Fitness and health

• Fitness is the ability to carryout day to day activities

• Health is being free from disease

• There are 4 main types of ‘fitness’:

– Suppleness– Stamina– Strength– Speed http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=tpWna2NC_94

How can we measure fitness?

• Many methods – bleep test, sit up test, pull up test…etc.

• Medical method is to measure blood pressure

• Measures the blood flow through arteries, which carry blood at high pressure

Blood pressure is a measure of the pressure applied by the blood against artery walls. Blood pressure varies with:

What is blood pressure?

Blood pressure is measured as two

numbers, e.g. 120/80

heartbeat strength blood

volume fitness

health age.

The big number (‘120’) is the systolic pressure. This is the blood pressure during a heartbeat.

“Blood pressure one-twenty over eighty.”

Systolic and diastolic

The small number (‘80’) is the diastolic pressure. This is the blood pressurein-between heartbeats.

Heart disease

What is it?

What causes it?

How can we stop it?

Cholesterol

• Found in saturated animal fats (butter, red meat…)

• Sticks to the walls of the arteries

• Builds up and means blood can’t flow properly

• Means the heart doesn’t get enough blood/oxygen and can’t pump

• Causes heart attack

Smoking

• Smoking causes increased blood pressure

• This means the heart finds it harder to push the blood around the body

• Carbon monoxide in smoke also causes the amount of oxygen blood carries to reduce (get lower)

• Nicotine causes heart rate to increase and the vessels carrying the blood to get smaller

• Heart rate increases• Eventually can lead to heart attacks

The five major food groups

Carbohydrates(for energy)

Vegetables(vitamins, minerals & fibre

for healthy bodily functions)

Protein(for growth and repair)

Fats, oils & sweets(for energy)

We have to eat these foods in the right amounts to stay healthy. This is known as eating a balanced

diet.

Fibre (keeps us regular)

Food breakdown

• At every stage of the digestion process, enzymes are active

• Enzymes break large molecules into smaller ones so we can get the nutrients we need from our food

Digestion – mechanical and chemical

Starch glucose

Protein amino acids

Fatty acids glycerol and fatty acid

•All of the above is done by enzymes

•Large molecules are broken down to smaller ones

Symptoms of disease

• Normal body temperature is about 37ºC

• If we are ill or have disease, the first thing that happens is we start to get a high temperature

• This is because a pathogen is in our bodies…our body is working harder to try and stop the infection

Which cells will be sent to try and stop the pathogen from causing more damage?

Fighting infection• White blood cells make

specific antibodies for bacteria/microbes

• These antibodies surround the bacteria and ‘flag’ it up to the white blood cell

• The different type of white blood cell comes and engulfs (destroys) the bacteria

Passive and active immunity

• Vaccinations are active immunity. The body forms a response by making antibodies for the toxin which has entered the body

• Passive immunity is when antibodies are injected into a person. They body doesn’t make its own antibodies.

• Passive immunity is quicker but only lasts a short time – when would you use this type of immunity?

Sense Sense OrganWhat it senses

Sight NosePosition of fluid in semi-lunar

canals

Hearing Skin Chemicals

Taste Ear Light

Smell EyePressure,

temperature

Touch Tongue Vibrations

Balance

Binocular or Monocular?What do you notice about the eyes on these animals?

Binocular vision is vision in which both eyes are used together.

What do you think Monocular vision is?

Eyes facing forwards

Pick of predators

Eyes facing sideways

Pick of prey

The Eye

Sclera

Iris

Pupil

Cornea

Lens

Retina

Optic Nerve

The light rays are refracted (bent) by the lens and the image is focused on the

retina.

Light rays reflected off the object enter the eye, through the pupil.

How we seeHow we see

What does each part do?Cornea

Refracts light.Iris

Coloured part made of muscle –Controls amount of light going into the eye.

Lens

Focuses light on the retina.

PupilMade bigger or smaller by the iris.

RetinaContains cells which are light sensitive

Optic nerveCarries impulses to the brain.

The Nervous System

• The nervous system consists of three parts;

Brain Peripheral Nerves

Spinal Cord

The Nervous System

• Nerves are made up of nerve cells or neurones.

• There are three types of neurones

1) Sensory neurone2) Motor neurone3) Relay neurone

Motor Neurone (nerve cell)

Dendrite

Nucleus

Nerve EndingAxon

Cell Membran

e

Cytoplasm

The job of the motor neurone is to carry nerve impulses from the brain to the muscles and glands

Voluntary Response

• Voluntary responses are under the control of our brains

For example;

Stimulus

Effector

Motor Neuron

e

Sensory

neurone

Receptor

Spinal Cord

Reflexes

• These bypass the brain as they need to be as fast as possible

• Stimulus starts the reflex and a number of cells are stimulated

• Response is what we do as an outcome to the stimulus

Involuntary response

An example;

Stimulus

Effector

Motor Neuron

e

Sensory neurone

Receptor

Spinal Cord

Involuntary Response

An example;

Stimulus

Sensory neurone

Receptor

What are drugs?

A drug is any chemical substance that affects the central nervous system (CNS).

Drugs can be categorised as towhether they are legal or illegal

Some drugs used for pleasure are legal

Name two examples of legal drugs

ALCOHOLTOBACC

O

STIMULANTSDEPRESSANTS PAIN KILLERS

Caffeine

Nicotine

Alcohol

AspirinEcstasy

Heroin

What is Homeostasis?

Homeostasis - involves maintaining a constant environment in the

body

• Homeostasis makes sure our body has the correct levels of; Temperature

Carbon dioxide

OxygenWater

http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/homeostasis-and-temperature-regulation-in-humans.html#lesson

What is a hormone?

• Hormones are chemical messengers used in the body by the endocrine system.

• Hormones are produced by our glands.

• Which gland produces the hormone insulin?

Pancreas

The pancreas

Insulin controls........

Glucose is a sugar needed by cells for respiration

It is important that the concentration of glucose in the blood is kept at a constant level

blood sugar levels in our

bodies

Phototropism

Positive phototropism = Growth towards light• Stem tip• To get maximum light for photosynthesis

Negative phototropism = Growth away from light• Root tip• Less chance of drying out

• Why is this beneficial to a plant?

Phototropism is a plant’s growth response to light.

Geotropism

• Plant roots exhibit positive

geotropism because they

respond by growing towards the

gravitational attraction.

• Plant stems (shoots) exhibit

negative geotropism growing

away from the gravitational

attraction.

Geotropism is a plant’s growth response to the

earth’s gravitational field.

Why might this be useful for a plant?

2

3

5

4

1

6

8

7

9

10

In order of size...

Mr Granger

m M

Mrs Granger

m WW WM

M WM MM

The Granger’s children have a one in four chance of getting m alleles from both parents and having magical ability

They also have a one in four chance of getting M alleles from both parents and being a muggle

They could also get only one m from their mother or father and still be a muggle

m M

m M

m m

M M