FIRST AIDFIRST AID BASICSBASICS

Test QuestionsTest Questions

There are only four questions on the There are only four questions on the test from this lecture.test from this lecture.

They are in bright yellow on this They are in bright yellow on this slideshow.slideshow.

There is also a 2-point extra credit There is also a 2-point extra credit question on the exam from this question on the exam from this slideshow that is not in yellow.slideshow that is not in yellow.

Everyone should know how to:Everyone should know how to:

1. Recognize injuries1. Recognize injuries 2. Control bleeding2. Control bleeding 3. Know how to care for burns3. Know how to care for burns 4. Care for muscle, bone and joint 4. Care for muscle, bone and joint

injuriesinjuries 5. Care for sudden illnesses5. Care for sudden illnesses

EMERGENCY ACTION STEPS EMERGENCY ACTION STEPS

CHECKCHECKCALLCALLCARECARE

CHECK THE SCENECHECK THE SCENE

Is the scene safe? Is the scene safe? What happened? What happened? How many people are injured? How many people are injured? Are there bystanders who can help?Are there bystanders who can help?

NOTE: Obtain ConsentNOTE: Obtain Consent

From all mentally competent, From all mentally competent, conscious adult victimsconscious adult victims

Parent or guardian of minors or Parent or guardian of minors or emotionally disturbed victimsemotionally disturbed victims

If not available, first aid care must be If not available, first aid care must be given without consent. given without consent.

If a victim is unconscious, badly If a victim is unconscious, badly injured or so ill that he/she cannot injured or so ill that he/she cannot respond, consent is implied. respond, consent is implied.

CALL 911 CALL 911 In the Following CircumstancesIn the Following Circumstances

The victim is unconsciousThe victim is unconscious Has trouble breathingHas trouble breathing Has chest pain or pressureHas chest pain or pressure Is bleeding severelyIs bleeding severely Has severe pain in the abdomenHas severe pain in the abdomen Is vomiting or passing bloodIs vomiting or passing blood Has seizures, a severe headache, or slurred Has seizures, a severe headache, or slurred

speechspeech Appears to have been poisonedAppears to have been poisoned Has injuries to the head, neck or backHas injuries to the head, neck or back Has possibly broken bonesHas possibly broken bones Victim cannot be moved easilyVictim cannot be moved easily

When calling 911, have the When calling 911, have the following information readyfollowing information ready

Location of the emergency with Location of the emergency with cross-streetscross-streets

Phone number from which you are Phone number from which you are calling.calling.

What happened?What happened? How many people are involved?How many people are involved? What is being done?What is being done? DO NOT HANG UP FIRST!!!DO NOT HANG UP FIRST!!!

CARE FOR THE VICTIMCARE FOR THE VICTIM

Injuries are one of our nation's most Injuries are one of our nation's most important health problems. Most of us will important health problems. Most of us will have a significant injury at some time in have a significant injury at some time in our lives. Many injuries are preventable.our lives. Many injuries are preventable.

The five leading causes of injuries are: The five leading causes of injuries are: – Motor-vehicle accidents, Motor-vehicle accidents, – Falls, Poisonings, Falls, Poisonings, – Drowning, Drowning, – Choking. Choking.

BLOODY NOSEBLOODY NOSE

BLOODY NOSEBLOODY NOSE

Bloody noses are not usually painful.Bloody noses are not usually painful. They can be caused from:They can be caused from:

– an injuryan injury– high blood pressurehigh blood pressure– altitude changesaltitude changes

First Aid TreatmentFirst Aid Treatment Encourage them to breathe through their mouth.Encourage them to breathe through their mouth. Have victim sit dawn and lean forward with chin Have victim sit dawn and lean forward with chin

toward chest.toward chest. Pinch the nostrils together firmly for a full 15 Pinch the nostrils together firmly for a full 15

minutes.minutes. If bleeding continues, apply ice pack to bridge of If bleeding continues, apply ice pack to bridge of

nose.nose. Put pressure in the upper lip just below the nose.Put pressure in the upper lip just below the nose. If the bleeding continues after another 15 If the bleeding continues after another 15

minutes, repeat steps one more time.minutes, repeat steps one more time. If there is still bleeding after 45 minutes, seek If there is still bleeding after 45 minutes, seek

medical help.medical help.

How to Make a Cold CompressHow to Make a Cold Compress

Put ice in a zip-lock plastic bagPut ice in a zip-lock plastic bag Soak clean hand towel in cool waterSoak clean hand towel in cool water Wring out the towelWring out the towel Wrap the towel around the ice bagWrap the towel around the ice bag Apply to area to reduce swelling, Apply to area to reduce swelling,

pain, or itchinesspain, or itchiness

BURNSBURNS

BURNSBURNS

Exposure to heatExposure to heatChemicalsChemicalsElectricityElectricityRadiationRadiation

Critical BurnsCritical Burns

Trouble breathingTrouble breathing Covers more than one body partCovers more than one body part Covers the eyesCovers the eyes On genitalsOn genitals Victim is elderlyVictim is elderly

For critical burns, call 911For critical burns, call 911

First Aid TreatmentFirst Aid Treatment

Cool the burn immediately by Cool the burn immediately by immersing it in cold (not ice) water or immersing it in cold (not ice) water or placing it cold running water for at placing it cold running water for at least 10 minutes. least 10 minutes.

A clean, cold, wet towel will reduce A clean, cold, wet towel will reduce the pain. the pain.

For a minor mouth burn, victim can For a minor mouth burn, victim can suck on ice.suck on ice.

For Severe BurnsFor Severe Burns

Do not remove pieces of cloth that Do not remove pieces of cloth that stick to the burn. stick to the burn.

Do not try to clean the burn. Do not try to clean the burn. Remove jewelry distal to the wound Remove jewelry distal to the wound

(tell the victim where you put the (tell the victim where you put the jewelry!). jewelry!).

Cover the burn with dry, sterile, non-Cover the burn with dry, sterile, non-adhesive dressing (separate toes and adhesive dressing (separate toes and fingers). fingers).

Take Steps to Prevent ShockTake Steps to Prevent Shock

Lay the victim flatLay the victim flat Elevate feet 12 inchesElevate feet 12 inches Maintain normal body temperatureMaintain normal body temperature Monitor breathing, circulation, and Monitor breathing, circulation, and

bleeding until help arrives.bleeding until help arrives.

CHOKINGCHOKING

CHOKINGCHOKING

If victim can cough or talk at all, If victim can cough or talk at all, leave them alone (stay close and leave them alone (stay close and encourage coughing)encourage coughing)

If their hands are at their throat and If their hands are at their throat and they cannot speak, call 911 and do they cannot speak, call 911 and do abdominal thrusts.abdominal thrusts.

First Aid Treatment First Aid Treatment (Adult or child over 1 year old)(Adult or child over 1 year old)

Call 911Call 911 Identify yourself and ask them if you can Identify yourself and ask them if you can

help (get consent)help (get consent) Do not let a coughing person go away by Do not let a coughing person go away by

themselves to the bathroom!themselves to the bathroom! When doing abdomina1 thrusts, stand When doing abdomina1 thrusts, stand

behind the victimbehind the victim Wrap your arms around the victim's waist Wrap your arms around the victim's waist

Abdominal Thrust ProblemsAbdominal Thrust Problems

If too big (obese or pregnant), wrap If too big (obese or pregnant), wrap arms under their armpits and do arms under their armpits and do chest thrustschest thrusts

If they are too tall, have them kneel. If they are too tall, have them kneel. If they are very short (or a child), you If they are very short (or a child), you

should do the kneeling.should do the kneeling.

Abdominal ThrustsAbdominal Thrusts Make a fist. Place the thumb side of your Make a fist. Place the thumb side of your

fist in the middle of victim’s abdomen, just fist in the middle of victim’s abdomen, just above the navel and well below the breast above the navel and well below the breast bone. Grasp your fist with your other hand. bone. Grasp your fist with your other hand.

Keeping your elbows out, press your fist Keeping your elbows out, press your fist with a quick, upward thrust into the with a quick, upward thrust into the victim's abdomen. Each thrust is a victim's abdomen. Each thrust is a separate attempt to clear the airway.separate attempt to clear the airway.

Continue performing this maneuver until Continue performing this maneuver until the obstruction is cleared or the victim the obstruction is cleared or the victim loses consciousness.loses consciousness.

If you are the one who is choking If you are the one who is choking and you are by yourself:and you are by yourself:

Dial 911 from a land line (not a cell Dial 911 from a land line (not a cell phone).phone).

Get out where someone can see you.Get out where someone can see you.

Use the back of a chair or a table Use the back of a chair or a table corner to give yourself abdominal corner to give yourself abdominal thrusts.thrusts.

If Victim Becomes Unconscious:If Victim Becomes Unconscious:

Position victim on back.Position victim on back. Check the mouth to see if the object is Check the mouth to see if the object is

visible (sweep it out with a finger)visible (sweep it out with a finger) Pinch their nose shut, tilt their head back, Pinch their nose shut, tilt their head back,

cover their mouth with yours.cover their mouth with yours. Attempt to ventilate.Attempt to ventilate. If unsuccessful on first try, reposition to If unsuccessful on first try, reposition to

open airway and try again.open airway and try again. If you still cannot ventilate, do abdominal If you still cannot ventilate, do abdominal

thrusts:thrusts:

Abdominal ThrustsAbdominal Thrusts(Unconscious Victim)(Unconscious Victim)

Straddle the victim's thighs.Straddle the victim's thighs. Place the heel of one of your hands Place the heel of one of your hands

against the middle of the victim's against the middle of the victim's abdomen, just above the navel and well abdomen, just above the navel and well below the lower tip of the breastbone.below the lower tip of the breastbone.

Place your other hand on top of your first Place your other hand on top of your first hand.hand.

Give up to 5 quick inward and upward Give up to 5 quick inward and upward thrusts.thrusts.

Check the victim's mouth and do a finger Check the victim's mouth and do a finger sweep to remove the object if it has been sweep to remove the object if it has been dislodged.dislodged.

If breathing has not been restored, open If breathing has not been restored, open airway and attempt to give two more airway and attempt to give two more breaths.breaths.

If breaths won't go in, give another series If breaths won't go in, give another series of up to 5 thrusts, check mouth, and of up to 5 thrusts, check mouth, and ventilate.ventilate.

Continue this sequence until help arrives.Continue this sequence until help arrives.

RESCUE BREATHINGRESCUE BREATHING This is a way to breathe air into someone’s lungs This is a way to breathe air into someone’s lungs

when they stop breathing.when they stop breathing. Besides airway obstruction, there are other Besides airway obstruction, there are other

causes of lack of breathing:causes of lack of breathing:– Poison or drugsPoison or drugs– Injury to the chest or lungsInjury to the chest or lungs– Near drowningNear drowning– ElectrocutionElectrocution– BurnsBurns– Certain diseases or illnessesCertain diseases or illnesses– Allergic reaction to insect bites or stings, or foodAllergic reaction to insect bites or stings, or food– ShockShock– Heart attack or heart diseaseHeart attack or heart disease

EXTERNAL EXTERNAL

BLEEDINGBLEEDING

First Aid TreatmentFirst Aid Treatment

Always try to use a protective barrier.Always try to use a protective barrier. Locate the source of bleeding.Locate the source of bleeding. Using a sterile dressing or clean cloth, Using a sterile dressing or clean cloth,

apply direct pressure to the wound.apply direct pressure to the wound. Raise the bleeding part above the level of Raise the bleeding part above the level of

the victim's heart if it does not cause more the victim's heart if it does not cause more pain.pain.

If bleeding doesn't stop or if you need to If bleeding doesn't stop or if you need to free your hands, apply a pressure free your hands, apply a pressure bandage. bandage.

Wounds Requiring Medical AttentionWounds Requiring Medical Attention

Bleeding that cannot be controlledBleeding that cannot be controlled Deep injuriesDeep injuries Injury caused by dirty objectsInjury caused by dirty objects Large or deeply embedded objectsLarge or deeply embedded objects Human or animal bitesHuman or animal bites Wounds that may cause a noticeable scarWounds that may cause a noticeable scar Injury to the eye, eyelid or lipInjury to the eye, eyelid or lip Any injury where healing is in doubtAny injury where healing is in doubt Any wound where infection may be or is Any wound where infection may be or is

presentpresent

EYE INJURIESEYE INJURIES

EYE INJURIESEYE INJURIES

Foreign body in eye:Foreign body in eye: Gently flush eye with water.Gently flush eye with water.

Chemical in eye:Chemical in eye: Wash eye with water, flushing from Wash eye with water, flushing from

nose outward.nose outward. Continue flushing until EMS arrives.Continue flushing until EMS arrives.

Injury to eyeball:Injury to eyeball: Never put direct pressure on eyeball.Never put direct pressure on eyeball. Place victim on his/her back.Place victim on his/her back. Do not attempt to remove any objects that Do not attempt to remove any objects that

have entered eyeball.have entered eyeball. Place a sterile dressing around object.Place a sterile dressing around object. Stabilize any impaled object in place.Stabilize any impaled object in place. Get medical attention immediately.Get medical attention immediately.

Blow to eye:Blow to eye: Apply cold compresses immediately Apply cold compresses immediately

and continuously for 20 minutes.and continuously for 20 minutes. If eye discolors, pain persists, there If eye discolors, pain persists, there

is obvious bleeding in or around the is obvious bleeding in or around the eye, or vision is disturbed, seek eye, or vision is disturbed, seek medical help.medical help.

FRACTURES AND FRACTURES AND DISLOCATIONSDISLOCATIONS

FRACTURES AND FRACTURES AND DISLOCATIONSDISLOCATIONS

FracturesFractures– Chipped or cracked bones or complete breaks. Chipped or cracked bones or complete breaks. – Open fracture: involves an open wound. Open fracture: involves an open wound. – Closed fractures: skin is unbroken.Closed fractures: skin is unbroken.

DislocationsDislocations– A bone separated or displaced from its normal A bone separated or displaced from its normal

position at a joint, involves ligament damage.position at a joint, involves ligament damage.

There will be swelling, heat, pain, and There will be swelling, heat, pain, and redness. There may be deformity or loss of redness. There may be deformity or loss of function. Just because you can move it, function. Just because you can move it, does not mean it’s not broken!does not mean it’s not broken!

First Aid TreatmentFirst Aid Treatment

Call 911 if there is also bleeding. You still Call 911 if there is also bleeding. You still need to get them to the hospital if there’s need to get them to the hospital if there’s a fracture.a fracture.

Completely immobilize the injury before Completely immobilize the injury before moving the victim.moving the victim.

Do not move a victim with a suspected Do not move a victim with a suspected injured hip, pelvis or upper leg unless injured hip, pelvis or upper leg unless necessary.necessary.

Do not attempt to straighten a suspected Do not attempt to straighten a suspected fracture or dislocation.fracture or dislocation.

Basic Principles of SplintingBasic Principles of Splinting

Splint only if possible without causing Splint only if possible without causing more pain and discomfortmore pain and discomfort

Splint an injury in the position you find itSplint an injury in the position you find it Immobilize the fractured bone and the Immobilize the fractured bone and the

joints above and below the fracturejoints above and below the fracture Check circulation before and after splintingCheck circulation before and after splinting Treat for shockTreat for shock

FROSTBITEFROSTBITE

FROSTBITEFROSTBITE

Ice crystals form in body tissues Ice crystals form in body tissues (usually the nose, ears, chin, cheeks, (usually the nose, ears, chin, cheeks, fingers or toes) restricting blood flow fingers or toes) restricting blood flow to the injured part. to the injured part.

Symptoms:Symptoms:– Lack of feeling in affected areaLack of feeling in affected area– Skin appears waxySkin appears waxy– Skin is cold to touchSkin is cold to touch– Skin is white, yellow, or blueSkin is white, yellow, or blue

First Aid TreatmentFirst Aid Treatment Cover affected area, handling gentlyCover affected area, handling gently Never rub the affected areaNever rub the affected area Warm the area by soaking in warm water (not Warm the area by soaking in warm water (not

hot)hot) Do NOT let the affected area touch the bottom or Do NOT let the affected area touch the bottom or

sides of the warm water containersides of the warm water container Keep it in the water until skin is pink and warmKeep it in the water until skin is pink and warm Bandage area with dry, sterile dressingBandage area with dry, sterile dressing If fingers or toes are frostbitten, place cotton or If fingers or toes are frostbitten, place cotton or

gauze between themgauze between them Avoid breaking any blistersAvoid breaking any blisters Seek medical help as soon as possibleSeek medical help as soon as possible

HYPOTHERMIAHYPOTHERMIA

Life-threateningLife-threatening The body's warming mechanisms fail to The body's warming mechanisms fail to

maintain normal body temperature and maintain normal body temperature and the entire body cools. the entire body cools.

If body temperature drops below 95 'F, the If body temperature drops below 95 'F, the heart begins to beat erratically (ventricular heart begins to beat erratically (ventricular fibrillation) and eventually stops. fibrillation) and eventually stops.

Death then occurs.Death then occurs.

Signs and Symptoms:Signs and Symptoms:

Shivering (may be absent in later Shivering (may be absent in later stages)stages)

Slow, irregular pulseSlow, irregular pulse NumbnessNumbness Glassy stareGlassy stare Apathy and decreasing levels of Apathy and decreasing levels of

consciousnessconsciousness

First Aid TreatmentFirst Aid Treatment

Remove any wet clothing and dry the Remove any wet clothing and dry the victim.victim.

Warm the body gradually.Warm the body gradually. Wrap the victim in blankets or put on dry Wrap the victim in blankets or put on dry

clothing.clothing. Move victim to a warm environmentMove victim to a warm environment If available, apply hot water bottles or If available, apply hot water bottles or

heating pads.heating pads. If victim is alert, give warm liquids to drink If victim is alert, give warm liquids to drink

(no alcohol!)(no alcohol!)

HEART ATTACKHEART ATTACK

HEART ATTACKHEART ATTACK

Chest discomfort, pain, pressure, Chest discomfort, pain, pressure, squeezing or tightnesssqueezing or tightness

An aching, crushing, constricting An aching, crushing, constricting feeling in the chestfeeling in the chest

Numbness or aching in the arms, Numbness or aching in the arms, neck, or jawneck, or jaw

Heavy sweatingHeavy sweating NauseaNausea Shortness of breathShortness of breath

First Aid TreatmentFirst Aid Treatment

CheckCheck for symptoms for symptoms

CallCall 911 911

CareCare for victim for victim

If Victim is ConsciousIf Victim is Conscious

Have the victim stop activity and rest Have the victim stop activity and rest in a comfortable position.in a comfortable position.

Call 911Call 911

Loosen restrictive clothing.Loosen restrictive clothing.

Stay with them until help arrivesStay with them until help arrives

If Victim is UnconsciousIf Victim is Unconscious

Shake and shout to get a responseShake and shout to get a response

Call 911Call 911

Monitor ABCsMonitor ABCs– AirwayAirway– BreathingBreathing– CirculationCirculation

ABC’sABC’s

Position the victim on their back.Position the victim on their back.A. Open the airway.A. Open the airway.B. Look, listen, and feel for breathing.B. Look, listen, and feel for breathing.

– If not breathing, give 2 breathsIf not breathing, give 2 breaths

C. Check carotid pulseC. Check carotid pulse– If no pulse, give 15 chest compressions and If no pulse, give 15 chest compressions and

two breaths.two breaths.– After 4 cycles of this, check for breathing and After 4 cycles of this, check for breathing and

circulation again.circulation again.– If no circulation, continue CPR until help If no circulation, continue CPR until help

arrives.arrives.

HEAT STROKEHEAT STROKE

HEAT STROKEHEAT STROKE

Especially susceptible:Especially susceptible:– The very youngThe very young– Very oldVery old– Chronically illChronically ill– OverweightOverweight– Work in hot placesWork in hot places– AthletesAthletes

Heat strokeHeat stroke is life-threateningis life-threatening

Brain damage and death may result if the Brain damage and death may result if the body is not cooled quickly. body is not cooled quickly.

Symptoms:Symptoms:

Hot, dry, red skin (no sweat)Hot, dry, red skin (no sweat)

Fast, weak pulseFast, weak pulse

Fast, shallow breathingFast, shallow breathing

Progressive loss of consciousnessProgressive loss of consciousness

First Aid TreatmentFirst Aid Treatment

Get the person out of the heat.Get the person out of the heat. Call 911Call 911 Cool the victim fast.Cool the victim fast. Immerse victim in cool bath or wrap Immerse victim in cool bath or wrap

in wet sheets and fan them. in wet sheets and fan them. If victim is conscious, offer cool water If victim is conscious, offer cool water

to drink. to drink. – Give one-half glass (4 oz.) every 15 Give one-half glass (4 oz.) every 15

minutes.minutes.

INSECT STINGS AND BITESINSECT STINGS AND BITES

First Aid TreatmentFirst Aid Treatment

Wash area with soap and waterWash area with soap and water Cover affected area with a dressingCover affected area with a dressing Apply cold packApply cold pack with or without a with or without a

salt packsalt pack

Salt PackSalt Pack

Mix small handful of salt with a few Mix small handful of salt with a few drops of waterdrops of water

Make a pasteMake a paste Apply to insect bite or stingApply to insect bite or sting Place cold compress on topPlace cold compress on top

Allergic Reactions (Rare)Allergic Reactions (Rare)

This is LIFE THREATENING!This is LIFE THREATENING!

– Skin becomes red or swollenSkin becomes red or swollen– Hives, itching, rash appearsHives, itching, rash appears– Weakness, nausea, vomiting, and dizziness. Weakness, nausea, vomiting, and dizziness. – Difficulty breathingDifficulty breathing– Swelling obstructs airwaySwelling obstructs airway– DeathDeath

Care for shockCare for shock If the person has their own anaphylaxis kit, If the person has their own anaphylaxis kit,

assist them to use it.assist them to use it.

Diseases from Tick Bites: Diseases from Tick Bites: Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

and Lyme Diseaseand Lyme Disease

Symptoms in a few days or weeksSymptoms in a few days or weeks A rash starts around the biteA rash starts around the bite FeverFever HeadacheHeadache WeaknessWeakness Pain in joint and musclesPain in joint and muscles Flu symptomsFlu symptoms

For TicksFor Ticks Coat the tick with Vaseline, wait for 10 minutesCoat the tick with Vaseline, wait for 10 minutes Grasp it with tweezers close to the skin.Grasp it with tweezers close to the skin. Pull gently and wait for it to release.Pull gently and wait for it to release. DO NOT try to burn it with a match or prick it with DO NOT try to burn it with a match or prick it with

a pin.a pin. If parts of the tick stay in the skin, obtain medical If parts of the tick stay in the skin, obtain medical

care.care. Once tick is removed, wash area with soap and Once tick is removed, wash area with soap and

water.water. Apply Triple Antibiotic ointment.Apply Triple Antibiotic ointment. Observe the site periodically. Observe the site periodically. If rash develops, seek medical help. If rash develops, seek medical help.

BLACK WIDOW SPIDER BITESBLACK WIDOW SPIDER BITES

Pain usually progresses up or down the Pain usually progresses up or down the bitten arm or leg, finally localizing in the bitten arm or leg, finally localizing in the abdomen and back. There may be pain in abdomen and back. There may be pain in the muscles and soles of the feet, and the muscles and soles of the feet, and eyelids may become swollen.eyelids may become swollen.

Muscle and chest pain or tightness, Muscle and chest pain or tightness, nausea, profuse perspiration, tremors, nausea, profuse perspiration, tremors, labored breathing and speech, and labored breathing and speech, and vomiting. In more serious cases, a weak vomiting. In more serious cases, a weak pulse, cold clammy skin, unconsciousness, pulse, cold clammy skin, unconsciousness, or convulsions may occur.or convulsions may occur.

First Aid Treatment First Aid Treatment

Get medical attention immediately (Call Get medical attention immediately (Call poison control center).poison control center).

Clean the site well with soap and water. Clean the site well with soap and water. Apply a cool compress over the bite Apply a cool compress over the bite

locationlocation Keep the affected limb elevated to about Keep the affected limb elevated to about

heart level.heart level. Try to keep the patient quiet and warm.Try to keep the patient quiet and warm.

INTERNAL INJURIESINTERNAL INJURIES

INTERNAL INJURIESINTERNAL INJURIES

Chest and Abdominal InjuriesChest and Abdominal Injuries

The second leading cause of trauma The second leading cause of trauma deaths each year. Approximately 35% of deaths each year. Approximately 35% of all traffic fatalities in the U.S. involve all traffic fatalities in the U.S. involve chest injuries. chest injuries.

Injuries to the chest may result from falls, Injuries to the chest may result from falls, sports mishaps and crushing or penetrating sports mishaps and crushing or penetrating forces. Organs such as the heart and lungs, forces. Organs such as the heart and lungs, and major blood vessels are the most likely and major blood vessels are the most likely to be injured. to be injured.

SymptomsSymptoms

Difficulty breathingDifficulty breathing Severe painSevere pain Flushed, pale, or cool skinFlushed, pale, or cool skin Obvious deformityObvious deformity Coughing up bloodCoughing up blood Fast pulse and breathingFast pulse and breathing Nausea and vomitingNausea and vomiting Weakness and thirstWeakness and thirst

First Aid TreatmentFirst Aid Treatment

Call 911Call 911 Monitor ABC's Monitor ABC's Control any external bleeding (use Control any external bleeding (use

protective barriers if you have them).protective barriers if you have them). Care for shock.Care for shock. If victim vomits, place victim on their If victim vomits, place victim on their

side.side.

POISONINGPOISONING

POISON CONTROL CENTERPOISON CONTROL CENTER

CaliforniaCalifornia

1-800-222-12221-800-222-1222

POISONINGPOISONING

SwallowedSwallowedAbsorbedAbsorbedInhaledInhaled

Swallowed PoisonSwallowed Poison

Overdosing on medicationOverdosing on medication Taking drugs with alcoholTaking drugs with alcohol Putting chemicals in unlabeled food Putting chemicals in unlabeled food

containerscontainers Medicines, plants and household Medicines, plants and household

products within reach of childrenproducts within reach of children

Signs and SymptomsSigns and Symptoms NauseaNausea VomitingVomiting DiarrheaDiarrhea Chest or abdominal painChest or abdominal pain Breathing difficultyBreathing difficulty SweatingSweating Loss of consciousnessLoss of consciousness SeizuresSeizures

NOTE: Look for opened or spilled containers and NOTE: Look for opened or spilled containers and overturned plants for clues as to poison source. overturned plants for clues as to poison source.

First Aid for Swallowed PoisonsFirst Aid for Swallowed Poisons Call Poison Control Center or 911Call Poison Control Center or 911 Monitor ABC's Monitor ABC's Place victim on their side if vomiting.Place victim on their side if vomiting. Save containers and any vomit to give to Save containers and any vomit to give to

medical personnelmedical personnel DO NOT induce vomiting if victimDO NOT induce vomiting if victim

– is unconsciousis unconscious– is having a seizureis having a seizure– is pregnantis pregnant– has ingested corrosive substancehas ingested corrosive substance– is known to have heart diseaseis known to have heart disease

Absorbed PoisonsAbsorbed Poisons

InsecticidesInsecticides Agricultural chemicalsAgricultural chemicals Plants such as poison ivy, oak or Plants such as poison ivy, oak or

sumacsumac Venom from certain marine lifeVenom from certain marine life

Signs of Absorbed PoisonsSigns of Absorbed Poisons

Skin reaction, itchingSkin reaction, itching Eye irritationEye irritation Changes in breathing and pulseChanges in breathing and pulse HeadacheHeadache

First Aid for Absorbed PoisonsFirst Aid for Absorbed Poisons

Wash poison from skinWash poison from skin

Remove clothing or other articles Remove clothing or other articles with poison on themwith poison on them

Monitor ABC's Monitor ABC's

Inhaled PoisonInhaled Poison

Carbon monoxide (from car exhaust, Carbon monoxide (from car exhaust, defective cooking equipment, fire defective cooking equipment, fire and charcoal grills)and charcoal grills)

Carbon dioxide (from wells and Carbon dioxide (from wells and sewers)sewers)

SmokeSmoke Refrigeration gasesRefrigeration gases Fumes from spray chemicalsFumes from spray chemicals Industrial and home chemicalsIndustrial and home chemicals

Signs and SymptomsSigns and Symptoms

DizzinessDizziness HeadacheHeadache Breathing difficultyBreathing difficulty UnconsciousnessUnconsciousness Pale or bluish skin colorPale or bluish skin color

First Aid Treatment First Aid Treatment for Inhaled Poisonsfor Inhaled Poisons

Get the victim to fresh air as soon as Get the victim to fresh air as soon as possiblepossible

Place victim on their side if vomiting.Place victim on their side if vomiting. Follow directions from Poison Control Follow directions from Poison Control

Center or 911Center or 911 Monitor ABC's Monitor ABC's Be prepared to do rescue breathing Be prepared to do rescue breathing

or CPR if neededor CPR if needed

SEIZURESSEIZURES

SEIZURES SEIZURES

Head injuryHead injury DiseaseDisease Fever Fever InfectionInfection Epilepsy Epilepsy

– Mild blackoutsMild blackouts– ConvulsionsConvulsions

Infants and young children are at risk of Infants and young children are at risk of seizures from high feversseizures from high fevers

Signs a Seizure is Coming OnSigns a Seizure is Coming On

Visual hallucinationsVisual hallucinations Hearing strange soundsHearing strange sounds Strange taste or smellStrange taste or smell An urgent need to get to safetyAn urgent need to get to safety Mild blackoutsMild blackouts Sudden uncontrolled muscle Sudden uncontrolled muscle

contractions (convulsions) lasting contractions (convulsions) lasting several minutesseveral minutes

First Aid Treatment for SeizuresFirst Aid Treatment for Seizures

Check victim to see if they are wearing a medical Check victim to see if they are wearing a medical alert tagalert tag

Call 911 in the following circumstances:Call 911 in the following circumstances:

Has continuous or recurring seizures (more than 1 Has continuous or recurring seizures (more than 1 per hour)per hour)

Does not awaken between seizuresDoes not awaken between seizures Is ill or injuredIs ill or injured Has never had seizures beforeHas never had seizures before Has diabetes or high blood pressureHas diabetes or high blood pressure Is pregnantIs pregnant Has seizures that last longer than 2 minutesHas seizures that last longer than 2 minutes Had a seizure in the waterHad a seizure in the water

During the SeizureDuring the Seizure If you are there when episode is coming on, try to protect If you are there when episode is coming on, try to protect

the victim from falling; help them down.the victim from falling; help them down. Remove any hard or sharp objects from the area.Remove any hard or sharp objects from the area. Loosen any tight clothing, particularly around victim's neck.Loosen any tight clothing, particularly around victim's neck.

Do NOT restrain the victimDo NOT restrain the victim Do NOT place anything between the victim's teethDo NOT place anything between the victim's teeth Do NOT move the victim unless he/she is in danger.Do NOT move the victim unless he/she is in danger. Do NOT perform rescue breathing on a seizure victim, even Do NOT perform rescue breathing on a seizure victim, even

if he or she is turning blueif he or she is turning blue Do NOT give victim anything by mouth until the seizure has Do NOT give victim anything by mouth until the seizure has

stopped and victim is fully awake.stopped and victim is fully awake.

After the Seizure StopsAfter the Seizure Stops

If you do not suspect spinal injury, place If you do not suspect spinal injury, place victim on their sidevictim on their side

Most seizure victims regain consciousness Most seizure victims regain consciousness but then go into a deep sleepbut then go into a deep sleep

Do NOT try to prevent the victim from Do NOT try to prevent the victim from sleeping after the seizure. sleeping after the seizure.

Monitor the victim while they recover. Monitor the victim while they recover. Stay with the victim until he/she fully Stay with the victim until he/she fully

regains consciousness or until medical regains consciousness or until medical help arrives.help arrives.

SHOCKSHOCK

SHOCKSHOCK

Shock occurs when the body cannot adjust Shock occurs when the body cannot adjust to the stress from an illness or injury. The to the stress from an illness or injury. The circulatory system fails to provide enough circulatory system fails to provide enough oxygen to the body. Shock is life-oxygen to the body. Shock is life-threatening.threatening.

NOTE: Shock can be caused by sudden NOTE: Shock can be caused by sudden illness, such as a heart attack or injury, illness, such as a heart attack or injury, especially injuries resulting in severe especially injuries resulting in severe bleeding. It can also result from emotional bleeding. It can also result from emotional stress.stress.

First Aid Treatment for ShockFirst Aid Treatment for Shock Call 911Call 911 Check victim to see if they are wearing a Check victim to see if they are wearing a

medical alert tagmedical alert tag Do NOT give the victim anything by Do NOT give the victim anything by

mouth.mouth. Check the ABC's Check the ABC's Place victim flat and elevate his/her feet 8 Place victim flat and elevate his/her feet 8

to 12 inches.to 12 inches. Try to maintain body temperature.Try to maintain body temperature. Give first aid for any underlying illness or Give first aid for any underlying illness or

injury.injury.

STROKESTROKE

STROKESTROKE

A stroke is disruption of the blood flow to A stroke is disruption of the blood flow to the brain due to a blot clot.the brain due to a blot clot.

Other Common Causes:Other Common Causes:– Bleeding from a ruptured artery in the brainBleeding from a ruptured artery in the brain– A head injuryA head injury– High blood pressureHigh blood pressure– A weak area in an artery wall (aneurysm)A weak area in an artery wall (aneurysm)– Fat deposits lining an artery (atherosclerosis)Fat deposits lining an artery (atherosclerosis)– A tumor or swelling from the head injury A tumor or swelling from the head injury

compressing an artery.compressing an artery.

Signs and SymptomsSigns and Symptoms Sudden weakness and numbness of face, arm or Sudden weakness and numbness of face, arm or

leg, often on one side onlyleg, often on one side only Difficulty speaking or understanding speechDifficulty speaking or understanding speech Blurred or dimmed visionBlurred or dimmed vision Pupils of the eyes unequal in sizePupils of the eyes unequal in size DizzinessDizziness ConfusionConfusion Sudden severe headacheSudden severe headache Ringing in the earsRinging in the ears Change in moodChange in mood UnconsciousnessUnconsciousness Loss of bowel or bladder controlLoss of bowel or bladder control

First Aid TreatmentFirst Aid Treatment

Call 911 or get victim to the hospitalCall 911 or get victim to the hospital Check ABC's Check ABC's Have victim rest in a comfortable position.Have victim rest in a comfortable position. Do NOT give victim anything by mouth.Do NOT give victim anything by mouth. Stay with victim until medical help arrives.Stay with victim until medical help arrives. If victim loses consciousness, place If victim loses consciousness, place

him/her on their side in the recovery him/her on their side in the recovery position. position.

Continue to monitor ABC's until Continue to monitor ABC's until medical help arrivesmedical help arrives

SPINAL AND HEAD INJURIESSPINAL AND HEAD INJURIES

SPINAL INJURIESSPINAL INJURIES

Improper care of injuries to the neck Improper care of injuries to the neck and back can lead to paralysis and and back can lead to paralysis and possibly death. possibly death.

When in doubt, assume there is a When in doubt, assume there is a spinal injury. spinal injury.

The leading causes of spinal injuries The leading causes of spinal injuries are motor vehicle accidents, falls, are motor vehicle accidents, falls, acts of violence, and sports.acts of violence, and sports.

Causes of Head InjuriesCauses of Head Injuries A fall from a height greater than the victim's A fall from a height greater than the victim's

heightheight Any diving mishapAny diving mishap Severe blunt force to head or trunkSevere blunt force to head or trunk Penetrating injury such as a gunshot woundPenetrating injury such as a gunshot wound A motor vehicle crash involving people not A motor vehicle crash involving people not

wearing seat beltswearing seat belts Any person thrown from a motor vehicleAny person thrown from a motor vehicle Any injury in which a protective helmet is brokenAny injury in which a protective helmet is broken Any incident involving a lightning strikeAny incident involving a lightning strike

Signs and SymptomsSigns and Symptoms Changes in levels of consciousnessChanges in levels of consciousness Severe pain or pressure in head, neck, or backSevere pain or pressure in head, neck, or back Tingling or loss of sensationTingling or loss of sensation Loss of movement in any body partLoss of movement in any body part Unusual bumps or depressions on head or spineUnusual bumps or depressions on head or spine Blood in the nose or earsBlood in the nose or ears SeizuresSeizures Impaired breathing or visionImpaired breathing or vision Nausea or vomitingNausea or vomiting Persistent headachePersistent headache Loss of balance.Loss of balance.

First Aid TreatmentFirst Aid Treatment

Call 911Call 911 Minimize movement of the head Minimize movement of the head

and spine.and spine. Monitor the ABC's Monitor the ABC's Control any external bleeding.Control any external bleeding. Treat for shock and maintain Treat for shock and maintain

normal body temperaturenormal body temperature

If Accident Occurs in WaterIf Accident Occurs in Water:: Do NOT jump or dive into the water near the Do NOT jump or dive into the water near the

victim.victim. Approach victim carefully, to prevent Approach victim carefully, to prevent

unnecessary waves from causing further injury.unnecessary waves from causing further injury. Move victim to surface of water, and rotate victim Move victim to surface of water, and rotate victim

so they can breathe.so they can breathe. Move victim to shallow water if possible.Move victim to shallow water if possible. If you do not have a backboard, support victim in If you do not have a backboard, support victim in

the water until EMS arrives.the water until EMS arrives. Check for breathing.Check for breathing. Monitor ABC's Monitor ABC's Treat for shock.Treat for shock.

SPRAINSSPRAINS

SPRAINSSPRAINS

A sprainA sprain is the partial or complete is the partial or complete tearing of ligaments and other tearing of ligaments and other tissues at a joint. tissues at a joint.

The more torn ligaments there are, The more torn ligaments there are, the more severe the injury is. the more severe the injury is.

The severity can range fromThe severity can range from a minor a minor sprain to a major injury, which may sprain to a major injury, which may rupture the ligament and require rupture the ligament and require surgical repair.surgical repair.

Signs and Symptoms Signs and Symptoms

Mild to severe tendernessMild to severe tenderness SwellingSwelling Possible looseness in joint Possible looseness in joint DeformityDeformity Associated muscle spasmAssociated muscle spasm Snapping orSnapping or tearing soundtearing sound

First Aid TreatmentFirst Aid Treatment Do NOT allow victim to move unassisted.Do NOT allow victim to move unassisted. Do NOT allow victim to put stress on injured area.Do NOT allow victim to put stress on injured area. Care for shock.Care for shock. Monitor ABC's Monitor ABC's RICE: Rest, Ice, Compression, and ElevationRICE: Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation

– Rest from activities for at least 48 hoursRest from activities for at least 48 hours– Ice for 20 minutes on, 20 minutes offIce for 20 minutes on, 20 minutes off– Compression with Ace wrap from distal to Compression with Ace wrap from distal to

proximal, include all skin in the wrap (leave no proximal, include all skin in the wrap (leave no gaps)gaps)

– Elevate above heart as much as possible for 3 daysElevate above heart as much as possible for 3 days

Be Safe!Be Safe!