fish and seafood paper prepared for the omega-3 centre workshop: realising the public health...
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Fish and SeafoodFish and SeafoodPaper prepared for the Omega-3 Centre workshop: Paper prepared for the Omega-3 Centre workshop:
Realising the public health benefits of long chain omega-3s Realising the public health benefits of long chain omega-3s (Eds: A Sinclair, A Mortensen & M Cashion)(Eds: A Sinclair, A Mortensen & M Cashion)
Giovanni M. Turchini
School of Life & Environmental SciencesDeakin UniversityPO Box 423WarrnamboolVictoria 3280, Australia
tel +61-(0)3-556 333 12fax +61-(0)3-556 334 [email protected],au
Fish, Seafood & LC Fish, Seafood & LC omega-3omega-3• The main and readily available edible source of LC omega-3
(EPA and DHA) is fish and seafood
• Concerns over sustainability of the global fisheries sector
Recommendations to support the health of marine ecosystems (sustainable use of fish stocks)
Recommendations to support the health of humans
(LC Omega-3 consumption)
Clashing policies:
??
FisheriesFisheries• The state of the world fisheries resources is a bone of contention
in many quarters
• Alarming studies (often published on major scientific outlets by “aggressive” scientists; ie: Worm et al. 2006… then “crucified”)
• More moderate studies (normally published on more technical journals by “real experts”; ie Pauly, Hilborn and others… and Worm in 2009)
• Independent of the differing opinions on the seriousness of the current situation: unanimous consensus on the over-exploited status of global wild fish stocks: but not collapse!– any expansion deemed not just unsustainable, but simply unfeasible.
in 2007, stocks situation (FAO data):
•Overexploited 19%•Depleted 8%•Recovering from depletion 1%
•= 28% yielding less than their maximum potential (owing to excess fishing pressure).
•52% fully exploited (producing catches at or close to their maximum sustainable limitswith no room for further expansion).
•20% moderately exploited or underexploited (possibility of producing more).
The maximum wild capture fisheries potential from the world’s oceans has been reached
•More closely controlled approach to fisheries management is required
•But there is no indication that we will face a collapse of global wild fisheries
FisheriesFisheries
FisheriesFisheries
0
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
70,000,000
80,000,000
90,000,000
100,000,000
1950
1952
1954
1956
1958
1960
1962
1964
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1968
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
Met
ric
tons
Year
Wild caught fish and seafood
FisheriesFisheries
0
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
70,000,000
80,000,000
90,000,000
100,000,000
1950
1952
1954
1956
1958
1960
1962
1964
1966
1968
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
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1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
Met
ric
tons
Year
Wild caught fish and seafood
Worst case scenario(very unlikely)
Plateau ~90-100 Mt(most likely)
Best case scenario(impossible)
FisheriesFisheries• Shared stocks: (ie tuna, Atlantic cod…)
– International management units– Obvious difficulties in management
• Individual country stocks: (ie Peruvian anchovy…)– Managed by individual country– Better managed, recognised as sustainable
• Overall: landing is stagnating, but demand for fish and seafood is on the rise– Aquaculture expected to fill the gap!
0500,000
1,000,0001,500,0002,000,0002,500,0003,000,0003,500,0004,000,0004,500,000
1950
1953
1956
1959
1962
1965
1968
1971
1974
1977
1980
1983
1986
1989
1992
1995
1998
2001
2004
2007
Atlantic cod
AquacultureAquaculture• Envisaged to be the solution to the global fish shortages• The fastest growing primary industry sector in the last 3
decades
0
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
70,000,000
80,000,000
90,000,000
100,000,000
1950
1952
1954
1956
1958
1960
1962
1964
1966
1968
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
Met
ric
tons
Year
Wild caught fish and seafood
Aquaculture
AquacultureAquaculture• Envisaged to be the solution to the global fish shortages• The fastest growing primary industry sector in the last 3
decades
0
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
70,000,000
80,000,000
90,000,000
100,000,000
1950
1952
1954
1956
1958
1960
1962
1964
1966
1968
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
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1982
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2002
2004
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Met
ric
tons
Year
Wild caught fish and seafood
AquaculturePlateau ~90-100 Mt
Expected to keep growing
AquacultureAquacultureHowever,• Some aquaculture sectors rely on wild caught marine derived
raw materials (fish meal and fish oil)
– Salmonids – Marine carnivorous– Crustaceans
• Concerns about the actual impact of aquaculture on global fish supply
• Heavy criticism: (ie Naylor et al 2000… then “crucified” as well, and in 2009 more moderate position)
AquacultureAquaculture• Still, aquaculture is highly criticised and pointed to as responsible for
fishery collapse.
• But, other sectors are using wild caught fish and gone unnoticed:– Food production:
• Livestock, pig and poultry (as fishmeal in feed)• Some fisheries sectors (as bait, ie crayfish…)
– Non food production:• Recreational fishery• Fur animal industry• Pet food industry (estimated to consume same amount of fish as the global salmon
industry, and more than entire consumption of fish in Africa)
• Nevertheless, while aquaculture is unquestionably the major consumer of fish meal and fish oil, it hasn't impacted on fishery landings for fishmeal and fish oil production
AquacultureAquaculture
0
5,000,000
10,000,000
15,000,000
20,000,000
25,000,000
30,000,000
35,000,000
40,000,000
45,000,000
50,000,000
0
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
70,000,000
Fish
mea
l and
fish
oil
Aqu
acul
ture
Year
Aquaculture
Fish meal
Fish oil
AquacultureAquaculture
0
5,000,000
10,000,000
15,000,000
20,000,000
25,000,000
30,000,000
35,000,000
40,000,000
45,000,000
50,000,000
0
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
70,000,000
Fish
mea
l and
fish
oil
Aqu
acul
ture
Year
Aquaculture
Fish meal
Fish oil
~1 Mt~1 Mt
~6-7 Mt~6-7 Mt
~ +8% pa~ +8% pa
AquacultureAquaculture
0
5,000,000
10,000,000
15,000,000
20,000,000
25,000,000
30,000,000
35,000,000
40,000,000
45,000,000
50,000,000
0
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
70,000,000
Fish
mea
l and
fish
oil
Aqu
acul
ture
Year
Aquaculture
Fish meal
Fish oil
~1 Mt~1 Mt
~6-7 Mt~6-7 Mt
~ +8% pa~ +8% pa
The increased demand has not impacted on harvesting!Simply impacted on commodities price!
Fishery always tried to maximised harvesting independently from demand.Now maximum has been reached. No matter what the demand is.
LC omega-3LC omega-3• LC omega 3 derived by wild caught fish and seafood:
– Global availability proportional to catch– Thus, expansion is not possible– Likely will remain constant at present level
• LC omega 3 derived by aquaculture products:– Extensive and semi-intensive aquaculture systems (ie carps,
molluscs): ~80% of current global volume• Expansion is possible (and it is happening)• Generally these species are lean and with little LC omega-3 (~100-
300mg/100g)
– Intensive aquaculture (ie salmonids, marine finfish, crustaceans)• Important issue about their LC omega-3 content • Criticisms about impact on LC omega3 supply (use of fish oil)
Trout, 15.2
Salmon, 51.8
Eel & Milkfish, 2Carps, 5.5
Tilapia, 2Catfish, 1
fw Crustaceans, 1.6
marine Shrimp, 7.2
marine Fish, 13.7
Aquaculture:
>3% of total feed produced globally
>Consumes ~90% of the global FO supply
Fish oil and AquacultureFish oil and Aquaculture
Trout, 15.2
Salmon, 51.8
Eel & Milkfish, 2Carps, 5.5
Tilapia, 2Catfish, 1
fw Crustaceans, 1.6
marine Shrimp, 7.2
marine Fish, 13.7
Aquaculture:
>3% of total feed produced globally
>Consumes ~90% of the global FO supply
~65% of global FO production is used by the salmonids industry (2.3%
of total aquaculture or 1.3% of global fish and
seafood production)
Fish oil and AquacultureFish oil and Aquaculture
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
-
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
5%10%
15%20%
25%30%
35%
Fille
t EPA
+DH
A c
onte
nt (m
g /1
00g)
The LC omega-3 content of fish fillet is determined by:
• The fatness of fish fillet:– Determined by the fat content % of feed
• The LC omega-3 in feed– Determined by the % of fish oil used in feed
For graphical purpose only(data are educated estimate)
Fish oil and AquacultureFish oil and Aquaculture
Global LC Omega-3 Global LC Omega-3 supplysupply
0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000
Fish oil
Fish meal
Other fish used in animal feed
Fish, dried
Fish, salted, brine
Fish, smoked
Molluscs, frozen, dried, salted
Caviar,fish egg substit.
Fish liver and/or roe (fresh and processed)
Cod
Flat fish
Hake
Herrings and sardines
Mackerel
Salmonids
Other fish (whole)
Other fish (fillets)
Crustaceans
Oysters
Other molluscs
Estimated global EPA+DHA availability (ton)derived by fish and seafood in 2007
×3Non food
Food
Total LC Omega-3 (EPA+DHA): ~427,000 t– In non-food: ~264,000 t (62%)– In food: ~163,000 t (38%)
Per capita: 67 mg/day!!!
If all fish and seafood used for food: 175 mg/day • but it is impossible as EPA+DHA in cultured fish is derived by fish
oil
To achieve 500mg/day• 75 million tons of herring and sardines (current prod. 1.7 million
tons)• 760 million tons of generic finfish (~10 fold higher then global fish
and seafood landing)
Global fishery will “never” fulfil requirements!
Global LC Omega-3 Global LC Omega-3 supplysupply
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
350,000
400,000
450,000
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
EPA
+DH
A m
g/da
y/he
ad
EPA
+DH
A to
ns
Non-foodFoodPer capita
Global LC Omega-3 Global LC Omega-3 supplysupply
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
350,000
400,000
450,000
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
EPA
+DH
A m
g/da
y/he
ad
EPA
+DH
A to
ns
Non-foodFoodPer capita
Global LC Omega-3 Global LC Omega-3 supplysupply
Highly fluctuating, Highly fluctuating, but overall constantbut overall constant
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
350,000
400,000
450,000
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
EPA
+DH
A m
g/da
y/he
ad
EPA
+DH
A to
ns
Non-foodFoodPer capita
Global LC Omega-3 Global LC Omega-3 supplysupply
Constant Constant ~65 to 70mg/day~65 to 70mg/day
Highly fluctuating, Highly fluctuating, but overall constantbut overall constant
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
350,000
400,000
450,000
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
EPA
+DH
A m
g/da
y/he
ad
EPA
+DH
A to
ns
Non-foodFoodPer capita
Global LC Omega-3 Global LC Omega-3 supplysupply
Constant Constant ~65 to 70mg/day~65 to 70mg/day
Steadily growingSteadily growing
Highly fluctuating, Highly fluctuating, but overall constantbut overall constant
Why is global LC omega-3 supply available in food growing?
Aquaculture and LC Omega-3 Aquaculture and LC Omega-3 supplysupply
0
2,000,000
4,000,000
6,000,000
8,000,000
10,000,000
12,000,000
0
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
70,000,000
80,000,000
1976
1977
1978
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1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
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1989
1990
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2008
Fish
oil
prod
ucti
on (t
ons)
aqua
cult
ure
prod
ucti
on (t
ons)
Global aquaculture production
Fish oil
Aquaculture and LC Omega-3 Aquaculture and LC Omega-3 supplysupply
0
2,000,000
4,000,000
6,000,000
8,000,000
10,000,000
12,000,000
0
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
70,000,000
80,000,000
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
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2008
Fish
oil
prod
ucti
on (t
ons)
aqua
cult
ure
prod
ucti
on (t
ons)
Global aquaculture production
Fish oil
Constant Constant ~1Mt~1Mt
~ +8% pa~ +8% pa
Aquaculture and LC Omega-3 Aquaculture and LC Omega-3 supplysupply
0
2,000,000
4,000,000
6,000,000
8,000,000
10,000,000
12,000,000
0
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
70,000,000
80,000,000
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
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1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Fish
oil
prod
ucti
on a
nd u
tilis
ation
(ton
s)
aqua
cult
ure
prod
ucti
on (t
ons)
Global aquaculture production
Fish oil used by other sectors
Fish oil used by aquaculture
Aquaculture and LC Omega-3 Aquaculture and LC Omega-3 supplysupply
0
2,000,000
4,000,000
6,000,000
8,000,000
10,000,000
12,000,000
0
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
70,000,000
80,000,000
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
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2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
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2008
Fish
oil
prod
ucti
on a
nd u
tilis
ation
(ton
s)
aqua
cult
ure
prod
ucti
on (t
ons)
Global aquaculture production
Fish oil used by other sectors
Fish oil used by aquaculture
Used by Used by aquaculture,aquaculture,
transformed into transformed into edible products and edible products and
delivered to delivered to humanshumans
Used by livestock,Used by livestock,burnt for energy burnt for energy
and wasted!and wasted!
Aquaculture, by using all the available fish oil is responsible for increased LC omega-3 supply for direct human consumption!
(yes, taking directly fish oil tablets is more efficient: should all fish oil be used directly for human consumption?)
Aquaculture and LC Omega-3 Aquaculture and LC Omega-3 supplysupply
The demand for LC omega-3 from marine derived product is not affecting the landing and the pressure on wild stocks
LC omega-3 supply derived by fisheries is “somewhat sustainable”: but it cannot expand
LC omega-3 supply derived by Aquaculture is sustainable: it can expand (and it is expanding)
• Aquaculture is having positive effect on both:– Global fish and seafood supply– Global LC omega-3 supply and availability
• Aquaculture should be supported and further expanded:– low-trophic aquatic animals– Improve efficiency of fish meal and fish oil replacement
• Fish nutrition• Alternative LC omega-3 rich oils
ConclusionsConclusions
• Round table of all major industry stakeholders, not only fishery and aquaculture (all users of fish and seafood!)
• Release explicit data!!• Optimise the use of wild caught fish as raw materials
• Clashing policies: – Recommendation of food/nutrient intake to support health
should not consider the sustainability issues of the food industry!
ConclusionsConclusions
??
ThanksThanks
Giovanni M. Turchini
School of Life & Environmental SciencesDeakin UniversityPO Box 423WarrnamboolVictoria 3280, Australia
tel +61-(0)3-556 333 12fax +61-(0)3-556 334 [email protected],au