fitnessforlife_chapter11

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Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 112007 McGraw-Hill Higher !"cation# $ll rights reser%e!#

Chapter 11

CardiovascularHealth


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Cardiovascular Disease

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) =disease of the heart and bloodvessels

CVD is the leading cause of deathamong Americans

Some CVD risk factors are

controllable; others are not There are many things individuals

can do to reduce their risk of CVD


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Major CVD Risk Factors That Can Be

Changed

Tobacco use and exposure to ETS Causes about 1 in 5 deaths from CVD

Damages artery linings

educes HD! aises !D! and triglycerides

Causes platelets to stic" together

aises heart rate and blood pressure

Displaces oxygen in the blood

#ncreases the rate of the accumulationof fatty deposits in arteries


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Changed High blood pressure $hypertension% &

sustained abnormally high blood pressure

Systole & pressure 'hen heart contracts

Diastole & pressure 'hen heart relaxes

High blood pressure strains the heart(damages the arteries( and increases ris" ofheart attac"( stro"e( "idney failure( andblindness

educe 'ith regular exercise( healthy diet$reduced salt( increased potassium and)ber%( and moderation of alcohol inta"e


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Blood Pressure Classification

CategorySystolic(mm g)

Diastolic(mm g)

Normal Below 120 and Below 80

Prehypertension

120139 or 8089

Hypertension

Stage 1

Stage 2

14019

1!0 anda"o#e

or

or

90$99

100 anda"o#e


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Blood Pressure

So%r&e' (enters )or *isease (ontrol and Pre#ention


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Changed

*nhealthy Cholesterol !evels !o'+density lipoprotein $!D!% &

unhealthy $,bad-% cholesterol. excessamounts are deposited in artery 'alls

High+density lipoprotein $HD!% & healthy$,good-% cholesterol. shuttle unusedcholesterol bac" to the liver for recycling

!evels can be improved by /uitting

smo"ing( exercising( and improving diet$less saturated and trans fat( more fruits(vegetables( )ber( and 'hole grains%


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Cholesterol Guidelines

!D! cholesterol (mg"dl)

!ess than #$$ %&timal#$$'# *ear o&timal"above o&timal

#+$'#, -orderline high

#.$/#0 igh

#$ or more Very high

Total cholesterol (mg"dl)

!ess than $$ Desirable

$$'+ -orderline high

1$ or more igh

D! cholesterol (mg"dl)

!ess than 1$ !o2 (undesirable)

.$ or more igh (desirable)


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Travels ith Cholesterol


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Cholesterol !evels "#ong "#ericans

So%r&e' (enters )or *isease (ontrol and Pre#ention


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Changed

0hysical inactivity Exercise decreases blood pressure andresting heart rate( improves cholesterol(improves the condition of blood vessels(

and helps prevent obesity and diabetes besity

Strains the heart( especially excess fat

in the torso Diabetes

#ncreases CVD ris" even 'hen controlled


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Contri$uting CVD Risk Factors That Can Be

Changed

High triglyceride levels !o'er 'ith exercise( healthy diet( /uitting

smo"ing( reducing alcohol inta"e

Triglycerides (mg"dl)

+ess than 10 Normal

10199 Borderline high

200499 High00 or more ,ery high


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Contri$uting CVD Risk Factors That Can Be

Changed

0sychological and social factors Stress

Chronic hostility and anger

Suppressing psychological distress Depression and anxiety

Social isolation

!o' socioeconomic status2lcohol and drug use


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Major CVD Risk Factors That Can%t Be

Changed 3amily history4heredity

ultiple genes contribute to CVD ris"

2ging

CVD ris" goes up 'ith age

6eing male en face a higher ris"( especially earlier in

life

Ethnicity2frican 2mericans have higher rates of

hypertension and stro"e


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"nnual &ncidence of 'eart "ttack


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Possi$le Risk Factors (nder )tud*

C/reactive &rotein omocysteine

!i&o&rotein(a)

Small3 dense !D! &articles

4nfectious agents


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Possi$le Risk Factors (nder )tud*

5etabolic syndrome3 also kno2n assyndrome 6 or insulin resistancesyndrome Abdominal obesity (2aist circumference)

7reater than 1$ inches in men 7reater than +, inches in 2omen

igh blood &ressure (#+$"0, or higher)

igh triglycerides (#,$ mg"dl or higher)

!o2 D! cholesterol -elo2 1$ mg"dl in men -elo2 ,$ mg"dl in 2omen

4nsulin resistance (glucose of ##$ mg"dl orhigher)


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+o#en and CVD

8omen underestimate their CVD risk *early # in 2omen dies from CVD

About # in +$ 2omen dies from breast cancer

8omen are &rotected from CVD atyounger ages by natural estrogen

After meno&ause3 2omen are more likelythan men to die after a heart attack

8omen are more likely to have a heartattack 2ithout chest &ain


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"frican "#ericans and CVD

-lacks have higher rates ofhy&ertension and stroke

7enetic3 biological3 and lifestyle

factors may &lay a role !ifestyle changes can reduce risk3

as can medical treatment


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Major For#s of


y&ertension (a risk factor and aform of CVD)

Atherosclerosis

eart disease and heart attacks Stroke

Congestive heart failure


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"therosclerosis

Atherosclerosis9 Arteries are narro2edby de&osits of fat3 cholesterol3 andother substances called &la:ues

%nce narro2ed by a &la:ue3 an artery

is vulnerable to blockage by bloodclots

-lockage in the coronary arteries

(coronary heart disease) can lead to aheart attack

-lockage in the brain can cause astroke


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"therosclerosis

' Di d ' " k


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'eart Disease and 'eart "ttacks

eart attack = *amage to- or death o)- heart m%s&le-

sometimes res%lting in a )ail%re o) the heart to deli#ereno%gh "lood to the "ody. myo&ardial in)ar&tion/

Angina &ectoris = &ondition in whi&h the heartm%s&le does not re&ei#e eno%gh "lood- &a%sing se#ere

pain in the &hest and o)ten in the le)t arm and sho%lder/ Arrhythmia = n irreg%larity in the )or&e or rhythm o)

the heart"eat/

Sudden cardiac death = nontra%mati&- %nepe&teddeath )rom s%dden &ardia& arrest- most o)ten d%e toarrhythmia in asso&iation with %nderlying heart

disease/

' " k


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'eart "ttack

Symptoms o) heart atta&re5%ire immediate a&tion/

Bl d ) l h '


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Blood )uppl* to the 'eart

Di i d T f ' Di


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Diagnosis and Treat#ent for 'eart Disease

Diagnosis


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Diagnosis of 'eart Disease

T t t f ' t Di


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Treat#ent of 'eart Disease

S%rgery is onepossi"le treatment)or heart disease/

)t k


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)troke

Stroke = An im&eded blood su&&ly tosome &art of the brain resulting in thedestruction of brain cells 4schemic stroke = caused by stroke

emorrhagic stroke = caused by ru&turedblood vessel

Strokes may cause &aralysis3 2alkingdisability3 s&eech im&airment3 or memory

loss Treatment may include clot/dissolving

and antihy&ertensive drugs

T f )t k


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T*pes of )troke

)troke


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)troke

Congestive 'eart Failure


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Congestive 'eart Failure

Congestive heart failure = conditionresulting from the heart?s inability to&um& out all the blood that returns toit

-lood backs u& in the veins leading tothe heart3 causing an accumulation of@uid in various &arts of the body

Caused by high blood &ressure3 heartattack3 atherosclerosis3 birth defects3rheumatic fever


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Protecting ,ourself "gainst Cardiovascular

Disease at heart/healthy

Decrease fat and cholesterol intake s&ecially limit saturated and trans fats

4ncrease ber intake

Alcohol intakeBmoderate3 if at all DAS (Dietary A&&roaches to Sto&

y&ertension)


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Protecting ,ourself "gainst Cardiovascular

Disease -cont%d.

no2 and manage your blood&ressure

no2 and manage your cholesterol

levels Develo& 2ays to handle stress and

anger

no2 your risk factors

Reducing ,our Risk of CVD


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Reducing ,our Risk of CVD

Mitral Valve


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Mitral Valve

6itral #al#eprolapse is themost &ommon&a%se o) heart

m%rm%r


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Fahey/Insel/Roth Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness Chapter 11

Chapter 11

Cardiovascular ealth

fitnessforlife_chapter11

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