first tropical cyclone overflights by the hurricane imaging radiometer (hirad) chris ruf 1, sayak...
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First Tropical Cyclone Overflightsby the
Hurricane Imaging Radiometer (HIRAD)
Chris Ruf1, Sayak Biswas2, Mark James3, Linwood Jones2, Tim Miller3
1. University of Michigan2. University of Central Florida
3. NASA Marshall Space Flight Center
College of EngineeringDepartment of Atmospheric, Oceanic & Space Sciences
IGARSS 2011Vancouver BC, CANADA
26 July 2011
26 July 11 Ruf et al., First HIRAD TC Overflights, IGARSS 2011 2 / 13
Outline
• The Hurricane Imaging Radiometer (HIRAD) is a new airborne microwave spectrometer designed to be an enhanced imaging version of the operational Stepped Frequency Microwave Radiometer (SFMR) that has been used operationally by NOAA for decades to retrieve surface winds under heavy precipitation
• Instrument development has been led by NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, The University of Central Florida and the University of Michigan
• First airborne science flights were conducted during the Genesis and Rapid Intensification Processes (GRIP) campaign in Fall 2010
• “First light” results from overflights of Hurricanes Earl and Karl are reported here
26 July 11 Ruf et al., First HIRAD TC Overflights, IGARSS 2011 3 / 13
HIRAD Instrument Overview
• Interferometric Aperture Synthesis Radiometer
• Freq: 4, 5, 6 & 6.6 GHz
• H-pol @ EIA = ± 65°
• Spatial resolution:– 2 km @ nadir
– 6 km @ edge of swath
• Swath = 3x A/C altitude– ~ 60 km for GRIP
• Software beam steering– No moving parts
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HIRAD Instrument Block Diagram
26 July 11 Ruf et al., First HIRAD TC Overflights, IGARSS 2011 5 / 13
HIRAD Integration on WB-57 Aircraft
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Hurricane Earl Best Track and HIRAD 1 Sep. Overpass
HIRAD overpass
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HIRAD flight
Hurricane Earl Max Windspeed History
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Nearly Coincident HIRAD/WB-57 and SFMR/P-3 Overpasses of Earl on 1 Sep.
Storm-centric coordinate system
• HIRAD/SFMR matchups• TBs are expected to agree only at the nadir point.
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HIRAD TB Images at 4.0, 5.0 and 6.6 GHzalong Northbound Earl Overpass
4.0 GHz 5.0 GHz 6.6 GHz
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0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 8040
60
80
100
120
140
160
180WEST - 4&5 GHz
HIRAD Tb@ 4GHz
HIRAD Tb@ 5GHz
Model Tb@ 4GHz
Model Tb@ 5GHz
SFMR Wind +50 (m/s)
SFMR Rain +50 (mm/hr)
HIRAD/SFMR West Leg Overpass
stop startSFMR Flt Dir
“Model” data are Tb’s computed from SFMR wind & rain fields
26 July 11 Ruf et al., First HIRAD TC Overflights, IGARSS 2011 11 / 13
Hurricane Karl Best Track and 3 HIRAD Overpasses on 14, 16 & 17 Sep.
Storm center location during HIRAD overpasses indicated by triangles
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HIRAD 5 GHz TB Image for Karl16 Sep. Overpass
Storm-centric Longitude (deg)
Sto
rm-c
entr
ic L
atitu
de (
deg)
Leg 8
Leg 10
Leg 6
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Summary
• HIRAD produces SFMR-like TB images over a wide (~3x altitude) cross track swath
• Initial TB calibration/validation is possible using nearly coincident SFMR overpasses
• Final instrument calibration and the development of off-nadir versions of SFMR windspeed and rain rate retrieval algorithms are currently underway
• Future participation in NASA’s Hurricane and Severe Storm Sentinal (HS3) Earth Venture-1 mission