first emissions workshop report final

8/6/2019 First Emissions Workshop Report Final

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIRST APINA EMISSIONS INVENTORY

TRAINING WORKSHOP

Held at Protea Rya lls Hote l, Blantyre, Ma law i

20-23Feb ruary, 2006.

Prep ared by:

Kenne th J Go ndw e

The Polytec hnic

Mechanical Engineering Department

Private Bag 303

Chichiri

Blantyre3

MALAWIEmail: [email protected]


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i

LIST OF CONTENTS

Ac ronyms and abbreviations ii

Exec utive summary iv

1. Introduc tion 1

1.1 Bac kground 1

1.2 Ob jec tives of the wo rkshop 1

2. Workshop Co ntents 1

2.1 The Workshop outline 1

3. Workshop Ac hievements/ Co nc lusions 6

3.1 Attendanc e 6

3.2 Ma teria l ove rage 6

3.3 Workshop eva luat ion 6

4. Way Forward 7

5. Append ices 8

Ap pend ix 1. List of participa nts 8

Ap pend ix 2. Workshop eva luation 10


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ii

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

APINA Air Pollution Informa tion Network for Africa

BKB Brown c oa l b riquette s

BFG Blast furnac e gasCD Com pa c t disc

CH4 Methane

CO Ca rbo n monoxide

CO2 Ca rbo n d ioxide

CORINAIR Core Inventory of Air Emissions (Environm ent)

COG Coke oven ga s

E Emission

EF Emission fa c tor

EMEP European Mo nitoring and Eva lua tion Prog ramme

FAOSTAT United Nations Foo d and Ag ricu lture Organiza tion on line da ta base

GWG Ga s works gas

IEA Inte rna tiona l Energy Agenc y

IISI Internationa l Iron and Steel Institute

IPCC Intergove rnmenta l Panel on Clima te Cha nge

LPG Lique fied Pet roleum Ga s

NGL Natura l gas liquids

NH3 Ammonia

NMVOC Non-Metha ne Volatile Orga nic Com po unds

NOx Nitrog en oxides

O3 Ozone

PM Particulate ma tter

PM2.5 An a ir polluta nt c onsisting of sma ll particles with an aerod ynamic

d iame ter of less than or eq ua l to a nom ina l 2.5 mic rons

PM10 An a ir polluta nt c onsisting of sma ll particles with an aerod ynamic

d iame ter of less than or eq ual to a nominal 10 mic rons

RFO Residua l fue l o il (a lso ca lled Hea vy Fuel Oil)

SAFARI Southern Afric an Regiona l Sc ienc e Initia tive

SADC Southern Afric an Develop me nt Co mm unity

SEI-Y Sto c kho lm Environment Institute in York

SO2 Sulphur dioxide


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iv

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

A four-day training workshop on emissions inventory compilation, based on the Air

Pollution Information Network for Africa (APINA) Emissions Inventory Manual was

held a t Protea Rya lls Hotel in Blantyre, Ma law i. The workshop partic ipa nts were

from South Africa , Botswa na, Mozamb ique , Zimb abwe , Zamb ia , Ma lawi a ndTanzania. This was one of the APINA Pha se III ac tivities.

The wo rkshop c overed the follow ing a rea s: Introduc tion to em issions invento ries;

The basics of emissions inventories; Genera l steps in inventory c om pila tion;

Ap proac hes to invento ry com pila tion; Types of em ission source s; Polluta nts

c ove red in the manual; Source sec toral struc ture o f the manual and wo rkbook;

Sources of da ta ; Structure of the workboo k and Prac tica l sessions on invento ry

compilation.

The workshop ac hieved its set ob jec tives. All the seve n APINA c ount ries a ttendedthe w orkshop . A tota l of 14 pa rticipants we re t ra ined , ag a inst a ta rge t o f 10 in the

projec t doc ument. The course ma teria ls tha t inc luded hard c op ies of the ma nual

and c om pac t d isc s (CDs) were g iven to a ll partic ipants. The b udge ta ry targets

we re me t. The p artic ipants we re p lea sed with the qua lity of o rga nisa tion of the

wo rkshop and the c ourse c ontent.

In terms of the way forward, participants agreed to compile their draft national

inventories based on yea r 2000. It wa s a lso no ted d uring the training tha t the

Exc el spread sheet a nd the m anua l need ed to b e upda ted by the lead trainer.

These a c tivities we re expec ted to b e a c c om plished before the next tra iningworkshop sc hed uled for Sep temb er 2006.


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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1.BackgroundThe APINA Phase III ac tivities a im to enha nc e the tec hnica l capac ity of APINA

mem bers in a ir pollution a ssessme nt in the Southern Afric an Develop me ntCo mmunity (SADC) reg ion. One of the ob jec tives during this Pha se is to ensure

tha t c apac ity to p rep are emissions invento ries is de veloped .

Two ma in ac tivities were p rop osed , during the first yea r name ly, to train the

Task Team Leader (TTL) a t the Sto ckho lm Environmenta l Institute in York (SEI-Y)

and organize a training workshop in Ma law i for Task Tea m Me mbers (TTMs) from

the seven p articipa ting c ountries.

A practical-oriented training workshop was organized at Protea Ryalls Hotel in

Blantyre, drawing participants from South Africa , Botswa na , Mo zamb ique ,Zimb abwe , Zamb ia , Ma lawi and Tanzania . The w orkshop wa s coo rd ina ted by

the TTL and fa c ilita ted by Mr Harry Va llack from SEI-Y.

Mr Grey Munthali, Deputy Director of the Department of Meteorological

Servic es, officia lly op ene d the workshop .

The w orkshop rep ort covers the ma in highlights ac hieved during the 4-day

workshop.

1.2.Objec tives of the workshop

The m a in ob jec tives of the training w orkshop were to t rain the APINA Emissions

Inventory Task Team Members in the use o f the revised APINA Emissions Ma nua l,

covering all aspects of the methodology for compilation of emissions

invento ries including:

The em ission source struc ture o f the manua l. The c ha rac teristics and ma jor em ission sources of the polluta nts to be

inventoried.

Top -dow n versus botto m up approa ches.

Internationa l da tabases for the a c tivity da ta .

2. WORKSHOP CONTENTS2.1.The workshop outline

Part 1: The a ir pollution prob lem and the need for emission inventories

Emissions, whether at household, urban, peri-urban or regional level, cause

multiple environmental problems which include impacts on human and

animal health, crops, ecosystems and materials. Compilation of emissions

inventories provides valuable data for modelling on movement, deposition

of a ir polluta nts and for estima ting the effec ts of a ir polluta nts. The


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inventories also inform the policy makers and the public on how to prioritise

and set objectives for reducing emissions; and to develop current and

future mitiga tion strateg ies by source.

The ma jor emissions and / or prec ursors inc lude d in the APINA emissions

inventory manua l are sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx),

particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5), ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO)and non-me thane volatile orga nic compo unds (NMVOCs).

Figure 1 shows the air pollution cycle that is made up of emissions, transport,

dep osition a nd imp ac ts of the a ir pollutants.

Figure 1: Imp ac ts of a ir pollution on the env ironm ent.

Part 2: The b asics of emissions inventory c om pilation

The a ir polluta nt emissions invento ry, whether natural or anthropog enic ,

computes a detailed account of the type and quantity of pollutant by

source, area and time. The sources c ould b e large or ma ny sma ll sources.

The inventory com p ila tion p roc ess is c om plex henc e it requires c areful and

methodical planning and preparations to ensure quality data collection,ac c urate and timely co mp utation and qua lity co ntrol/ a ssuranc e.

The APINA emissions invento ry manua l has bene fited from the best ava ilab le

methodologies such as those of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

Cha nge (IPCC), Europ ea n Mo nitoring and Eva luat ion Prog ramm e/ Core

Inventory of Air Emissions (EMEP/ CORINAIR), United Sta te s Environment

Protec tion Ag enc y (USEPA AP-42) and southe rn Afric a reg iona l stud ies suc h

as the Southern Afric an Regiona l Sc ienc e Initiat ive (SAFARI) 2000.

Depending on the availability of data, both bottom-up and top-down

ap proac hes could b e used .

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The APINA m anua l covers the fo llowing sec to rs: ene rgy, industria l proc esses,

agriculture, vegetation fires and forestry, waste, natural sources and large

point source s.

Useful international sources of data were covered such as the International

Energy Agenc y (IEA) Energy Sta tistics and Ba lanc es, United Nations (UN)

Industria l Com mod ity Sta tistics Yea rboo k and the UN Foo d and Ag ricultureOrganisa tion online da ta base (FAOSTAT). Partic ipa nts were a lso

encouraged to use regional sources and data from credible institutions such

as SAFARI 2000, nationa l sta tistica l offic es, etc .

The fina l pa rt o f the p resenta tion c ove red va rious aspec ts of units, prefixes

and conversion of units of activity data and emission factors used in the

inventory prep arat ion, not ing tha t no t a ll institutions use o r app ly SI units in

the sam e way.

Part 3: Compiling emissions by sec tor: The energy sourc es

The p resenta tion addressed the fo llow ing issues:

General ap proa ch ba sed on: Emission (E)= Emission Fac tor (EF) x Ac tivity rate Where loc a l EFs a re no t a va ilab le, defa ult EFs from USEPA

AP-42, IPCC or EMEP/ CORINAIR c ould be used .

Emissions from combustion activities. Fuel ca tegories and source s as shown in Tab les 1 and 2,

respectively.

Tab le 1: Fuel c a tegories

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Tab le 2: Source sec to rs

Participants then practiced how to navigate through thewo rksheet, and d id p rac tica l exerc ises based on dumm y da ta .

Part 4: Compiling emissions for the industria l processes sec tor

All non-combustion industrial emissions arising from chemical or physical

p roc esses fa ll und er the industria l proc esses sec to r.

Mineral products. The Chem ica l Ind ustry.

Meta ls p rod uc tion. The Pulp and Paper Ind ustries. Alc oholic be verag es produc tion. Food produc tion. Fugitive emission of particulate matter from major building

c onstruction ac tivities.

Activity data by year by country could be found in international sources

suc h a s:

United Nations Ind ustria l Co mmod ity Sta tistics Yea rbooks United Sta tes Ge olog ica l Survey (USGS) (fo r me ta ls and

minerals)

Internationa l Iron and Steel Institute (IISI) Steel Sta tistic a l Yea rbo ok(for pig iron production) Food and Agriculture Organisations on-

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line da tabase (FAOSTAT) for p rod uc tion of p ulp and paper and

fertilizers.

Participa nts then d id som e p rac tica l wo rk using d ummy da ta .

Part 5: Compiling emissions for solvents and other produc t use

This source c a tegory is not of significa nc e to mo st c ount ries in Africa .

The use o f solvents and othe r prod uc ts (pa ints, varnishes, glues) c an

be a major source of non-methane volatile organic compound

(NMVOC) emissions. Ma jor sourc es are:

Paint a pp lic a tion (solvent b ased ). Paint application (water based). Metal degreasing. Dry c lea ning of fa bric s. Chemical prod ucts ma nufac ture. Other uses of solvents.

Various subc a tegories and the ir respec tive d efa ult emission fac to rs we re

presented.

Part 6: Com piling emissions from agriculture

Ag riculture is a ma jor ec ono mic sec tor in all the APINA c ount ries. Seve ra l

type s of agric ultura l prac tices em it p ollutants relevant to:

Trea tment of livestoc k manures.

Ap p lic a tion o f fertilizers. Burning of sava nna s. Burning of a gricu ltura l residue s.

The f irst tw o a re sourc es of a mmonia (NH3) emissions; the last two em it a

range o f a ir polluta nts NOx, sulphur oxide s (SOx), CO, NMVOC s, NH3, and

particulate ma tter (PM).

Part 7: Compiling emissions from vegeta tion fires and forestry

This forms one of the imp orta nt sec to rs for the APINA c ountries as its impac ts

are transboundary in nature. Forest fires have been traditionally used for

ma ny years in such p rac tices as hunting, op ening up of new farm land s and

clearing of grazing lands and for forestry management. Further, forest fires

ma y also b e c aused acc identa lly by ma n or natura lly by lighting.

Emissions included in this sector are CO, NO x, sulphur d ioxide (SO2),

NMVOCs and PM.

Part 8: Emissions from treatm ent and disposal o f wa stes

This p resenta tion c overed emissions a rising from

municipal/commercial/industrial solid waste disposal through waste


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inc inerat ion and a mmonia emissions from pit latrines. The em issions

inc luded were SO2, NOx, CO, NMVOCs, NH3, and PM. Emissions from

landfills, and sewage treatment are mostly methane (CH4) /carbon dioxide

(CO2). These a re not inc luded in the APINA manua l.

Part 9: Compiling emissions from large point sources

Large point sources were discussed but it was agreed that detailed

coverag e o f the sec to r should b e c overed in the ne xt tra ining session.

Part 10: Prac tical sessions in inventory c om pilation

Dummy data was provided to help participants practise working with the

Exce l spreadsheet . The p rac tica l sessions a lso gave to the partic ipa nts the

op portunity to interac t w ith the trainer and the TTL. This helped to highlight

some areas which still required to be simplified, debugged, changed,added or whose d efa ult em ission fa c to rs req uired further verific a tion.

3. WORKSHOP ACHIEVEMENTS/ CONCLUSIONS3.1.AttendanceAll the seven APINA co untries a ttended the workshop . Two p articipants we re

invited from e ac h co untry, and a ll c ame w ith the exception of South Africa ,

which was only ab le to send one p articipant. In ad d ition, Ma lawi wa s ab le to

accommodate a self-sponsored additional member from the University ofMa lawi. Thus a tota l of 14 participants we re trained , aga inst a ta rget o f 10 in

the p rojec t d oc ument (see Append ix 1 for list o f partic ipants).

The q uality of p artic ipants wa s very go od as evidenc ed by their ac tive level of

participa tion and c ontribution to the improveme nt of the APINA Ma nual.

3.2.Material c overageAll partic ipa nts rec eived a hard c op y of the m anua l and hand outs, in add ition

to a CD containing all the presentations, practical sessions and the manual.Som e ma terials were a lso sent to the TTM from South Afric a who was unab le to

atte nd the w orkshop .

3.3.Workshop eva luationAn eva luat ion form wa s designe d to ge t the p ercep tions of the p articipa nts on

wo rkshop o rga nisa tion and quality of the wo rk cove red . A co py of the

eva lua tion form is a tta c hed as Append ix 2.

The overall workshop eva lua tion sc ore w as 4.7 ag a inst a ma ximum of 5.


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4. WAY FORWARD Participants agree d to sta rt wo rking on the na tiona l invento ries based on

year 2000. Participants agreed to network and share information before the next

training session.

The lead tra iner would up date the APINA ma nual rea dy for the nexttraining session.


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5. APPENDICESApp endix 1. List of Partic ipants of the Emissions Inve ntory Workshop, Rya lls Hotel, Blantyre

Kuvare

Venjonoka

Air Pollution Control

Division, National

Environmental

Laboratory, P. Bag BR132, Gaborone,

Botswana.

Botswana kuvare@hotm ail.c om

Kgo tso C.

Seb eke

P O Box 1342

Mochudi

Botswana

Botswana kcseb eke@go v.bw

Kenne th J.

Go nd we (TTL/

Loc al orga niser)

The Polytec hnic,

Mec hanica l Engineering

Department

P. Bag 303, Chic hiri, BT3,

Malawi

Malawi kgond we@po ly.ac .mw

Lew is B. Mha ng o Department of Energy,

P/ Bag 309, Lilongwe 3,

Malawi

Malawi [email protected]

Maurice

Monjerezi

University of Malawi,

Chanc ellor College,

Zomb a, Malawi

Malawi mm onjerezi@c hanc o.unima .m

w

Amino U. Naran Edua rdo M ond lane

University, Department of

Physics, P.O. Box 257,

Map uto, Mozamb ique

Mozambique am ino.naran@tvc ab o.co .mz

Flix Guimares

PaipeMinistry for C oo rd ination

of Environmental Affairs,

Ac ordos of Lusaka, Box

2020, Mic oa , Map uto,

Mozambique

Mozamb ique guimaraes_pa ipe@yahoo .co .br

Tha nd i Radeb e Environment and TourismDepartme nt, Ekurhuleni

Metropolitan

Municip a lity, Box 15,

Edenv a le 1610, South

Africa

South A fric a rabe [email protected] m

Jamidu Katima Depa rtment of Chem ica l

and Process Engineering,

University o f Da r es

Sala am ,

P O Box 35131

Dare s Sa laa m, Tanzania

Tanzania jamidu_katima @yaho o.c o.uk

God will Mrema Department of Chemical

and Process Engineering,University o f Da r es

Sala am ,

P O Box 35131

Dare s Sa laa m, Tanzania

Tanzania mrema [email protected] .tz or

gm rema @c pe .udsm.ac .tz

Joseph

Kanyanga

Zam bia Meteorologica l

Departme nt, P.O. Box

39186, Lusaka, Zambia

Zam bia jk_kanyang a@yaho o.co m

Henry Muleng a Cop pe rbelt University

Jam bo Drive, Riverside ,

Box 21692, Kitwe

Zambia hmm uleng a@c bu.ac .zm

CarolineMaredza

Sc ient ific a nd Industria l

Research andDevelopment Centre

P O Box 6640

Harare

Zimba bw e c aroline_ma red za@yahoo .com
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


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Go dfrey Dombo University of Zimba bwe

Dept of Meta llurgica l

Eng .P.O. Box P167Mount

Pleasant, Harare,

Zimba bw e.

Zimbabwe gtd omb [email protected]

Harry Vallac k

(Traine r/

Facilitator)

Stoc kholm Environm enta l

Institute, University of

York, Sa lly Building Bloc k

D, York YO10 5DD

United

Kingdom

[email protected]
mailto:gtdombo@engmailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:gtdombo@eng


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Ap pe nd ix 2. Workshop Eva luation Form and Summary of Results

Plea se fill in the wo rkshop eva lua tion fo rm to ena b le the APINA Sec reta ria t

improve the delivery of simila r p rogrammes in the future. The rat ings a re 1 to 5. 1 =

unsa tisfac tory, 5 =Very good .

Evaluator: CUMMULATIVE AVERAGE SCORE

RANGE OF SCORE Ove rall

Average

What is being eva luated ?

1 2 3 4 5 4.7

1 Pre-workshop c om munica tion,

a rrange ments, etc

5

2 Travel a rrangem ents 5

3 Airport a rrange ments 4.9

4 Workshop ma terials 4.5

5 Depth of c overage 4.1

6 Delivery me thod ology 4.2

7 Workshop dura tion 4.5

8 Workshop / c onference venue 5

9 Mea ls and ac c omm od ation 5

10 Ad ministrative a rrangem ents 5

11 Overa ll workshop ra ting 4.8

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