.

Automatic fire sprinklers are one of the most important fire-safety features in campus

facilities, particularly in residential occupancies. The issue of fire sprinklers can be tied to

many other, seemingly unrelated, code requirements that the facilities managers can use

to obtain funding for fire sprinklers.

For example, for compliance with accessibility requirements, many older buildings across

college campuses have been supplied with elevators that can accommodate wheelchair

users. The same buildings often have many fire-safety weaknesses, including lack of

adequate fire barriers and open or unrated exit stairwells and corridors. The new elevators

will facilitate access by the disabled individuals to all floors of a given building.

However, during a fire alarm, these individuals will be unable to exit the building and will

experience a far greater level of risk. Areas of rescue assistance may be required to protect

the disabled individuals. However, areas of rescue assistance are relatively elaborate and

expensive to build, and many upgrades do not include them. Additionally, such areas may

not afford adequate protection in older buildings that suffer from many other code

violations, such as unenclosed exit stairs.

On the other hand, areas of rescue assistance may not be required in fully sprinklered

buildings. Facilities managers can successfully use this exception to obtain funding for fire

sprinkler installations in their facilities, as has been done at the University of Boulder.

Establish and Implement a Routine Inspection, Testing and Maintenance

Program.

Continuous inspection, testing and maintenance of fire suppression systems, fire-

detection and alarm systems, and smoke management systems, including fire/smoke

dampers, are required by applicable codes. Without this exercise, the fire protection and

building systems will not be reliable.

Similarly, passive fire protection systems such as structural fire protection, fire partitions,

fire doors, means of egress elements and other f ire-safety-related systems such as

emergency lighting and exit signs need to be subjected to routine inspection and

maintenance. A prevalent code violation across many campuses is the propping of fire

doors in an open position by untrained faculty, staff or students. Signage can be very

helpful in substantially reducing propped fire door incidents.

Continuous planning, budgeting and execution for the continuous training, inspection,

testing and maintenance of these systems are critical.

Address the Fire Safety Issues of High-Population Events.

High-population events such as football games and concerts are routine on many college

campuses. While localized fire hazards are present, e.g., concession stands, significant f ire

hazards are not normally present in such outdoor events. Indoor events are more prone

to extensive fire hazards, e.g., pyrotechnic effects or building operations.

Protect Electronic Data-Processing and Storage Facilities.

The dependence of college campuses on electronic data-processing and storage facilities

exceeds that of most other services. This dependence on electronic data processing and

storage facilities is expanding for the support of both on-cam pus activities and distance

learning centers.

Therefore, the continuity of operations of campuses is related to proper protection and

duplication of such storage and processing facilities. Facilities managers need to establish

a system that protects electronic data-processing and storage facilities. As a minimum,

the system should address fire protection, fire prevention, w ater-damage prevention,
http://if%28confirm%28%27http//www.fema.gov/institution/university.shtm%20%20/n/nThis%20file%20was%20not%20retrieved%20by%20Teleport%20Pro,%20because%20it%20is%20addressed%20on%20a%20domain%20or%20path%20outside%20the%20boundaries%20set%20for%20its%20Starting%20Address.%20%20/n/nDo%20you%20want%20to%20open%20it%20from%20the%20server?%27))window.location=%27http://www.fema.gov/institution/university.shtm%27


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routine back-up/duplication of files and records and storage of the duplicates in separate

protected facilities.

OTHER ISSUES

Facilities managers need to be aw are of and address other fire-safety issues, including

conducting routine and effective fire drills, reducing nuisance fire alarms, establishing

and implementing fire-system outage procedures, establishing and implementing a hot

work permit program, and establishing a working relationship with the city.

To accomplish the above objectives, the commitment of the facilities managers and other

campus administrators is paramount.

Acknowledgements:The author would like to thank Ed Comeau for reviewing this

article before its publication. Special thanks are also due to Michael Morrison of the

University of Colorado at Boulder for contributions towards the list of recommended

laboratory fire-safety practices.

Mansour Alipour-fard is with the University of Colorado at Boulder.

References

1NFPA 550, Fire Safety Concepts Tree, National Fire Protection on Association, Quincy,

MA, 2002.

2 Testimony by Ed Comeau, Director, Center for Campus Fire Safety, Labor Relations

Comm ittee, House Bill 781, 2003.

www.campusfire.org/resources/resource_download/PA_testimony_8.11.03.pdf.

3 Aherns, M., U.S. Fires in Selected Occupancies, National Fire Protection Association,

Quincy, MA, March 2006.

4 George Washington University, Residence Hall Fire Safety Awareness, George

Washington University, 2006,

www.gw u.edu/~riskmgnt/firesafety/rhfiresafetyeducation.pdf.

5 Piper, James, "Learning Lessons in Fire Safety,"Building Operating Management,

March 2006,www.facilitiesnet.com/bom/article.asp?id=4092.

6 Comeau, E. "Campus Fire Safety,"Fire Protection Handbook, Nineteenth Ed., National

Fire Protection Association, Quincy , MA, 2003.

7 NFPA 45, Standard on Fire Protection for Laboratories Using Chemicals, National Fire

Protection Association,Quincy, MA, 2004.

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