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Workshop Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 1
EN 1991-1-2
Basic design methods
Worked examples
Prof. VASSART Olivier
Chairman of the CEN/TC250 EC1/ Fire E.G.ArcelorMittal R&D
email: [email protected]
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Basic design methods of EN1991-1-2
Fire part of Eurocode 1
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Fire parts of Eurocodes 2 to 6 and 9
Following common layout to provide design rules for fire
resistance of various types of structures:- General
Scope, application field, definitions, symbols and units
- Basic principles
Performances requirements, design values of material propertiesand assessment approaches
- Material properties Mechanical and thermal properties at elevated temperatures
- Assessment methods for fire resistance
- Constructional details- Annexes
Additional information: common case - more detailed design rules
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Fire resistance - European classes
According to European standard, 3 criteria to define the fireresistance:
R load bearing function
E integrity separating function
I thermal insulating separation function
Above criteria may be required individually or in combination:separating only: integrity (criterion E) and, when requested, insulation(criterion I)
load bearing only: mechanical resistance (criterion R)separating and load bearing: criteria R, E and, when requested I
Fire resistance is defined in terms of time as follows: Relevant time of fire exposure during which the corresponding fire
resistance function of a structure is maintained despite fire actions
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Fire resistance - European classes
R load bearing function
Capacity of a structure to maintain its required mechanical resistance incase of fire
Mechanical loading
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Fire resistance - European classes
E integrity separating function
Capacity of a structure to maintain its required integrity separatingfunction to hot gases in case of fire
With or without additionalmechanical loading
200, 300,400C, (no limitation)
hot gas
heat
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Fire resistance - European classes
With or withoutadditionalmechanical
loading
Average temperature rise140 K (under standard fire)Maximum temperature rise
180 K (under standard fire)
hot gas
heat
I thermal insulation separating function
Capacity of a structure to maintain its required thermal insulationseparating function in case of fire
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4: Thermal
response
time
R
5:Mechanical
response6: Possible
collapse
Resistance to Fire - Chain of Events
time
2: Thermal action 3: Mechanical actions
Loads
Steelcolumns
1: Ignit ion
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Structural Fire Safety Engineeringvs. Classification
Prescriptive Performance based
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Structural Fire Safety Engineeringvs. Classification
P
Normalised fire
Time
Displacement
P
Objective of the classif ication
Describe the Thermal and mechanical
behaviour of structures subjected to fire
Means
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S l i S f i i
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Structural Fire Safety Engineeringvs. Classification
Prescriptive Performance based
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i S d i
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Actions on Structures Exposed to FireEN 1991-1-2 - Prescriptive Rules
Prescriptive Rules
(Thermal Actions givenby Nominal Fire)
Performance-Based Code
(Physically based Thermal Actions)
Design Procedures
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Nominal Temperature-Time Curve
*) Advanced Fire Models
- Two-Zone Model
- Combined Two-Zones and One-Zone fire
- One-Zone Model
- CFD
- Parametric Fire
Localised Fire Fully Engulfed Compartment
(x, y, z, t) (t) uniformin the compartment
Standard temperature-, External fire - &
Hydrocarbon fire curve
- HESKESTADT
- HASEMI
No data needed
Rate of heat release
Fire surfaceBoundary properties
Opening area
Ceiling height
+
Exact geometry
*) Nominal temperature-time curve
*) Simplified Fire Models
P i ti Fi R l ti D fi i
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Prescriptive Fire Regulations DefiningISO Curve Requirements
* does not consider the PRE-FLASHOVER PHASE* Does not depend on FIRE LOAD and
VENTILATION CONDITIONS0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 30 60
[C]
90 120 180
ISO-834 Curve (EN1364 -1)
Time [min]
ISO ISOISO
ISO ISO
ISO
ISO
ISO
The ISO curve
* Has to be considered in the WHOLE compartment, even if
the compartment is huge
* Never goes DOWN
1110
945
10061049
842
T = 20 + 345 log (8 t + 1)
St f N t l Fi d th
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Temperature
Cooling .
ISO834 standard fire curve
Ignit ion - Smouldering
Pre- Flashover
Heating
Post- Flashover1000-1200C
Natural fi re curve
Time
Flashover
Stages of a Natural Fire and theStandard Fire Curve
i d i
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Prescriptive Rules
(Thermal Actions givenby Nominal Fire)
Performance-Based Code
(Physically based Thermal Actions)
Actions on Structures Exposed to FireEN 1991-1-2 - Performance Based Code
Design Procedures
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Some National Fire Regulationsinclude now alternative requirements
based on Natural Fire
Implemented in:
EN 1991-1-2
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 30 60 90
[C]
120 180
Time [min]
Natural Fire Safety Concept
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NFSC Valorisation Project
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Natural Fire Model
*) Advanced Fire Models
- Two-Zone Model
- Combined Two-Zones and One-Zone fire
- One-Zone Model
- CFD
- Parametric Fire
Localised Fire Fully Engulfed Compartment
(x, y, z, t) (t) uniformin the compartment
Standard temperature-, External fire - &
Hydrocarbon fire curve
- HESKESTADT
- HASEMI
No data needed
Rate of heat release
Fire surfaceBoundary properties
Opening area
Ceiling height
+
Exact geometry
*) Nominal temperature-time curve
*) Simplified Fire Models
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Li t f d d Ph i l P t
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List of needed Physical Parametersfor Natural Fire Model
Boundary properties
Ceiling height
Opening AreaFire surface
Rate of heat release
Geometry
Fire
Characteristics of the Fire
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Characteristics of the FireCompartment
Fire resistant enclosures
defining the fire compartment
according to the national
regulations
Material properties of
enclosures: c, ,
Definition of Openings
Characteristic of the Fire
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OccupancyFire Growth
RateRHRf
[kW/m]
Fire Load qf,k80%fractile
[MJ/m]
Dwelling Medium 250 948
Hospital (room) Medium 250 280
Hotel (room) Medium 250 377
Library Fast 500 1824
Office Medium 250 511
School Medium 250 347
Shopping Centre Fast 250 730Theatre (movie/cinema) Fast 500 365
Transport (public space) Slow 250 122
Characteristic of the Firefor Different Buildings
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Fire Load Density
1,90
2,00
2,13
Danger of
Fire Activation
Compartment
floor area Af [m]
1,50
1,1025
250
2500
5000
10000
q10,78
1,00
1,22
1,44
1,66
Danger ofFire Activationq2
Examples
ofOccupanciesArt gal lery, museum,
swimming pool
Residence, hotel, office
Manufactory for machinery& engines
Chemical laboratory,Painting workshop
Manufactory of fireworks
or paints
Automatic
Water
ExtinguishingSystem
Independent
Water
Supplies
Automatic fi re
Detection
& Alarmby
Heat
by
Smoke
Automatic
Alarm
Transmission
to
Fire Brigade
Function of Active Fire Safety Measuresni
0 1 2
Automatic Fire Suppression Automatic Fi re Detect ion
n1 n2 n3 n4 n5
0,61 0,87 or 0,73 0,871,0 0,87 0,7
Work
Fire
Brigade
Off Site
Fire
Brigade
Safe
Access
Routes
Fire
Fighting
Devices
Smoke
Exhaust
System
n10
Manual Fire Suppressi on
n6
n7
n8
n9
0,61 or 0,780,9 or 1
1,5
1,0
1,5
1,0
1,5
kfniqqdf qmq ,21, .... =
Rate of Heat Release Curve
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Rate of Heat Release CurveStationary State and Decay Phase
RHR [MW]
Time [min]0
tdecay
Decay phase
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
t [min]
x RHRA f f
x RHR fA f
COMPARTMENT FIRE
Ventilation Controlled FireRHR[M
W]
Steady state
70% (q f,d A fi)
Decay Phase
01
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0 5 10 15 20
t [min]
RHR[M
W]
75''
Fast (FGR)
Medium (FGR)
Fire Growth Rate = FGR
Slow (FGR)
Ultra-
Fast
(FGR)
150'' 600''300''
Growing phase
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Natural Simplified Fire Model
*) Advanced Fire Models
- Two-Zone Model
- Combined Two-Zones and One-Zone fire
- One-Zone Model
- CFD
- Parametric Fire
Localised Fire Fully Engulfed Compartment
(x, y, z, t) (t) uniformin the compartment
Standard temperature-, External fi re - &
Hydrocarbon fire curve
- HESKESTADT
- HASEMI
No data needed
Rate of heat release
Fire surface
Boundary properties
Opening area
Ceiling height
+
Exact geometry
*) Nominal temperature-time curve
*) Simplified Fire Models
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FULLY ENGULFED
COMPARTMENT
(t) uniform in the compartment
LOCALISED FIRE
(x, y, z, t)
Simplified Fire Models Localised Fire
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Real Localised Fire Test
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Annex C of EN 1991-1-2:
Flame is not impacting the ceiling of a compartment (L f < H)
Fires in open air
The flame length L f of a
localised fire is given by :
Flame axis
L
z D
f
H
(z) = 20 + 0,25 (0,8 Qc)2/3 (z-z0)-5/3 900C
L f= -1,02 D + 0,0148 Q2/5
Localised Fire: HESKESTAD Method
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Annex C of EN 1991-1-2:
Flame is impacting the ceiling (Lf > H)
Y = Height of the
free zone
concrete slab
g
x
= Air Temperatureat Beam Level Calculated by CaPaFi
Localised Fire: HASEMI Method
beam
29
Simplified Fire Models
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FULLY ENGULFED
COMPARTMENT
(t) uniform in the compartment
LOCALISED FIRE
(x, y, z, t)
Simplified Fire ModelsFully Engulfed Compartment
30
Real Fire Test Simulating
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Real Fire Test Simulatingan Office Building
Fully engulfed fire
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Real Fire Test Simulating
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Demonstration test : set-up
Fire load with realoffice furniture
Openings w ith normal
glazed windows
Real Fire Test Simulatingan Office Building
Real Fire Test Simulating
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Early stage of fire
Fully developed f ire
Real Fire Test Simulatingan Office Building
Real Fire Test Simulating
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0100200300400500600700
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100Time (min)
Vert
ical
displacem
ent(mm)
020040060080010001200
Temperature(C)
Maximum verticaldisplacement
Steel
temperature
Real Fire Test Simulatingan Office Building
34
Fully Engulfed Compartment
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Annex A of EN 1991-1-2
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
10001100
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
time [min]
O = 0.04 m
O = 0.06 m
O = 0.10 m
O = 0.14 m
O = 0.20 m
Iso-Curve
Fully Engulfed CompartmentAnnex A: Parametric Fire
Temperature [C]
For a given b, qfd, At & Af
35
N t l Ad d Fi M d l
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Natural Advanced Fire Model
*) Advanced Fire Models
- Two-Zone Model
- Combined Two-Zones and One-Zone fire
- One-Zone Model
- CFD
- Parametric Fire
Localised Fire Fully Engulfed Compartment
(x, y, z, t) (t) uniformin the compartment
Standard temperature-, External fire - &
Hydrocarbon fire curve
- HESKESTADT
- HASEMI
No data needed
Rate of heat release
Fire surfaceBoundary properties
Opening area
Ceiling height
+
Exact geometry
*) Nominal temperature-time curve
*) Simplified Fire Models
36
Ad d fi M d l
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Advanced fire Models
LOCALISED FIRE
LOCALISED FIRE FULLY ENGULFED
COMPARTMENT
The Fire stays localisedThe Fire switch to a
fully engulfed fire
37
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Advanced fire Models
I iti
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Ignition
L li d Fi
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T
Localised Fire
G i f L li d Fi
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T
Growing of Localised Fire
Th f t d l
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T
Qmp
H
ZS
ZP
0
Lower layer
Upper layer
mOUT,U
mIN,L
mIN,L
QC
QR
mU , TU, VU,
EU, U
mL , TL, VL,
EL, L
p
ZLocalised Fire Ozone Software Model
Theory of two zones models
Theor of t o ones models
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T
2 1 zone: if one of the following cri teria is reachedThot gases> 500
oCCombustible material in the smoke and Tsmoke> 300
oCLocalised fire> 25 % of the compartments surfaceSmoke height > 80 % of the total height of the compartment
Theory of two zones models
Theory of two zones models
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Generalised Fire Ozone Software Model
H
ZP
0
mOUT
mOUT,L
mIN,L
QC
QRm, T, V,
E, (Z)
p = f(Z)
Fire: RHR,
combustion products
QC+R,O
Z
Theory of two zones models
Large Compartment Test
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Large Compartment TestFire Load
45
Large Compartment Test
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a ge Co pa e esExternal Flaming During the Test
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Large Compartment Test
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g pAfter the Test
47
Two Zone Calculation
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Software OZone V2.2
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Software OZone V2.2
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Definition of the Compartment
Software OZone V2.2
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Definition of the boundaries
Software OZone V2.2
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Definition of the fire
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OZone results :
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Input and Computed RHR
53
OZone results :
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Hot
Cold
Gas Temperatures
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OZone results :S k L Thi k
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Smoke Layer Thickness
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Compartment Fire test
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Compartment Fire test
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Calibration of Software OZone:G T
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Gas Temp
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
TEST [C]
OZone[C]
MAXIMUM AIR T EMPERATURE
OZone
MAXIMUM AIR T EMPERATUREIN THE COMPARTMENT
Calibration of Software OZone:St l T
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0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
TEST [C]
OZone[C]
UNPROTECTED STEEL TEMPERATURE
Steel Temp
Calibration of Software OZone:OZ V T t
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Comparison BRE Test 4 - OZone Design fire
0100200300400500600700800900
10001100120013001400
0 600 1200 1800 2400 3000 3600 4200 4800 5400 6000 6600 7200Time [sec]
GasTemp
[C]]
OZone Office FastOZone Office Medium
Test AverageTest MaxTest Min
qf,d=511MJ /m2
RHRf= 250kW/m2
OZone Vs Test
Calibration of Software OZone:OZ V Ul t T t
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15 m 9 m
OZone Vs Ulster Test
Calibration of Software OZone:OZ V Ul t T t
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Fire load energy density was700MJ/m2
The fire load can be achieved us ing 45 standard wooden cribs(1m x 1m x0.5 m high), positioned evenly around the compartment(9.0m x 15.0m).
WOODEN CRIBS LOCATION
OZone Vs Ulster Test
Calibration of Software OZone:OZone Vs Ulster Test
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OZone Vs Ulster Test
Calibration of Software OZone:OZone Vs Ulster Test
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OZone Vs Ulster Test
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Computer Fluid Dynamics:Soft are Sofie
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Griddefinition
Software Sofie
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Sofie Results: Gas Temperatures
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p
68
Computer Fluid Dynamics:Free Software FDS
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Free Software FDS
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Computer Fluid Dynamics:Free Software FDS
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Definition of the mesh
Free Software FDS
Computer Fluid Dynamics:Free Software FDS
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Free Software FDS
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Resistance to Fire - Chain of Events
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4: Thermal
response
time
R
5:Mechanical
response
6:Possible
collapse
time
2: Thermal action 3: Mechanical actions
Loads
Steelcolumns
1: Ignit ion
Basis of Design andActions on Structures
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Actions on Structures
S
G
Q
Fire
W
ACT
IONS
Actions for temperature analysis
Thermal Action
FIRE
Actions for structural analysisMechanical Action
Dead Load GImposed Load QSnow SWind W
Combination Rules for Mechanical ActionsEN 1990: Basis of Structural Design
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Room temperature
= iQ,i0,i1Q,1Gd QQGE
f.i. : Offices area with the imposed load Q,
the leading variable action
Ed = 1,35 G + 1,5 Q + 0,6 1,5 W + 0,5 1,5 S
EN 1990: Basis of Structural Design
i >1
Combination Rules for Mechanical ActionsEN 1990: Basis of Structural Design
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Fire conditions Accidental situation
f.i. : Offices area with the imposed load Q,
the leading variable action
Efi,d= G + 0,3 Q
Offices area with the wind W, the leading variable action
Efi,d = G + 0,0 W + 0,3 Q
+= 1fi,d i >1 i1or2,i
QQGE 1or2,1
EN 1990: Basis of Structural Design
Values of factors for buildings
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Action 0 1 2Imposed loads in buildings, category (see EN 1991-1.1)
Category A :domestic, residential areasCategory B :offi ce areasCategory C :congregation areasCategory D :shopping areasCategory E :storage areasCategory F :traffic area
vehicle weight 30kN
Category G :traff ic area,30kN < vehicle weight 160kN
0,70,70,70,71,0
0,7
0,7
0,50,50,70,70,9
0,7
0,5
0,30,30,60,60,8
0,6
0,3
Snow loads on buildings (see EN1991-1.3)Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden
Remainder of CEN Member States, for s ites located at altitudeH > 1000 m a.s.l.
Remainder of CEN Member States, for s ites located at altitudeH1000 m a.s.l.
0,700,70
0,50
0,500,50
0,20
0,200,20
0
Wind loads on buildings (see EN1991-1.4) 0,6 0,2 0
Temperature (non-fire) in buildings (see EN1991-1.5) 0,6 0,5 0
( Reference : EN1990 - February 2002)
Category H :roofs 0 0 0
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Worked examples of EN1991-1-2
Fire part of Eurocode 1
The Building (R+5)
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3.4m
14 m
30 m
78
The Building (R+5)
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What do we need for the calculation ?
Size of the compartment
Boundary properties
Ceiling height
Opening Area
Fire surface
Rate of heat release
Geometry
Fire
79
Size of the compartment
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1
A
C
14m
630 m
80
Ceiling height : 3.05 m
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3.4m
14 m
30 m
81
OZone Software
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The Software Package that will be used to perform this
calculation is OZone.This Software package has been developed by the Universityof Lige (Cadorin-Franssen) and is available for freedownload on:
http://www.argenco.ulg.ac.be/logiciel.phphttp://www.arcelormittal.com/sections
OZone Software
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OZone Software
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Boundaries
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Typical floor will be chosen:
- Exterior walls : 20 cm of normal concrete
- Slab : 15 cm of Normal concrete
- Ceiling : 15 cm of normal concrete
Boundaries
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Boundaries
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Opening Factors
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This point is one critical point.
The Eurocode is not providing the scenario that must bechosen to take into account the openings.
Openings can be doors, windows and general porosity ofthe building.
If no opening is taken into account from the beginning of thefire, the amount of oxygen in the compartment will be toosmall and the fire will not develop.
Opening Factors
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Here are some information to help for definition of the
scenario for the breaking of the windows:
In the literature, it can be found that:
-Normal glazing will start to break with a T of 40C on theglass
-Tempered glazing will start to break with a T of 120C onthe glass
-Tempered glazing with reinforcement will start to break with aT of 120C on the glass (The reinforcement will melt at300C)
Opening Factors
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Luxembourgish authorities have realized a guide that needs
to be followed when FSE is used. This guide will becomeofficial soon. But here is some extract for the non fire resistantglazing:
-Scenario 1 : 90% of the glazing is open since the beginning
-Scenario 2:
-Simple glazing : 100C : 50% and 250C: 90%
-Double glazing: 200C : 50% and 400C: 90%
-Triple glazing: 300C : 50% and 500C: 90%
Opening Factors
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Assumptions for the faade:
-Ex. 1: 0.8m open all around the building
-Ex. 2: 1.5m open all around the building
-Ex. 3: full glazing Faade
Opening Factors Ex.1
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Opening Factors
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Opening Factors
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Definit ion of the fire
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Occupancy Fire GrowthRate
RHRf[kW/m]
Fire Load qf,k80%fractile
[MJ/m]
Dwelling Medium 250 948
Hospital (room) Medium 250 280
Hotel (room) Medium 250 377Library Fast 500 1824
Office Medium 250 511
School Medium 250 347
Shopping Centre Fast 250 730
Theatre (movie/cinema) Fast 500 365
Transport (public space) Slow 250 122
Definit ion of the fire
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Occupancy Fire GrowthRate
RHRf[kW/m]
Fire Load qf,k80%fractile
[MJ/m]
Dwelling Medium 250 948
Hospital (room) Medium 250 280
Hotel (room) Medium 250 377Library Fast 500 1824
Office Medium 250 511
School Medium 250 347
Shopping Centre Fast 250 730
Theatre (movie/cinema) Fast 500 365
Transport (public space) Slow 250 122
Definit ion of the fire
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97
1,90
2,00
2,13
Danger ofFire Activation
Compartment
floor area Af [m]
1,50
1,1025
250
2500
5000
10000
q10,78
1,00
1,22
1,44
1,66
Danger ofFire Activation
q2Examples
of
OccupanciesArt gal lery, museum,
swimming pool
Residence, hotel, office
Manufactory for machinery& engines
Chemical laboratory,Painting workshop
Manufactory of fireworks
or paints
Automatic
Water
Extinguishing
System
Independent
Water
Supplies
Automatic fi re
Detection
& Alarm
byHeat
bySmoke
Automatic
Alarm
Transmission
toFire Brigade
Function of Active Fire Safety Measuresni
0 1 2
Automatic Fire Suppression Automatic Fi re Detect ion
n1 n2 n3 n4 n5
0,61 0,87 or 0,73 0,871,0 0,87 0,7
Work
Fire
Brigade
Off Site
Fire
Brigade
Safe
Access
Routes
Fire
Fighting
Devices
Smoke
Exhaust
System
n10
Manual Fire Suppressi on
n6
n7
n8
n9
0,61 or 0,780,9 or 1
1,5
1,0
1,5
1,0
1,5
kfniqqdf qmq ,21, .... =
Definit ion of the fire
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Results for 0.8m windows
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0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time [min]
Hot Zone
Analysis Name:
Gas Temperature
Results for 0.8m windows
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100
0.0
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0
250.0
300.0
350.0
400.0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time [min]
Oxygen Mass
Analysis Name:
Oxygen Mass
Results for IPE450
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101
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time [min]
Hot Zone
Steel
Analysis Name:
Steel Temper ature
02
Opening Factors Ex. 2
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102
W k h St t l Fi D i f B ildi di t th E d B l 27 28 N b 2012 103
Results for 1.5m windows
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0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time [min]
Hot Zone
Analysis Name:
Gas Temper ature
W k h St t l Fi D i f B ildi di t th E d B l 27 28 N b 2012 104
Results for 1.5m windows
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0.0
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0
250.0
300.0
350.0
400.0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time [min]
Oxygen Mass
Analysis Name:
Oxygen Mass
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Results for IPE450
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0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time [min]
Hot Zone
Steel
Analysis Name:
Steel Temper ature
Workshop Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes Brussels 27 28 November 2012 106
Opening Factors Ex. 3
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106
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Results for full windows
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0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time [min]
Hot Zone
Analysis Name:
Gas Temperature
Workshop Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes Brussels 27-28 November 2012 108
Results for full windows
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108
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0
250.0
300.0
350.0
400.0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time [min]
Oxygen Mass
Analysis Name:
Oxygen Mass
Workshop Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 109
Results for IPE450
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0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time [min]
Hot Zone
Steel
Analysis Name:
Steel Temper ature
Workshop Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 110
Fire resistance assessment ofsteel structures
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p g g g ,
Worked examples of EN1991-1-2
Fire part of Eurocode 1 : Localised Fire
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Hasemi method for localised fires
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p g g g
111
EN 1991-1-2 : 2002; Annex C
Horizontal length on the ceiling:
Non-dimensional parameters:
Virtual vertical coordinate:
Heat flux:
Net Heat flux:
Workshop Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 112
Localised fireParameters
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Car park Auchan,Luxembourg
Undergroundcar park
H = 2.7 m
r = 0.0 m
D = 2.0 m
IPE 550
Building:
Type:
Height:
Horizontal distance from flame axis to beam:
Diameter of flame:
Steel Beam:
Workshop Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 113
Localised fireStatic system and section of the beam
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Localised fireHypothesis
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114
Diameter of the fire: D = 2.0 m
Vertical distance between fire source and ceiling:H = 2.7 m
Horizontal distance between beam and flame axis:r = 0.0 m
Emissivity of the fire: f = 1.0
Configuration factor: = 1.0Stephan Boltzmann constant: = 5.67 10-8
W/m2K4Coefficient of the heat transfer: c = 25.0 W/m
Steel profile: IPE 550Section factor: Am/V = 140.1/mUnit mass: a = 7850 kg/mSurface emissivity: m = 0.7
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Localised fireRate of Heat Release
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Curve of the rate of heat release of one car
From ECSC project: Development of design rulesfor steel structures subjected to natural fires in
closed car parks.
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Localised fireFlame Length
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if Lr H Model A has to be used
if Lr < H Model B has to be used
2 5 2 51.02 0.0148 2.04 0.0148fL D Q Q= + = +
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1st case:The flame is not impacting the ceiling
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117
The net heat flux is calculated according to Section 3.1 of EN
1991-1-2.
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )
4 4
4 48
273 273
25.0 3.969 10 273 273
net c m m f mz z
m mz z
h
= + + +
= + + +
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1st case:The flame is not impacting the ceiling
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118
The gas temperature is calculated to:
where:z is the height along the flame axis (2.7 m)z0 is the virtual origin of the axis [m]
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 3 5 3
0
5 32 3 2 5
20 0.25 0.8 900 C
20 0.25 0.8 4.74 0.0052 900 C
zQ z z
Q Q
= +
= +
2 5 2 5
01.02 0.0052 2.04 0.0052z D Q Q= + = +
Workshop Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 119
2nd case:The flame is impacting the ceiling
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119
Net heat flux, if the flame is impacting the ceiling, is given by:
( ) ( ) ( )
( )( ) ( ) ( )( )
4 4
4 48
20 273 293
25.0 20 3.969 10 273 293
net c m m f m
m m
h h
h
= +
= +
Workshop Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 120
2nd case:The flame is impacting the ceiling
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120
The heat flux depends on the parameter y. For different
dimensions of y, different equations for determination of theheat flux have to be used.
ify 0.30:
if 0.30 < y < 1.0:
if y 1.0:
where:
100,000h =
136,300 121,000h y=
3.715,000h y
=
' 2.7 '
' 2.7 'h h
r H z zy
L H z L z
+ + += =
+ + + +
Workshop Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 121
2nd case:The flame is impacting the ceiling
' 2 7 'H
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The horizontal flame length is calculated by:
where:
The vertical position of the virtual heat source isdetermined by:
ifQD* < 1.0:
ifQD* 1.0:where:
' 2.7 '
' 2.7 'h h
r H z zy
L H z L z
+ + += =
+ + + +
( )( ) ( )( )0.33 0.33
* *2.9 7.83 2.7h H HL H Q H Q= =
( ) ( )* 6 2.5 6 2.5
1.11 10 1.11 10 2.7HQ Q H Q= =
( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )( )2 5 2 3 2 5 2 3
* * * *' 2.4 4.8
D D D Dz D Q Q Q Q= =
( )( ) ( )( )2 5 2 5
* *' 2.4 1.0 4.8 1.0D Dz D Q Q= =
( ) ( )* 6 2.5 6 2.51.11 10 1.11 10 2.0DQ Q D Q= =
Workshop Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 122
Localised fireSteel temperatures
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Temperature-time curve for the unprotected steel beam:
=
=a,max
,max
770 C
at t 31.07 min
2
,
1.78 10ma t m sh net m net
a a a
A Vk h t h
c c
= + = +
Workshop Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 123
Localised fireSteel temperatures
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Temperature-time curve for the unprotected steel beam:
=
=a,max
,max
770 C
at t 31.07 min
2
,
1.78 10ma t m sh net m net
a a a
A Vk h t h
c c
= + = +
Workshop Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 124
Excel SpreadsheetCapafi
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Workshop Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 125
Excel SpreadsheetCapafi
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0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
0 600 1200 1800 2400 3000 3600 4200 4800 5400 6000 6600 7200
AxisTitle
Axis Title
Chart Title
Pos 1
Pos 2
Pos 3
Pos 4
Pos 5
Workshop Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 126
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Worked examples of EN1991-1-2
Example of Application of buildingscalculated with
Natural Fire Safety Concept
Workshop Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 127
Switzerland
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Braun Building in CrissierProduction of Medical Material
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Switzerland
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BOBST Building in LausanneOffices + Production
Workshop Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 129
Switzerland
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Congress centre of EPFL in LausanneCrdit Suisse / HRS / Richter-Dahl&Rocha
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France
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EADS Airbus
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France
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Car park of Toulouse Blagnac Airport
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Belgium
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Greich Office Building in Lige
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Portugal
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BARREIRO RETAIL PARK
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Portugal
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Exhibition Center
Workshop Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 135
Cyprus
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IKEA shopping center in Lefkosia
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United Kingdom
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Heron Tower Arup Fire London
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Luxembourg
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Fonds du Logement, 17 rue de Hollerich Luxembourg VilleShopping centreResidential
Workshop Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 138
Luxembourg
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Chambre de Commerce LuxembourgOffice Building
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Luxembourg
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Dexia-Bil in Esch sur AlzetteOffice Building
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Luxembourg
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ArcelorMittal Office Building in Esch sur Alzette
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Luxembourg
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ArcelorMittal Office Building in Esch sur Alzette
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Thank you for your attention
QUESTIONS?