First Aid for the School and the Community

Mrs. Delpit

Pay close attention to the test questions in RED!

SEVERE BLEEDINGWhat are the steps to control external bleeding?

1. Apply direct pressure with a sterile dressing.

2. Cover dressing with roller (pressure) bandage.

* femoral – legArteries: * brachial – arm

3. If bleeding doesn’t stop: Apply additional dressings and bandages. Care for shock.

Wash hands after giving care!

GLOVES ARE ON!

INTERNAL BLEEDING

What are some signs of internal bleeding?

• Swollen or bruised abdomen • Rigid abdomen• Rapid, weak pulse• Cool or moist skin or looks pale or bluish • Vomiting or coughing up blood• Excessive thirst• Confused, faint, drowsy, or unconscious

Care for a Burn• Stop the burning• Cool the burn with large amounts of cool

water. • Cover the burn with dry, clean or sterile

dressings.

Cuts, Scrapes , & Bruises Bruises

Cuts

Open fracture

Scrapes

Avulsions

Punctures

Open wound where the bone has torn through.

SPLINTING

Splints should be snug but not so tight that it slows circulation

What are the different types of splints? * soft – pillow / blanket

* anatomic – body part to body part * sling – triangular bandage

* rigid – board * the ground.

Head, Neck, and Back Injuries When to suspect…

- fall from height greater than that of the victim - any fall by an elderly person- diving mishap - find an unconscious person- motor vehicle accident - gun shot wound- broken helmet- lightening strike

Head, Neck, and Back InjuriesSignals

• change in consciousness• pain or pressure• tingling or loss of sensation hands, fingers, feet, toes• partial or complete loss of movement of any body part• unusual bumps or depressions on head or spine• blood or other fluids in the ears of nose• external bleeding in these areas• seizures• impaired breathing or vision • nausea or vomiting• persistent headache• loss of balance• bruising of head, eyes, behind ears

Head, Neck, and Back Injuries

Care For:- Call 911!- Minimize movement

*In-line stabilization – partner skill check - p. 138 text

- Maintain an open airway - Check consciousness and breathing

- Control any external bleeding- Keep victim from getting chilled or over heated

SUDDEN ILLNESSES Seizure – Remove nearby objects that may cause injury. Clear area and maintain an open airway.Cushion head. Do not restrain.

Diabetic Emergency – (too much or too little sugar) Give conscious victim some type of sugar.

Stroke = “brain attack” – THINK FAST! - page 158 text

F = FACE A = ARM S = SPEECH T = TIME smile raise both arms simple sentence time to call 911

Caused by blockage of blood flow to the brain.

POISONINGS

*More than 92% of all poisonings occur in the home.Call the Poison Control Center and follow the advice given.

Types of Poisoning - p. 162 text

Absorption Inhalation

Ingestion Injection

HEAT EMERGENCIES ProgressionHeat CrampsSigns – painful muscle spasms

Heat ExhaustionSigns – cool, moist, pale, ashen or flushed skin; headache, nausea, dizziness, weakness, exhaustion.

Heat Stroke (most serious)Signs – red skin - dry or moist changes in consciousness, rapid, weak pulse, and rapid shallow breathing

HEAT EMERGENCIES CARE• Heat Cramps - Move to a cool place - Give cool water - Lightly stretch muscle

• Heat Exhaustion - Move to a cooler environment - Give small amounts of cool water to drink (if fully

conscious) - Loosen or remove clothing – Fan victim

• Heat Stroke –LIFE THREATENING!!! - Call 911 – Care same as heat exhaustion

COLD EMERGENCIESFrostbite - freezing of body parts

Care – Get the person to a warm environment and

warm area by soaking in warm water.

- bandage with dry sterile dressings

Do not rub area!

Hypothermia - “Entire body cools because its ability to

keep warm fails”

***Victim will die if not given care!

Signs – shivering, numbness, glassy stare, apathy and loss of

consciousness.

Care – Remove wet clothing and dry victim

Warm gradually and handle gently!!!

COLD EMERGENCIES

SEVERE ALLERGIC REACTIONS

Bee Sting (trouble breathing) -Call 911 immediately and care for the person until help arrives.

Asthma and Anaphylaxis

Allergic Reaction – analphylactic shock Assist with medication epinephrine “pen” if needed. Administered in side area of thigh. p. 202 text

Asthma – airways swell and narrow – triggered by exercise, cold air, allergens – results in difficulty breathingAssist with medication if needed. p. 96 text

Analphylaxis and Epinephrine Auto-Injectors

Bibliography

First Aid/CPR/AED for Schools and the Community, c. 2006, The American National Red Cross, StayWell, Yardley PA.