March, 2010

Fiscal Management and Governance Structure of the Archaeological Park System in Albania

with particular attention to Apollonia and Antigonea Archaeological Parks

By Prof. Sebastiano Tusa

This publication is enabled by the MDG-F Joint Program “Culture and Heritage for Social and Economic Development” jointly implemented by UNESCO and UNDP in cooperation with the Ministry of Tourism, Culture, Youth and Sports of Albania by the Spanish Fund of the Millennium Development Goals.

Disclaimer:

The author is responsible for the choice and the presentation of the facts contained in this publication and for the opinions expressed therein, which are not necessarily those of UNESCO and do not commit the Organization.

The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the UNESCO Secretariat concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area of their authorities, or concerning the delimitation of their frontiers or boundaries.

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Summary

Study on the Fiscal, Management and Governance Structure of the Archaeological Park System in Albania Introduction

A.1. Local assets involved in the archaeological park system. The origin and development of Archaeological Park System in AlbaniaA.2. Actual juridical organization of cultural heritage and archaeological park systemsA.3. Possible juridical adjustments to improve archaeological park systemA.4.a Actual management of archaeological park system: National Boards of Archaeological ParksA.4.bActual management of archaeological park system: Offices for the Administration and Coordination of Archaeological Parks A.4.c SWOT analysis of actual management of archaeological park systemA.5 Project of management of archaeological park systemA.6 Bureaucracy and administration reform in the field of management and governance structure of archaeological park systemA.7 Improvement of zoning system of archaeological parks and related rulesA.8 Actual asset of scientific research in the archaeological parksA.9 Future asset of scientific research in the archaeological parksA.10 Actual asset of conservation in the archaeological parksA.11 Future asset of conservation in the archaeological parksA.12 Actual fiscal system financing archaeological park organizationA.13 Project of financial structure for archaeological park organizationA.14 Private funding and sponsorsA.15 Project of fiscal drainage useful to finance archaeological park organizationA.16 Lotto system for financing archaeological park and cultural heritage A.17 SWOT analysis of possible fiscal system to finance archaeological park organizationA.18 Project of touristic development for archaeological park organization Summarized proposals

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B. ApolloniaB.1 Draft study on the fiscal, management and governance structure of the archaeological park system in Apollonia: actual situationB.1a SynopsisB.1b Fiscal, management and governance structureB.2 Draft study on the fiscal, management and governance structure of the Archaeological park system in Apollonia: ProposalB.2a ManagementB.2b WasteB.2c Temporary intrusionB.2d Permanent intrusive elementsB.2e Communication B.2f PromotionB.2g Research and ConservationB.2h AccessB.2i BoundariesB.2j Overlapping of competencesB.2k Staff and equipment Summarized proposals for Apollonia

C AntigoneaC.1 Draft study on the fiscal, management and governance structure of the archaeological park system in Antigonea: actual situationC.1a SynopsisC.2 Draft study on the fiscal, management and governance structure of the archaeological park system in Antigonea: ProposalC.2a ManagementC.2b AccessC.2c ReceptionC.2d Research and conservationC.2e Communication and eventsC.2f Staff and equipmentC.2g Boundaries Summarized proposals for Antigonea

D. Consulted bibliography, documents and laws

E. Public administrators, scholars, professionals etc. interviewed

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Introduction

The purpose of this study is not limited to the description of Albanian Archaeological P|ark system like it is today, but, on the contrary, starting from a deep and comprehensive survey of the main parks, is dealing with the problems that are conditioning a correct and fruitful development towards good standard of cultural as well as touristic offering.

There are some general problems, such as those connected with fiscal aspects, management, security that will give rise to general recommendations that could be applied to all Albanian Archaeological Park system. On the contrary there will be problems connected to the two parks indicated by the commitment – Apollonia and Antigonea – that will require a separate study and peculiar recommendations.

All the situations will be treated in a dialectical way pointing the problem and giving the solutions that, of course, are coming from personal experience, but mainly from the knowledge of a wide panorama of archaeological parks scattered all over the world. Beyond a scientific background based on the knowledge of the not so rich bibliography connected with this topic, personal experience of archaeological park management is the main resource and base from where the proposed solutions are coming. Experience in archaeological park management is very important in this field (absolutely necessary) because only facing the daily problems of a park you can build a real knowledge that can help to solve the problems.

This is more valid and absolutely important if this experience is based on archaeological parks management of the same nature and cultural as well as natural and social environment such as those of Southern Italy and Albania belonging to the same Mediterranean classical civilization.

Apollonia and Antigonea will have proper chapters dealing with those two marvelous sites where risk analysis will be basic for any further activity aimed towards a real development in order to solve those urgent problems that affect their actual situation and to give them a proper standard aimed to a sensible visitors’ increase.

Study on the Fiscal, Management and Governance Structure of the Archaeological Park System in Albania

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The original and peculiar concept of archaeological park is based on the necessity to protect a well defined area from external dangerous interferences and aimed to develop a precise protective as well as didactical function. Synthetically the difference with a normal archaeological area is that the park is aimed to the protection of the archaeological vestiges not only in their limited surrounding space, but in a wider area where the concept of historical landscape is involved. Moreover an archaeological park is nowadays a place whose value is based not only on the monumental vestiges, but also on the natural and environmental context.

In this respect it is appropriate the definition of “archaeological park” established in one of the most advanced laws in the world on protection of cultural heritage: the Italian “Legislative Decree, 22 January, 2004, no. 42.”Codice dei beni culturali e del paesaggio, ai sensi dell’articolo 10 of law, 6 July, 2002, no. 137” (also named “Urban Codex”). On the art.101 it is clearly specified the difference between “parco archeologico (archaeological park)”, “area archeologica (archaeological area)” and “complesso monumentale (monumental complex)”1. Let us see how the Italian legislator expresses those definitions that could be taken as an example to define and differentiate the three situations. Up to now this is the most appropriate definition so far expressed in a law:

Actually nowadays, although the real archaeological parks are very few in the world, the concept of archaeological park is changing towards a new perspective not based only on the protective aspects, but also on the economic development as well as on the improvement of life quality of human population.

It means that the concept of archaeological park cannot be limited by rigid protective rules, but it will be opened, in a systemic perspective, to the population necessities. In this sense the best example of a wide archaeological park that became in few years the real engine of a territorial economic development is the Archaeological Park of Bibracte in France2.

1 “1. Ai fini del presente codice sono istituti e luoghi della cultura i musei, le biblioteche e gli archivi, le aree e i parchi archeologici, i complessi monumentali. 2. Si intende per: d) “area archeologica”, un sito caratterizzato dalla presenza di resti di natura fossile o di manufatti o strutture preistorici o di età antica; e) “parco archeologico”, un ambito territoriale caratterizzato da importanti evidenze archeologiche e dalla compresenza di valori storici, paesaggistici o ambientali, attrezzato come museo all’aperto; f) “complesso monumentale”, un insieme formato da una pluralità di fabbricati edificati anche in epoche diverse, che con il tempo hanno acquisito, come insieme, una autonoma rilevanza artistica, storica o etnoantropologica.”

2 Bibracte was a Gaulish oppidum (a fortified city of Late Iron Age (La Tene culture), the capital of the Aedui and one of the most important hill forts in Gaul, situated near modern Autun in Burgundy (France). In 58 BC in this place Julius Caesar defeated the Helevtij, but in 52

A.1. Local assets involved in the archaeological park system. The origin and development of Archaeological Park System in Albania

“1. Regarding to this codex institutes and places of culture are museums, libraries, archives, archaeological areas and parks, monumental complexes. 2. It is ….. d) “archaeological area”, a site in which there are fossilized remains or objects and/or structures belonging to prehistory or ancient age; e) “archaeological park”, a territorial context in which there are important archaeological remains with the presence of historical, landscape or environmental values arranged as an open air museum; f) “monumental complex”, a group of various buildings also of different ages that have acquired, through the ages, a peculiar artistic, historical or ethno anthropological relevance.“

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This place was also important for the history of archaeology because here Joseph Déchelette, author of a famous Manuel d’Archéologie(Manual of Archeology), excavated between 1897 and 1907. Today Mont Beuvray is generally credited as the ancient Bibracte. The site is an archaeological park at the centre of a protected forest, and a site of cooperative European archaeological efforts, a training ground for young archaeologists as well as a centre for interpreting Gaulish culture for a popular audience.

BC, at Bibracte Vercingetorix was proclaimed head of the Gaulish coalition. A few decades after the Roman conquest of Gaul, Bibracte was abandoned in favor of Autun, 25 kilometers distant. Without a continuous settlement to disturb the site, Bibracte remained for modern archaeology to rediscover.

The site of Mount Beuvray has an area of nearly 1000 hectares of which ownership is shared between the State and the Regional Natural Park of Morvan. L’ensemble est classé au titre des sites (depuis 1990) et en partie au titre des monuments historiques (135 hectares depuis 1984). The place is classified as a historical monument (135 hectares since 1984). All the work of development is made in consultation with many partners (Regional Directorate of Cultural Affairs, Regional Directorate of Environment, Committee on Sites, Regional Natural Park of Morvan and the departments of Nièvre and Saône-et – Loire). The massive forest management is delegated to the National Forest Department.

En début d’année 2008, Bibracte s’est transformé en établissement public de coopération culturelle (EPCC).

In early 2008, Bibracte turned into a public cultural cooperation (EPCC). Les EPCC ont été créés par le législateur en 2002 afin de faciliter la gestion d’équipements culturels importants, grâce à une meilleure mutualisation des moyens entre leurs partenaires. The EPCC was established by the legislature in 2002 to facilitate the management of major cultural facilities, through better sharing of resources between partners. Bibracte est venu rejoindre la liste encore courte des EPCC à caractère patrimonial, à laquelle appartenait déjà l’établissement gestionnaire du site du Pont du Gard. Bibracte came to join the still short list of EPCC patrimonial nature, which already owned the property manager of the Pont du Gard.

The site of Bibracte on Mount Beuvray was managed since 1991 by a national company of mixed economy (SAEMN) established to install and manage the facilities of the European Archaeological Center and the Museum of Civilization Celtic under the policy of the Great Works of the State.La SAEMN avait pour actionnaires l’Etat, les départements de la Nièvre et de la Saône-et-Loire, le Parc naturel régional du Morvan, le Centre des Monuments nationaux, le Centre national de la Recherche scientifique, le Comité régional du Tourisme et la Caisse des Dépôts et Consignations. The shareholders SAEMN were the state departments of Nièvre and Saône-et-Loire, the Regional Natural Park of Morvan, the Center for National Monuments, National Center of Scientific Research, the Regional Committee of Tourism and Caisse des Depots et Consignations. Un changement de statuts est intervenu à l’arrivée à terme du traité de concession qui liait la SAEMN à l’Etat, propriétaire des équipements et de la majeure partie des terrains du mont Beuvray. A change of status is reached at the termination of the concession treaty which bound the SAEMN to state ownership of the equipment and the bulk of the land of Mount Beuvray.

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Les membres fondateurs de l’EPCC Bibracte sont l’Etat, le Conseil régional de Bourgogne, le Conseil général de la Nièvre, le Conseil général de la Saône-et-Loire, le Centre des Monuments nationaux et le Parc naturel régional du Morvan. The founding members of the EPCC Bibracte are the state, the Burgundy Regional Council, the General Council of Nièvre, the General Council of the Saone-et-Loire, the Center for National Monuments and the Regional Natural Park of Morvan. Les statuts de l’EPCC, approuvés par les différentes assemblées délibérantes et arrêtés par le Préfet de Région, prévoient notamment le montant minimum de participation des membres aux charges d’exploitation de l’établissement, ce qui fournit à celui-ci de nouvelles garanties pour la pérennité de son action. The statutes of the EPCC, approved by the various deliberative bodies and by the regional prefect, include the minimum amount of member participation in operating expenses of the institution, which provides one new guarantee for the sustainability of its actions. L’Etat demeure, de loin, le principal partenaire financier de Bibracte. The state remains by far the main funding partner Bibracte. En acceptant de contribuer durablement au soutien de l’EPCC, le Conseil régional et les deux Conseils généraux concernés ont confirmé par ailleurs leur attachement à l’établissement et leur volonté de voir se renforcer la place occupée par Bibracte dans le paysage culturel et touristique régional. In agreeing to make a lasting contribution in support of the EPCC, the Regional Council and the two Councils concerned have also confirmed their commitment to the institution and their commitment to strengthen the positioning Bibracte in the cultural landscape and regional tourism.

This is, in my opinion the best example on how a very marginal and poor area could develop investing in culture and, particularly, in the evaluation of ancient remains and history. This experience is much more indicative because it was performed in an area in which real archaeological remains are very poor. They invested not only on the scanty archaeological remains, but also on the evocative historical power as these areas were tied to the history of Vercingetorix, a national hero of the Gaul resistance against Roman conquer.

Of course this is an example that will be difficult to establish nowadays in Albania, but it should be an example to follow in the future for some cases in which the situation could be similar to Birbracte. In this sense there should be a link with Antigonea where access difficulties and marginality could be over passed investing in activities connected to the archaeological and historical evidence of the site. There is a peculiar similarity between Antigonea and Birbracte. Both sites are in mountain areas; both sites are known because of two great men of the past history: Pyrrhus and Vercingetorix. Le Conseil d’administration, réuni le 10 décembre 2007, a confirmé pour trois ans Jacques Fournet à la présidence et Vincent Guichard au poste de directeur général.

Another indication that can positively be learnt from this experience is that any action on archaeological parks will be successful if it is negotiated among the State and all the local public and private institutions and stakeholders. For this reason it is very important, as it will be explained in the related chapter, the creation of a Council of Archaeological Park.

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Something similar was in the intentions of Albanian governors when they, in 2000, legally decided the boundaries (and, by the way, the birth) of the National Archaeological Park of Butrint3. It is for sure that they were aware of the importance either from the cultural point of view and on economical base of the setting of an archaeological park system in Albania.

Actually the Albanian archaeological park system was legally decided with the adoption of Law No. 9048, of 07 April, 2003 “On Cultural Heritage”. With art.53, beside Butrint, other 8 archaeological parks in Lezha, Shkodra, Apollonia, Byllis, Amantia, Orikum, Antigoneia, and Finiq, were recognized. By this law some rules concerning the protection of the territory from unauthorized developments and constructions were established.

Besides laws, a number of rules were decided by the Council of Ministers upon the proposal from the Directorate of Cultural Heritage (DCH) in the Ministry of Culture:

1. DCM No. 857, of 19 December, 2003, “On the approval of the functioning regulations of the office for the administration and coordination of the National Park of Butrint”.

2. DCM No. 396, of 31 March, 2005, “On the approval of borders and administration regulations of the archaeological parks of Shkodra, Lezha, Apollonia, Bylis, Amanatia, Orikum, Antigonea, Finiq and Butrint”.

3. This rule defined the roles and rules of management of archaeological parks as well as of archaeological parks board as a decision-making body for the activity of parks. The Board of the Parks is chaired by Minister of Tourism, Culture, Youth and Sports. This rule excludes Butrint.

4. DCM No. 693, of 10 November 2005 “On the classification of the marshland complex of Butrint as a National Park”.

5. Law No.8906, of 6 June, 2002 “On protected areas”6. By this law the zones near the archaeological and monumental area of

Park of Butrint are declared protected areas.7. Law No.8934, of 5 September 2002 “On the protection of the

environment”8. Law No.7908, of 5 April, 1995, amended by Law Nr.8763, of 2 April,

2001, amended by Law Nr. 8870, of 21.30.2002 “On fishing and aquaculture”

This law concerns fishing activities in the area of the National Park of Butrint.9. DCM No.450, of 1 July, 1998, amended by Decision of the Council of

Ministers No.176, of 3 May, 2002 “On the administration of the ancient city of Butrint”.

3 Decision of the Council of Ministers (DCM) No. 82, of 2 March, 2000: “On the classification as a National Park protected by the state of the archaeological area of Butrint”; preceded by Decision the Council of Ministers no. 450, of 1 July, 1998, of the Council of Ministers, “On the Administration of the Ancient City of Butrint” and later by DCM no. 176, of 3 May, 2002, “On an amendment to Decision No. 450, dated 1 July, 1998, of the Council of Ministers, ‘On the Administration of the Ancient City of Butrint’”, as well as DCM No. 515, of 24 October, 2002 “On the classification as a cultural heritage monument with complex character and issuing of protection by the state to the archaeological field of Finiq”

A.2. Actual juridical organization of cultural heritage and archaeological park systems

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10. DCM No.82, of 2 March, 2000 “On the classification as a National Park protected by the state of the archaeological area of Butrint”

11. DCM No.266, of 24 April, 2003 “On the administration of protected areas”

12. DCM No.531, of 31 October, 2002 “On the classification of the marshland complex of Butrint and the territory around it as a natural area with special protection and its inclusion in the list of marshlands of national importance, especially as habitats of water birds”

Most of these laws are related to the assessment of Butrint National Park also on naturalistic point of view. 1,3,4,6, 7, 8 and 10 are laws that were proclaimed only for Butrint National Park. But their principles and some technical advices could be taken as examples for further laws to be applied to the other National Archaeological Parks especially in the field of environmental rules.

As far as new law is concerned to improve park system those will be mentioned in the following chapters. It will be necessary, as it will be mentioned, to change the hierarchical system of the peripheral structure of the Ministry (relationship between parks and central administration) as well as with other agencies of the same Ministry (Institute of Monuments) as well as of other Ministry (Institute of Archaeology) giving autonomy to the parks. This could be done by a law as it was done in Sicily with the L.R. n.20 (3/11/2000).

Another (or more) law will be devoted to the change in fiscal system to improve cultural heritage income.

Archaeological park system in Albania is ruled under the control of Ministry of Tourism, Culture, Youth and Sports in the hand of Directorate of National Heritage. But the Albanian legislator, in line with other European legislations (such as Italian, Greek, Spanish and French), introduced a collective element of supervision in order to have a wide, democratic, and professional multi vision control over the main act concerning the archaeological parks.

This is the National Board of Archaeological Parks that is acting for the eight national archaeological parks. Butrint Park is under Board acting only for this archaeological area4.

The National Board of Archaeological Parks is a decision-making body that oversees the activities of the Offices for the Administration and Coordination of Archaeological Parks and approves the strategy and development programs of the National Archaeological Parks.

This board is headed by the Minister and consists of representatives from:a. The Ministry of Environmentb. The Ministry of Interior (Local Government)

4 Outline – Background Study – Management and Risk Analysis of Archaeological Parks in Albania (Draft), Tirana 2009, p.7

A.3. Possible juridical adjustments to improve archaeological park system

A.4.a Actual management of archaeological park system: National Boards of Archaeological Parks

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c. The Ministry of Public Works and Territorial Regulation.d. The Directorate of National Heritage of the Ministry of Tourism,

Culture, Youth and Sportse. The Institute of Archaeology at the Center of Albanological Studies.f. The Institute of Cultural Monuments

The directors of the National Parks are members of the board with no right to vote.

The board has the following powers:a. Drafts, examines and approves the development strategy for all

archaeological parks.b. Approves programs and projects presented by the Offices for the

Administration and Coordination of Archaeological Parks and specifies the manner of cooperation with other institutions responsible for the protection of cultural heritage and natural and environmental values.

c. Approves yearly plans of archaeological parks.d. Gives priority to the process of filing cultural heritage and decides on

the final destination of the administration, protection and exhibition of movable national heritage objects of unique value in national museums, with the aim of guaranteeing their security.

e. Controls the activity and approves the budget of the Offices for the Administration and Coordination of Archaeological Parks and the distribution of income from the activities and the administration of parks, based on the official report submitted by their directors.

Administrative structures have been established for the archaeological parks of Shkodra, Lezha, Apollonia, Byllis, Amantia, Orikum, Antigonea, Finiq and Butrint. Those structures implement the program and the project, regularly approve and direct the administrative and budgetary life of the park. They are financed by the State through related Ministry.

Generally their staff is composed bya. Director;b. Finance officer c. Expert, archaeologyd. Expert, restoratione. Expert, environnentf. Expert, management

The director is appointed and dismissed by the Minister responsible for cultural heritage, according to criteria specified for this position by the National Board of Archaeological Parks. The experts are appointed and dismissed by the director of the office, according to legal provisions of the Labor Code.

Especially in Butrint and Apollonia the directors had the chance to employ contractors paid by increase in income.

The Offices for the Administration and Coordination of Archaeological Parks have the following functions and duties:

a. Prepare and implement development and administration programs approved by the National Board of National Archaeological Parks.

b. Coordinate with other central and local institutions.

A.4.b Actual management of archaeological park system: OfficesfortheAdministrationandCoordinationof Archaeological Parks

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c. Organize meetings with consultants in specific fields.d. Cooperate with natural and legal persons, local or foreign, with

international foundations and organizations, to identify, advertise and attract financing and donations for the preservation, protection, development and improvement of cultural and natural heritage values in the archeological parks as areas that are given priority in receiving cultural tourism and related stimuli.

e. Administer and manage the income generated by tourist activities and other activities for programs approved by the Board.

f. Implement all necessary measures for the protection of cultural and natural heritage in accordance with existing legislation.

g. Organize, support and encourage activities of a cultural and educational nature for the general public.

h. Create good conditions for visitors.Till now the National Archaeological Parks of Butrint, Byllis, Antigonea,

Apollonia and Shkodra function as separate structures with administrative, judicial and budgetary autonomy. Amantia and Orikum are one managing entity. The Parks of Finiq and Lezha are under the Regional Directorates of Culture of Saranda.

Actually besides Butrint and Apollonia the other archaeological parks cannot be named in such a way because they lack some important features that must be considered necessary such as a sufficient amount of monuments so far excavated and visible, easy access, touristic facilities (café, restaurant, shops and nearby accommodation) and stakeholders confidence. Antigonea is in the middle of the trial because it has marvelous potentiality that should be favored. The other parks, as it came out during the meeting with the responsible of the competent Ministry5, could be now de-classed becoming “unit” under the jurisdiction of Regional Directorates. Their uprising as Archaeological Parks will be something that will be decided little by little in the future according to the financial and administrative capacity of related Ministry as well as of the qualified professional personnel’s availability.

But, as it is obviously understood, this must be a political decision because

it involves economic investments. If the government decides that the other archaeological parks in Albania, besides Butrint, Apollonia and partly Antigonea, must become real parks, a huge investment is required in order to provide and create the above mentioned facilities such as easy access, touristic welcome structures (visitor centre, café, restaurants, hotel accommodation) as well as stake holders acceptance. It is difficult to establish the dimension of this investment because it is possible to calculate it only after making the real projects dealing with the various requirements proposed in this document. But it is realistic to think that Apollonia and Antigonea will require about € 500.000 each to reach a sufficient standard (leaving aside the possible museums to realize in both sites). For the other archaeological parks that amount of money should be at least doubled.

5 This idea came out during the meeting with Mr.Olsi Lafe, Director of Directorate of National Heritage of Ministry of Tourism, Culture, Youth and Sports during our meeting on the 19th October 2009

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An internal ruling code for the archaeological park should be settled containing the main indication on how to manage the relationship between the park, the private owner of land as well as with visitors and other public or private entities according to the zoning situation. This juridical tool will rule all situations internal of the park and will repeal other territorial laws. This kind of document is normally and widely used to rule the internal life of museums and archaeological parks (it was also recommended by ICOM in various documents and congresses) as well as the relationship with private and public stakeholders. In Italy ruling codes for archaeological parks were realized for Sicilian archaeological parks. They were proposed by the local Superintendence and approved by the regional Ministry of Culture after the consultation of regional council for cultural heritage. They are necessary as well as compulsory to rule the life of the archaeological park.

In Albania such ruling codes for archaeological parks should be elaborated and proposed by the directors of the parks, approved by the Directorate of Cultural Heritage after having received the approval of National Council of Archaeological Parks and, finally, enacted by the Ministry of Culture6.

It is necessary an improvement in the quality of service inside the archaeological parks making frequent quality control tests that can be also made by other agencies.

6 A scheme of ruling code for archaeological park is enclosed in appendix 1

A.4.c SWOT analysis of actual management of archaeological park system

Few persons officially involved in the various aspect that daily management of ParkGap in capabilitiesLack of competitive behavior among park-employers Low degree of autonomyLow wages

Weaknesses

Enthusiasm among the park staffSome of the park’s employers have a very high professional level

Strengths

Beauty of sitesImportance of sitesExpanding interest on cultural heritageOptimal geographic position of Albania

Opportunities

Loss of enthusiasm if the staff will remain without autonomyDangerous competition with nearby GreeceLowering of the level of tourism

Threats

A.5 Project of management of archaeological park system

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It is also necessary that the ticket will be electronic to avoid tricks and to have a better and rapid statistical picture of visitors’ frequency.

One of the major risks of an archaeological area is vegetation that is growing on and between the ancient monuments (among the blocks constituting the walls, inside plaster, among mosaics and pavements etc.). The traditional way of removing such vegetation cutting it at the base or (worse) eradicating it by pulling damages the monuments because frequently the roots are so strong to move stones and (more easily) plaster or pavements. Now the up to date system of removing vegetation in archaeological areas is performed using a wide series of product based on the active principle named Glyphosate. Glyphosate isopropylamine salt solution is a kind of selective systemic sterile herbicides. It prevents the annual and biennial monocotyledonous grass, kills the deep-rooted perennial weeds, doesn’t affect the seeds and microorganisms and it is low-toxic for people and livestock. It is used spraying the herbicide to stems and leaves of the weeds in growth period. This is the most economic and efficient way of removing weeds and invading herbs that affect the monuments. Moreover it is not affecting the livestock and the fauna (also micro-fauna) and, respecting the easy protocols of protection, doesn’t give any problems to the people.

Instead of huge power stations, nowadays, a large amount of small scale energy supply systems are growing all over the world. Single buildings or farms as well as small islands or small territorial units are supplied by low scale alternative power stations. Moreover, there is in many countries a wide consensus on such policies so that there is a lot of financial support given by the states, agencies and banks. EU is giving a wide support to this policy financing almost totally the family or small unit decisions to install solar panels and other energy providers.

Archaeological parks are places where this kind of attitude could be followed trying the right solutions to receive the required energy by alternative means. Of course it is clear that it will be impossible to occupy wide extension of archaeological areas with solar panels or wind mills because they have a big visual impact. But, as it is already remembered, technological innovation in this field gives us the possibility to find eco-sustainable solutions that do not affect the landscape.

It will be necessary that the Directorate of National Heritage gives the charge to proper experts to prepare projects, at least for the main archaeological parks, such as Butrint, Antigonea and Apollonia, aimed to install systems of energy supply from wind and sun based on the estimated needs and on a rigid control of visual impact. It means that traditional wind mills with high towers and large blades should be avoided in favor of small systems placed in such places where they cannot interfere with monuments and landscape sightseeing. Those projects could be financially sustained by EU and other international agencies.

Another aspect of park management will take care of local small and medium-sized companies connected with agriculture, tourism, communication and commerce.

Another important aspect to bear in mind managing an archaeological park: the problem of energy supply. The world is quickly going towards the exploitation of the so called alternative energies. It is well known how technology is running very fast and brings many innovations in the various systems of energy production beside the traditional ones based on oil, charcoal etc. A real technological innovation has been produced in the field of local and low scale systems of alternative production.

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They must have the chance to get proper spaces to sell their products that could have an interest for the visitors. It is absolutely to avoid what happened in many archaeological areas in Europe (mainly Italy, Greece) and elsewhere with a total unordered placing of stalls and stands that sometimes look as if they are strangling the monuments and the landscape. A precise planning of the spaces where such private companies can carry on their activity must be prepared by the staff of the archaeological parks in collaboration with the local territorial management agencies.

A.6 Bureaucracy and administration reform in the fieldofmanagementandgovernancestructureof archaeological park system

As it will be seen in detail after the analysis of Apollonia situation, archaeological parks are suffering by overlapping of competences. There is an overlapping of competences among different public institutions that are dealing with the same sites although it is an apparently autonomous archaeological park. The public entities involved in decision making are: Ministry of Tourism, Culture, Youth and Sport (with the units of National Boards of Archaeological Parks, Directorate of National Heritage, Institute of Monuments, Regional Directorate of Cultural Monuments and Offices for the Administration and Coordination of Archaeological Parks), Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (with its unit of Institute of Archaeology).

Actually, according to what has been recognized after many interviews with some cultural heritage top-officers it looks as if the situation is changing towards a simplification of relationships among the above-mentioned offices and agencies. Of course we encountered a situation in movement because Albania is passing from a very defined typology of decision- making structure, in which the Academy of Science through Institute of Archaeology was almost controlling the entire environment of national cultural heritage, to a new one based on the widely diffused European democratic system where the competent Ministry is ruling the entire apparatus on the basis of popular consensus.

This situation gives rise to confusion, conflicts and loss of time, energy and resources. The proposal is to give to the Offices for the Administration and Coordination of Archaeological Parks more autonomy of proposal and control maintaining the hierarchical decision flow that will submit all the decision of the Archaeological Parks to the control of the Directorate of National Heritage that has to consult the National Boards of Archaeological Parks. The cases in which the Directorate is obliged to inform and consult the National Boards of Archaeological Parks must be decided and specified in the law that is required to change the system. Anyway, it could be proposed that in the case of excavation permission to national or foreign missions, restoration project, wide planning activity, temporary exhibition and other matters to be defined, it will be compulsory to consult the National Boards of Archaeological Parks. By this new law there should be also changed the role of directors of park inside the National Board of Archaeological Parks. It will be obvious that they should have the right to vote.

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Ministry of Tourism Culture Youth and Sport

National Boards of Archaeological Parks

Directorate of National Heritage

Regional Directorate of Cultural Monuments

Offices for the Administration and Coordination of Archaeological Parks

Institute of Monuments

Ministry of Education, Science and Technology

Institute of Archaeology

Ministry of Tourism Culture Youth and Sport

Directorate of National HeritageNational Boards of Archaeological Parks

Institute of MonumentsOffices for the Administration and

Coordination of Archaeological Parks Institute of Archaeology

Consulting functions Hierarchical relations Non hierarchical relations

Institute of Monuments and Institute of Archaeology must become agencies that will collaborate with the park on non-hierarchical base, but as partners of specified projects. The Regional Directorate of Cultural Monuments will deal with all the affairs concerning cultural heritage of the area except the Archaeological Parks.

There is another field of confusion regarding archaeological excavations and researches. Nowadays, there is a very unusual situation regarding the relationship between Albanian as well as foreign archaeological missions and park director. It happens that the archaeological missions carry on their scientific activity without even informing the park officers. This situation is not acceptable because park directorate must be not only informed about scientific and logistic activity of scientific mission but it also has to give its opinion on the scientific project carried on yearly as well as on multiyear perspective. According to Albanian procedures, permission is granted to archaeological mission in collaboration with national agencies by Institute of Archaeology and National Boards of Archaeological Parks and Directorate of National Heritage.

It should be proposed that the permission for archaeological excavations and research must be granted by the Directorate of National Heritage after the official positive opinion of Park’s director and after consulting the National Boards of Archaeological Parks.

In synthesis it will be better to give more autonomy to the archaeological parks. But let us compare the nowadays situation with what will be a better, faster, more efficient and more economic organization.

Nowadays situation

Hierarchical relations

Proposed simplified developing situation

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But there will also be the necessity of a process of simplification of law concerning cultural heritage and building discipline. There is now a conflict between rules concerning the archaeological park zoning and urban discipline which competence is nowadays in the hand of municipality. It will be better that inside the territory of Archaeological Parks the only rule to follow will be the ruling code of the Park. In other words the Offices for the Administration and Coordination of Archaeological Parks must have the priority to control the territory under its own jurisdiction and, consequently, fight properly against illegal building.

Regarding human resources, in some cases (almost 20 - 30 %) positions that should require a high level of scientific as well as administrative professionalism are covered by unqualified people. On the contrary, there are many executives with a very high professional degree. It is necessary that the professional profile of the different position will be respected in the future selections. Since there is a wide discrepancy in the information level of the people working in the Albanian archaeological parks, it should be necessary that, according to a wise and precise selection, the actual personnel of the parks will take part in an intensive period of training and learning mainly devoted to the following subjects: management, risk management, administration, legal aspects, quality control, foreign languages, conservation, public relations, etc.

Each Park must have a minimum staff composed by at least two archaeologists, one architect, one expert in administration, one expert in territorial laws, two conservators, one restorer, one public relation expert, guardians in number proportional to the extension of park and workers devoted to the control of vegetation in number proportional to the extension of park. This actual situation of staff composition and qualification is widely below this standard.

a) Director a) Directorb) Finance officer b-c) Expert, archaeologyc) Expert, archaeology d) Architectd) Expert, restoration f) Administrative executivee) Expert, environnent g-h) Expert, conservation f) Expert, management i-j) Expert, restoration k) Expert public relations l) Expert in territorial laws m) Guardians n) Workers

Actual Archaeological Park staff composition Proposed Archaeological Park staff composition

Nowadays the archaeological parks of Albania have been delimited dividing the controlled areas in zone A and zone B. Besides some cases in which such zoning should be revised by a proposal of the directors due to some changes in the surrounding areas or because of some consideration derived by the experience so far acquired (extension of Antigonea; changing of something in Apollonia due to the presence of inhabited areas), it should be proposed to add a zone C. Zone C will be a zone in which there could be located activities in support to the park. In other words zone C will be an area in which there could be located small resorts, B&B, restaurants, parking, camping etc.

A.7 Improvement of zoning system of archaeological parks and related rules

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This new idea of zoning will be made in accordance with the local authorities because it is something that is not only related to the park but also to the general territorial planning of the regional future. It is something that cannot be done on the maps, but after an intense negotiation with the municipalities. In other words enucleating a zone C devoted to infrastructures related to the touristic development of the park will be necessary; but it will be negotiated with municipalities and local stakeholders because it is strictly connected with the future economic and territorial development of the region.

The actual asset of scientific research in the archaeological parks of Albania isn’t properly adequate to the importance of the sites. There are no comprehensive programs with a high degree of contextual behavior in favor of an exhaustive reconstruction of ancient ecosystems. There are several scattered programs of investigation aimed to the understanding of single monuments or single chronological as well as functional aspects of particular areas of some sites. What it comes up is a sort of micro research system based on a lot of small isolated researches that are not involved in a defined strategy. It is as if any mission or research group is working without any connection to the other and there isn’t any supervision aiming to define a comprehensive strategy of archaeological research in Albania.

By the way it isn’t correct to say that there isn’t quality in the scientific research so far carried out and in those that are nowadays running. But there is a total absence of coordination and of a precise strategy in archaeological research in Albania today.

The visible outcome of this situation is that there aren’t exhaustive publications either in the field of analytically or of synthetically organized archaeology.

A.8 Actualassetofscientificresearchinthe archaeological parks

A.9 Futureassetofscientificresearchinthe archaeological parks

A strong need of research planning is required in archaeological research in Albania. The various excavations and researches so far carried on should be encouraged stimulating a major dialogue and collaboration among them. This task must be assumed at the various levels of decision-making. For example inside a park the director must work in the sense of avoiding that different teams of research will work separately without any contact among them and with the total absence of a common strategy. In a park coinciding with an ancient town archaeological research must be organized having specific objective to be clarified. All the scientific team working in this area should work in close collaboration without useless overlapping and confronting always their results. Moreover, frequent work-in-progress conferences must be planned and realized by the director of the park gathering all the team responsible in order to find common strategies of research connected with the requirements of the site.

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Moreover, all the documentation so far acquired and the future one must be deposited in the archives of the archaeological park at disposal of the scholars working in the park. As far as knowledge is concerned, it will be necessary that the team working in the same archaeological site will coordinate their effort to build a common GIS with related database that will be the unique system to have a clear idea of the importance and features of the site.

The archaeological parks, besides Butrinti and partly Apollonia, are now weak as far as monumental remains. A reappraisal of archaeological investigation is needed. This could be done in the frame of an international cooperation calling the most important universities and research centers that have the required knowledge to cope with Albanian archaeological situation but also by Albanian institutions such as Institute of Archaeology, Academy of Science, and Universities.

According to my survey of archaeological parks in Albania, there isn’t till now any GIS so far realized. It means that there isn’t any system of real and precise geographical reference for the monuments so far excavated in all the archaeological parks of Albania. The nowadays topographic maps were created in a traditional way taking measurements from the established topographic geo referred “stations” placed in some prominent points of the country. This system was more than one decade ago bypassed by the actual GIS (Geographical Information System). First of all, nowadays it is possible to take the exact position of a point with differential GPS that isn’t the normal commercial GPS but a more sophisticated one working on the base of a receiving system based on at least three different stations scattered on the area to be mapped. GIS needs this kind of precision in placing a complete and precise grid of referring points on which the real map of an area will be based. The real map will be made using zenithal photos made by at least 6 or more meters with the camera placed at the end of a long stick remotely controlled. Those photos are elaborated by special software and geographically referred in accordance to the previous established topographic points. In this way you’ll obtain a complete and precise map of the archaeological area on which you can trace what you prefer (walls, roads, particular places, single age monuments, special function monuments). You can also use this very powerful tool to control the dynamic change of the area if you repeat the mapping any time you like. But the main result of this system is that you can link any item that you see on the map with a data base. In this way you can know in real times all the objects that were found in those monuments along with all the pictures, drawings notes, publications, administrative acts etc.

Nowadays this system is widely attested in almost all developed countries and has become a powerful and necessary tool to manage not only scientific research, but also administration and control of data. It becomes necessary that all the data concerning the archaeological heritage of a park in Albania should be managed through GIS that will allow an optimum territorial management of different kinds of data (files, images, documents etc.) in a geo-referred situation. The availability of geo-referred geographical maps will be the base for establishing a good and precise GIS. These maps could be obtained by other national agencies on the base of precise agreements. This will be the best way to control land and to manage territorial resources in real time and in a dynamic perspective. Costs of this operation are not so high and could be lowered through international cooperation making precise agreements with foreign missions asking them to operate with GIS and asking them to provide also training for local personnel.

The following step will be to put on the web such information in order to create a Web GIS that will be a very useful tool for territorial planning, scientific knowledge and territorial resources management.

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Both foreign and national archaeological missions should propose a yearly program of research to the director of the park that after his approval will pass for the final decision to the Directorate of Cultural Heritage that will decide after having consulted the National Board of Archaeological Parks. Those researches that fulfill the main absence of knowledge as well as the resolution of archaeological, monumental and functional aspects and that will be complementary to others should be better accepted.

The Institute of Archaeology as well as the Albanian Universities could play an important role in helping the archaeological parks in the field of archaeological research. The archaeological Parks could become the real training places for the new generation of Albanian archaeologists in a frame of collaboration between the park administrations and the University Departments.

A.10 Actual asset of conservation in the archaeological parks

There is a low degree of conservation activities in the archaeological parks of Albania either from the quantitative or the qualitative point of view. There is few scattered and isolated intervention of conservation, but the majority of the archaeological areas need a wide and systematic activity of conservation. Conservation means money involved and this could be a problem according to the nowadays budget. Stability of some monuments is in danger as well as the real consistency of many structures. Wind and rain erosion is a major danger that is affecting a wide number of monuments in archaeological parks. Mosaics are not visible because they are temporarily covered to avoid their destruction.

A.11 Future asset of conservation in the archaeological parks

A wide and deep strategy of conservation must be planned in order to give to the Albanian archaeological monuments a proper shape and preserve from the danger produced by wind, rain and time erosion. First of all, it will be necessary to work on those monuments that are statically in danger like the city walls of Apollonia. Secondly, it will be necessary to find the right solution for those monuments whose structures are in danger from erosion. A wide international collaboration with the main European conservation agencies must be settled in order to find the best up to date solution to cope with stone erosion. Thirdly, it will be necessary that mosaics and other more delicate situations must be preserved with proper interventions that could also be based on covering partially the sites. In this respect it is widely accepted that any “roof ” in an archaeological site will have a bad visual impact. For this reason it will be necessary that a strict collaboration with the Institute of Monuments and architectural university department must be settled in order to find the right solution for low impact roofing.

Finally, it will be necessary that in Albania all the archaeological missions working in the field of research will also take care of conservation of the monuments that they dig. Although this will be sometimes a heavy task from the economical point of view, it is ethically obvious that excavating without conservation of what is discovered will be a crime to the culture. So any national or foreign mission will plan its budget keeping in mind that a consistent part of money must be devoted to conservation.

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This should be something that must be decided and undersigned by the parties when there are any agreements for archaeological research. The Albanian or joint Albanian/foreign archaeological missions that are granted to make scientific researches in the Albanian archaeological parks should be asked to contribute to the conservation of monuments. They will provide for the restorations of the monuments coming out from the excavations.

The Institute of Monuments can play an important role in this field starting and following a wide series of conservation projects in collaboration with the Park authorities. The role of this Institute, according to his experience and skill, will be guiding and giving the principle of conservation through a wide series of pilot intervention on some particularly complex cases. Moreover, it will be better that any conservation projects must be examined and approved by the Institute of Monuments.

Due to the extension of archaeological parks, it will be necessary to think of electronic control systems mainly based on video scattered in different strategic and dangerous areas that will be connected to monitors placed in a room where a single guardian can have the direct sight of the situation. This system will give a more efficient control and will be less expensive than the traditional one.

A.12 Actualfiscalsystemfinancingarchaeological park organization

At the moment there isn’t any fiscal withdrawal directly related to the management of archaeological parks as well as to general cultural heritage. This was the figure that it came up reading the reports on this subject as well as through the meetings with the responsible people of the different branches of public administration. Financial resources coming to the parks are directly given by the Ministry of Tourism, Culture, Youth and Sports through Directorate of National Heritage. All the income coming from tickets and other objects sold and from the activities of the parks are collected by the State and only 10 % is coming back to the related park7.

According to the experience so far matured, this 10% takes between eight and ten months to be given back from the Ministry of Culture to the Park administration. It is clear that if this, as well as other money coming from other sources, will reach the archaeological park at the end of the year, it will be difficult to spend quietly and wisely bearing in mind that everything should be expended not beyond the 20th of December. This delay is obviously affecting the normal activity of parks because if you don’t get the money in time you cannot do a good financial planning for the expenses. Moreover, it will be better to have the possibility to spend the money throughout the year than to be obliged to do it in hurry at the end of the year. A major efficiency in the processing of administrative procedures is required in order to deliver the funds in time.

7 The situation of Butrint archaeological park is slightly different because part of the money must go to pay the guard company that is in charge of security inside the park. In fact the amount of money going back to the park is less that 10 %.

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There are in Albania, however, some ideas to introduce a fiscal withdrawal devoted to cultural heritage. As far as it was possible to know through direct meetings with top administrators, it comes up that, nowadays, in Albania there is only one idea (not yet formalized as law) to raise money for cultural heritage from fiscal withdrawal8.

The idea is to drain 0.50 % of the amount of any building activity (public or private) for each square meter. This model, derived from similar but not same ones so far realized in Italy and France, takes into consideration the fact that this fiscal withdrawal will be calculated not only for the simple surface where the building is placed, but also for each floor. This amount of money will be devoted not only to archaeological parks but to the general activity of protection and evaluation of cultural heritage under the Directorate of National Heritage of the Ministry for Tourism, Culture, Youth and Sports.

There is a clear necessity to increase the budget of Ministry of Culture in order to have more resources to destine to the archaeological parks. Nowadays the budget for culture is about 0,40 % of GDP. A good situation could be reached if this percentage will stabilize around 1,00 %. There are many reasons to justify the necessity of such increase. First of all, there is a strong need of financial investment to increase the level of efficiency either in the knowledge, but mainly in the management of cultural heritage. The inadequacy of management is nowadays visible in the almost total absence of information devices aimed to give the visitors a better idea on what they are visiting. There is also a strong need of resources aimed to a better governance of many archaeological sites in the field of control of vegetation, network of internal pedestrian paths, parking, toilets, visitor centre, archaeological permanent exhibitions inside the parks, major communication with people and especially with local stakeholders, implementing national and international touristic strategies etc.

The archaeological park must be in the position to make budget also from other sources. Those could come, for example, from the possibility to allow national and international companies to launch their new brands and products inside the parks with the monuments foregrounds. Income could also come by allowing the use of park and site name and logo in connection with some products. Another wide field of income could be based on the association of park and site name with local food products that are typical of the area. Moreover, the image of the site or of different archaeological monuments if used for commercial purposes must be paid to the park administration.

8 This idea came out during the meeting with Mr.Ols Lafe, Director of Directorate of National Heritage of Ministry of Tourism, Culture, Youth and Sports during our meeting on the 19th October 2009.

A.13 Projectoffinancialstructureforarchaeological park organization

Economic autonomy is the basis for the development of archaeological parks. Income resources coming from tickets, royalties and other activities should remain at the disposal of the management of the archaeological park that will use them for developing programs according to annual budget that will be approved by the Directorate of National Heritage after its presentation for comments and indications to the National Board of Archaeological Parks and to the Council of Archaeological Park (this proposed council will be later explained and described).

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There is another possible source of income that is based on the common behavior in Albania, as well as in other Mediterranean countries, to pay a visit to the archaeological monuments on the wedding day to use these places as scenery for remembering “the most important day of life” through pictures. Since this is not the proper way of visiting an archaeological area a small extra ticket should be imposed to those that want to “use” monuments as scenery for other purposes than cultural attitude, such as wedding pictures, fashion advertisements etc. But it will be necessary that all the commercial “use” of archaeological areas and monuments should be taxed according to tariff list that will be compiled for each variety of documents provided (postcards, video, commercial publications, movies, fashion and wedding pictures etc.).

A.14 Private funding and sponsors

Another field of income could come from privates and foundations. In this respect it is useful to take as example the French law (Act of 23 July, l987 on the development of sponsorship) because it should be the best to be adapted to the Albanian situation. The main features of this law are to allow firms to deduct from their taxable profit any unconditional sponsorship paid to projects and bodies of a general interest. Such deductions are normally subject to an upper limit of 2% of turnover; this limit increases to 3% of turnover where the beneficiaries of sponsorship are public-interest associations or foundations.

To encourage commercial and industrial firms to sponsor culture and, more specifically, the heritage, and to lend continuity to their sponsorship activities, a new legal entity known as the enterprise foundation (fondation d’entreprise) is now available to companies. This new legal framework (established by the Act of 4 July, l990 and its implementing Decree of 30 September, 1991) is better suited than public-interest foundations to the needs of businesses.

An enterprise foundation is a legal entity engaged in carrying out work in the public interest that cannot be funded through donations, bequests or appeals to the generosity of the public. Permission to set up an enterprise foundation is granted by the prefect of the department in which the foundation is to be based.

Firms wishing to expand their sponsorship policy now have a choice of four types of foundation:

• public-interest foundations; • enterprise foundations;• foundations created under the aegis of the Fondation de France; • the Fondation du Patrimoine (Heritage Foundation).

The Fondation de France (Foundation of France)was set up in 1969 to assist individuals, businesses and associations carrying out general-interest projects of a philanthropic, cultural or scientific nature. As an autonomous, non-political and secular entity governed by private law, the Foundation is a public-interest non-profit-making organization.

The Fondation de France has three main objectives: • to collect funds to be used to combat poverty and social exclusion,

in support of scientific and medical research or for cultural and environmental projects;

• to help with the development and running of associations; • to encourage private sponsorship by providing a framework within

which foundations can be established.

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The Fondation du Patrimoine, set up by the Act of 2 July, 1996, is designed to be an instrument for promoting the local heritage. France has so far lacked an institution of this nature capable of following the example of the large British and American foundations and assuming financial responsibility for threatened or neglected monuments by finding original methods of funding.

The Foundation will have three main objectives: • to enhance, by awarding a national label, monuments or sites of

regional interest which are not protected as historic monuments in order to attract public attention to them:

• to promote and support action programs to conserve or enhance the local heritage;

• to increase the number of monuments capable of becoming centers of attraction in the regions by promoting local initiatives linked to the labeled structures or sites.

The decree recognizing the Fondation du patrimoine as being of public interest and approving its statutes was signed on 17 April, 1997. The foundation, which is a private-law body enjoying legal and financial autonomy, has the general task of conserving and promoting the local heritage.

A system of regional and department delegations was immediately introduced. The Foundation started to schedule operations to restore the rural and vernacular heritage with the technical and scientific co-operation of the architects and conservators of the historic monuments department.

The Ministry of the Budget and the Ministry of Culture and Communication decided in 1998 to clarify the precise scope of the tax relief provided for by the Act of 2 July, 1996. Agreement was reached in 1999 and will be applied as from the 2000 fiscal year. The agreement concerns the typical rural heritage which will have to be approved in order to be covered by the tax provisions.

Albania is not new to this kind of entity (foundations) connected to cultural heritage as it is known according to the experience of Butrint.

A.15 Projectoffiscaldrainageusefultofinancearchaeological park organization

There are different possibilities to drain resources from fiscal mechanisms of the State without imposing new taxes to the people, but it is clear that this should be a political decision that must be taken approving proper laws.

A system should be on volunteer base. Every single taxpayer can, without any obligation, assign a percentage of the amount of yearly paid taxes (ranging between 5 and 10 x 1000) to some public or private agency, foundation or association connected with cultural heritage, previously listed by the appointment of Council of Ministry after a proposal of Directorate of National Heritage. This is the widely attested system of donation that is very common in the United States.

Another system could be addressed to big companies and patrons. Those entities could be authorized by a law to devote to cultural heritage (and in particular to the Albanian archaeological parks) part of their amount of yearly taxes to a maximum of a fixed sum that could be no more than (for example) € 300.000. Again also this system is very common in U.S.A., but it is little by little increasing in Italy and other European countries.

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There is another way of making fiscal drainage towards cultural heritage that is diffusing among many world countries. It is connected to the huge public works (highways, bridges, ports, railways, dams, networks etc.) run by the State or in joint venture (public/private) or as project financing. By law it could be decided that an amount of money ranging around 3% of the total cost of the work should be given directly to the Directorate of National Heritage or other public agencies connected with cultural heritage such as the system of archaeological parks, or divided into different entities. This is a system that is in use in Italy and it is run by a private- public consortium named Arkus.

Another way to spend this money will be to create a foundation based on public and private contribution that will receive the money and will finance the development of cultural heritage system as well as the archaeological parks.

Although it is not directly connected with fiscal system it is necessary to improve and encourage private donations and sponsorship. The actual law ruling sponsorship (2003) could be reviewed introducing more stimulus and facilities.

A.16 Lottosystemforfinancingarchaeological park and cultural heritage

One of the main fiscal sources used in many countries is gambling. This is the case of Italy where it was decided by law that a percentage of the total amount of state gambling income (lotto) will be devoted to cultural activities such as movies, theater, drama, music and also conservation, archaeological research and improvement of museum and monumental areas or single monument. During 2006 in Italy more than three hundred millions of Euros were invested for this kind of activities connected with monumental cultural heritage. Italian system could be appointed with proper changes in relation with the Albanian situation. For example it should be applied taking an annual sum of money that will be negotiated every year between the competent Ministries, or establishing a fixed aliquot of the total of gambling income.

A.17 SWOTanalysisofpossiblefiscalsystem tofinancearchaeologicalparkorganization

StrengthsAbsence of similar fiscal withdrawal in AlbaniaFlexibility of the young fiscal system in AlbaniaCompetitive advantages without sacrifices Innovative systemAdequacy with up-to-date European systemsStrengthening of cultural sensibility No further taxes for the peopleIncrease in cash flow for cultural heritage

WeaknessesLow efficiency of fiscal system in AlbaniaCompetitive behaviour by other ministriesLike any new model it is difficult to be metabolized by the administrative and political environmentsLow cultural sensibility especially in rural areas

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Although the National Tourism Agency is doing a very good job in the field of communication, publishing exhaustive booklets and brochure and participating to the most important international fairs, there is a low degree of connection between the park system and the agency. A major connection will be fruitful in order to expand the knowledge of the archaeological parks as well as the stimulus to visit them either among the Albanians and the foreigners. Though an intense collaboration between park administration and National Tourism Agency will be not only necessary, but also compulsory, the last responsibility and competence for touristic communication will be with National Tourism Agency.

To increase the knowledge of archaeological parks it will be necessary to program yearly scholarships for graduated students of archaeology and ancient history that has done thesis on matters concerning archaeological parks of Albania. The scholarship will include, besides a sufficient amount of money and the publication of the thesis, a period of at least three months of stage inside the related park working as a member of the staff.

It is necessary to coordinate the publication of archaeological guides on the basis of different targets of interest and spending capabilities. Nowadays there is a sufficient production of these kinds of books, but with a limited range of variety that should be increased.

It is extremely necessary to realize a wide, rich and fully informed web site organized and permanently updated by Archaeological Park Administration in the frame of a centralized web site financed by the Ministry of Culture for all the Albanian Archaeological Parks. It is to remember that nowadays the implementation of web site is not a difficult and expensive task due to the development of software. Web master of these sites could be an employer of Archaeological Park that will learn how to run it after a very short course. These web sites must give all the information about the archaeological parks (historical, archaeological, geographical, route connections etc.) linked with the web sites dealing with touristic information on the area (accommodation, restaurants, sightseeing attractions etc.).

Club services such as Rotary and Lyons, that have been present in Albania for a few years, could play an important role in creating in civil society a network of attention, communication and knowledge of archaeological parks organizing conferences, forums, cultural trips, congresses and publications.

Opportunities

Increase in investment capability on cultural heritageStimulating efficiencyIncrease in technological development applied to cultural heritageIncrease of people concernMajor financial possibility to invest in program involving stakeholdersMajor opportunities for the park administration Stimulating competition among parks

Threats

Eventual erroneous political speculations speaking of taxes increaseNecessity of new law and, consequently, of consensus

A.18 Project of touristic development for archaeological park organization

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The Albanian or joint Albanian / foreign archaeological missions that are granted to make scientific research in the Albanian archaeological parks should be asked to contribute to the communication of the results of their activity. They will provide, according to the standards decided by the director of the park, to realize explanatory panels to place near the monuments.

It will be very important to update or to place for the first time a series of labels with clear indications that will lead from the main roads towards the archaeological parks. In some strategic places where people will stop (such as petrol stations or bars, cafés, restaurants etc.) those indications should be enriched by brief accounts on the archaeological sites.

Communication could be done in different ways, but one of the main appreciated tools in this field will be promotional video that, as it was already done in the past, could be framed financially in the normal activity of National Tourism Agency. But it would be done in a better way than in the past and with versions in the main international languages, taking care to establish a real collaboration between the video makers and the archaeologists of archaeological parks or from University. In other words a good video dealing with archaeology will be the output of the collaboration between specialists of high professional standards either in the field of communication or archaeology. Different videos on the various archaeological parks in different languages should be done and circulate in the schools, fairs, meetings and various entertainment occasions as well as in the main national and international networks. The quality of video will be the basis of its success. Quality could be granted by the professionalism of the staff either in the field of video producing or in archaeological advising. Sometimes this kind of video could become boring and uninteresting. To avoid such inconvenience it will be better if the video is based on a real story in which a well-known actor or actress, or else a writer or art maker accompanies the public in an ideal tour of the site. The better-known this person is, the more successful the video will be. The strategy of communication via video must be based on the production of at least two different versions of the same product. A video of about twenty minutes (long version) will be devoted to be broadcast through the main national and international networks as well as in the scientific, political and entertainment occasions. A short version of few minutes (about three) will be devoted to fill inserts in many crowded places such as airports, hotels, public places, fairs etc.

Another very important and powerful tool to increase the knowledge of the archaeological parks will be the organization of cultural exhibitions inland and abroad either with real archaeological items or only based on photographic and graphic images, replicas, models and electronic media.

It is absolutely necessary that the archaeological parks take part in the main touristic fairs in the world in collaboration with National Tourism Agency.

It will be obvious that if the people don’t know a site they cannot select it as a place to be visited. Promotional video, as well as brochure, will be, along with the so called “door to door” publicity, the main vehicle to increase the number of visitors. An investment based on these integrated systems of promotion will be widely absorbed by a real increase of visitors. It is widely accepted that video can have a cultural value as used in the field of scientific divulgation in the schools and universities.

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Summarized proposals

High priority Timing ResponsibilityLaw to the change in fiscal system to improve cultural heritage income. short term Government

Vegetation removal with active principle (Glyphosate Isopropylamine salt solution) (circa €5.000 per park)

short term Arch. Park Office

Upgrade of personnel’s professional qualification with respect to management, risk management, administration, legal aspects, quality control, foreign languages, conservation, public relations, etc.

short term Direct. of Cult. Herit.

GIS (around €50.000 per park) short term Direct. of Cult. Herit.

Planning of conservation strategies short term Arch. Park Office

Payment of archaeological park images royalties short term

Direct. of Cult. Herit.

Setting of an intense collaboration between Archaeological Park administration and National Tourism Agency

short term Direct. of Cult. Herit.

Law to change the hierarchical system of the peripheral structure of the Ministry (relationship between parks and central administration) as well as with other agencies of the same Ministry (Institute of Monuments) as well as of other Ministry (Institute of Archaeology) giving autonomy to the parks.

medium term Government

Internal ruling code for the archaeological park medium term Government

Economic autonomy of archaeological parks medium term Government

Law to devolve a percentage of public works’ budget for cultural heritage long term Government

Law to devolve a percentage of State income from Lotto and gambling to cultural heritage long term Government

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Medium priority Timing ResponsibilityQuality control tests on archaeological parks (Around € 5.000 per park) short term Direct. of Cult. Herit.

Electronic tickets (around € 20.000 per park) short term Direct. of Cult. Herit.

Improvement of zoning system short term Arch. Park Office

Planning of archaeological research short term Arch. Park Office

Improvement of foundation’s system for cultural heritage short term Government

Program of yearly scholarships for graduated students of archaeology and ancient history that has done thesis on matters concerning archaeological parks of Albania (around € 10.000 per park)

short term Direct. of Cult. Herit.

Web site setting (around € 10.000 per park) short term Direct. of Cult. Herit.

Promotional video (around € 30.000 per park) short term Direct. of Cult. Herit.

Cultural exhibitions (around € 200.000 per park) short term Direct. of Cult. Herit.

Participation to international tourism fairs and events (around € 20.000 per park) short term Direct. of Cult. Herit.

Planning of the spaces for private stalls medium term Arch. Park Office

Increase of number of archaeological park staff med-long term Government

Increase of percentage of GDP income to cultural heritage from 0,40% to 1,00% long term Government

Tax relief law for cultural heritage long term Government

Law for a volunteer system of devolving a part of taxes to cultural heritage long term Government

High priority Timing Responsibility

Alternative energies (around € 50.000 per park) long term Direct. of Cult. Herit.

ApolloniaApollonia

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Apollonia, a Greek colony with a strong Illyrian component, is one of the most important and impressive archaeological sites of Albania due to its dimension (the walled town is about 80 ha), to its past importance and to the long history of studies and researches that contributed to its knowledge. It is situated on a low hill whose height above sea level slightly reaches m 100. It is about 10 km from the large town of Fieri and close to the village of Pojani.

Its morphological situation is widely changed since the classical period in which the town was flourishing (mainly during the Vth cent.B.C.). The wide and large plain that is connecting Apollonia to the sea on the western side was at that time covered by sea or lagoon with a direct connection with the sea through channels. Its position is very strategic since it is at the end of the valley of Vjosa, one of the most important natural routes towards inland. It was most probably because of the alluvial deposits that were brought by Vjosa that the town lost its relation with sea (nowadays the coast is far about km 10) and declined during late Roman period, although it maintained a free state (civitas libera e immunis), leaving the role of primary port to Dyrrhachium.

During the first centuries of Christian era it played an important role due to the passage of the via Egnatia. It was also remembered because Octavian took some education in Apollonia before becoming emperor.

ApolloniaB.

B.1 Draftstudyonthefiscal,managementand governance structure of the archaeological park system in Apollonia: actual situation

B.1a Synopsis

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Apollonia was already declared and protected as archaeological site since 1963. It was declared National Archaeological Park with DCM No 396, of 31 March, 2005 “On the approval of borders and administration regulations for the archaeological parks of Shkodra, Lezha, Apollonia, Byllis, Amantia, Orikum, Antigonea, Finiq and Butrint”, although its boundaries were decided on 20.02.03 (DCM No. 109).

The staff of the park is composed by 6 permanent people including the director (Director, expert in finance, expert in archaeology, expert in tourism and environment, guard, guide (under 6 month contract), worker (plus another contracted worker), rangers in necropolis (contracted as part time workers).

So far the activity of Apollonia park made in collaboration with other agencies and institutes has been devoted to excavations in necropolis, in the extra urban temple of Bonjaket, in the planned road to Vlora. There were organized events such as Apollonia International Festival, Sofra Ilire, Olive oil Fair, Musical events, ballet, chorus, festivals in the Odeon and workshops on cultural heritage. There were organized also the following meetings and exhibitions: -”Protecting together the Cultural Heritage”, “Apollonia – our common treasure”, “The Renaissance of Apollonia” – exhibition dedicated to the archaeologist Leon Rey.

International collaboration was carried out with the excavation project organized by French-Albanian Archaeological mission in the agora area since 1994. A geophysical survey in West area of Apollonia was conducted by the French School at Rome. German – Albanian collaboration has been realized for the excavation and study of theater of Apollonia since 2006. The extra urban temple of Bonjaket was excavated in collaboration with Institute of Archaeology and University of Cincinnati.

At the ticket office leaflets are distributed. An audio-guide in English and Albanian is produced and will be ready soon. A website is also being constructed.

The director of the park has proposed to improve the signage system, to create a visitor center to welcome the tourists, toilets and gift shops, picnic areas and stop points and benches for visitors, information panels and the opening of the Museum of Apollonia (the project looks to be already prepared).

B.1b Fiscal, management and governance structure

B.2 Draftstudyonthefiscal,managementand governance structure of the archaeological park system in Apollonia: Proposal

The traditional way of removing such vegetation cutting it at the base or (worse) eradicating it by pulling damages the monuments because frequently the roots are so strong to move stones and (more easily) plaster or pavements. Now the up to date system of removing vegetation in archaeological areas is based on a wide series of products based on active principle Glyphosate. Glyphosate isopropylamine salt solution is a kind of selective systemic sterile herbicides. It prevents the annual and biennial monocotyledonous grass, kills the deep-rooted perennial weeds, doesn’t affect the seeds and microorganisms and it is low-toxic for people and livestock. It is used spraying the herbicide to stems and leaves of the weeds in growth period.

B.2a Management

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This is the most economic and efficient way of removing weeds and invading herbs that affect the monuments. Moreover it is not affecting the livestock and the fauna (also micro-fauna) and, respecting the easy protocols of protection, doesn’t give any problems to the people.

In the vast area of Apollonia archaeological park there are wide areas without remains where rich and interesting vegetation is wildly growing. Beautiful dense fields of ferns are, for example, sometimes appearing along the way to the archaeological remains. Beside ferns many are wild botanical varieties that enrich the park area. Till now it is impossible to have a clear idea of the real consistency of wild vegetation inside the park area and this is a gap that should be filled. A precise picture of vegetation distribution inside the archaeological park will be obtained creating a geographical map of the distribution of wild varieties. This could be useful in order to proceed to a necessary planning of vegetal management of the park. It is necessary to understand scientifically where some botanical varieties could remain and where they should be removed because they could damage the archaeological remains due to their roots.

A vegetation survey of the area could be also useful to create various areas of botanical interest where appropriate information labels will describe their names and features. Those labels could be also placed on the different trees like it was done in Butrinti. Besides all a small but interesting botanical garden should be created in an appropriate area of the park in order to give proper information about the herbal population of the area.

The zone B of the park is expanding towards the hilly area where the landscape is still maintaining its original rural aspect that is one of the most interesting features of its geographical context. But this situation could be changed by the normal development of agriculture and by the modernization that will inevitably affect this part of Albania. People are living in this part of the archaeological park and they will of course have the stimulus to increase and improve their life standard acquiring more developed life style and tools to carry on their activities. This development cannot be stopped for many obvious reasons, but it is necessary to take care and to avoid that such inevitable changes will affect the traditional landscape and, let’s say, its flavor.

This beautiful rural landscape constitutes the surrounding scenery of Apollonia on both sides eastern and western. This means that, through the proposed ruling code of the archaeological park, there must be inserted such recommendations aimed to maintain the shape of rural landscape. This means to maintain the actual cultivations or changing them without imposing changes in the distribution of fields and of vegetation. Just to give an example: wine-grapes cultivation could be made in different ways. Nowadays it is run with the ancient system of isolated plants sometimes connected by wires in linear arrangement. If this way of cultivation will be changed into the so called “roof way” or “wide curtain” it will give to the landscape a total different shape that will lose its traditional aspect.

The same arguments must be done for the houses scattered in the surrounding landscape of Apollonia. People can maintain their traditional way of life and activity giving them the obvious chance to make the normal maintenance of their houses as well as to improve their standards of life and participate to the modernization of the entire Country.

The traditional cultivations of cornfields and wheat should remain although they could be modernized using innovative mechanical tools and system. The only recommendation will be to maintain the general shape of fields.

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The park must live and let the people use it in the most natural way. For this reason it is advisable that the church must be left open to the cult and visited like it is after a proper conservation of frescoes, walls and wooden parts.

A small cafeteria could be placed inside the courtyard of monastery with some (few) tables to give the public the chance to consume some beverages. Nearby it should be placed also a place devoted to bookstore and museum shop.

Picnics in the archaeological areas look like a major problem for Apollonia archaeological park. But it could be ruled finding proper areas for picnics outside from the actual areas where archaeological monuments are placed. In those areas appropriate furniture should be realized such as tables, benches, roofing, waste basket, safe barbecue etc.

B.2b Waste

Although a great effort has been done by the staff of the park, the presence of garbage scattered in different places is still a problem especially in the boundary area near the villages. This bad behavior cannot be solved easily without a general improvement of education level of the people. But of course a major presence of waste baskets and control system could limit this problem.

Negotiation with the authorities of the villages must be carried on in order to force them to have more care for the waste disposal that are scattered along the boundaries of park. This could be the only solution because it is out of discussion that the administration of the park will afford the task to collect all the daily waste and garbage produced by the houses near the archaeological area! So it will be better to think of a strategy of continuous demand to the local municipality authorities convincing them that it will be not decorous for them to give this sightseeing to the guests coming to visit Albanian beauty.

An interesting project, in this respect, will be also to settle a small plant to use waste and garbage in order to supply energy after a selected collection. Again this kind of project (that could be financed by international agencies) could give the park a high quality standard that will be important as general appeal and to get more chances in EU and international funding.

B.2c Temporary intrusion

Looting of antiquities is a common problem of many archaeological sites in Mediterranean. The system that the actual director of the park adopted to control illegal excavation in the area is appropriate because it is based on human resources. He is appointing a guard that has as main job the control of land and to give immediate communication to the police and to the director of Park if looting activity is going on.

Camping and camper parking should be avoided inside the area of archaeological park for at least three reasons. On one side it is to avoid any night presence inside the park for security reasons. Secondly, the presence of camper will give a bad visual impact. Thirdly, a public site as the park, according to international standards, cannot allow the presence of campers in its premises, but must provide them with all the necessary facilities such as water, electricity, garbage pit and surveillance.

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It is obvious that this should be a heavy task for the park because it involves the presence of more employers. On the contrary this could be a service that will be run by a small company or cooperative on a place provided by the park on its neighboring areas with an independent entrance.

B.2d Permanent intrusive elements

When planning an archaeological park there are certain situations where any compromise will be a disaster both for the park and for the private actors. The author is not a politician; he is an expert in archaeological parks with a long experience in this field. By the way his duty is to propose the right solutions for the sake of the park. According to these principles the presence of a permanent (day and night) passage through a road in zone A to connect some private houses and the village of Kryegjat to the main road cannot be compatible with the archaeological park. It is absolutely out of any logic having an archaeological park where there is a continuous transit of private vehicles among very interesting ruins. It is better to stress the point that this road is on archaeological structures that suffer permanently by the passage of cars and trucks. This is something that is against any principle, law and national / international convention for the protection of cultural heritage.

Moreover for obvious security reasons it is absolutely impossible that inside

the park during the night there is any uncontrolled transit.For the above clearly described reasons, it is so evident that it doesn’t deserve

any further detail, removal of the two roads and of the restaurant in the Leon Rey house must be a focal point if there is a real intention of making Apollonia a real archaeological park with a minimum of international quality standard.

If there will be consensus on such principles it will be easily possible to discuss how to reach the solution of the problem without disappointing local villagers and giving to the responsible of the restaurant the right compensation for his moving. In this respect it will be obvious that an alternative road outside the park must be built to connect the village of Kryegjat to the main road.

As far as the restaurant is concerned it will be necessary and fair to give to the keeper the chance to follow his activity in another building that should be placed near the parking area in the lower plain beside the village. Probably (but this will be a legal point beyond my competence) a sum of money should be given to him as compensation for the carriage and implementation of a new restaurant.

Just to clarify the position regarding restaurants in archaeological areas, it is obvious that their activity not only can be allowed, but it is very important to give more appeal to the park. But a restaurant, if it will be open also at night, must have a separate entrance from outside because nobody can circulate inside the park in closing time. Moreover, both the restaurant and its access cannot be on archaeological monuments, even still buried.

Similar considerations must be advanced for the road that is passing through zone A to connect the restaurant on top of hill 104 to the main road. This situation is much more incredible and absolutely intolerable because it allows the passage of cars day and night on an archaeological field that for sure is hiding the remains of one of the most important areas of Apollonia: the sacred hill consecrated to Apollo or Arthemis whose impressive temple remains is indecorously placed among the tables of a private restaurant! Again this situation cannot survive in an archaeological park because all the principles, laws and conventions are against such contamination that, in this case, is also destruction because of continuous car transit.

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After removing the restaurant the former house of Leon Rey on top of “hill 104”(property of Ministry of Culture), could be used as a building where it will be possible to organize a permanent exhibition on the history of archaeological research in Apollonia since the beginning. In this way the park will be enriched by a further place and occasion of visit following the idea that the itinerary inside the park should be articulated through various and different visitor’s centers devoted to the wide and rich topic connected to the history, archaeology and environment of the park. By the way since this building is placed above the impressive basement of a temple probably dedicated to Apollo or Arthemis, it will be also necessary that inside this house there will be information on it.

The visit of the park should become a sort of adventure that will lead the visitors to discover little by little the various aspects of ancient and modern history of the park and of the area.

The second restaurant and bar situated between the monastery and ancient defense wall, few meters from the actual entrance to the archaeological area, should be also removed giving the chance to the nowadays keeper to follow his activity on another building that could be placed near the parking in the lower plain. Its closeness to the monastery and to the ancient defense wall is absolutely incompatible.

Building abuse is another negative factor of Apollonia Park. Although the environment is still sufficiently safe and without huge and wide situations of “concrete invasion”, there are, according to park officers , some cases of illegal building. There will be a major concern to control such cases and inform competent authorities of what is going to happen.

A possible warning should be given to the foreseen building of a highway in the plain between Apollonia and the sea. There are fears that such road will damage the environment (and subsequently also Apollonia) for two reasons. On one side this asphalt line that will cut the landscape still characterized by the presence of archaic road systems and by the ancient land partition system, will certainly impose a strong imprint that will affect the natural sightseeing from Apollonia towards sea. Secondly, the passage of this very important way non far from the sea and from Apollonia will give chance to build not far from the road and also from the sea. An increase of land prices is also to be considered.

There is a big problem concerning a series of houses that were recently built on the western boundary of the park nearby the remains of the ancient defense city wall. Actually the houses are not built on the state property land, but some of their backyards gardens are placed on state land and in some cases also include areas in which there are fragments of the mentioned ancient defense wall. A precise survey of this situation should be done starting with positioning of the exact boundary of the park. After that, single cases should be solved in terms of negotiating, if possible, or imposing the law if not possible. This territorial survey will give also the chance to understand if there are some pieces of land that are necessary to be acquired by the State to enlarge the zone A for a better protection of monuments.

One of the main problems of Apollonia park is the existence of a modern cemetery inside the A area of the archaeological park. It should be unfair and impossible to avoid people to go to pay visit to their dead relatives or friends. Special free entry permission should be given to those who want to pay visit to this cemetery. But it should be taken a precise decision to stop any further burial in this area. If such decision will be taken the visit to cemetery will decrease and in the future it will be reduced to some days of the week and some limited hours.

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A major and more diffused presence of information panels should be realized because most of the ruins scattered in the wide area of the archaeological park cannot be identified by the visitors unless they are archeologists or they are provided by guides and maps.

One of the main features that makes Apollonia one of the most attractive archaeological sites in Mediterranean is its geographical position between two different morphological areas. Apollonia is exactly placed at the junction between the inland hilly area on one side and the wide coastal plain on the other side with the sea visible in foreground. This situation is not widely understood by the visitors. The internal pedestrian routes of this park should be realized taking into consideration this aspect. In other words visitors should almost always have cleared this unique position of the ancient town because it is one of the main topics to understand its life, its importance and why it was founded in that place (in other words its existence). This topic must be also explained placing some rest points along the pedestrian routes in such places where the surrounding landscape gives the opportunity to understand better such aspect of Apollonia geographical situation. Of course in such resting points appropriated panels will explain such topics with the help of maps, drawings, three-dimensional images of ancient landscape and limited text.

B.2e Communication

Apollonia is lacking of museum. This situation should be solved finding an agreement with the responsible of local church in order to obtain the possibility to make a deep conservation and restoration of monastery that will be the base to elaborate a project aimed to the creation of a new museum inside it. The project will have a wide part devoted to solve static problems that deeply and badly affect the eastern porch. Beside this static problem the project will find the right museographic solution based on a museologic feedback that will be done together by archaeologists specialized on Apollonia antiquities and history and architects specialized in arranging archaeological museums. A section of the museum could be devoted to the ethnographical aspects of the area with particular attention to the traditional way of running agricultural activities (cultivations of cotton, tobacco and sunflower) as well as to the old way of peasant’s life and ideology.

It is also necessary to give to Apollonia visitors the chance to understand how was the environmental situation during the various periods of city life since prehistory up to now. Of course wide information about this aspect of Apollonia ancient ecosystem will be given through a proper section that will be settled inside the museum with maps and other multimedia tools. But it will also be important to give to the visitors the possibility to understand and “see” how was the ancient geography of the area on the sea side selecting appropriate sightseeing points where he/she will have the idea of the different territorial morphology through maps that must have a clear and easy reference with the actual landscape.

Nowadays audio-guides are becoming common in museums as well as in open air monuments and archaeological areas. A project to settle audio-guides in Apollonia is going on. Nevertheless, it is necessary to keep in mind that this kind of electronic apparatuses will have a considerable cost. It means that having a priority scheme to follow, the creation of this kind of useful systems can be taken into consideration after having fulfilled the basic necessities of the archaeological park. Considering the potentiality of such system, it must acquire the proper wisdom to understand when it will be the moment to invest resources to give to Apollonia a system of audio-guides.

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A major attention to road signage must be reserved in order to facilitate the approach to Apollonia from the main roads.

B.2f Promotion

The wide area that is surrounding Apollonia could be cultivated with biological systems. Some of those products coming from this area could be sold in the park with a special certification of origin. Those are corn flour, maize, bread, oil, wine and fruits. These agricultural products will have an adjoining value because of their origin connected to an archaeological park where a famous ancient town was situated, but also because they are biologically certified.

Regarding promotional strategies to diffuse the knowledge of Apollonia in Albania and overseas it is necessary to find a good coordination with the National Tourism Agency that is doing a very good work promoting the image of Albania inland and abroad.

B.2 g Research and ConservationPlanning will be necessary not only in the field of management but also in

scientific archaeological research. In Apollonia a particular attention should be paid as priority to the excavation and study of the defense wall system that will give to the archaeological area a better shape to understand the boundaries of the ancient city.

Secondly, it will be important to investigate the relationship between the city and the lagoon through which it was related to the sea. A port should have guaranteed the commercial life of Apollonia. According to some hypothesis this port was situated in the plain just below the south-west boundary of the city. Investigating with electrical system the land on that area will give important archaeological results that should be confirmed by proper excavations. The investigation on the western side of Apollonia will enforce park boundaries on this side keeping in mind that this is the weakest point in relation with urban expansion of the nearby village. Unveiling archaeological structures on this side will enforce the consistency of arguments aimed to the protection of archaeological park in its weakest area. Another area that will deserve attention will be the temenos area on hill 104 after removing the restaurant.

The situation on the Acropolis is a disaster from the archaeological point of view because it was completely flattened to give place to several guns and related bunkers. Nothing could be done to recover the archaeological situation as it was in the past. But this disaster could be changed into resource if it will be remembered that those bunkers are the stereotype of the last page of history of Albania before democracy came into the picture. Cleaning and partly restoring them could give the chance to revaluate an interesting area of Apollonia. This area could become a place where people could enter in the atmosphere of “cold war” when Albania, being ruled by a strong communist regime, was totally isolated waiting an invasion from the “West” that never arrived. Bunker and gun stations could become the occasion to show final step of the long story of Apollonia area as well as entire Albania. In this area it will be also interesting to read what some soldiers have written on the walls during the long wait of an enemy that never arrived!

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This should become a pilot project because till now nothing has been done in Albania with the remains of last regime. Moreover, since it is something connected to a contemporary period this project could contribute to start the natural process (very common in the world when there were political changes) of looking to the past with an historical perspective and leaving aside all those happy or sad sentiments and behaviors connected with individual experiences. This pilot project will become a test to understand which will be the behavior of the people towards proper recent history. According to this test it will be possible to have an idea on how to manage with the huge amount of bunkers and military structure belonging to the past communist regime scattered all over Albania. This project could become a sort of invitation to the Albanians to stimulate a real debate on the recent history of the country dismissing any fear to remember events that could have been happy or tragic.

Speaking about another of the interesting aspects of Apollonia, it should be necessary to stress the point that the park is full of turtles, mainly belonging to the specie Testudo hermanni ssp. robertmertensi (Wermuth, 1952), Testudo hermanni ssp. hermanni (Gmelin 1789) and Testudo hermanni ssp. boettgeri (Mojsisovics, 1889). But it is possible that other species of turtles live in the area of park such as Testudo marginata and Testudo graeca. Since it is a species that is going towards extinction due to demographic expansion and pollution, Apollonia archaeological park could be for this animal an area of reproduction and protection. It is necessary to study the presence of this animal in the area of the park in order to know which are the existing species and, consequently, to activate all the required tools and situations to protect this very useful and pretty animal. This study could be done by the National Museum of Natural History of Tirana whose director Ferdinand Bego has shown interest and skill.

B.2h Access

The actual situation of pedestrian routes inside the archaeological area should be reviewed on the base of a complete and systematic consideration of the areas to be visited. The pedestrian routes should be made of simple beaten earth adjoining, where it is necessary, some stabilized material (coarse aggregate, gravel, touvenant etc.) strengthened by some aggregating resins, where it is necessary (mainly where the gradient becomes steep). In making those routes it will be necessary to give particular attention to the drainage avoiding collecting of water. The width of such routes should be not less than three meters because groups and electric cars such as those that are used on golf courses must pass through.

A precise project of the layout of the trials inside the archaeological park of Apollonia must be planned and projected by an appropriate architect. What it must be here indicated is that this network of trials has to pass through the defense walls and the so far unveiled monuments? Practically the trial could start from the parking area near the actual ticket office and will proceed touching the following points of Apollonia archaeological area : Monastery (future Museum), gate near the actual bar with sight on the defense wall and tower below the Monastery, south-eastern defense wall up to the eastern tower, hill 104 (house of Leon Rey, temenos and base of temple of Apollon or Arthemis), area of agora (bouleutérion, odeon, library, pritaneum, houses etc), niche’s porch, ancient stores, acropolis (modern bunkers), theater and nymphaeum.

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Other monuments outside such trial could be seen on purpose such as the temple of Shtyllas and some tumulus. Along this trial resting areas near the south-eastern defense wall, on the hill 104, near the Odeon, on the acropolis and near the theater could be projected and realized.

A service parking should be placed west of the actual residence for the archeologists. Visitor’s car should be parked near the ticket office outside the archaeological area at the base of the hill. A wide parking area should be made of simple beaten earth adjoining, where it is necessary, some stabilized material (coarse aggregate, gravel, touvenant etc.) strengthened by some aggregating resins and with proper drainage system. From this parking visitors will proceed walking inside the archaeological area. For those people that have problems of walking (such handicapped, over aged, children) or don’t want to proceed on foot it will be necessary to foresee the creation of a service of small electrical cars of that type used for golf courses that can carry between 4 and almost a dozen of persons. This service could be run by private companies that will receive the possibility of having it by a system of public tender. The fare for this service will be obviously paid in the entry ticket to the park. A percentage of money of this car ticket will go to the park.

B.2i Boundaries

The control of an archaeological area is always a problem because of its extension and morphology. Nowadays it is absolutely out of discussion the old way of protecting archaeological areas with fences and walls or barbed wires (illegal in many countries). Green limits, low and eco sustainable wooden fences or trenches could be taken into consideration to define the boundaries of zone A of Apollonia archaeological park.

But there will also be a direct system of electronic control based on video cameras placed in appropriate points in order to have the possibility to cover a wide area. Video cameras must be accurately placed trying to hide them to avoid damaging and visual impact. These video control systems are not expensive. They can be also used in the night and allow a single person to control the various parts of the park from a single place. These systems are also useful to control fire. The initial cost of a system of video control like that could be about € 150.000.

B.2j Overlapping of competences

Car circulation should be avoided inside the archaeological park besides some service routes devoted to the passage of vehicles used for maintenance, first aid, fire emergency, internal service of the park officers and other authorized activities. By the way it would be necessary to have a ring road used only for emergency in case of fire, first aid, any kind of disaster etc. This road should be done in the same way as others internal to the park (coarse aggregate, gravel, touvenant etc. strengthened by some aggregating resins and with proper drainage system). Its cost could be around € 200.000.

Inside the area of Apollonia archaeological park (A zone) there are some buildings that are under the control of other state agencies such as the Institute of Archaeology and the Institute of Monuments. This situation creates confusion and irregularity in the control of the area. It is absolutely necessary that all the building inside the park must be under the direct control of park directorate.

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There is an overlapping of competences between: the Office of Administration of the Archeological Park of Apollonia, the Regional Directory of the Monuments, Tirana branch, the Institute of Archaeology, the Institute of Cultural Monuments, the town administration of Dërmenas (which is actually giving permissions to cultivate olive trees within the borders of the Park).

Like it was already explained it is advisable that the park should be really autonomous without any interference beside the normal hierarchic relationship with National Board of Archaeological Parks and Directorate of National Heritage of the Ministry for Tourism, Culture, Youth and Sports.

For this topic see the previous chapter with the enclosed schemes, as well.

B.2k Staff and equipmentThe staff of the park should be increased. An optimistic situation will be based

on 5 workers dedicated to the maintenance of the site, 3 day guardians, 4 night guardians, 1 archaeological guardian to control looting in the surrounding area, 3 technical staff and director.

It should be necessary for the park a four wheel car and gardening tools.

N.B. For budget situation and fiscal drainage proposals see the proper previous section dealing with the total Albanian Archaeological Park System

Summarized proposals for Apollonia

High priority Timing Responsibility

Vegetation removal with active principle Isopropylamine salt solution. (Around € 5.000) short term Arch. Park Office

Upgrade of personnel’s professional qualification with respect to management, risk management, administration, legal aspects, quality control, foreign languages, conservation, public relations, etc.

short term Direct. of Cult. Herit.

GIS (around € 50.000 per park) short term Direct. of Cult. Herit.

Planning of conservation strategies short term Arch. Park Office

Payment of archaeological park images royalties short term Direct. of Cult. Herit.

Setting of an intense collaboration between Archaeological Park administration and National Tourism Agency

short term Direct. of Cult. Herit.

Waste disposal system in collaboration with local municipality (around €30.000 yearly) short term Arch. Park Office

Removal of restaurants short termArch. Park Office

Direct. of Cult. Herit.

Creation of a visitor center in the Leon Rey house (around € 100.000) short term

Arch. Park OfficeDirect. of Cult. Herit.

Fighting of building abuse short termArch. Park Office

Direct. of Cult. Herit.

Removal of internal roads connecting the village

short term Arch. Park OfficeDirect. of Cult. Herit.

Creation of an adequate information system for public. (Around € 20.000)

short term Arch. Park Office

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Avoiding landslide of part of the monastery (Around € 500.000) short term Arch. Park Office

Direct. of Cult. Herit.

Turtle’s protection program short term Arch. Park Office

Building of a circular service road (around € 200.000)

short term Arch. Park OfficeDirect. of Cult. Herit.

Electronic boundaries’ control system (around € 150.000) short term Arch. Park Office

Law to change the hierarchical system of the peripheral structure of the Ministry (relationship between parks and central administration) as well as with other agencies of the same Ministry (Institute of Monuments) as well as of other Ministry (Institute of Archaeology) giving autonomy to the parks.

medium term Government

Internal ruling code for the archaeological park medium term Government

Economic autonomy of archaeological parks medium term Government

Museum in the monastery (around € 500.000) long term Arch. Park OfficeDirect. of Cult. Herit.

Low priority Timing ResponsibilityCreation of a sort of small botanical garden medium term Arch. Park Office

Alternative energies (around € 50.000) long term Direct. of Cult. Herit.

Medium priority Timing ResponsibilityQuality control tests on archaeological parks. (around € 5.000 per park) short term Direct. of Cult. Herit.

Electronic tickets (around € 20.000) short term Direct. of Cult. Herit.

Improvement of zoning system short term Arch. Park Office

Planning of archaeological research short term Arch. Park Office

Improvement of foundation’s system for cultural heritage short term Government

Program of yearly scholarships for graduated students of archaeology and ancient history that has done thesis on matters concerning archaeological parks of Albania (around € 10.000)

short term Direct. of Cult. Herit.

Web site setting (around € 10.000) short term Direct. of Cult. Herit.

Promotional video (around € 30.000) short term Direct. of Cult. Herit.

Cultural exhibitions (around € 200.000) short term Direct. of Cult. Herit.

Participation to international tourism fairs and events (around € 20.000) short term Direct. of Cult. Herit.

Planning of the spaces for private stalls medium term Arch. Park Office

Reshape of Acropolis with musealization of contemporary bunker system) (around € 50.000)

medium term Arch. Park OfficeDirect. of Cult. Herit.

Avoiding new burial in the modern cemetery medium term Arch. Park Office

Increase of number of archaeological park staff medium-long term Government

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The ancient town of Antigonea is situated between m 600 and 700 above sea level on the eastern (left) side of the Drinos valley on the opposite side of Gjirokastra that is very well visible from the site. The ancient vestiges of this town, included in the park area of about ha 95 (with buffers), are situated on a ridge (1 km in length with north-south direction) whose top is almost regularly flat with a slight inclination towards south. The top of the hill where the ancient town was situated is almost naturally fortified by steep cliff. A beautiful defense wall was strengthening this natural situation.

The epic of this ancient town was increased thanks to its founder: the famous and mythic commander Pyrrhus. He founded Antigonea in 297 BC giving to the town the name of his first wife.

During roman occupation (first half of II cent. B.C.) the town was probably abandoned to be reoccupied during the first centuries of Christian era.

In the frame of an exceptional landscape still showing the original flavor of ancient Albania partly covered by forestry (oak and Mediterranean bushes) the visitors can enjoy an uncontaminated nature and an archaeological first class site that, besides the absence of impressive monuments due to limited researches so far carried on, reveal its identity of ancient stronghold in the heart of mountains.

AntigoneaC.

C.1 Draftstudyonthefiscal,managementand governance structure of the archaeological park system in Antigonea: actual situation

C.1a Synopsis

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Antigonea was already declared a monument since 1963, but it was listed as an archaeological park in 2005 according to DCM N.396 of 31 March 2005, “On the approval of borders and administration regulations for the archaeological parks of Shkodra, Lezha, Apolonia, Bylis, Amantia, Orikum, Antigonea, Finiq and Butrint”.

Nowadays the park is run by 6 people including the director (Director, expert in finance, expert in archaeology, expert in tourism and environment, expert in restoration, worker).

Although its short life and the difficulty of approach Antigonea Park was very active mainly thanks to the enthusiasm of the director.

Scientific activity was carried on in collaboration with the University and Ephoria of Joannina in the frame of Albanian Greek Archaeological Mission (October 2006, September 2007 and October 2008) that was the major archaeological investigation after the researches done by Dimosten Budina some decades ago.

In the field of conservation there was organized the Summer School for the young conservators from Balkan countries in collaboration with the Swedish Agency “Heritage without borders” (Sarajevo) and the Albanian organization MJAFT.

An International Conference on “The impact of the cultural heritage monuments in the development of the sustainable tourism” was organized in collaboration with Gjirokastra town administration (18 – 19 April 2007).

C.1b Fiscal, management and governance structure

Among the major events that the director organized it is worth to mention: “Pagan rituals and Popular Games” (May 2007, May 2008, May 2009), “Young painters in ancient Antigonea” ( in collaboration with the Artistic High School of Gjirokastra), “ The theater in the cities during Classical Period” (in collaboration with the NGO Gjirokastra and the High School “Asim Zeneli”, 2007, 2008), “The pagan ritual of the shepherd’s migration” (in collaboration with the town administration of Gjirokastra, 2006, 2007, 2008), the fair of traditional products of the Gjirokastra region” (in collaboration with the administration of the Gjirokastra 2008) and the “Promotion of the domestic tourism package Saraqisishtë-Antigonea” (in collaboration with the inhabitants of the village Saraqinishtë 2008, 2009).

Communication and information activities were performed placing information panels within the park in collaboration with the International Center for Albanian Archaeology, funded by Packard Humanities Institute (2008). It was published the Guide of Antigonea (Albanian and English version), in collaboration with “Gjirokastra Conservation and Development Organization” funded by Packard Humanities Institute (2007 – 2008). It is also available an illustrated guidebook “Antigonea – The dream of King Pyrrhus “(Albanian and English versions)

The Antigonea Park is nowadays offering guided visit of the site and visit to the local workshops for wool production in Asim Zeneli. On the site there is a ticket service and toilets. The staff of the park is also giving information and help to organize riding and horse-cart tours from Gjirokastra to Asim Zeneli and Antigonea. They give information or organize the visit of other surrounding monuments such as the church of St. Nicolas, Saraqinishtë, Manastir and Spille caves. They help the visitors in finding places to stay overnight especially in the villages. Visits to the traditional house are organized by the park in the villages of Lunxhi, Krinë, Tranoshishtë and Saraqinishtë.

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At the moment there isn’t any fiscal drainage directly related to the management of archaeological park of Antigonea. This was the figure that came up reading the reports on this subject as well as through the meetings with responsible people of the different branches of public administration. Financial resources coming to the parks are directly given by the Ministry of the Ministry of Tourism, Culture, Youth and Sports through Directorate of National Heritage. All the income coming from tickets and other objects sold among the archaeological parks are collected by the State and only 10 % is coming back to the related park.

According to the experience so far matured, there were in the past long delays in getting this money back from the Ministry of Culture. It is clear that if this, as well as other money coming from other sources, will reach the archaeological park at the end of the year it will be difficult to spend quietly and wisely bearing in mind that everything should be expended not beyond the 20th of December. This delay is affecting the normal activity of parks so a major efficiency in the processing of administrative procedures is required in order to deliver the funds in time.

For the future there are many programs elaborated mainly by the dynamic director of the Antigonea Archaeological Park Engjell Serjani. Most of them are described in the document that he prepared to plan the activity for the future (Management Plan of Archaeological Park of Antigonea 2008 – 2012). Among many proposals the following ideas are worth mentioning:

Increase of archaeological surveys, excavations and research inside and outside the archaeological area. Creation of a “Mini-archaeological museum” where they should be collected replicas of the most important antiquities so far discovered in Antigoneia. Building of storage facilities. Creation of an archaeological research archive with the collection of all the reports done by Budina. Production of archaeological website. Study for a long term programme for the conservaion of the city walls and towers. Study and programme to control the vegetation. Project to restore the basilica mosaic. Optimization of general information on the park. Study of habitat, vegetation and fauna. Study for a touristic ring itinerary starting and arriving in Gijrokastra and touching Antigoneia, Labovë e Kryqit, Libohovë, Melan. Hadrianopolis, Manastiri i Dhuvjanit. Installation of electronic ticket system, of new toilets and coffee bar. Design of a system of internal trials of the park. Publishing of guides in different languuages. Various activities aimed to attract visitors and to communicate Antigoneia in Albania and abroad such as partecipation to international fairs. It is also proposed to mantain all the tickets revenues to the park

Since the park is situated not far from one of the main routes of Albania (km 15) the director, rightly, has thought to find solutions and ideas in order to attract people passing through this important highway. For this reason he thinks that there should be set up a group that will study management plans formed by the most relevant local stakeholders.

C.2 Draftstudyonthefiscal,managementand governance structure of the archaeological park system in Antigonea: Proposal

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Dealing with the management of vegetation, it is necessary to remember that the traditional way of removing weeds by cutting them at the base or (worse) eradicating them by pulling damages the monuments because frequently the roots are so strong to move stones and (more easily) plaster or pavements. Now, the up-to-date system of removing vegetation in archaeological areas is based on a wide series of products based on active principle Glyph sate. Glyph sate isopropyl amine salt solution is a kind of selective systemic sterile herbicides. It prevents the annual and biennial monocotyledonous grass, kills the deep-rooted perennial weeds, doesn’t affect the seeds and microorganisms and it is low-toxic for people and livestock. It is used spraying the herbicide to stems and leaves of the weeds in growth period. This is the most economic and efficient way of removing weeds and invading herbs that affect the monuments. Moreover, it is not affecting the livestock and the fauna (also micro-fauna) and, respecting the easy protocols of protection, doesn’t give any problems to the people.

C.2a Management

C.2b Access

One of the few negative aspects of the visit of Antigonea archaeological park is the road that you have to drive to reach to the site. The road to Asim Zeneli, the village in which there is the office of the park, the handicraft center and where it has been said that a small visitor center (small museum) will be realized, is quite good. But from the village to the ancient city of Antigonea the road is actually a track where normal cars can hardly pass through. The accessibility to the ancient city is, by the way, the main problem of Antigonea because also the pedestrian trial that was done from Asim Zeneli to the archaeological area is only for good and strong walkers trained to this kind of physical efforts. This kind of approach is now strongly selective. A major task to improve the park will be a new road from Asim Zeneli to Antigonea, leaving the pedestrian trial to those who enjoy hard walking.

The new road could be done not necessary by asphalt, but by stabilized material (coarse aggregate, gravel, touvenant etc.) strengthened by some aggregating resins where it is necessary (mainly where the gradient becomes steep) and good drainage. A parking area before the entrance to the archaeological area must be realized. Through these road private cars, electrical small cars (like those used in golf courts) and horse-cars could pass. This operation to make easier the approach to Antigonea will definitely provoke an increase in the number of visitors. It is widely proved that an easy access will encourage people to reach monumental, natural and archaeological sites. It was the case of several world sites starting from Egypt (Abu Simbel or the King Valley), to go to Indonesia (Borobudur) and to Mount San Michel in France (just to give some real and known examples. Of course it will be not the simple road to favor the increase of visitors and, consequently, of money. Such increase will be the result of a comprehensive strategy of brand communication in which the good access will be a pre-requisite necessary to give the site the proper sufficient standard to become a touristic appreciated site.

By the way the position of the site and the difficulty of its approach (even if the road will be reshaped) encourages a different way of visit in which the aspect of the “discovery” and of “adventure” could become a strong appeal favored by a marvelous landscape. In this frame a big role could be played by organizing trekking and cycle-trekking from the village of Asim Zeneli to the archaeological site and back.

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A major attention to road signage must be reserved in order to facilitate the approach to Antigonea from the main roads.

C.2c Reception

Since one of the most impressive aspects of Antigonea is its beautiful landscape full of history and life, it will be interesting and attracting to organize a “welcoming center” in Asim Zeneli in an old traditional house where visitors could understand the real traditional way of life of this area of Albania. It will be also interesting and attractive to organize the reconstruction of the old systems of production such as water mills, granaries, threshing, distilling etc. In one word it will be very attractive to have a complete idea on how original systems of production were realized. This could be accompanied by the possibility to consume food produced in the old way using traditional recipes.

Picnics in the archaeological areas look like a major problem for Antigonea archaeological park. But it could be ruled finding proper areas for picnics outside the actual areas where archaeological monuments are placed. In those areas appropriate furniture should be realized such as tables, benches, roofing, waste basket, safe barbecue etc.

Nowadays audio-guides are becoming common in museums as well as in open air monuments and archaeological areas. Nevertheless, it is necessary to keep in mind that this kind of electronic apparatuses will have a considerable cost. It means that having a priority scheme to follow, the creation of this kind of useful systems can be taken into consideration after having fulfilled the basic necessities of the archaeological park. So considering the potentiality of such a system, it should be necessary to have the proper wisdom to understand when it will be the moment to invest resources to give to Antigonea a system of audio-guides taking in mind that the distance between the headquarters of park in Asim Zeneli and the archaeological area is big so that some radio-bridges have to be placed in order to connect the mainframe with the peripheral stations. This will increase the costs of such system.

Nowadays there is a small wooden visitor center built near agora. The area in which this small house is placed should be arranged in a proper way curing vegetation and removing debris.

The visit of Antigonea could be inserted in wider itinerary that will allow the visit of other very important places from cultural point of view with great touristic potentiality. These are, for example, the ancient city of Adrianopolis and the ancient monasteries of Labova é Kryqit and Libohova. Those two last monasteries with churches are very beautiful and inside small and agreeable villages.

C.2d Research and conservation

Archaeological investigation should be promoted and improved inviting the collaboration of archaeologists. One of the priorities could be the investigation of the beautiful defense walls that are surrounding the ancient city. An accurate stratigraphic excavation should be done in order to have the exact chronology of defense walls since there are different masonry styles and techniques that could be referred to different periods of manufacturing. An accurate analysis of the fallen parts of the walls and the gates should be done in order to proceed to limited anastylosis (reconstruction) that will make more impressive the site.

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It is necessary to proceed urgently with conservation because some walls are falling due to the consistency of stone. Moreover it will be necessary to restore the mosaics of the small basilica. Due to instability and degradation of the platform on which it is placed, it will be necessary to remove and replace it on a new level that will assure proper drainage. The new techniques used in this kind of conservative approach could be made using platform of alveolar fiberglass or aluminum.

C.2e Communication and events

The festival so far organized by the Antigonea archaeological park should be improved. An idea will be the improvement of the transhumance festival that is held on the 25th of May. In the frame of this festival an international prize could be given to those international personalities that have given a contribution in the landscape conservation and evaluation. The “Antigonea Pyrrhus prize” will be an achievement that will give visibility to Antigonea.

The director of the park is very active in planning and realizing communication strategies to diffuse Antigonea in Albania and overseas. But his activity should be more efficient if these strategies will be coordinated with the National Tourism Agency that is doing a very good work promoting the image of Albania inland and abroad.

C.2f Staff and equipmentThe staff of the park should be increased. An optimistic situation will be based

on 5 workers dedicated to the maintenance of the site, 3 day guardians, 4 night guardians, 1 archaeological guardian to control looting in the surrounding area, 3 technical staff and director. In absence of such virtual organization the actual park staff should be increased at least by an archaeologist and by a worker dealing with vegetation management. Territorial control could be also run by appointing a private company on yearly or seasonal base.

It should be necessary for the park a four wheel car and gardening tools.

A major problem for Antigonea is the absence of electricity that should be solved in two ways: local power supply by diesel engine (the last generation of such power station is based on engine with low CO 2 emissions and highly reduced noise) or electrical line from the village. First solution is rapid, but it means that the park staff has to worry about its functioning and refueling. Second solution is, by the way, much better but avoiding electrical wires to run on poles. Electrical wires must run in a proper cable system along the road adjoining to Antigonea under the soil to avoid visual impact. A third solution will be based on power supply by alternative energies such as wind and sun. Both solutions are expensive and could be invasive in the environment. Nevertheless there are wind generators based not on the traditional poles and wings, but on small rotating cylinders that could be easily hidden. Similarly there are sun powered generators that are based not on the traditional solar panels but on frames that could be easily placed on roofs and fences.

Providing energy with a new system that will avoid any pollution will give the park a high standard of quality that could be useful either in the field of communication and in that connected with EU and international funding. It is widely diffused among various projects and funding procedures the request of ecological standards based also on the capacity to use and produce energy with less or no CO 2 emissions and to be self sufficient. The project and the setting of such system of energy supply could be also financed through EU and international funding.

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The control of an archaeological area is always a problem because of its extension and morphology. Nowadays it is absolutely out of discussion the old way of protecting archaeological areas with fences and walls or barbed wires (illegal in many countries). Green limits, low and eco-sustainable wooden fences or trenches could be taken into consideration to define the boundaries of Antigonea archaeological park where it will be necessary.

But there will be also a direct system of electronic control based on video cameras placed in appropriate points in order to have the possibility to cover a wide area. In Antigonea this will also help to prevent fires. Video cameras must be accurately placed trying to hide them to avoid damaging and visual impact. These video control systems are not expensive, can be used also in the night and allow a single person to control the various parts of the park from a single place. In Antigonea such system could work only if electricity will reach the archaeological area. This system will be much better than that based on day/night guardians because it can give the total control coverage of the park area simultaneously and not only when the guardian is passing. Moreover, it is much more economic than employing guardians or appointing a private company on purpose. Finally, there is a further facility because the video control could be associated with an automatic alarm system.

N.B. For budget situation and fiscal drainage proposals see the proper previous section dealing with the total Albanian Archaeological Park System

C.2g Boundaries

N.B. For budget situation and fiscal drainage proposals see the proper previous section dealing with the total Albanian Archaeological Park System

Summarized proposals for Antigonea

High priority Timing ResponsibilityVegetation removal with active principle Glyphosate isopropylamine salt solution. (around € 5.000)

short term Arch. Park Office

Upgrade of personnel’s professional qualification with respect to management, risk management, administration, legal aspects, quality control, foreign languages, conservation, public relations, etc.

short term Direct. of Cult. Herit.

GIS (around € 50.000 per park) short term Direct. of Cult. Herit.

Planning of conservation strategies short term Arch. Park Office

Payment of archaeological park images royalties short term Direct. of Cult. Herit.

Setting of an intense collaboration between Archaeological Park administration and National Tourism Agency

short term Direct. of Cult. Herit.

Creation of an adequate information system for public (around € 20.000) short term Arch. Park Office

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Avoiding landslide and erosion (around € 500.000) short term

Arch. Park OfficeDirect. of Cult. Herit.

Electronic boundaries’ control system (around € 150.000) short term Arch. Park Office

Reshaping of the access road (around € 200.000)

short term Arch. Park Office

Promoting of a real network of visiting facilities with Gjirokastra and the other monumental and cultural areas of the region (around € 30.000)

short term Arch. Park Office

Law to change the hierarchical system of the peripheral structure of the Ministry (relationship between parks and central administration) as well as with other agencies of the same Ministry (Institute of Monuments) as well as of other Ministry (Institute of Archaeology) giving autonomy to the parks.

medium termGovernment

Internal ruling code for the archaeological park

medium term Government

Economic autonomy of archaeological parks medium term Government

Museum in the village (around € 200.000) long termArch. Park Office

Direct. of Cult. Herit.

Medium priority Timing ResponsibilityQuality control tests on archaeological parks. (around € 5.000 per park) short term Direct. of Cult. Herit.

Electronic tickets (around € 20.000) short term Direct. of Cult. Herit.

Improvement of zoning system with the insert of an adjoining archaeological part of the ancient town

short term Arch. Park Office

Planning of archaeological research short term Arch. Park Office

Improvement of foundation’s system for cultural heritage

short term Government

Program of yearly scholarships for graduated students of archaeology and ancient history that has done thesis on matters concerning archaeological parks of Albania (around € 10.000)

short termDirect. of Cult. Herit.

Web site setting (around € 10.000) short term Direct. of Cult. Herit.

Promotional video (around € 30.000) short term Direct. of Cult. Herit.

Cultural exhibitions (around € 200.000) short term Direct. of Cult. Herit.

Participation to international tourism fairs and events (around € 20.000) short term Direct. of Cult. Herit.

Planning of the spaces for private stalls medium term Arch. Park Office

Anastylosis (partial reconstruction) of some part of the external walls (Around € 200.000) medium term Arch. Park Office

Inst. of Monuments

Increase of number of archaeological park staff medium-long terms Government

Low priority Timing ResponsibilityAlternative energies (around € 50.000) long term Direct. of Cult. Herit.

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• Cultural Policy in Albania, Strasbourg 31 August 2000• Strategy of Action Plan for the Development of Tourism based on Cultural and

Environmental Tourism (2005)• Outline – Background Study – Management and Risk Analysis of Archaeological

Parks in Albania, Tirana 2009• F. Benhamou, L’economia della cultura, Il Mulino, 2001• A.Besana, L’arte in chiave economica. Letture ed approfondimenti di economia

della cultura e dell’arte, LED Edizioni Universitarie, 2003• J. M. Keynes, Art and the State, The collected writings, Royal Economic Society,

London 1989• M. Korkuti, A. Baçe, N. Ceka, Carte archéologique de l’Albanie, Tirana 2008• I.Pojani, Management and Risk Analysis of Archaeological Parks in Albania, Tirana

2009• W.Santagata (a cura di), Economia dell’arte. Istituzioni e mercati dell’arte e della

cultura, UTET, 1998• E. Serjani, Antigonea, an interesting new tourist destination, Gjirokastra 2007• M. Trimarchi, Economia e cultura. Organizzazione e finanziamento delle istituzioni

culturali, Franco Angeli, 1999• L.Zanetti, Gli strumenti di sostegno alla cultura tra pubblico e privato: il nuovo

assetto delle agevolazioni fiscali al mecenatismo culturale, AEDON, n.2, 2002• Law on Cultural Heritage (1994)• Law Nr.7908, of 5 April 1995, amended by Law Nr.8763, of 2 April 2001, amended

by Law Nr. 8870, of 21.30.2002 “On fishing and aquaculture”• Law Nr.8906, of 6 June 2002 “On protected areas”• Law Nr.8934, of 5 September 2002 “On the protection of the environment”• Law Nr. 9048, of 07 April 2003 “On Cultural Heritage”• Law of Sponsorship (2003)• Law on Museums (2005)• DCM nr. 450, of 1 July 1998 “On the Administration of the Ancient City of Butrint”,

amended by Decision of the Council of Ministers Nr.176, of 3 May 2002 “On the administration of the ancient city of Butrint”.

• DCM Nr.82, of 2 March 2000 “On the classification as a National Park protected by the state of the archaeological area of Butrint”

• DCM no. 176, of 3 May 2002, “On an amendment to Decision Nr. 450, dated 1 July 1998, of the Council of Ministers, ‘On the Administration of the Ancient City of Butrint’”

• DCM Nr. 515, of 24 October 2002 “On the classification as a cultural heritage monument with complex character and issuing of protection by the state to the archaeological field of Finiq”

• DCM Nr.531, of 31 October 2002 “On the classification of the marshland complex of Butrint and the territory around it as a natural area with special protection and its inclusion in the list of marshlands of national importance, especially as habitats of water birds”

• DCM Nr.266, of 24 April 2003 “On the administration of protected areas”• DCM Nr. 857, of 19 December 2003, “On the approval of the functioning

regulations of the office for the administration and coordination of the National Park of Butrint”.

• DCM Nr. 396, of 31 March 2005, “On the approval of borders and administration regulations of the archaeological parks of Shkoder, Lezhë, Apollonia, Bylis, Amanatia, Orikum, Antigonea, Finiq and Butrint”.

• DCM Nr. 693, of 10 November 2005 “On the classification of the marshland complex of Butrint as a National Park”.

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lbania

• Decreto Legislativo 22 gennaio 2004, n. 42. “Codice dei beni culturali e del paesaggio, ai sensi dell’articolo 10 della legge 6 luglio 2002, n. 137” (also named “Codice Urbani”) (Italy)

• Act of 23 July l987 on the development of sponsorship (France)• Act of 4 July l990 and its implementing Decree of 30 September

1991 on the “fondation d’entreprise “ (France)• Act of 2 July ,1996 on the “Fondation du Patrimoine” (France)• Act of 17 April, 1997 establishing that the “Fondation du

patrimoine”is of public interest and approving its statutes (France)

• Act of 2 July, 1996 on tax relief (France)

• Alma Baze (Director of Directorate of Tourism, Ministry of Tourism Culture Youth and Sports)

• Ferdinand Bego (Director of National Museum of Natural Sciences)

• Lorenc Bejko, MA, PhD (Professor of Archaeology, Faculty of History and Philology, University of Tirana)

• Spartak Derrasa (Director of the Regional Directorate of Cultural Monuments, Gjirokastra)

• Arian Dimo (Archaeologist of the Office for the Administration and Coordination of Archaeological Park of Apollonia)

• Stephan Dompke (Programme Coordinator, UNESCO – UNDP Joint Programme)

• Shpresa Gjongecaj (Director of Institute of Archaeology)• Nikoleta Gjordeni (Director of Albanian Copyright Office, Ministry

of Tourism, Culture, Sports and Youth)• Zhulieta Harasani (National Professional Officer, UNESCO-

BRESCE)• Marin Haxhimihali (Director of the Office for the

Administration and Coordination of Archaeological Park of Apollonia)

• Ilir Jipali (Director of the Archaeological Museum of Institute of Archaeology and ICOM representative for Albania)

• Nada Kallciu (General Director of National Tourism Agency)• Muzafer Korkuti (Vice President of Academy of Sciences)• Suela Kusi (Director of Directorate of Developing Strategies’

Coordination and European Integration, Ministry of Tourism Culture Youth and Sport)

• Ols Lafe, MA (Director of Directorate of National Heritage, Ministry of Tourism Culture Youth and Sports)

• Iris Pojani, MA, PhD (Professor of Archaeology, Faculty of History and Philology, University of Tirana)

• Albana Pulaj (Head of Registration – Certification & Inspection Unit, Ministry of Tourism , Culture, Sports and Youth)

• E. Serjani (Director of the Office for the Administration and Coordination of Archaeological Park of Antigonea)

• Valter Shtylla (Director of Institute of Monuments)

Public administrators, scholars, professionals etc. interviewed