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FIRST AID

Emergency Procedures for Injury and Illness

6 qualities a person needs in an Emergency Situation

1.Quick in Action

First aiders are required to face a variety of emergency situations and this calls for immediate and wise thinking.


2. Keeping Your Cool

Ideal first aiders don’t panic in emergency situations. They are confident, composed and know how to deal with the situation.


3. Excellent Decision Maker

Good first aiders can assess the situation and injured party and make decisions accordingly.


4. Skillful

Good first aiders have knowledge and skills and expertly know how to apply them.


5. Good Communication Skills

It is extremely important that these suffering people be talked to in order to make the right assessment of their situation or to keep them in senses.


6. Kind and Comforting

During these unpleasant situations a kind and reassuring response can help the victims feel a little better.

INITIAL ACTIONS IN A FIRST AID EMERGENCY

1) Assess the situation.

• Be sure the situation is safe for you.• The following dangers will require caution: live electrical

wires, building damage, fire or smoke, traffic and/or violence

• Look around to observe what happened

• See how many victims there are

• Note if there is anyone nearby who can help


2) Check the victims for life threatening conditions

Such as… “The Life Threatening 3”• Unconsciousness (Ask “Are you OK?”)

• Lack of breathing

• Severe bleeding

Do not move a severely injured or ill person unless absolutely necessary

Check for Breathing

•looking for the victim’s chest to rise•listen for breathing•feel for breath on your cheek

Check for Breathing


3) In the presence of a life threatening emergency call 9-1-1

• 9-1-1 operators may ask the following• What is your emergency?• What first aid, if any has been given?• How many people need help?• What is your location?• If poisoned: What kind? How much? How Long?


4) Stay calm and reassure the victim

•Look for medical ID tags or prescription medications that may indicate health problems.

•Do not give fluids. The victim may not be able to swallow correctly

Preventing the Spread of Disease

By following some basic guidelines, you can help to reduce the spread of disease when providing first aid:• Avoid contact with body fluids when possible• Protect yourself by wearing protective

clothing, such as rubber gloves• Wash your hands with soap and water

immediately before and after giving care• Do not eat, drink, or touch your mouth,

nose, or eyes when giving first aid

FEVER (Temperature >100.4)

Symptoms: uncomfortable, warm to the touch, flushed, sweaty

It's best to stay home until the temperature has been normal (98.6F) for at least 24 hours. If child is uncomfortable, here are some ways to relieve symptoms:

• Offer plenty of fluids to avoid dehydration.

• Adults may give acetaminophen or ibuprofen based on package recommendations.• Do not give aspirin (can cause brain and liver damage)

• Never use cold baths to bring the fever down.

• Dress in lightweight clothing and cover with a light sheet or blanket.

• Don’t force eating if your child doesn't feel like it.

• Make sure to get plenty of rest.

FEVER

A high temperature can be alarming, but a fever often means that a body is working the way it should and fighting off infection.

Call Doctor If:• A child of any age has a temperature of 104 F

or higher.• A child of any age has a temperature of 102 F

for more than 48 hours.• The child vomits repeatedly or has severe

diarrhea.• The fever triggers a seizure. • The child has a fever and a rash.

Review

• What are the “Life Threatening 3”?

• How do you check for consciousness?

• How do you prevent the spread of disease?

• What is the temperature you should immediately see a doctor?

• What are some things a 9-1-1 operator may ask?

• What is proper position to check for breathing?

ALLERGIC REACTION

Symptoms: trouble breathing; tightness in the throat or chest; coughing; rash or hives; swelling of the eyes and/or lips; dizziness; confusion; abdominal cramps; nausea; shock.

• Look for a bracelet or card that identifies the victim’s allergies.

• Have the victim take an antihistamine pill if he/she is able to swallow.

• Administer special medications if the victim carries them (Epi-Pen)

Signs of Shock

Shock may result from trauma, heatstroke, blood loss, an allergic reaction, severe infection, poisoning, severe burns or other causes. When a person is in shock, his or her organs aren't getting enough blood or oxygen. If untreated, this can lead to permanent organ damage or even death.

• Signs and symptoms of shock vary depending on circumstances and may include:

• Cool, clammy skin• Pale or ashen skin• Rapid pulse• Rapid breathing• Nausea or vomiting• Enlarged pupils• Weakness or fatigue• Dizziness or fainting• Changes in mental status or behavior, such as anxiousness or agitation

ALLERGIC REACTION (PEANUTS)

ASTHMA ATTACKS

Symptoms: Difficulty breathing and talking; gray or bluish lips and fingernails; rapid pulse; collapse and unconsciousness.

• Keep the victim calm

• Ask if the victim has an action plan from his/her doctor.

• Administer the victim’s asthma medication

BLEEDING

• Put on disposable gloves if possible before administering care.

• Apply pressure to the wound with a clean cloth or bandage. Add new cloth on top as needed.

• Elevate the wounded area if possible and if you do not suspect a broken bone.

• Squeeze a nearby artery against the boneunderneath if necessary.

• Maintain pressure until the bleeding stops or medical help arrives.

• Call 9-1-1 if bleeding continues to be uncontrollable

Band Aid DebateCovered or Uncovered???

What is the best way to help a minor cut or scrape heal?

-Let is “air out”

-Keep it covered

Covered or Uncovered

An uncovered wound…

• Dries out and forms a scab• Scab protects from germs but impedes the healing

process

• Has a greater chance of scaring• Scabs formed from leaving a wound uncovered often

result in unwanted scars.

• Has a greater chance of re-injury• Scabs can be scratched or torn off - especially by

little ones who find them irritating. This re-injury prolongs healing and further increases the likelihood of scarring.

Covered or Uncovered

A covered wound…

• Minimizes the appearance of scars

• Keeping a wound covered until it heals can prevent skin cells from drying out and forming a scab, thereby minimizing the appearance of scarring.

• Has less chance of infection

• Bandages can help prevent water, dirt, and germs from reaching your vulnerable wound and causing further harm.

• Gets superior protection

• Bandages can provide extra cushioning for added comfort and protection from re-injury until the wound is completely healed so you can stay active while healing faster!

Covered

‘To Promote an Optimal Healing

Environment, Keep it Covered!’

Many people have long believed the myth

that keeping minor cuts and scrapes

uncovered to “air out” somehow helps us

heal wounds faster.

But – surprise, surprise - extensive research

has proven this belief untrue!

NOSEBLEED

•Have the victim sit and lean slightly forward.

•Pinch the bleeding nostril shut.

•Apply ice to the bridge of the nose.

•Call 9-1-1 if the victim becomes unconscious or the bleeding persists.

NOSEBLEED

BLISTERS

Less than the size of a quarter:

• Do not drain unless it’s painful. Unbroken skin provides protection against infection. The body will slowly absorb the fluid.

• Keep the area clean and protect it with a bandage.

Larger than the size of a quarter:

• Wash the area and your hands with soap and water.

• Swab the area with rubbing alcohol.

• Sterilize a needle and use it to poke holes near the blister’s edge. Gently squeeze the fluid out.

• Leave the skin in place. Apply a small amount of antibiotic and cover with a bandage.

Review

• After you determine you have a situation dealing with blood what do you do next?

• Should you keep an injury covered or let it air out?

• What are the 4 steps when dealing with a nosebleed?

• When should you drain a blister?

CPR (Cardiopulmonary resuscitation)

An emergency procedure that combines chest compressions often with artificial ventilation in an effort to preserve intact brain function until further measures are taken to restore spontaneous blood circulation and breathing in a person who is in cardiac arrest.


• Recommended in those who are unresponsive with little or no breathing

• CPR alone is unlikely to restart the heart. Its main purpose is to restore partial flow of oxygenated blood to the brain and heart.

• Administration of an electric shock to the subject's heart, termed defibrillation, is usually needed in order to restore a regular heart rhythm.


Why is it important to be certified in CPR?• Cardiac arrest is a leading cause of death. Each

year, more than 350,000 out-of-hospital cardiac arrests occur in the United States.

• When a person has a cardiac arrest, survival depends on immediately getting CPR from someone nearby. Almost 90 percent of people who suffer out-of-hospital cardiac arrests die. CPR, especially if performed in the first few minutes of cardiac arrest, can double or triple a person’s chance of survival.

• About 1 in 9 men will suffer a cardiac arrest before the age of 70, compared to 1 in 30 women.


Where can you get certified?

•Minooka and Channahon Fire Departments offer classes

•Minooka High School Health class

•Baby sitting courses through Joliet and Channahon Park Districts

Tanner’s Story -A Life Saved through CPR

AED (Automated External Defibrillator)

• a portable device that checks the heart rhythm and can send an electric shock to the heart to try to restore a normal rhythm.

• AEDs make it possible for more people to respond to a medical emergency where defibrillation is required like cardiac arrest

• The heart must be “defibrillated” quickly, because a victim’s chance of surviving drops by seven to 10 percent for every minute a normal heartbeat isn’t restored.

HEAD TRAUMA/CONCUSSION

SYMPTOMS: change in level of consciousness for more than a few seconds; black-and-blue areas below the eyes or behind the ears; confusion; loss of balance; weakness or inability to use an arm or leg; unequal size of pupils; repeated vomiting; slurred speech.

• Do not move the victim unless necessary. Avoid moving the victim’s neck.

• Keep the victim still and have them lie down in a quiet, darkened room with head and shoulders slightly elevated.

• Stop any bleeding, but don’t apply direct pressure to the head if you suspect a skull fracture.

• Monitor breathing and consciousness and be prepared to begin CPR if necessary. Call 9-1-1


• Physical rest. Means not doing things like sports and physical activities until the concussion is completely healed. While they still have symptoms, kids should do only the basic activities of day-to-day living. This reduces stress on the brain and decreases the chances of re-injuring the head in a fall or other accident.

• Mental rest. Means avoiding any cognitive (thinking) activity that could make symptoms worse, such as using a computer, cellphone, or other device; and watching TV or playing video games. If these "brain" activities do not make symptoms worse, kids can start them again gradually, but should stop immediately if symptoms return.

• When all symptoms are gone, kids should return to physical activities slowly, working their way back to pre-concussion levels.


CAUSES OF CONCUSSIONS IN CHILDREN

•44.5% from falling

•22.9% from being struck by an object

•17.2% from collisions

•11.2% from being struck by a person.


TOP 3 SPORTS AND CONCUSSIONS

Football, Girls Soccer and Boys Lacrosse

In similar boys' and girls' sports (baseball/softball, basketball, and soccer), girls had roughly twice the concussion risk of boys

• Possible reasons: Girls’ neck muscles are less developed, head size is smaller, and coaches and parents may be more sensitive to injury to the female head, girls are more likely to report symptoms

SCRAPES, CUTS, PUNCTURES

ABRASION (skin has been rubbed or scraped away)

• Use mild soap and water to gently clean the dirt and any other matter out of the wound to prevent infection.

• Apply small amount of antibiotic ointment for the first day or two and cover with a gauze bandage. Then keep the wound clean and dry.

• If the abrasion is deep or widespread, or becomes infected, seek medical care.• What are signs of infection?


LACERATION (a cut in the skin)MINOR• Treat any bleeding.

• Wash with soap and water

• Apply a small amount of antibiotic for the first day or two and cover with a bandage. Then, keep the wound clean and dry.

• If signs of infection appear, seek medical care.

MAJOR

• Watch for severe bleeding and control it.

• If the cut is gaping open, use a butterfly bandage to hold the edges together.

• Seek Medical Care if stitches are required


Stitches –•May be needed if the edge of the skin does not fit together nicely or if the wound is over an inch long. Stitches should be put in within the first few hours after the injury

•Apply a small amount of antibiotic for the first day or two and cover with a bandage. Then, keep the wound clean and dry.

Review

• When dealing with a head injury what else should you suspect may be wrong?

• What should be done first when dealing with an abrasion, laceration, or puncture?

• What are the signs of infection?

• Is CPR alone likely to restart a heart?

• What is the difference between Cardiac Arrest and a Heart Attack?

• What is an AED?


PUNCTURE

MINOR (Ex. SPLINTER)

• Wash the wound gently with soap and water.

• Check to make sure the object left nothing behind in the wound.

• Apply a small amount of antibiotic for the first day or two and cover with a bandage.

• If signs of infection appear, seek medical care.

MAJOR

• Do not remove the embedded object. Leave this for professional medical personnel.

• Bandage bulky dressing around the object to keep it from moving.

• Bleeding may be severe. Watch for shock and call 9-1-1.

BONE & JOINT INJURIES

CLOSED FRACTURE (a complete break, a chip or a crack in a bone

Symptoms: pain due to gentle pressure or movement; the limb or joint appears deformed; a toe or finger is numb or blue at the tip.

• Do not move the injured limb.

• Apply a splint if you know how.• Something straight and rigid, such as a board, used to hold

the broken bone

• Apply ice or a cold pack.

• Seek medical Care

• Treat for shock if necessary


OPEN FRACTURE

Symptoms: the bone tears through the skin.

• Stop any bleeding

• Call 9-1-1

• Do not move the exposed bone or injured limb.

• Place a sterile dressing around the open fracture. Bandage the dressings in place, taking care not to wrap them too tight

Types of Fractures

Immobilizing a Fracture


DISLOCATION

Symptoms: a bump, ridge or hollow area where the dislocation has occurred. Possible deformity

• Seek medical care

• Don’t move the affected joint or try to force it back into place

• Fashion a splint to hold the affected joint in position if you know how

• Apply ice or a cold pack

IS IT A BRUISE OR HEMATOMA

Bruises and Hematomas tend to present similarly, but they are two different conditions. A hematoma is a more serious and sometimes even life-threatening condition. Bruises usually do not require medical attention

A bruise may indicate internal bleeding

Bruise:

- Small leakage from smaller blood

vessels near surface of skin

- Causes black and blue

discoloration

- Usually heal without medical

treatment in one to two weeks

Hematoma:

- Large leakage often from large

blood vessels, causing blood to

"pool“ possibly deeper in the body

- Often causes redness

- May require medical attention

BRUISES

If you're bruising but you don't know why

• You may need to seek medical care• Your doctor can help you figure out the reason.

• Bruising can happen as a drug side effect or as a symptom of a health condition.

If you suspect internal bleeding

• Have the victim lie down if feeling faint. Place the victim on his/her side if he/she is vomiting or coughing up blood.

• Do not give anything to drink.

• Call 9-1-1

Sprained Ankle w/ Bruise and Blister (Blister caused by excessive swelling)

Review

• What is a splint?

• What is the difference between a closed and open fracture?

• If you suspect a fracture what is step one that is very important to do before seeking medical care?

• Should you ever try to force a dislocation back in to place?

• What may a bruise indicate?

MUSCLE INJURIES

MUSCLE CRAMP

Symptoms: sudden, sharp, painful spasm or contraction; a hard lump of muscle tissue

• Stretch and gently rub the affected muscle.

• Use a hot pack or take a hot bath

• Stay hydrated to help prevent muscle cramps

• H20 during activity; Sports drinks after activity

MUSCLE INJURIES

MUSCLE STRAIN (“Pulled Muscle”)

Symptoms: pain, tenderness and swelling due to the stretching or tearing of muscles; a bump or indentation; weakness in a limb or inability to use.

• Causes: • not warming up properly before physical

activity• poor flexibility• poor conditioning• overexertion and fatigue

Most Common Strained Muscle?

STRAINED MUSCLE-Derek Redmond 1992 Olympics

SPRAIN

SPRAIN

Symptoms: pain, tenderness and swelling due to the stretching or tearing of ligaments at a joint; May also involve fracture or dislocation.

•Ligament - a short band of tough, flexible connective tissue that connects two bones at a joint.

Most common sprained joint?

SPRAIN

Sports Injuries

Sports Injuries Breakdown(According to Consumer Product Safety Commission)

Because this injury data does not show number of injuries per player, one should not assume that the higher ranking sports are inherently more dangerous — they may just be played more frequently and by more people.

http://www.cpsc.gov/


Rank Sport Avg / Yr

13-17

Common

Body Part

Injured

Most

Common

Injury

Male Female

#10 Snowboarding 9,608 Wrist Fracture 75.9% 24.1%

#9 Ice Hockey 12,336 Head Contusion

Abrasion

88.5% 11.5%

#8 Volleyball 14,304 Ankle Sprain

Strain

21.1% 78.9%

#7 Softball 18,119 Ankle Sprain

Strain

7.9% 92.1%

#6 Wrestling,

Boxing, M. Arts

18,174 Shoulder Sprain

Strain

90.6% 9.4%



Rank Sport Avg / Yr

13-17

Common

Body Part

Injured

Most

Common

Injury

Male Female

#5 Gymnastics,

Cheer, Dance

22,671 Ankle Sprain 9% 91%

#4 Baseball 27,208 Face Contusion 88.8% 11.2%

#3 Soccer 45,475 Ankle Sprain

Strain

52% 48%

#2 Football 118,886 Finger Sprain

Strain

95.7% 4.3%

#1 Basketball 119,589 Ankle Sprain 74% 26%


Strain & Sprain Treatment

R.I.C.E. By Dr. Mirkin(1978)

R – RestDepending on the severity you should be able to begin mobility and weight baring exercises after 24-48 hours.I – IceAids in pain managementC – CompressionHelps reduce swelling with the use of an elastic wrapE – ElevationHelps reduce swelling by raising the injured area above the heart

Recent studies on Icing Injuries

• Applying ice to injured tissue causes blood vessels near the injury to constrict and shut off the blood flow that brings in the healing cells of inflammation

• The cooling may help to decrease pain, but it interferes with the athlete's strength, speed, endurance and coordination

• Anything that reduces your immune response will also delay muscle healing. Thus, healing is delayed by, almost all pain-relieving medicines, such as drugs like ibuprofen, and applying cold packs or ice.

Strain & Sprain Treatment

Since 2014 Dr. Mirkin has stepped back from his original theory of rest and ice but still a viable option for 1st aid until you can see a doctor to determine that no bones are broken and that movement will not increase damage.

If you are injured…• Stop exercising immediately

• If the pain is severe, you are unable to move or you are confused or lose even momentary

consciousness, you should be checked to see if you require emergency medical attention.(ex Fracture)

• If possible, elevate the injured part to use gravity to help minimize swelling.

• If the injury is limited to muscles apply a compression bandage.

• Since applying ice to an injury has been shown to reduce pain, it is acceptable to cool an injured part

for short periods soon after the injury occurs. You could apply the ice for up to 10 minutes, remove it for

20 minutes, and repeat the 10 minute application once or twice. There is no reason to apply ice more

than six hours after you have injured yourself.

• If the injury is severe, follow your doctor's advice on rehabilitation. With minor injuries, you can usually

begin rehabilitation the next day. You can move and use the injured part as long as the movement

does not increase the pain and discomfort.

• Get back to your sport as soon as you can do so without pain.

BURNS

FIRST DEGREE – involves only the top layer of skin

• Red, skin is sensitive to the touch

SECOND DEGREE – involves the top layers of skin

• Red, painful, and blisters

THIRD DEGREE – involves all the layers of the skin and possibly some of the muscle, bone, and nerves

• Skin looks black or charred; very painful, or there may be no pain due to the nerve endings being burned and destroyed

GENERAL ACTION

• Stop the burning process

• Call 9-1-1 if the burn is to a very young or an elderly victim; causes difficulty in breathing; covers more than a single body part; involves the head, neck, hands, feet or genitals; or caused by a chemical, electricity or an explosion.

• Be aware that electrocution can cause cardiac and respiratory emergencies. Therefore, be prepared to perform CPR or use an automated external defibrillator (AED).

SUN BURNS

Symptoms: pain and redness of the skin, possible blistering, headache, fever, fatigue

• Have the victim take a cool bath or shower

• Apply aloe vera lotion several times a day

• If needed, use over the counter pain reliever such as aspirin, or ibuprofen. DO NOT give aspirin to children or teenagers.

• Protect the area from further damage by keeping it out of the sun

• Seek medical care if the skin blisters or a rash, itching or fever occurs.

BURNS (1st DEGREE)

BURNS (2ND DEGREE)

BURNS (3RD DEGREE)

POISONING

If you suspect poisoning of any type, call the Poison Control Center. If there is a change in the victim’s level of consciousness or any other life-threatening condition contact 9-1-1

Symptoms: trouble breathing; nausea, vomiting; chest or abdominal pain; sweating; seizures; burns or redness around the lips or tongue, or on the skin; open or spilled drug or chemical containers.

POISONING

DUE TO INGESTION:

• Call the Poison Control Center or 9-1-1• (800) 222-1222

• Do not provide the victim anything to eat or drink unless directed to do so by a medical professional

• Try to determine the suspected poison and to find out the amount taken and when

POISONING

DUE TO INHALATION:

• Make sure it’s safe for you, then get the victim to fresh air

• Call 9-1-1

• Loosen the victim’s clothing

• Check victim’s breathing. Start CPR if necessary

• Open windows and doors to air out fumes

POISONING

BY SKIN CONTACT:

• Remove contaminated clothing

• Flood the skin area with water for 10-20 minutes, then gently wash with soap and water

• Destroy contaminated clothing

• Seek medical care depending on severity

Review

• What can help prevent muscle cramps?

• What is another name for muscle strain?

• What causes a muscle strain?

• What may accompany a muscle sprain?

• What are the differences between the 3 degrees of burns?

• What should you do if someone swallows something poisonous?

Survival Kit• Flashlight

• Batteries

• Blanket

• Battery Operated Radio

• Multipurpose Tool

• Canned food / Water

• Cell Phone Charger

First Aid Kit• Band-Aids

• Gauze

• Ice

• Elastic Wrap

• Scissors

• Athletic Tape

• Antibiotic Ointment

FIRST AID KIT

• Adhesive Tape

• Gauze rolls/ pads

• Tweezers

• Rubbing Alcohol

• Band-aids

• Ice Pack

• Cotton Balls

• First Aid Manual

• Aspirin

• Thermometer

• Disposable Gloves

• Eye Drops

• Scissors

• Hydrogen Peroxide

• Bottled Water

• Calamine Lotion/Anti-Itch

• Bandages of assorted size

• Asthma/Allergy Meds

• Antiseptic Wipes/Solution

• Burn Gel (aloe)

first aid photos€¦ · tanner’s story - a life saved through cpr. aed (automated external...

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