fishing and tourism in the vanuatu economy · 2013. 9. 12. · citation: verdone, michael and...

Fishing and Tourism in the Vanuatu Economy

IUCN ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS OCCASIONAL PAPER 3

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Fishing and Tourism in the Vanuatu Economy

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Citation: Verdone, Michael and Seidl, Andrew (2012). Fishing and Tourism in the VanuatuEconomy. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. 20pp.

ISBN 978-2-8317-1512-4

Layout by: Tim Davis, DJEnvironmental, Berrynarbor, Devon, UK

Available from: IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature)Publications ServicesRue Mauverney 28 1196 GlandSwitzerland Tel +41 22 999 0000 Fax +41 22 999 0020 [email protected] www.iucn.org/publications

We would like to acknowledge the thoughtful comments and review of Nicolas Pascal, Nicholas Conner,Taholo Kami and Bernard O’callahan. Errors remain the authors’ responsibility.

Please direct questions or comments to [email protected].

Introduction .....................................................................................................................................4

1. Vanuatu’s Economy.....................................................................................................................51.1 Three Sectors of Vanuatu’s Economy ...................................................................................51.2 Urban vs Rural Economy......................................................................................................6

2. Vanuatu’s Fishing Industry..........................................................................................................82.1 Industry Overview.................................................................................................................82.2 Offshore-commercial Fishery ................................................................................................82.3 Artisanal and Subsistence Fisheries....................................................................................10

3. Tourism Industry........................................................................................................................123.1 Tourism Overview ...............................................................................................................123.2 Tourism and the Urban Economy .......................................................................................123.3 Tourism and the Rural Economy.........................................................................................13

4. Conclusions...............................................................................................................................15

Resources Cited............................................................................................................................16

Figures

Figure 1: GDP and Population Growth Rates.....................................................................................5

Figure 2: Source of Vanuatu Household Income ................................................................................6

Figure 3: Vanuatu Subsistence Employment......................................................................................7

Figure 4: Households Receiving Income from Commodity Sales........................................................7

Figure 5: Fishing Revenue as a percent of GDP.................................................................................8

Figure 6: Vanuatu Fishing Industry Revenue as a percent of GDP ......................................................9

Figure 7: Vanuatu's Fishing Fleet by Country of Origin .......................................................................9

Figure 8: Tourism Industry's contribution to GDP.............................................................................12

Figure 9: Vanuatu Tourism Arrivals by Country of Origin ...................................................................13

Figure 10: Tourism Expenditure by Industry .....................................................................................14

Figure 11: Tourism Employment by Industry ....................................................................................14

List of Acronyms

ADB Asian Development Bank

DTIS Diagnostic Trade Integration Study

EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone

GDP Gross Domestic Product

GRT Gross Registered Tons

HIES Household Income and Expenditure Survey

NSO National Statistics Office

TBS Tourism Business Survey

USD United States Dollar

Fishing and Tourism in the Vanuatu Economy 3

TABLE OF CONTENTS

This report focuses on the role and importanceof the fishing and tourism industries inVanuatu’s economy. The report begins bypresenting an overview of the country, itseconomy, and the fishing and tourism industries.

It proceeds by discussing the importance of eachindustry to the urban and rural economies. Thereport concludes by summarizing the evidencepresented and discussing possible future growthpaths for each industry.

4 Fishing and Tourism in the Vanuatu Economy

INTRODUCTION

economy still outpaced population growth,increasing per capita GDP (see Figure 1).

1.1 Three Sectors of Vanuatu’s EconomyVanuatu’s economy is built around three centralpillars: the service, industrial, and agriculturalsectors. The service sector is the largest of thethree sectors, accounting for approximately 75%of the country’s annual GDP, and it has also beenthe largest contributor to growth over the pastdecade (NSO, 2009). The wholesale and retailsales industry is the largest contributor to theservice sector, although government spendingand the transportation industry also makesignificant contributions (NSO, 2009). Agriculturalproduction is an important part of Vanuatu’seconomy. Kava and vegetable productiongenerate 9% of the country’s annual GDP and thesector as a whole contributes 14.3% of annualGDP (NSO, 2009). The industrial sector is drivenalmost entirely by manufacturing and construction,which account for over half of the sectorscontribution to GDP (NSO, 2009).

The Republic of Vanuatu is an archipelago of 82islands in Melanesia that is inhabited byapproximately 224,000 people. The countryrecognizes French, English, and Bislama as itsnational languages, but there are more than 130distinct languages spoken by different membersof the Ni-Vanuatu. Vanuatu is governed by aparliamentary democracy but village chiefs alsohave an important role at the village level.Vanuatu’s economy has had a turbulent history asthe country struggled to establish soundeconomic policies. In 2003, the governmentpassed a series of institutional reforms, includingderegulating the airline and telecommunicationindustries, designed to encourage economicgrowth. The reforms were successful and GDPgrowth averaged approximately 5% annually from2003 to 2010. The country’s economic growthhas been sustained by strong contributions fromthe tourism, services, construction, and real-estate industries (ADB, 2011). The country’spopulation growth rate is amongst the highest inthe Pacific (ADB, 2011), but the growth of the


1. VANUATU’S ECONOMY

Figure 1: GDP and population growth rates

1.2 Urban vs Rural EconomyVanuatu’s economy is segregated by the diversegeography of this island nation. The ruggedlandscape and sparse infrastructure have workedtogether to isolate the urban and rural economies(ADB, 2011). The country has 1,800 kilometers ofroads, but fewer than 100 kilometers are pavedand 400 kilometers have a gravel surface (ADB,2011). The lack of infrastructure makes the cost ofaccessing urban markets excessively high for ruralcommunities and vice versa. As a result, theeconomy has developed into two distinct andseparate entities.

The rural and urban economies face differentproduction constraints and consumer demands.As a result, the composition of economic activity isquite different in each economy. The urbaneconomy is driven primarily by the service sector,which accounts for 75% of annual GDP (NSO,2009), while the rural economy primarily relies onsubsistence activities and home production. Ruralresidents earn most of their livelihoods throughsubsistence activities and agricultural productionwhile urban residents earn salaries and wages(Figure 2). The urban economy is more diversified


Figure 2: Source of Vanuatu household income

and monetized than the rural economy andtransactions rely on the exchange of currency.Although it is likely that living standards are lower inrural areas, income and wage statistics only tell thestory with regard to participation in formal marketactivities. Generally speaking, rural people have ahigher dependence on non-market transactionsand other contributions to their wellbeing,potentially reducing the ‘income’ gap betweenurban and rural people to a certain extent.

The largest point of contrast between the twoeconomies is the propensity to rely onsubsistence activities. An estimated 20,160 ruralhouseholds receive 80% or more of their incomefrom commodity sales (Figure 4) compared to 520urban households. According to the HIES (2006),97% of subsistence production is carried out byrural households (Figure 3). Subsistence activitiesprovide food and income security for ruralhouseholds when there are no alternativeeconomic opportunities (DTIS, 2008). Agriculturalproduction is the main subsistence activity (ADB,2009), but rural households also exploit nearbymarine resources to fulfill a large part of theirnutritional and food security needs (ADB, 2000).

almost exclusively by the urban economy. Incontrast, subsistence fisheries are not part of theurban economy because the high income ofurban residents allows them to purchase food. Asa result, subsistence-fishing activity isconcentrated almost entirely in rural areas and thecatch is sold in rural markets. In both cases, theeconomic activities do not transcend economicborders.

The rural and urban economies are more thangeographically isolated. Their economies are alsoeconomically isolated. That is, economic activity isnot easily shared between the two economies. Asan example, the tourism industry is primarilyconcentrated in urban areas and creates jobs inthe service industry. Rural communities lack thehuman and physical capital to compete in thetourism market, so tourism benefits are captured


Figure 3: Vanuatu subsistence employment

Figure 4: Households receiving income from commodity sales

2.1 Industry OverviewVanuatu has a large area of marine resourcesencompassing an exclusive economic zone (EEZ)of approximately 680,000 square kilometers. Thefishing industry exploits the country’s marineresource through the offshore-commercial andartisanal-subsistence fisheries. Both fisheriesmake distinct contributions to the country’seconomy while targeting different marine species.The offshore commercial fishery contributes to theurban economy and targets various species oftuna and deep-water bottom fish while theartisanal-subsistence fisheries contributes primarilyto the rural economy and harvests reef fish.

2.2 Offshore-commercial FisheryVanuatu’s offshore commercial fishery is one ofthe least developed in the Pacific region and thefisheries contribution to GDP is among the lowestin the South Pacific according to estimates (seeFigure 5). The most recent estimates suggest thatthe fishery contributes less than 1% to Vanuatu’s


2. VANUATU’S FISHING INDUSTRY

1 The contribution of the subsistence fishing sector is not included in the GDP figures, but experts believe it makes a significantcontribution to the rural economy. However, there are no accurate measurements of the sector’s value (ADB, 2000).

2 This estimate does not contain employment figures for the new processing plants.

Figure 5: Fishing revenue as a % of GDP

annual GDP1. The country lacked any value-adding processing plants until 2010, when twofacilities were completed: one in Port Vila Bay andone in Mele Bay (ADB, 2009). At the time of thisreport there was no estimate of the economicimpacts of the processing facilities.

Vanuatu’s offshore commercial fishery harveststhe country’s tuna and deep-water snapper fishstocks with a fleet of 127 vessels (DTIS, 2008).Most vessels are foreign owned (see Figure 7)and the catch is processed abroad because theon-shore processing infrastructure is poorlydeveloped, increasing processing costs. Thefishery employs 60 people on vessels and inprocessing facilities2. As a result of the lowdomestic investment and employment numbers,the industry’s contribution to GDP is quite small.According to Figure 6, the commercial fishingindustry contributed less than 0.2% to GDP in2007, although its contribution has been steadilygrowing.

in licensing and registration fees in 2008, butexperts believe the fees are low by globalstandards (ADB, 2000). However, Vanuatu’s tunafishery lies outside most productive areas in theSouth Pacific and it is possible low licensing andregistration fees are needed to make the offshore-commercial fishery competitive with other areas.Experts believe the area will never become amajor tuna fishery (DTIS, 2008).

The offshore commercial fishery generatesrevenue by collecting licensing and registrationfees from foreign owned vessels. The currentarrangement charges licensing fees based on thetonnage of the vessel (DTIS, 2008). Vessels over100 Gross Registered Tons (GRT) must pay11,000 USD while vessels with a GRT of 100 orless must pay 9,000 USD (DTIS, 2008). TheDepartment of Fisheries collected 1.4 million USD


Figure 6: Vanuatu fishing industry revenue as % of GDP

Figure 7: Vanuatu's fishing fleet by country of origin

The offshore commercial fishery generates amodest stream of revenue for Vanuatu andemploys a small number of people. The fishery’sgrowth is constrained by a lack of infrastructuresince it relies on large ports and processing plantsto add value. The distribution of benefits is limitedto urban areas because the fishery is reliant oninfrastructure and operations that are located inurban areas. The opening of a tuna processingplant in 2010 could lower processing costs forproducers and increase the industry’s contributionto Vanuatu’s GDP and also increase employmentnumbers. Moreover, according to Bell et al.(2009), urban and rural fish demand is expectedto increase by 147% and 37%, respectively, by2030. The impact of increased fish demand onVanuatu’s urban and rural economies will dependon the relative production costs of domestic andforeign fisheries.

2.3 Artisanal and Subsistence FisheriesVanuatu’s artisanal and subsistence fisheries areimportant to the livelihoods and economies of ruralcommunities. Estimates suggest that 80% of thecountry’s population live in rural areas, 70% ofrural communities live near the coast (Hickey,2008) and more than 66% of the rural populationrely on marine resources to meet some of theirnutritional and income needs (ADB, 2000; DTIS,

2008). Three-quarters of rural inhabitants reportedthat they were employed by the agriculture,forestry, or fishing industries (NSO, 2009). Thefisheries provide rural populations with a highdegree of food security (ADB, 2009). Bothartisanal and subsistence fishers harvest theresources of Vanuatu’s reefs and lagoons andartisanal fishers are beginning to harvest lobstersas well (ADB, 2000).

The artisanal and subsistence fisheries are clearlyunderstood to be important, but estimating theeconomic value of the fisheries is difficult becausethe catch is rarely sold in formal markets.However, the estimates that do exist show thatthe fisheries generate substantial economic valuefor rural communities. Recent estimates for themain island suggest between 60% and 80% oftotal catch is consumed while the rest is sold ininformal marketplaces (Pascal, 2011). Dalzell(1996) estimated that the annual subsistencecatch in Vanuatu was worth 1.95 million USD,which is more revenue than Vanuatu earns fromthe licensing fees charged to foreign commercialfishing vessels.

Artisanal and subsistence fisheries are integral torural community’s food networks. Hickey (2008)found that rural Ni-Vanuatu communities living on


subsistence fisheries. Recent research on Pacificfisheries has shown that women are involved inevery artisanal fishing activity. Their participation ispart of a household diversification strategy thatallows men to pursue other income-earningendeavors while the women focus on harvestingand value-adding fishing activities (Hickey, 2008).Women also use their fishing income to contributeto household investments in food security andeducation while men often do not (Kronen andVunisea, 2007; Hickey, 2008).

All of the evidence suggests that the artisanal andsubsistence fisheries are important contributors toVanuatu’s rural economy. The fisheries employthousands of people in rural areas and facilitatetrade between coastal and seaside communities,which helps diversify food consumption. Womenparticipate in the fisheries to the advantage of theirentire household. The nature of subsistence fishingand rural markets means that traditional economicmeasures (i.e. GDP) do a poor job of valuing thecontribution of the resource. However, theestimates that do exist, in conjunction with theanecdotal evidence presented above, demonstratethat the artisanal and subsistence fisheries areimportant to the rural economy of Vanuatu.

the coast harvest marine resources and tradethem for agricultural produce produced by inlandcommunities. This makes marine harvests animportant determinant for the terms of tradebetween coastal and inland communities. Tradingalso helps redistribute nutritional resourcesbetween different biomes during times ofseasonal abundance, which lowers the pressureon any one resource (Hickey, 2008). Additionally,artisanal and subsistence catches help meet vitaldietary needs of communities and near-shorefisheries can be accessed with low capitalinvestment. This ensures everyone is able toaccess the important dietary resource (Hickey,2008).

There are also numerous social benefits that flowfrom artisanal and subsistence fisheries.Subsistence production is able to provide many ofthe benefits attributed to modern growth, such as:wellbeing, stability, equity, social cohesion, andsustainable livelihoods (Beazley and Mullen,2006). It is widely acknowledged that socialgoods such as those described above are difficultto value, but nevertheless, it is safe to assume thevalue of each attribute is positive and should bepart of the estimated value of artisanal and


3.1 Tourism OverviewVanuatu is known for its unique island geography,relatively pristine environment, and its largeendowment of cultural diversity. Tourists are drawnto the islands for many reasons, but the uniquecultural and environmental resources maketourism one of the predominant industries inVanuatu. Tourism is the country’s main exportindustry and offers good prospects foremployment and growth in the future (ADB,2009). The industry also contributes to both therural and urban economies, especially comparedto other South Pacific nations. Tourism is a largercontributor to Vanuatu’s economy in terms of GDPand employment than many other South Pacificcountries (Figure 8)3.

Tourism revenue and arrivals have increased overthe past decade partially as a result of theinstitutional reforms passed by the government.The tourism industry benefited from thederegulation of the airline industry, whichincreased competition and lowered travelingcosts. The industry still faces significantconstraints to growth and this poses significant

risks to an economy that heavily relies on thecontinued performance of tourism. According to aconsultancy report from 2008, the tourismindustry’s ability to grow is still limited by poor airaccess, shortages of qualified labor, high inputcosts, and poor infrastructure. Moreover, the bulkof the country’s tourists come from Australia andNew Zealand, which together account for 75% oftourism demand, leaving the country vulnerable tothe economic conditions of tourists from oneregion of the world (see Figure 9).

3.2 Tourism and the Urban EconomyThe economic activity of tourism is predominantlyconcentrated in the urban areas of Vanuatu,principally the capital, Port Vila, and most touristsstay on the main Island of Efate (DTIS, 2008). Theurban economy is the largest recipient of tourismdollars largely because tourists frequent urbanareas for their amenities. Access to the country’srural areas is poor or non-existent and most ruralcommunities lack tourism infrastructure. Someestimates suggest only 10-18% of tourists travelto outer islands and even then Tanna and EspirituSanto attract most of the tourist traffic.


3. TOURISM INDUSTRY

3 The Cook and Islands and Palau were left out of Figure 9 to ease interpretation of the chart. Tourism contributes 47% and49% of Cook Islands and Palau’s GDP, respectively.

Figure 8: Tourism industry's contribution to GDP

and simply cannot supply the goods and servicesdemanded by the tourism sector, which meansbusinesses must import them from abroad.According to a report by Trip Consultants, 27% ofgross tourism revenues are used to purchasegoods and services in foreign markets (Trip,2008). The same report estimated that as manyas 46% of the hotels are owned by foreignshareholders, but gross operating profits onlymake up 18% of gross revenue, which means theprofit leakage is smaller than the ownershipnumbers suggest. However, in total, the reportestimates that 30% of tourism revenue leaves thecountry (Trip, 2008).

3.3 Tourism and the Rural EconomyVanuatu’s rural economy does not have theinfrastructure to support a vibrant tourism industrythe way that the urban economy does, but itprovides many of the natural and cultural featuresthat draw tourists to Vanuatu in the first place. Asa result, past estimates suggest that most touristsstay in urban areas on the island of Efate (DTIS,2008), but Trip Consultants estimates that 60% oftourists travel to rural areas of the island.Unfortunately, tourism expenditure data revealweaker linkages between urban tourists and ruralcommunities than might be hoped for given thedegree of dependence of the industry on ruralstewardship of natural and cultural resources. Thedata shows that tourist expenditure occurs inurban areas and on transportation to rural areas,but very little economic activity occurs in ruralareas because most tourists only visit for the day.

Accommodation, local shopping, and dining,making up 71% of tourism expenditure (Figure 10).All three activities take place in predominantlyurban areas since rural areas lack most of theinfrastructure that would make such activitiespossible.

The tourism industry is an important creator ofurban jobs, although the exact number of jobscreated by the industry is disputed. The mostreliable estimate comes from the 2007/08Tourism Business Survey (TBS), which estimatedthat the industry created 3,800 full time equivalentpositions in 2008 (Trip, 2008). Hotels are thelargest employer in the tourism sector, employing49% of the labor force (Figure 11). Tour operatorscreate 17% of the jobs in the tourism industry andthe transportation and retail sales sectors create10% and 7% of the industry’s jobs, respectively.

The tourism industry also contributes to thecountry’s foreign exchange and revenue earnings.The hotel sector generates most of the industry’srevenue, generating 100 million USD in revenue in2007. The second largest sector, food and diningservices, generated 39 million USD in revenue. Intotal, the tourism industry earned 267.75 millionUSD in revenue, or roughly 20% of the country’sGDP. In 2009, the hotel industry alone accountedfor approximately 4% of Vanuatu’s GDP.

However, the tourism industry’s actual contributionto the economy is overstated by the revenueestimates. Vanuatu’s economy is underdeveloped


Figure 9: Vanuatu tourism arrivals by country of origin

There is a robust link between the cruise shipindustry and rural economies, however. Cruiseships visit rural communities more often, althoughthe visitation data is limited. One estimatesuggests that the cruise ship industry grew by4.8% in 2010 and by 2013 the countryanticipates hosting 140 cruise ships (NSO).

The revenue from increased cruise ship tourismmust be balanced against the potentialdownsides. Increased visitation numbers canhave negative impacts on nature as humandisturbances increase and the traditional culturesof rural communities can also be negativelyimpacted.


Figure 10: Tourism expenditure by industry

Figure 11: Tourism employment by industry

partially achieved through the expansion of thetourism industry. This will create challenges notonly for urban communities, which will need tomake investments in infrastructure and labor whileconserving natural resources, but also to ruralcommunities who must protect their cultural andnatural heritage.

Vanuatu’s fisheries are going to come underincreasing pressure in the years ahead accordingto forecasts. The country’s demand for fish isexpected to increase by 147% and 37%,respectfully, in urban and rural areas. Meeting thisdemand will require careful resource stewardshipin order to maintain the health and resilience offish stocks. This is especially important for ruralcommunities who disproportionately rely onmarine resources for their livelihoods.

The government can safeguard the country’snatural and cultural resources that are soimportant to economic success by emphasizingtheir value. Most degraded ecosystems becamethat way because their value was not taken intoexplicit account. If the values of nature arerecognized and emphasized, decision makerscan incorporate them into their planning, ensuringthat the natural and cultural capital whichVanuatu’s economy relies on is maintained.

Vanuatu’s economy continues to grow despiteturbulent conditions in the global economy,continuing a trend of positive economic growththat has lasted since 2003. Continued prospectsfor economic growth depend on the countrymaintaining its stock of natural and culturalresources. Vanuatu’s main industries are alldependent, to various degrees, on the existenceof natural resources. Tourism demand dependson maintaining pristine nature and preserving thediversity of cultures that continue to attract touriststo the nation. The fishing industry depends on theconservation of harvestable marine species.

Tourists visit Vanuatu to enjoy its natural andcultural resources. In order to maintain theresources which inspire tourist demand, thecountry must conserve its natural resources notonly because of their direct impact on tourismdemand, but also because they are partlyresponsible for maintaining the nation’s culturaldiversity. Increased demand for tourism offersopportunities to improve the economic welfare ofthe country, but it must be managed in a way thatconserves the resources upon which it depends.

This is especially important because of the roletourism plays in Vanuatu’s economy. Tourism isthe largest revenue-earning industry in the countryand economic growth will need to be at least


4. CONCLUSIONS

1. Asian Development Bank. 2011. AsianDevelopment Outlook: Economic Trends andProspects in Developing Asia: The Pacific.Pacific Study Series.

2. Gillet, R., Lightfoot, C. Asian DevelopmentBank. 2002. Manila, Philippines. Contributionof Fisheries to the Economies of Pacific IslandCountries. Pacific Study Series.

3. Asian Development Bank. 2009. VanuatuEconomic Report: Accelerating Reform.Pacific Study Series.

4. Asian Development Bank. 2000. Vanuatu:Agriculture and Fisheries Sector Overview.Pacific Study Series.

5. Bazeley, P., Mullen, B. 2006. Vanuatu:Economic Opportunities Fact-FindingMission, On Behalf of AusAID and NZAID.

6. Bell, J.D., Kronen, M., Vunisea, A., Nash,W.J., Keeble, G., Demmke, A., Pontifex, S.,Andréfouët, S., 2009. Planning the use of fishfor food security in the Pacific. Marine Policy33, 64.

7. Dalzell, P. 1996. Catch rates, selectivity andyields of reef fishing in Polunin NVC. Fish andFisheries Series, 20. Chapman and Hall,London pp 161-192.

8. Gillett, R. and Lightfoot, C. 2001. TheContribution of Fisheries to the Economies ofthe Pacific Island Countries. A reportprepared for the Asian Development Bank,the Forum Fisheries Agency, and the WorldBank, 217 pp.

9. Hickey, Francis R. 2008. "Nearshore Fisheriesand Human Development in Vanuatu andOther Parts of Melanesia." SPC TraditionalMarine Resource Management andKnowledge Information Bulletin 24: 9-18.

10. MCA Vanuatu Tourism Survey BaselineStudy: Final Report. Rep. Trip Consultants,2008. Print.

11. Pascal, N., 2011. Cost-Benefit analysis ofcommunity-based marine protected areas: 5case studies in Vanuatu, South Pacific.Research report, CRISP-CRIOBE(EPHE/CNRS), Moorea, French Polynesia,107 pages.

12. Trip consultants, 2008. Millennium challengeaccount – Vanuatu tourism survey baselinestudy. Final report.

13. United Nations. Suva, Fiji. Common CountryAssessment: Vanuatu. United Nations, 2002.

14. Vanuatu Diagnostic Trade Integration Study,2008 report; Daniel Gay, editor. Port Vila,Vanuatu: Department of Trade, Industry, andInvestment, 2008.

15. Vanuatu National Statistics Office. 2009National Population and Housing Census.Vol. 2.

16. Vanuatu National Statistics Office. MainReport of the Household Income andExpenditure Survey. Port Vila, 2006.


RESOURCES CITED

Photo credits:

Cover: © Przemyslaw Skibinski/Dreamstime.com

Page 4: © Imène Méliane; © Saikit Leung/Dreamstime.com

Page 10: © Valery Shanin/Dreamstime.com

Page 11: © Imène Méliane

Page 15: © Corbis

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