First, the rules of review…

THE AP WORLD HISTORY EXAM

Basics

Multiple Choice Section

• 70 Questions• 55 Minutes

Essays (Free Response Questions)• 3 Essays (DBQ, Continuity and Change Over Time, Comparative) • 130 Minutes • Part A begins with a mandatory 10-minute reading period for the

document-based question. Students should answer the document-based question in approximately 40 minutes.

• In Part B students are asked to answer a question that deals with continuity and change over time (covering at least one of the periods in the concept outline). Students will have 40 minutes to answer this question, 5 minutes of which should be spent planning and/or outlining the answer.

• In Part C students are asked to answer a comparative question that will focus on broad issues or themes in world history and deal with at least two societies. Students will have 40 minutes to answer this question, 5 minutes of which should be spent planning and/or outlining the answer.

On your map identify the following areas

• Mesopotamia• Egyptian Empire• Indus River Valley• Shang Dynasty• Zhou Dynasty• Olmec • Chavin

• Persian Empire• Maurya• Gupta• Qin• Han• Greek City-States• Roman Empire

Time Periods I and II (8000BCE-600CE)Create A Thesis

• Compare the development and interactions of Bronze Age river valley civilizations with those of Classical Period empires in terms of government, economics, and society from the period 2000 BCE to 600 CE.

• Keep this question in mind as we speedily go through the River Valley Civilizations & The Classical Period Empire!!!

River Valley Civs• Mesopotamia

– Tigris, Euphrates = Fertile Crescent

– Sumer, Babylon– Unpredictable

flooding– Open geography

Walk Like an EgyptianRich soil, gentle flooding

•3 Kingdoms

•water management, pyramids, astronomy, hieroglyphs, calendar, gold, spices

•Polytheistic

•Women ruler = Hatshepsut, buy, sell property, inherit, will property, dissolve marriages, still subservient to men

• Hierarchy: pharaoh, priest, nobles, merchants, artisans, peasants, slaves

Indus Valley: 2500-1500 BCE

• Connected with Mespotamia via trade• Harrappa, Mohenjo-Daro 100,000+ each• Master-planned, water system, strong central

gov’t, polytheistic, written language (can’t read it)

• Pottery, cotton, cloth• Cities abandoned, reason unknown• Aryans arrive 1700 BCE

Shang: 1600-1100 BCE

• N. China, walled cities, strong army, chariots• Emperor & centralized gov’t • Bronze = power• Patriarchal, ancestors as advocates w/the

gods• Character writing; ancestor veneration, Oracle

bones

It’s Zhou Time

• Replaced Shang around 1100 BCE• Ruled 900 years, kept customs, traditions of

Shang• Developed political ideology of Mandate of

Heaven• Feudal system, nobles gained power, war

amongst feudal kingdoms, collapse 256 BCE • Led to the Warring States Period

Persian Empire The 1st Empire

• Multi-cultural Empire, Tolerance• Run by local governors (satraps/satrapies)• By 500 BCE Nile to Turkey/Greece to Afghanistan• Great Royal Road, 1700 miles• Zoroastrian – links to monotheistic religions (judgment

day, God v. Satan set up)• Smaller Civs co-existed

– Lydians-coined money– Phoenicians-22-letter alphabet, naval power– Hebrews-Judaism, monotheism

Classical Empires

Mauryan Empire

• Founded by Chandragupta Maurya– Unified smaller Hindu kingdoms

• Greatest extent under Ashoka who sponsored BUDDHISM

• Big time traders: silk, cotton, elephants to move to the west

• Strong military• Ashoka’s Rock & Pillar edicts, Buddhism

spread

Rise of Gupta• Ashoka dies 232 BCE, Mauryan’s rapidly decline• 400s to 600 CE, revival of empire but REASSERTED

HINDUISM as primary religion• Smaller, more decentralized: Golden Age of culture

& learning• Arts & Sciences; pi, zero• Hinduism resurgent – spreads to S.E. Asia• Women lost rights b/c of shift away from Buddhism;

child marriages common & Sati (widow-burning) encouraged

• Collapsed 600 CE (White Huns)

Q’in Ups in China 221-209 BCE• strong agri-econ, strong army, iron,

expansion…only lasted 15 years• Stuff to know:

– GREAT WALL– Strong centralized, brutal gov’t– Qin Shihuangdi emperor– Unified kingdom, standardized weights,

measures, laws, written lang, patriarchal – Legalism– Peasant rebellion brings down 209 BCE

Han Dynasty 200 BCE-200 CE• Strength decreases power of pastoralists to interfere• Expanded into Central Asia• Silk Road to the Mediterranean• Buddhism spread at END of Empire• Civil Service system, bureaucracies, resulting in stable

gov’t.• sundials, calendars, metallurgy• Confucianism = social hierarchy • Mandate of Heaven• Yellow Turban Rebellion of peasants at end & Wang Mang’s Reforms indicateweakness at end

It’s Greek to me!• Impact of geography =• Trade, not agriculture• Est. colonies• Government in a new fashion!• Polis- City-states• UNIFED CULTURAL identity,

culture in each but politically DISUNIFIED

• Athens– Political, commercial, cultural

center• Sparta

– militaristic, equality w/o individuality

Hierarchy

• Citizens-adult males w/ property born in Athens• Free people w/ no political rights• Non-citizens (included slaves 1/3 of the Athenian

pop!)

• All citizens expected to participate in public life• Was it a true democracy?

Religion

• Polytheistic• Had human failings: got drunk, cheated on

spouses, jealous, angry, took sides, etc.• Greek mythology remains a large part of

Western heritage and language

War with Persia

• Persia invades Greece twice. Despite great odds, Greece survives.

• Persia Stated: “No biggie” • Greece controls Aegean• Period of peace and prosperity

Golden Age

• Athenian culture excels• Democracy for all adult males (citizens)• Delian League-city-state alliance• Socrates, Plato, Aristotle

– Truth through rational thought and observation• Math, Science, Architecture, Literature

Super-power, super mistake

• Athens dominated the Delian League• Peloponnesian War with Sparta (431 BCE)• Weakened, Macedonian conquest • Philip encouraged Greek culture• Followed by son, Alexander, unified Greece,

invaded Persia

Live fast, die young…

• Alexander conquered Persia• Pushed to Egypt• Did not conquer India• Empire divided into three:

– Antigonid (Greece/Macedonia)– Ptolemaic (Egypt), – Seleucid (Bactria/Anatolia)

Hellenistic Era

• Greek Culture and ideas flourished and spread• Alexandria (Egypt) became wealthy, center for

learning• After death (323 BCE), empire crumbled• Macedonian focus on the east and Egypt left

the door open for…

The Romans: 509 BCE-476 CE

Rome

• Good Geographic position– Protected by mtns in north– Peninsula– Cross-roads in the Mediterranean

• Polytheistic, borrowed many Greek gods, mythology still evident in West

Social-Political Structure• Patricians (nobles)

– Senate, Assembly• Plebians

– Non-aristocrats• Representative (as opposed to Direct in Greece)• 12 Tables = importance of Laws (innocent until

proven guilty)• Patriarchal/Paterfamilias• Women influential in family, own property, still

considered inferior• Slaves (up to 1/3) of Italy’s population

Military Domination

• All Directions, all the time• Punic Wars 264-146 BCE (Rome vs. Carthage) • Gained control of W. Med• Defeated Macedonians• Gaul• Spain• Road net, navy, aqueducts• Cultural diffusion

Republic, no - Imperialism, yes• Increased slavery, displaced plebians, inflation=

social unrest• Senate weakened, Triumvirate, J. Caesar, Pompey,

Crassus = Civil War• Caesar assassinated 44 BCE• 2nd Triumvirate, civil war (Octavian, Mark Antony,

Marcus Aemilius Lepidus) • Octavian, I have a baby attached to my Leg Augustus

= Caesar (1st emperor)• Imperial Rome• Pax Romana

Peace and Prosperity

• Rome, capital of western world• Military expansion• Rule of law, common coinage. Civil service,

secure travel for merchants• 200 years of stability• Uniform laws, but traditional cultures in

territories survived ie Egyptians, Hebrews• Growth of arts and sciences

A New Religion

• Christianity competes with polytheism• Christians persecuted• Conversion of Constantine ended persecution

312 CE• Edict of Milan-Christianity official religion of

Rome

Time Periods I and II (8000BCE-600CE)Create A Thesis

• Compare the development and interactions of Bronze Age river valley civilizations with those of Classical Period empires in terms of government, economics, and society from the period 2000 BCE to 600 CE.

Time Periods I and II (8000BCE-600CE)Create A Thesis

• Compare the development and interactions of Bronze Age river valley civilizations with those of Classical Period empires in terms of government, economics, and society from the period 2000 BCE to 600 CE.

• The period between 2000BCE and 600 CE is marked by the growth of increasingly complex and diverse human societies as more and more humans began abandoning pastoral and nomadic lifestyles to take up farming in sedentary villages and as these villages expanded to encompass their neighbors, eventually creating empires. The development and interactions of early civilizations and later empires included increasing centralization of government and an expansion of the distance and amount of trade within economies as river valley civilizations expanded to become the empires of the Iron Age, while both systems relied heavily on inequality in the social hierarchy to retain order.