fishes
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Fishes. Chapter 39. Introduction to Vertebrates. Section 39.1. Vertebrate Characteristics. Only 1 phylum: Chordata Three distinguishing characteristics : Vertebrae : bones or cartilage that surrounds and protects dorsal nerve cord (spine) Cranium : skull that protects the brain - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Fishes
Chapter 39
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Introduction to Vertebrates
Section 39.1
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Vertebrate Characteristics• Only 1 phylum: Chordata
• Three distinguishing characteristics:1. Vertebrae: bones or cartilage that
surrounds and protects dorsal nerve cord (spine)
2. Cranium: skull that protects the brain3. Endoskeleton composed of bone or
cartilage
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Vertebrate Classification• Nine Classes:
1. Hagfishes: elongated, eel-like bodies, lack jaws, no paired fins, no vertebrae (have notochord)
2. Lamprey: same as hagfish except they have a primitive vertebrae
3. Sharks, Rays, & Skates: jaws, paired fins, cartilage skeleton
4. Ray-finned Fish: jaws, bony skeleton,
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Classification Continued
5. Lobed-finned Fish: fins on main axis of body
6. Amphibians: thin & permeable skin, eggs & larval stage in water
7. Reptiles: dry & scaly skin, eggs on land
8. Birds: flight, feathers, hollow bones, unique respiratory system
9. Mammals: hair, mammary glands
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Vertebrate Evolution
• 560 million years ago• First vertebrae = tadpole like,
jawless fish
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Origin of Jaws
• 450 million years ago
• Evolved from first pair of gill arches: – skeletal elements that
protect pharynx
• Jaws aid in food seizure and manipulation
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Scientific Names:
• Hagfish– Class Myxini
• Lamprey– Class Cephalaspidomorphi
• Sharks, Rays & Skates – Class Chondrichthyes
• Ray-Finned Fish– Class Actinopterygii
• Lobed-Finned Fish– Class Sarcopterygii
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• Amphibians – Class Amphibia
• Reptiles – Class Reptilia
• Birds – Class Aves
• Mammals – Class Mammalia
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Jawless & Cartilaginous Fishes
Section 39.2
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Characteristics for the Water:• Streamline body shape• Strong muscular tail for propulsion• Paired fins to maneuver in multiple
directions• Secreted mucus to reduce friction• Stored fat to help float• Gills for respiration
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Homeostasis
• Maintain homeostasis through osmosis– osmoregulation
• Waste removal organs: kidneys & gills– Kidneys filter wastes from blood &
removes excess water as urine• Out through the cloaca
– Gills remove waste gases (CO2) and excess ions directly into the water
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Sensory functions• Advanced senses to detect light, chemicals,
sound, electrical and magnetic fields– Chemoreception: detect chemicals in the form of
smell and taste
• Lateral line system:– Row of sensory structures that run the length of
the fish’s body on each side– Connected by nerves to the brain– Detects vibrations in water
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Jawless Fishes• Hagfish (Class Myxini):
– Bottom dwellers, marine habitat– No vertebrae (have notochord)– Mouth with two movable plates & rough
tongue-like structure• Burrow into body eat from the inside out
• Lamprey (Class Cephalaspidomorphi) :
– Some are parasitic on other fish– Disk-shaped mouth with rough tongue
that scrapes a hole into host
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Cartilaginous Fishes
• Examples: Sharks, rays, & skates• Skeletons made of cartilage:
– Flexible, lightweight material made of cells surrounded by tough fibers of protein
• Carnivores• Skin covered with placoid scales:
– Small, tooth-like spines that feel like sandpaper
• Class Chondrichthyes
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Adaptations
• Gills for respiration– Fast swimming or pumping water over
gills – Rays & skates have spiracles to draw in
water• Rectal gland: end of intestine that
removes excess ions from the blood and releases into rectum for elimination
• LARGE liver stores lipids to maintain buoyancy
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Reproduction
• Internal fertilization• Male inject sperm into female with
modified pelvic fins called claspers• Many cartilage fish have live birth• No parental care once born
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Rays & Skates
• Flattened bodies• Wing-like pectoral fins• Bottom dwellers• Most feed on mollusks and crustaceans
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Sharks
• Pectoral fins: just behind head, jut out from body like wings of a plane
• 20,000 teeth during lifetime!– Multiple rows
• Olfactory bulbs: part of brain that detect smells from paired nostrils
• Fusiform: smooth, torpedo-shaped bodies that reduce turbulence
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Abdominal Cavity
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Digestive Tract
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Liver
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Bony Fishes
Section 39.3
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Characteristics• Bone: harder & heavier than
cartilage• Lungs or swim bladder: early fish
have lungs, most have a swim bladder (gas filled sac used to control buoyancy)
• Scales: protect fish & reduce water resistance
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Lobed-Finned Fishes• Fleshy fins
• Example: lungfish– Breath through lungs and gills– Live in shallow tropical ponds– Ancestors of amphibians & other
terrestrial vertebrates
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Ray-Finned Fish
• Rays: long, segmented, flexible bony elements that support the fins– Evolved from scales
• Diverse in appearance, behavior, & habitat
• Familiar fish
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External Anatomy
• Distinct head, trunk, & tail regions• Operculum: hard plate that opens toward
the rear and covers & protects gills• Caudal fin: extends from tail & moves
side to side• Dorsal fins: anterior & posterior• Pelvic fins & pectoral fins: help
navigate fish• Scales: skin of fish that grow quickly when
food is abundant – Growth rings
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Dorsal Fin Caudal Fin
Anal Fin
Pelvic Fin
Pectoral Fin
Operculum
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External Anatomy
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Internal Anatomy• Skeleton = skull, spinal column,
pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, & rib
• Pectoral girdle: where pectoral fins attach– shoulders
• Pelvic girdle: where pelvic fins attach– hips
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Digestive System
• Generalized carnivores• Predatory fish have jaws lined with
inward pointing teeth• Path of food:
– Mouth pharynx (throat cavity) esophagus stomach + enzymes intestines (absorption of nutrients) + gallbladder that excretes bile (breaks down fats) from liver + pancreas’ enzymes anus
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Circulatory System
• Delivers oxygen & nutrients and removes waste carbon dioxide & ammonia
• Consists of heart, blood vessels like capillaries, veins, & arteries
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The Heart
• Two chambers in a row
• Sinus venosus: deoxygenated blood empties into this collection area
1. Atrium: contractions move blood to the ventricle
2. Ventricle: main pumping chamber• Conus arteriosus: valves to prevent
backflow of blood
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Respiratory System
• Water goes into mouth, past gill filaments and out the operculum
• Blood flows in a countercurrent flow opposite of water flow– Allows for more O2 diffusion
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Excretory System
• Kidneys: dissolve chemical wastes from blood resulting in urine (with ammonia)
• Urinary bladder: holds urine until expelled
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Swim Bladder
• Thin walled sac in abdominal cavity
• Contains a mixture of O2, CO2, and N2
• Enables movement up and down
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Nervous System
• Contains brain, spinal cord, nerves, & sensory organs
• Most sensory organs connected to brain via cranial nerves
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The brain
• Olfactory bulb: processes info of smell• Cerebrum: integrates information for
other areas of the brain• Optic tectum: processes info of sight• Cerebellum: coordinates motor output• Medulla oblongata: controls body
functions
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Reproduction
• Spawning: reproductive behavior of fish
• Eggs & sperm released into water through opening behind anus
• Most fish use external fertilization
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Fish Dissection
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Close-up: Body Cavity
Muscle
Swim Bladder
Liver
Spleen
Gastric Cecae
Eggs
Stomach
Ovary
Small Intestine
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Anterior View
1. Gills
2. Heart
3. Liver
4. Pyloric caeca
5. Small intestine
6. Stomach
7. Swim bladder
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Posterior View
1. Swim bladder
2. Gonad
3. Large intestine
4. Urinary bladder
5. Anus