fisheries ecosystems restoration research - ftp …innri.unuftp.is/pdf/iceland01-ebm1.pdf ·...

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Fisheries Ecosystems Restoration Research

What Does What Does Ecosystem Ecosystem --

BasedBasedManagement Management

Look Like ?Look Like ?

Tony Pitcher, Fisheries Centre, Vancouver, CanadaTony Pitcher, Fisheries Centre, Vancouver, Canada

Towards Ecosystem-Based Management Concepts and Techniques

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EBM 1

1. The Marine Ecosystem: Iceland

2. What is EBM?

3. What people have said about EBM

4. EM, EBM, EBFM, EBAM?

5. The Perfect Models for EBM


What does Ecosystem Management look like?

Ocean Topography

North end of MidNorth end of Mid--Atlantic ridgeAtlantic ridge


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Ocean Currents

Av. 492 grams Carbon per meter squared per yearAv. 492 grams Carbon per meter squared per year


Primary Production

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LindemannLindemann Pyramid: IcelandPyramid: Iceland

Production Pyramid

Food Web


Greenland

Faroes

Norway

UK

Ireland

Iceland EEZ

EEZ 758,542 kmEEZ 758,542 km22


Political Boundaries

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Catches in EEZ

Reported Catches since 1950, by countryReported Catches since 1950, by country


Catches in IcelandCatches in Iceland’’s EEZ since 1950, by speciess EEZ since 1950, by species

Catches in EEZ

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Catches in EEZ

Catches in IcelandCatches in Iceland’’s EEZ since 1950, by gears EEZ since 1950, by gear

Estimated total Icelandic catch

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

Ca

tch

, t

on

ne

s x

10

6

upper CL

Reported Domestic Catch

Estimated Total Extractions


Allowing for IUU & discards

Pitcher, T.J., Watson, R., Forrest, R., Valtýsson, H. and Guénette, S. (2002) Estimating Illegal and Unreported Catches From Marine Ecosystems: A Basis For Change. Fish and Fisheries 3: 317-339.

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EBM 1


2. What is EBM?







Managing the ocean and its fisheries? Managing the ocean and its fisheries?

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OBJECTIVES

INFORMATIONGATHERING

ANALYSIS (ANDFORECASTING)

CONSULTATIONWITH INTERESTED

PARTIES

FORMULATIONOF RULES

IMPLEMENT-ATION

ENFORCE-MENT

PLANNING

DECISION-MAKING

FEEDBACK

Cochrane, K.A. (2000) Reconciling sustainability, economic efficiency and equity infisheries: the one that got away? Fish and Fisheries 1: 3-21.

Complex existing management scheme

MANY SINGLE SPECIES

All this new ecosystem stuff

Fisheries ManagementFisheries Management

Single Single SpeciesSpeciesAnalysisAnalysis

BiologyBiology

EconomicsEconomics

How is it different?

EcosystemEcosystem--Based ManagementBased Management

EcosystemEcosystem--BasedBased

AnalysisAnalysis

PeoplePeople

CultureCulture

EnviroEnviro--nmentnment

Food Food WebWeb

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What stock assessment can tell us What stock assessment can tell us

What we need to knowWhat we need to know

Marine Ecosystem

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Whats there ?

For All Elements of the Ecosystem

Survey Survey EstimatesEstimates

Stock Assessment Stock Assessment

Models Models

EBM 1


2. What is EBM?






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Heaven, 12th Century tapestry, Vatican

Defined

A regime in which decisions explicitly take into account the effects and values of interactions among the living organisms, the physical and biotic environment, and the human actors* in an ecosystem

Measurement, evaluation and forecasting the dynamics of these interactions constitute the science that underpins EBM

Ecosystem-Based Management

*Definitions that do not include human values are not proving helpful, e.g.,

Hilborn, R., Punt, A.E. and Orensanz, J. (2004) Beyond band-aids in fisheries management: fixing world fisheries. Bulletin of Marine Science 74(3): 493–507.

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1. Responsibility2. Scale-matching

3. Precaution

4. Adaptive management

5. Full cost allocation

6. Participation

Costanza, R., F. Andrade, P. Antunes, M. van den Belt, D. Boersma, D.F. Boesch, F. Catarino, S. Hanna, K. Limburg, B. Low, M. Molitor, J. Â.G. Pereira, S. Rayner, R. Santos, J. Wilson, and M. Young (1998) Principles for sustainable governance of the oceans. Science 281: 198-199.

Costanza’s Principles of Ocean Governance

Pitcher, T.J. (2000) Fisheries management that aims to rebuild resources can help resolve disputes, reinvigorate fisheries science and encourage public support. Fish and Fisheries 1(1): 99-103.

An Australian View of EBM

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RationaleEcosystem-based management is an integrated approach to management that considers the entire ecosystem, including humans.

GoalThe goal of EBM is to maintain an ecosystem in a healthy, productive and resilient condition so that it can provide the services humans want and need.

FeaturesEBM differs from current approaches that focus on a single species, sector, activity or concern; it considers the cumulative impacts and interactions among organisms and different sectors.

EBM Consensus Statement 2004EBM Consensus Statement 2004U.S. Commission on Ocean PolicyU.S. Commission on Ocean Policy (2004) An Ocean Blueprint for the 21st Century. Final (2004) An Ocean Blueprint for the 21st Century. Final Report of the U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy to the President aReport of the U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy to the President and Congress, Washingtonnd Congress, Washington DC.DC.

EBM EBM

Features1) emphasizes the protection of ecosystem structure,

functioning, and key processes 2) is place-based in focusing on a specific ecosystem and

the range of activities affecting it3) explicitly accounts for the interconnectedness within

systems, recognizing the importance of interactions between many target species or key services and other non-target species

4) acknowledges interconnectedness among systems, such as between air, land and sea

5) integrates ecological, social, economic, and institutional perspectives, recognizing their strong interdependences.


EBM EBM

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RationaleEBM is management where decisions explicitly take into account the effects and values of interactions among the living organisms, the environment and the human actors in an ecosystem

GoalEBM for the marine environment aims to create a sustainable relationship between humans and the sea

EBM ScienceMeasurement, evaluation and forecasting the dynamics of these interactions constitutes the science that underpins EBM

WWFWWFWard, T., Ward, T., TarteTarte, D., , D., HegerlHegerl, E., and Short, K, (2002) Policy Proposals and Operational Guid, E., and Short, K, (2002) Policy Proposals and Operational Guidance ance for Ecosystemfor Ecosystem--Based Management of Marine Capture Fisheries. World Wide Fund foBased Management of Marine Capture Fisheries. World Wide Fund for Nature, r Nature, Sydney, Australia. 80ppSydney, Australia. 80pp

EBM EBM

Features1) maintain or restore structure, function, resiliency,

biodiversity and ecosystem services of the seascape 2) recognize human use & values, and the health of human

communities dependent on marine resources3) recognize that ecosystems are dynamic, inter-related, and

respond to changing natural and anthropogenic factors4) reflect a shared vision, a common perception that is based

on ‘real evidence’ (such as monitoring, scientific surveys), and work towards has agreed objectives amongst stakeholders

5) implement adaptive management based on best scientific knowledge (informed by monitoring)

6) reconcile short-term losses consequent on restrictive management with long-term benefits

WWFWWFWard, T., Ward, T., TarteTarte, D., , D., HegerlHegerl, E., and Short, K, (2002) Policy Proposals and Operational Guid, E., and Short, K, (2002) Policy Proposals and Operational Guidance ance for Ecosystemfor Ecosystem--Based Management of Marine Capture Fisheries. World Wide Fund foBased Management of Marine Capture Fisheries. World Wide Fund for Nature, r Nature, Sydney, Australia. 80ppSydney, Australia. 80pp

EBM EBM

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EBM 1


2. What is EBM?






Is ‘Ecosystem-Based Management’Different from ‘ecosystem management’?

The term “ecosystem management” implies that it is possible to control and manage an entire ecosystem. In view of the fact that humans cannot control ocean currents or most animals within a marine ecosystem, it is scientifically more accurate tospeak of “ecosystem-based management” or an “ecosystem approach to management.”

Ecosystem-based management focuses on managing human activities, rather than deliberately manipulating or managing entire ecosystems.

EBM EBM -- Qs ?Qs ?


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How does ‘Ecosystem-Based Management’ (EBM) differ from ‘Ecosystem-Based Fishery Management’(EBFM)?

EBM and EBFM are different, but complementary. Managing individual sectors, such as fishing, in an ecosystem context is necessary but not sufficient to ensure the continued productivity and resilience of an ecosystem. Individual human activities should be managed in a fashion that considers the impacts of the sector on the entire ecosystem as well as on other sectors.

The longer-term, integrated, cumulative impacts of all relevant sectors on an ecosystem must be evaluated, with a mechanism for adjusting impacts of individual sectors.

EBM EBM –– Qs?Qs?


Some Similar Views Some Similar Views

Pikitch, E.K., C. Santora, E.A. Babcock, A. Bakun, R. Bonfil, D.O. Conover, P. Dayton, P. Doukakis, D. Fluharty, B. Heneman, E.D. Houde, J. Link, P.A. Livingston, M. Mangel, M.K. McAllister, J. Pope, K.J. Sainsbury. 2004. Ecosystem-based fishery management. Science 305: 346-347.

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EBM 1


2. What is EBM?






Flexible modelling systemGaming policy analysis toolFits past dataNot disrupted by adding new elements or data

a compromise between oceanographic and ecological realism

(complex biogeochemical modelse.g. Atlantis, Fulton 2003)

and practical need to compare gaming and

management scenarios reasonably quickly (Walters and Martell 2004)

EBM needs tools

Fulton, F.A., Parslow, J.S., Smith, A.D.M. and Johnson, C.R. (2003) Biogeochemical Marine Ecosystem Models I: the generic behaviour of a biogeochemical ecosystem model. Ecol. Modelling

Walters, C.J. and Martell, S. (2004) Harvest Management for Aquatic Ecosystems. Princeton University Press.

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What Model Can We Use?What Model Can We Use?

RationaleHones concepts & techniques to what is practical, achievableFind a good model

AimBuild, for specified ecosystem, using publicly available and transparent data, an integrated biosocioeconomic model, showing how it may work to implement EBM

FeaturesOutputsCapabilitiesSpecified Ecosystems & DataLogistics

EBM/Resilience Workshop, Princeton, April 2005EBM/Resilience Workshop, Princeton, April 2005

Suggested EBM ModelSuggested EBM Model CompetitionCompetition

Pitcher and Rosenberg in prep.Pitcher and Rosenberg in prep.

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Trackthe dynamics of living groups in the specified ecosystem in a realistic fashion, accounting for flows of biomass, energy and essential nutrients, changes in diversity ( genetics?) and capable of showing collapse, extirpation of species, rebuilding and multiple stable states where appropriate

Enumerategoods and services to humans that derive from the system

Simulatethe dynamics (including feedbacks) among the essential economic and social factors that are based on these goods and services;

FeaturesFeatures

EBM Model CompetitionEBM Model Competition

Boundaries of the system are modellers choice,

but need to be capable of showing response to important changes at/outside the margins.

f

Boundaries


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Predictthe amounts and essential characteristics of the relevant goods and services that arise from the ecosystem, based on the MA categorization of those G & S

Find optimal socio-economic configurations and explore outcomes of CB gaming scenarios

Evaluate the expected flows of benefits to human society and its future generations

OutputsOutputs


Captureknown historical changes in the ecosystem (hindcast, and validation)

PredictMake predictions (forecasts) of the outcomes of random, and rapid and gradual directional changes in stressors (perturbations, shocks) from:

Climate, Nutrient Loading, Price, Demand (demographic changes)

Quantifyuncertainty arising from parameter values, model specification and implementation

Evaluateshort-term tactical responses of management and progress towards longer-term policy goals.Attach probabilities to future outcomes

Capabilities 1Capabilities 1


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Provideoutputs and indicators that in a form and with a Clarity so that it is easily understood and relevant to stakeholders and decision-makers in marine ecosystems

Transferto any marine ecosystem, including data poor systems

Be Robustto the sources and magnitudes of uncertainty and missing data.

Be modular with specified inputs and outputs to modules, so that the model can be augmented or adapted by others (modules need not stand alone)

Capabilities 2Capabilities 2


Case StudiesMust analyse two specified examples PLUS one of own choosing

Inshore/open ocean/tropics/temperate/data available

Chesapeake (or North Sea)Great Barrier Reef A tropical developing country example,

e.g., Java Sea, Bali StraitOpen Ocean with seamounts example ?

DataDatasets will be made available and transparentIf competitor adds new data required, must be made available to all

Specified Ecosystems & DataSpecified Ecosystems & Data


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PrizeBig. Incentive

Operating costsconsiderable

Timing2-3 years

LogisticsLogistics


There should be a Prize There should be a Prize ……

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