first lesson. fluorinated material fluoropolymers market size (tons) turnover ($ billion) eva...
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First Lesson
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Fluorinated Material Fluorinated Material
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Fluoropolymer’s MarketFluoropolymer’s Market
Size (tons)
Turnover ($ billion)
EVA
Polyethylene 2 107 28.5
Fluoropolymers 1 105 2.3
PE/Fluoropol. 100:1 10:1 1:1
Fluoropolymers are specialty polymers:
small volumes – high revenues – high technological content
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Integration of Fluorine Chemistry
HF
F2
Organic Intermediates
Fluorocarbons Base Monomers
Melts
Elastomers
Fluids
FLUOROCHEMICALS
Fluorspar
Chloro-feedstocks
FLUOROMATERIALS
Special Gases
PTFE
Special Monomers
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Atomic RadiusIncreases
Au
men
ta
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ElectronegativityIncreases
Decre
ases
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Electron affinity Aumenta
Dim
inu
isce
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Ionization EnergyAumenta
Dim
inu
isce
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Fluoro 9F
18.9984032 Nome: fluoro Simbolo: F Numero atomico: 9 Peso Atomico : 18.998 CAS Registry ID: 7782-41-4 Gruppo : 7 Gruppo : Halogen Periodo : 2 Block: p-block1s2 2(s2p5)
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Description Standard state: gas at 298 K (m.p. -223oC, b.p. -188oC)
Colour: pale yellow Classification: Non-metallic Availability : 0.08% by mass of Earth's crust
.
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Cloro 17Cl
35.453 Name: chlorine Symbol: Cl Atomic number: 17 Atomic weight: 35.453 CAS Registry ID: 7782-50-5 Group number: 7 Group name: Halogen Period number: 3 Block: p-block 1s2 2(s2p6) 3(s2p5)
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Description
Standard state: gas at 298 K (m.p. -102.4oC, b.p. -34.0oC)
Colour: yellowish green
Classification: Non-metallic
Availability : 0.05% by mass of Earth's crust.
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External electronic configuration
n(s2p5)
Obey the octet rule
acquiring an electron transfer from or to factors of a metal (eg Na + Cl) or for the formation of a covalent bond with the non-metallic elements (eg, CCl4).
Strong oxidizers
Oxidation states -1.0, +1, +3, +5, +7.Remarkable range of redox reactions in aqueous media.
Anions are easily formed, but not cations (eg with the exception of iodine. I + ClO4-)
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H B C N O F
-73 -27 -122 -7 -141 -328
800 780
1290
P S Cl
-2 -200 -349
590
Se Br
-195 -325
420
Te I
-190 -295
(Electron Affinities) Table of Electron Gain Enthalpies (kJ mol-l)
X-n(g) + e- X -(n+1) (g)
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Raggi atomici degli alogeni e dei relativi anioni
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F + Na F- + Na+
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Homopolar Single Bonds Table of X-X bond energies (kJ mol-1)
H-H 436
B-B 308 C-C 347 N-N 158 O-O 144 F-F 158
- - Si-Si 226 P-P 198 S-S 266 Cl-Cl 243
Ga-Ga 113 Ge-Ge 188 As-As 178 Se-Se 192 Br-Br 193
In-In 100 Sn-Sn 146 Sb-Sb 141 Te-Te 126 I-I 151
H-H strongest; no core electron repulsion Down group IV(14), bond strength goes down
overlap goes down and non-bonded repulsion goes up
C-C > N-N > O-O, F-F
F-F << Cl-Cl non-bonded electron and core replusion important
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Table of bond energies (kJ mol-1)Element-Hydrogen Bonds
B-H -389 C-H 411 N-H 386 O-H 456 F-H 565
Si-H 318 P-H 321 S-H 364 Cl-H 432
Ge-H 285 As-H 297 Se-H 313 Br-H 366
Sb-H 257 Te-H -270 I-H 298
Across period, B(E-H) increases, no core electron repulsion,so overlap can increase as covalent radius can be small
Down group, B(E-H) decreases, as overlap decreases,
as energy match condition is worse