fishing in the genepool: genetic resources and traits to address climate change
DESCRIPTION
Presentation on the challenges of climate change to agriculture and the types of breeding strategies required. Delivered in the EUCARPIA meeting in Malmo, Sweden on 12th june 2013.TRANSCRIPT
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EUCARPIA: Pre-Breeding: Fishing in the genepool, Sweden June 2013
Genetic resources and traits to address climate change
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The Challenge
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The concentration of GHGs is rising
Long-term implications
for the climate and for crop suitability
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No matter what, change is upon us
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Historical impacts on food security
% Yield impact for wheat
Observed changes in growing season temperature for crop growing regions,1980-2008.
Lobell et al (2011)
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Average projected % change in suitability for 50 crops, to 2050
Crop suitability is changing
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In order to meet global demands, we
will need
60-70% more food
by 2050.
Food security is at risk
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Message 1:In the coming decades, climate
change and other global trends will endanger agriculture, food security,
and rural livelihoods.
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CO2 Fertilisation
• Enhanced CO2 fertilisation, with great potential for some crops
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Average projected % change in suitability for 50 crops, to 2050
Crop suitability is changing
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Message 2:With new challenges also come
new opportunities.
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Why do we need breeding?• For starters, we have novel climates: 30% of the
world will experience novel combinations of climate
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And also non-linear responses of crops to climates
•For example, US maize, soy, cotton yields fall rapidly when exposed to temperatures >30˚C
•In many cases, roughly 6-10% yield loss per degree
Schlenker and Roberts 2009 PNAS
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Potato
VulnerabilityA n a l y s e s
Flora Mer, Patricia Moreno, Carlos Navarro, Julián Ramírez
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Potato Current Suitability
Kiling temperature (°C) -0.80
Minimum absolute temperature (°C) 3.75
Minimum optimum temperature (°C) 12.40
Maximum optimum temperature (°C) 17.80
Maximum absolute temperature (°C) 24.00
Growing season (days) 120
Minimum absolute rainfall (mm) 150.00
Minimum optimum rainfall (mm) 251.25
Maximum optimum rainfall (mm) 326.50
Maximum absolute rainfall (mm) 785.50
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Potato Current Suitability and Presence
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Potato Current Climatic Constraints
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Potato Future Suitability and Change
2030s SRES-A1B
2030s SRES-A1B
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Rop-Cumulative Top-Cumulative
Heat and drought?
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Potato Impacts by Countries
Change in Suitable Area Overall Suitability Change PIA/NIA ratio
AND Andean Region EAS East Asia NEU North Europe WAF West AfricaBRA Brazil EAF East Africa SAF South Africa WEU West EuropeCAC Cen. America and Caribean EEU East Europe SAH Sahel OCE OceaniaCAF Central Africa WAS West Asia SAS South Asia SAM South Latin AmericaCAS Central Asia NAF North Africa SEA Southeast AsiaCEU Central Europe NAM North America SEU South Europe
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Cassava
VulnerabilityA n a l y s e s
Flora Mer, Patricia Moreno, Carlos Navarro, Julián Ramírez
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It evaluates on monthly basis if there are adequate climatic conditions within a growing season for temperature and precipitation…
…and calculates the climatic suitability of the resulting interaction between rainfall and temperature…
What will this mean for cassava?
Growing season (days) 240
Killing temperature (°C) 0
Minimum absolute temperature (°C)
15.0
Minimum optimum temperature (°C)
22.0
Maximum optimum temperature (°C)
32.0
Maximum absolute temperature (°C)
45.0
Minimum absolute rainfall (mm)
300
Minimum optimum rainfall (mm)
800
Maximum optimum rainfall (mm)
2200
Maximum absolute rainfall (mm)
2800
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Current suitability
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Current climatic constraint
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What will this mean for cassava in 2030?
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Heat and drought?
Not for cassavaDrought tolerance will push adaptation up into SahelBig gains also from cold tolerance – despite climate change, this continues to be the major constraint globally
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The Rambo root!
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But what about other staples?
The Rambo root versus Mr. Bean
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Cassava suitability change compared with other staples
• Cassava consistently outperforms other staples in terms of changes in suitability
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Drought and heat?
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Message 3:Different breeding challenges for
different crops, in different countries – no silver bullet!
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Outlook for Genetic Resource
• Increased demand: looking beyond current crop genetic base
• Greater GR interdependence between countries: Future climate for a given country more similar to other countries
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Adapting Agriculture to Climate ChangeCollecting, Protecting and Preparing Crop Wild Relatives
project
Fishing in the genepool with the NET!
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Major biodiversity loss predicted
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CWR supporting adaptation but also threatened by climate change
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First strategy: mitigate emissions!
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Second strategy: Safeguard!
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Consideration in breeding for CC• Inherent uncertainty in futures, BUT, temperatures will increase,
rainfall likely to change, greater variability in many parts of the world• Climate affects multiple factors, all need to be considered:
– Growing season timing, length of growing season– Pests and disease patterns (big gap in knowledge)– Crop distribution, affecting other non-climate related traits and constraints
– e.g. soil-related constraints– Crop physiology, crop development phases speed up etc.
• Models can help priority set, but not provide final answers. Data and analysis can set a context – real biological scientists then need to decide!
• Genetic resources: Yet more reason to conserve them, outlook for more use
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