1

First observation First observation of a New b-baryon of a New b-baryon

bb at D0: at D0: Celebrating 30 Years of Celebrating 30 Years of

Beauty @ FermilabBeauty @ Fermilab Eduard De La Cruz BureloEduard De La Cruz Burelo

University of MichiganUniversity of Michiganfor the DØ Collaborationfor the DØ Collaboration

2The quest … a long The quest … a long journeyjourney

Everything begins at … FermilabEverything begins at … Fermilab The quest for B hadrons The quest for B hadrons The quest for … the The quest for … the bb

b b signal signal Mass measurementMass measurement Relative production ratioRelative production ratio

SummarySummary

3The quest begins 30 years The quest begins 30 years ago ago at…at…

Fermilab's giant accelerator reveals another new sub-nuclear particle

Summer 1977

!! EXTRA!! Fermilab Experiment Discovers New Particle "UPSILON"

B Physics, a whole field, was born on June 30 , 1977, here at Fermilab.

4

Since then …Since then …Exclusive B decaysCLEO (1983) Bc by CDF

(1998)

Main assumption to look for these particles: ½ of the mass of the upsilon!.

Last B meson in the ground 0- state to be observed

5

Recently … October 2006Recently … October 2006

CDF announced a preliminary result using 1.1 fb-1 of the b’s almost 8 months ago.

6

Status:Status: Mesons: Mesons:

BB++, B, B00, B, Bss, B, Bcc++ ( (established)

B* (established), Bd**(submitted to PRL DØ, Preliminary

CDF) Bs** (Preliminary DØ & CDF)

Baryons: Baryons: bb (established) (established) bb

++, and , and bb*+*+(preliminary CDF)(preliminary CDF)

7

The quest for b baryonsThe quest for b baryons

Plus there is a J = 3/2 baryon multiplet

8

Data we use …Data we use …In this analysis we use 1.3 fb-1 of data collected by DØ detector (RunIIa data).Thanks to the Fermilab Accelerator division for doing wonderful work. Keep delivering, and we will keep collecting data and analyzing .The entire D0 detector is important, but the muon and central tracker subdetectors are particularly important in this analysis

9

MotivationMotivation Spectroscopy:Spectroscopy:

One of the best ways to test our One of the best ways to test our understanding of QCD and potential understanding of QCD and potential modelsmodels

Production and Fragmentation:Production and Fragmentation: Major source of uncertainty in many Major source of uncertainty in many

measurementsmeasurements Discovery:Discovery:

Practice techniques for BSM searches Practice techniques for BSM searches by finding undiscovered SM particles.by finding undiscovered SM particles.

10Understanding these:Understanding these:

Helps us understand Helps us understand these:these:

Ds**

Bd**

b

X(3872)

Ds

J

BELLE

BABAR

JLAB

11Theoretical prediction of Theoretical prediction of the massesthe masses

MeV 1.117.6068)(MeV .92.5824)(

MeV 1.87.5805)(

b

b

b

MMM

E. Jenkins, PRD 55 ,

R10-R12, (1997).

Predicted mass hierarchy:

M(Λb)< M(b) < M(b)

Just today, first citation …Karliner et al., arXiv:0706.2163

12

LEP measurements:LEP measurements:LEP experiments only deduce the presence of the b

- indirectly; they look for an excess of events in the right-sign combinations of -(-) l -

- mass

Wrong sign combination events

They measure the lifetime of this excess of events.1.45 +0.55/−0.43(stat.) ± 0.13(syst.) ps.Eur. Phys. J. C 44, 299–309 (2005)

13What do we know about What do we know about the the bb

--?? Predicted mass: 5805.7 ± 8.1 MeVPredicted mass: 5805.7 ± 8.1 MeV Predicted to follow the mass hierarchyPredicted to follow the mass hierarchy

M(Λb)< M(b-) < M(b)

By using preliminary By using preliminary bb mass mass measurement from CDF and predicted measurement from CDF and predicted mass hierarchy:mass hierarchy: 5.624 GeV < M(b

-) < 5.808 GeV bb

-- lifetime by LEP: 1.42 +0.28/-0.24 ps.* lifetime by LEP: 1.42 +0.28/-0.24 ps.** This is the world average (ALEPH+DELPHI). HFAG: arXiv:0704.3575 [hep-ex]

14Our knowledge about b-Our knowledge about b-baryonsbaryons

D0 has experience D0 has experience with the with the bb: 3 : 3 results on the results on the bb lifetime.lifetime.

Λ

πp

/J

Beam line

15

πp

/J

Beam lineπ

Searching for Searching for bb in in bb--

→J/→J/++--

16Impact parameter cut …Impact parameter cut … a killera killer

p

When tracks are reconstructed, a maximum impact parameter is required to increase the reconstruction speed and lower the rate of fake tracks.

But for particles like the b

-, this requirement could result in missing the and proton tracks from the and - decays

17What did we do to solve this What did we do to solve this problem?problem?

We need to open up the IP at reconstructionWe need to open up the IP at reconstruction To reprocesses all DØ data with a wider IP for To reprocesses all DØ data with a wider IP for

track reconstruction is a very difficult task. But track reconstruction is a very difficult task. But ……

Thanks to our muon detector (and the guys from Thanks to our muon detector (and the guys from the muon team), J/the muon team), J/→→++- - is  a golden channel.. is  a golden channel.. Although B -> J/Although B -> J/X is fairly rare, it is very clean X is fairly rare, it is very clean channel for us and easy to trigger on. channel for us and easy to trigger on.

We therefore reprocessed DØ RunIIa data for We therefore reprocessed DØ RunIIa data for events containing a J/events containing a J/, which is ~35 million , which is ~35 million events. events.

18Mass distribution for KMass distribution for K00,,ΛΛ00 and and -- signals signals for the “standard” (bottom histograms) for the “standard” (bottom histograms) and “extended” (opening up IP) tracks and “extended” (opening up IP) tracks

reconstruction.reconstruction.

K0S→+- →p-

19Mass distribution for Mass distribution for -- signal for the “standard” signal for the “standard” (bottom histograms) and “extended” (opening up IP) (bottom histograms) and “extended” (opening up IP)

tracks reconstruction.tracks reconstruction.

20Reconstruction strategy Reconstruction strategy for for bb

Reconstruct J/Reconstruct J/→→++-- Reconstruct Reconstruct →→pp ReconstructReconstruct →→++ Combine J/Combine J/+ + Improve mass resolution by using an event-Improve mass resolution by using an event-

by-event mass difference correction . by-event mass difference correction . The guides:The guides:

The sister: b→J/ decays in data The impostor: J/+ (fake from (p-)+ ) The clone: Monte Carlo simulation of b

-→J/+-

21 Natural constraints inNatural constraints inbb

--→J/→J/++--

Three daughter signal Three daughter signal particles need to be particles need to be reconstructed:reconstructed: →→p+p+ →→++ J/J/→→++--

The final state particles (p, The final state particles (p, --, , --) have significant impact ) have significant impact parameter with respect to parameter with respect to the interaction point. the interaction point.

Charge correlation: both Charge correlation: both pions must have the same pions must have the same chargecharge

~5 cmc=7.89 cm

~5 cmc=4.91 cm

22More features in More features in bb

--→J/→J/++--

b has a decay length of few hundred microns, PV separation

- has a decay length of few centimeters.

has a decay length of few centimeters

~5 cm

~5 cm

~0.1 cm

23Reconstructing the Reconstructing the daughtersdaughters

Background events from wrong-sign combinations ( Λ(p-) + )

J/→+- →

24What background do we What background do we expect?expect?

Prompt background:Prompt background: ~80% of the J/~80% of the J/ are directly produced at the are directly produced at the

collision.collision. Real B’s:Real B’s:

The remaining ~20% of J/The remaining ~20% of J/ come from B decays come from B decays Combinatoric background:Combinatoric background:

Real J/Real J/ plus fake plus fake --

Fake J/Fake J/ plus fake plus fake -- Fake J/Fake J/ plus real plus real --

Real J/Real J/ plus real plus real - - ,, but not from but not from bb--

Our wrong-sign combination events have these.

25Determination of Selection Determination of Selection Criteria Criteria

To retain efficiency, try to keep cuts To retain efficiency, try to keep cuts loose loose

We use independent samples: We use independent samples: bb→J/→J/ decays from data decays from data Background from wrong-sign combinationBackground from wrong-sign combination Background from J/Background from J/ sideband events sideband events Background from Background from -- sideband events sideband events Use Use bb

-- signal MC events only when no signal MC events only when no choice (e.g., pion from Xi) choice (e.g., pion from Xi)

26

Example 1: pT(Example 1: pT(--) from ) from

Λb→J/(μ+μ-)(p)

27

Example 2: pT(Example 2: pT(--) from ) from --

Monte Carlo of

b-→J/+-

Background events from wrong sign combination (Λ(p-) + )

28

Example 3: topology cutExample 3: topology cut

Λ

Collinearity in XY:

Cosine()pT()

Monte Carlo of

b-→J/+-

Background events from wrong sign combination (Λ(p-) + )

Cos()>0.99100% efficiency

29Finally we have:Finally we have:bb Selection Selection

→→pp decays: decays: pT(pT(pp)>0.7 GeV )>0.7 GeV pT(pT()>0.3 GeV)>0.3 GeV

- - →→ decays: decays: pT(pT()>0.2 GeV)>0.2 GeV Transverse decay length>0.5 cmTransverse decay length>0.5 cm Collinearity>0.99Collinearity>0.99

--bb particle:particle:

Lifetime significance>2. (Lifetime significance>2. (Lifetime divided by its Lifetime divided by its errorerror))

30So now … let’s first look at the So now … let’s first look at the background control samples background control samples

after all cutsafter all cuts

We have three independent We have three independent background samples:background samples:Wrong sign combination (Wrong sign combination (fake fake --’s ’s from (p-)+ )

J/ sideband events- sideband events.

31

J/ (p-)+

Background: Wrong sign Background: Wrong sign combinationscombinations

No peaking structure observed in this background control sample

32Background: J/Background: J/ sideband eventssideband events

J/ (p-)+

No peaking structure observed in this background control sample

33Background: Background: -- sideband sideband eventsevents

J/ (p-)-

No peaking structure observed in this background control sample

34Now let’s look at Now let’s look at background MCbackground MC

We investigated with high MC We investigated with high MC statistics, B decay channels such as:statistics, B decay channels such as:

/ /

)( /00

0*

JKJB

KKJB

b

S

S

data 10X )( /

of events MC0* SKKJBNo peaking

structure observed any these B decays MC samples

35What we expect: signal What we expect: signal MCMC

Mean of the Gaussian: 5.839 ± 0.003 GeVWidth of the Gaussian: 0.035 ± 0.003 GeV

MC events ofb-→J/+-Input mass at generation level =5.840 GeV

36

Looking at dataLooking at data

Clear excess of events just below 5.8 GeV

37Y

Z

Event scan of event in the signal peak

38Y

Z

Event scan of event in the signal peak

39

Mass measurementMass measurement Fit:Fit:

Unbinned Unbinned extended log-extended log-likelihood fitlikelihood fit

Gaussian signal, Gaussian signal, flat backgroundflat background

Number of Number of background/signal background/signal events are floating events are floating parametersparameters

Number of signal events: 15.2 ± 4.4Mean of the Gaussian: 5.774 ± 0.011(stat) GeVWidth of the Gaussian: 0.037 ± 0.008 GeV

Compare to width measured in MC:

0.035 ± 0.003 GeV

40Nothing in the background Nothing in the background samples:samples:

Bkg from sidebands

Bkg from J/ sidebands

Bkg from wrong-sign

41

Significance of the peakSignificance of the peak Two likelihood fits are perform:Two likelihood fits are perform:

1.1. Signal + background hypothesis (LSignal + background hypothesis (LS+BS+B))2.2. Only background hypothesis (LOnly background hypothesis (LBB))

We evaluate the significance:We evaluate the significance:

Significance of the observed signal: 5.5Significance of the observed signal: 5.5

BS

B

LLL ln2ln2

42

Alternative significanceAlternative significance In the mass region of 2.5 times the fitted

width centered on the fitted mass, 19 candidate events are observed while 14.8 ± 4.3 (stat.)+1.9/−0.4 (syst.) signal and 3.6 ± 0.6 (stat.)+0.4/−1.9 (syst.) background events are estimated from the fit. The probability of backgrounds fluctuating to 19 or more events is 2.2 ×10−7, equivalent to a Gaussian significance of 5.2σ

43

Consistency checksConsistency checks Decay length distributionDecay length distribution

44Intermediate ResonancesIntermediate Resonances

Signal visible in

all intermedia

te resonances

J/

m()

m(p)m()

45A second analysis approach A second analysis approach would be …would be …

A different approach is to rely heavily A different approach is to rely heavily on Monte Carlo simulation.on Monte Carlo simulation.

There are many multivariate techniques There are many multivariate techniques in the market:in the market: Artificial Neural Networks,Artificial Neural Networks, Boosted Decision Trees,Boosted Decision Trees, Likelihood ratio,Likelihood ratio, etc. etc.

As a cross check we used Decision As a cross check we used Decision TreesTrees

46Example: Decision Trees Example: Decision Trees (BDT)(BDT)

In order to apply the same BDT to In order to apply the same BDT to bb in data, we use only J/in data, we use only J/ and and variables as input to the BDT.variables as input to the BDT.

Minimum overlap between BDT and cut-based variables

47

Decision Trees Decision Trees We observe a signal We observe a signal

consistent with that consistent with that observed with cut-based observed with cut-based analysis. analysis.

Only ~50% overlap Only ~50% overlap between selected events between selected events and the cut-based and the cut-based analysis.analysis.

Width consistent with Width consistent with MCMC

Background shape Background shape consistent with wrong-consistent with wrong-sign combination shape.sign combination shape.

b- using

BDT

A multivariate technique with a simple set of input variables, not including - variables, also results in a b

- signal.

48

Combining: cuts+BDTCombining: cuts+BDT After we After we

remove remove duplicate duplicate events, we events, we observe 22.8 ± observe 22.8 ± 5.8 events.5.8 events.

Significance: Significance: Sqrt(-2L) = 5.9

49Systematic Uncertainties Systematic Uncertainties on Mass on Mass

Fitting models Two Gaussians instead of one for the peak. Negligible. First order polynomial background instead of flat.

Negligible. Momentum scale correction:

Fit to the b mass peak in data, < 1 MeV. Fit to B0 signal peak. Negligible effect < 1 MeV Study of dE/dx corrections to the momentum of tracks finds

a maximum deviation of 2 MeV from the measured mass .. Event selection:

From the mass shift observed between the cut-based and BDT analysis, once removing the statistical correlation, a 15 MeV variation is estimated .

50

Discovery!Discovery!

(syst) 0.015(stat) 0.0115.774)( bM

(syst) (stat) 4.415.2 1.90.4b

N

51

Production ratioProduction ratio

)/()() /()(

JBRbfJBRbf

bb

bb

In addition to the observation, we also measure:

This provides a measurement to allow other experiments to compare their production rate with this result.

f(b→X) : fraction of times b quark hadronizes to X

52

Production ratioProduction ratio We use Monte Carlo samples of:We use Monte Carlo samples of:

bb--→J/→J/++--

bb→J/→J/++ MC passed through D0 detector simulation MC passed through D0 detector simulation Same reconstruction and selection criteria as used Same reconstruction and selection criteria as used

on data is applied to Monte Carlo.on data is applied to Monte Carlo. Monte Carlo distributions need to be reweighted Monte Carlo distributions need to be reweighted

due to the Data/MC pT spectrum differences and to due to the Data/MC pT spectrum differences and to account for trigger effects.account for trigger effects.

From comparison of From comparison of bb kinematic distributions in kinematic distributions in data and MC, determine further weighting factor, data and MC, determine further weighting factor, then apply to then apply to bb

--

53Systematic uncertainties in Systematic uncertainties in the relative production the relative production

ratioratioSource Uncertainty (%)bb//bb hadronization hadronization modelsmodels

NegligibleNegligible

MC stat. on MC stat. on bb / /bb 1010pT(pT() reconstruction) reconstruction 77Effect of mass difference Effect of mass difference between data and MCbetween data and MC

55

bb//bb MC reweighting MC reweighting 27 27 Syst. uncertainties on Syst. uncertainties on the number of the number of b b in datain data

+13, -3+13, -3

Conservatively take difference between reweighting result and no reweighting .

54

Production ratioProduction ratio

(syst) (stat) 0.09 0.28)/()() /()( 0.09

0.08 -

JBRbfJBRbf

bb

bb

Ignoring the ratio of Br’s, from ratio of hadronization fractions of Bs to Bd, expect ~1/4 or less

55

(syst) 0.015(stat) 0.0115.774)( bM

(syst) (stat) 4.415.2 1.90.4b

N

Last Tuesday June 12, DØ submitted a PRL article announcing the discovery a new b baryon: b

-

5.5ln2

ceSignifican Signal

L

56

Production ratioProduction ratio We measure the relative production We measure the relative production

ratio to be:ratio to be:

(syst) (stat) 0.09 0.28)/()() /()( 0.09

0.08 -

JBRbfJBRbf

bb

bb

Allows comparison between experiments

57

Submitted to PRL Submitted to PRL 6/12/076/12/07

arXiv:0706.1690, Fermilab-Pub-arXiv:0706.1690, Fermilab-Pub-07/196-E07/196-E

58www.fnal.gov www.fnal.gov 6/13/076/13/07

Thanks Kurt and Judy!

59

Collaboration

The quest begins … and The quest begins … and continues @ Fermilabcontinues @ Fermilab

Celebrating 30 years of the b quark discovery @ Fermilab

A New b baryon: an anniversary gift