fitsum mergia id 1096[extension digital communication assignement]

8/13/2019 Fitsum Mergia ID 1096[Extension Digital Communication Assignement]

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Date -March 18 201Prepared by - Fitsum Merg


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Table of ContentsList of figures .............................................................................................................................................. 3

List of Tables ............................................................................................................................................... 4

1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 52. Conceptual framework ................................................................................................................. 6

1.1 Coverage planning principles ............................................................................................. 7

Link budget ........................................................................................................................................ 7

Propagation model ......................................................................................................................... 7

1.2 Capacity planning principles ............................................................................................... 8

1.3 Frequency planning principles ............................................................................................ 8

1.4 Radio Network Parameters planning principle ............................................................... 9

1.5 Radio Network Optimization Principle ............................................................................... 9

1.6 Summary ................................................................................................................................... 11

2. Case study ....................................................................................................................................... 14

2.1 Background ............................................................................................................................. 14

2.2 Case Presentation ................................................................................................................. 14

Capacity Target ............................................................................................................................. 14

Coverage target ............................................................................................................................ 15

Traffic Model ................................................................................................................................... 15

Different services throughput distribution calculation ........................................................ 16

2.3 Overview of WCDMA network planning principles ..................................................... 17

2.3.1 Capacity Estimation Principle .......................................................................................... 17

2.3.2 Coverage Planning Estimation ........................................................................................ 21

Radio propagation model .......................................................................................................... 22

Link budget principle .................................................................................................................... 23

Principle of Antenna Selection: ................................................................................................. 24

2.4 Network planning outputs ................................................................................................... 25

3. Acronyms ......................................................................................................................................... 26

4. Annex ................................................................................................................................................ 27

References ............................................................................................................................................... 29


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List of figures

Figure 1 The radio network design cycle ........................................................................................... 6

Figure 2 Nemo Outdoor Hardware ........................................................................................................ 11Figure 3 Addis Ababa urban (red line) and dense urban (green line) boundary ............ 14Figure 4 RSCP simulation .................................................................................................................... 28Figure 5 Ec/Io Simulation ................................................................................................................... 28


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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 General Traffic Model ........................................................................................................... 15Table 2 Detail Traffic Distribution ................................................................................................... 16Table 3 Link budget parameters ....................................................................................................... 24Table 4 Network planning output ................................................................................................... 25Table 5 Propagation model ............................................................................................................ 27Table 6 Required Eb/No ...................................................................................................................... 27


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1. INTRODUCTION

This paper will discuss the basic cellular network planning and optimization

principles that are employed for current cellular network technologies. And forthis very purpose different planning and optimization articles prepared bycellular network solution providers is taken as an input to prepare this paper.

Since cellular network planning and optimization is very complex and widersubject, only few basic issues are chosen for discussion.

The paper is organized in to two major parts; the first part will raise importantissues pertaining to cellular network planning and optimization practices. And inthe second part UMTS network planning case scenario for Addis Ababa city will

be discussed briefly.


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2. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

The objective of RF planning is to build a cellular system that provides sufficient

coverage and capacity, meets the quality requirements and allows for futuresystem growth. All this must be accomplished using a limited number of networkelements and radio frequencies.

The cell planning procedure involves coverage and interference analysis, trafficcalculations, frequency planning, and cell parameter definitions. The majorissues to consider in the design are:

Coverage

Capacity

Quality

Cost

The major activities involved in the RF-planning process are depicted below.

Figure 1 Radio network design cycle


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1.1 Coverage planning principles

The target for coverage planning is to find optimal location for basestations to build continuous coverage according to the planning requirements.Especially in the case of a coverage limited network the BTS location is critical.

Coverage is the most important quality-determine parameter in a radionetwork. A system with good coverage will always be superior to a system withless good coverage.

An area is referred to as being covered if the signal strength received byan MS in that area is higher than a certain minimum value. A typical value in thiscase is around -95 dBm. However, coverage in a two-way radio communicationsystem is determined by the weakest link. Both uplink and downlink must be

taken into consideration.

Link budgetA link budget is the accounting of all of the gains and losses from the transmitter,through the medium to the receiver in a communication system. It accounts forthe attenuation of the transmitted signal due to propagation, as well as theantenna gains, feed line and miscellaneous losses.

A link budget must be compiled before start of the dimensioning of the radionetwork. In the link budget, different design criteria for coverage (e.g. outdoor,

indoor, in-car) is determined.

Propagation modelThe propagation model is the basis for planning the mobile communicationcells. The propagation model can ensure precision and save manpower, cost,and time. A good mobile radio propagation model can perform adjustmentaccording to different landforms, such as plain, hill, and valley or according todifferent habitation environment, such as open area, suburb, and city.

The preceding environment factors involve multiple important variables of

propagation model. Thus, it is difficult to obtain a good mobile radiopropagation environment. To improve the propagation model, statistic methodcan be employed to adjust the model.


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cover different cells separated from one another by a distance large enough tokeep interference level within tolerable limits.

CDMA based systems on the other hand use a wider frequency band toachieve the same rate of transmission as FDMA/ TDMA. In other words, adjacentbase station sites use the same frequencies, and the different base stations andusers are separated by codes rather than frequencies.

1.4 Radio Network Parameters planning principle

Defining the radio network parameters is the final step in the design of aradio network. There are a number of parameters that has to be specified foreach cell. The parameters could be divided into four different categories,namely:

Common cell dataExample: Cell Identity, Power setting, Channel numbers

Neighboring cell relation dataExample: Neighboring Cell relation, Hysteresis, Offset

Locating and idle mode behaviorExample: Paging properties, Signal strength criteria, Quality thresholds

Feature control parametersExample: Frequency Hopping and Dynamic Power Control

1.5 Radio Network Optimization Principle

Radio Optimization is a process involving analysis of traffic data collected by thesystem to better adjust the system to the actual traffic demand distribution.Adjustments that can be made include:

Changing handover parameters to move traffic from a congested cell toa neighboring cell with a low traffic load

Changing switch parameters to optimize the traffic handling capacity ofthe system

Adding cells or adding radio channels to congested cells and/orreducing the number of radio channels in cells with lower traffic thanexpected


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Radio optimization (i.e., diagnosing the network and tuning it) often takes placein:

Initial tuning

Routine Network Optimization

Initial tuning is the tuning that takes place either as part of the acceptance testwith a customer or just prior to the acceptance test. This means that there isusually no (or very little) traffic in the system.

Routine Network optimization can take place when a system has beencommissioned and used for commercial traffic for some time. It is then possibleto collect statistics in the different network elements from the Statistics andTraffic measurements Subsystem (STS).

Tools for system diagnostics

OSS

Operation and Support System (OSS) can be used to present system diagnosticinformation as statistics in graphs. The STS data is transferred to OSS where it isstored in a database. In OSS, the data can be displayed in different reports thatillustrate network performance regarding GoS.

OSS can also be used to present measurements collected by Mobile TrafficRecording, Cell Traffic Recording, and Channel Event Recording. These areblocks located in the BSC/RNC exchange but accessible from OSS.

DRIVE TEST TOOL

There are different drive test solutions available on the market but one amongmany is Nemo Outdoor. Nemo outdoor is Anties test mobile system formeasuring radio environment .Nemo outdoor consists of a mobile station withTest Mobile System special software, a portable PC, a transmitter, and areceiver.


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Figure 2 Nemo Outdoor Hardware

Nemo Outdoor can be used in a vehicle which drives around the network toanalyze the air interface.

1.6 Summary

Network planning and optimization play a key role in reducing the capitalexpenditure (CAPEX) and operational expenditure (OPEX) for deploying andexpanding cellular systems. Typically, radio network planning begins with adefinition and dimensioning stage, which includes traffic estimation, servicedefinition, coverage and capacity requirements, etc. And the major activitiesinvolved in the cellular planning process can be summarized in to six steps.

OutIn car

PC with Acquisition

SoftwareNemo Outdoor

Mobile stationScanner

GPS

2G Ant

Test Tool


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STEP 1: TRAFFIC AND COVERAGE ANALYSIS (SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS)

The cell planning process starts with traffic and coverage analysis. The analysisshould produce information about the geographical area and the expectedneed of capacity. The types of data collected are:

Cost

Capacity

Coverage

Grade of Service (GoS)

Available frequencies

Bit Error Rate (BER)

System growth capability

STEP 2: NOMINAL CELL PLAN

Upon compilation of the data received from the traffic and coverage analysis,a nominal cell plan is produced. The nominal cell plan is a graphicalrepresentation of the network and simply looks like a cell pattern on a map.However, a lot of work lies behind it .Nominal cell plans are the first cell plansand form the basis for further planning. At this stage, coverage and interferencepredictions are usually started. Such planning needs computer-aided analysistools for radio propagation studies.

STEP 3: SURVEYS (AND RADIO MEASUREMENTS)

The nominal cell plan has been produced and the coverage and interferencepredictions have been roughly verified. Next, radio measurements areperformed at the sites where the radio equipment will be placed. This is a criticalstep because it is necessary to assess the real environment to determinewhether it is a suitable site location when planning a cellular network, since evenbetter predictions can be obtained by using field measurements of the signalstrengths in the actual terrain where the mobile station will be located.

STEP 4: (FINAL CELL PLAN) SYSTEM DESIGN

Once we optimize and can trust the predictions generated by the planning tool,the dimensioning of the BTS equipment, BSC, and MSC is performed. The finalcell plan is then produced.

STEP 5: IMPLEMENTATION


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System installation, commissioning, and testing are performed following final cellplanning and system design.

STEP 6: NETWORK OPTIMIZATION

After the system has been installed, it is continually evaluated to determine howwell it meets the demand. This is called network Optimization. It involves:

Checking that the final cell plan was implemented successfully

Evaluating customer complaints

Checking that the network performance is acceptable

Changing parameters and performing other measures (if needed)


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2. CASE STUDY

2.1

Background

In year 2010 ZTE Cooperation on the interest of Ethio telecom built a UMTSnetwork that cover the whole Addis with a network capacity of 300,000 users.

In this section the planning approach that ZTE cooperation followed to deploythe UMTS network is briefly described.

2.2 Case Presentation

Capacity Target

The capital Addis Ababa is guaranteed continuous coverage for all serviceswith 300,000 WCDMA subscribers over dense area and urban area accordingto GSM network coverage boundary. The dense area is 56 km2 with 126,800users, and the urban area is 275.6 km2 with 173,200 users.

Figure 3 Addis Ababa urban (red line) and dense urban (green line) boundary


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Coverage target

In order to ensure the network quality, the following KPI requirements has been

set:

Coverage KPI Requirements:

Dense Urban & Urban: RSCP: >=95% > -85dBm (outdoor on street)

Dense Urban & Urban: Ec/Io >=95% >-10db

Traffic Model

Traffic model is a tool through which the statistical traffic characteristic of the

network being designed is understood .The modeling is done based on pastexperience and also future requirement.

The traffic model provides information like average load, the bandwidthrequirement for different application and numerous other details. And for AddisAbaba UMTS network planning the following traffic model were assumed.

Items ProportionData throughput

per user (bps)Circuit Switch Voice penetration ratio 100%Circuit Switch data penetration ratio 20%Voice Traffic per CS voice sub per BH(Erl) 0.025CS data traffic per Circuit Switch (CS) data sub(Erl) 0.002Packet switch Penetration Ratio 100%Total PS throughput (HSDPA+, HSUPA and R99 UL+DL)per PS Sub (bps) 3000 3000Proportion of Uplink PS throughput 13.60% 408Proportion of downlink PS throughput 86.40% 2592R99 share of Downlink PS throughput per sub 16% 408HSDPA+ share of Downlink PS throughput per sub 84% 2184R99 share of UL PS throughput per sub 40% 163HSUPA share of UL Packet (PS) throughput per sub 60% 245

Table 1 General Traffic Model


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Service Model Type Erl Per user GOS Penetration Rate

Voice 0.025 2% 100%

CS 64 0.002 2% 20%

UL Throughput Per user

DL Throughput Per user

[kbps] [kbps]PS 64/64 0.102 0.102 100%

PS 64/128 0.0436 0.17 100%

PS 64/384 0.0176 0.136 100%

Allocated Power [w ]Data ThroughputPer User [kbps]

Penetration Rate

HSDPA+ 0 2.184 100%

Data Throughput Per User [kbps]

Allocated UL Load Penetration Rate

HSUPA 0.2448 0% 100%

Carrier Number

Penetration Rate

1

Table 2 Detail Traffic Distribution

Different services throughput distribution calculation

Total PS throughput= Uplink + Downlink throughput

3000bps= 3kbps=0.102+0.102+0.0436+0.17+0.0176+0.136+2.184+0.2448

o

HSDPA+ Throughput Per User [kbps]= 3.0*86.4%*84%=2.184kbpso HSUPA Throughput Per User [kbps]= 3.0*13.6%*60%=0.2448kbps

R99 PS service throughput Ratio is obtained to the best of ZTEs experience.

o Totally R99 PS throughput Downlink= 3.0*86.4%*16%=0.408kbps Downlink Ratio for [PS64/64: PS 64/128: PS 64/384] = [0.25 0.4166667

0.3333333] 0.408*DL Ratio= [0.102 0.17 0.136]

o Totally R99 PS throughput Uplink= 3.0*13.6%*40%=0.1632

Uplink Ratio for PS64/64: PS 64/128: PS 64/384 = [0.625 0.2671569 0.1078431]

0.2448*UL Ratio= [0.102 0.0436 0.0176.]


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2.3 Overview of WCDMA network planning principles

In general the cellular planning principles discussed in the previous section can

also be applied for WCDMA network. But to highlight the core principle behindnetwork dimensioning, the UMTS planning problem can be put as if it containscapacity estimation problem and Coverage estimation problem.

For the coverage estimation, the goal of network dimensioning is to obtain thequantity and configuration of the sites using link budget, and to fulfill thecoverage requirements, such as coverage area, coverage rate, indoorcoverage, cell load, and etc.

For the capacity estimation, the target of the network dimensioning is to get

the number and configuration of the sites to meet the capacity requirement:total serviced subscribers and blocked rate, etc. According to the traffic modeland available channels per cell, the subscribers supported by one cell can becalculated; therefore the number and configuration of these sites can beobtained on the basis of total subscribers.

Due to difference of the capacity and coverage, the number of sites estimatedby capacity estimation and coverage estimation will be different. And thelarger value will be used as final planning result.

2.3.1 Capacity Estimation Principle

The WCDMA network supports many services at the same time. As a result, theevaluation of cell capacity in the WCDMA network cannot simply follow theevaluation method used for the network only supporting the voice service,because different services have different service rates and require differentEb/No, and have different influence on the system load. For this reason,capacity evaluation is based on the mixed service capacity evaluation

method of the Campell theory. By equalizing the influence of different serviceson the system load to the influence of several voice channels on the systemload, the compound channel number and compound Erl in mixed services canbe worked out.

Campbells Theorem


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The fundamental principle of Campbells Theorem is that all services areequivalent to a virtual service by certain rules, and calculate total traffic (Erl) ofthis virtual service, then calculate the number of virtual channel satisfyingrequired traffic, calculate the number of actual channel satisfying network

dimensions.Campbells equivalency model principle:

service service service

service service service

amplitudeerl

amplitudeerl

MeanVariance

C *

* 2

Variance Mean

erlang Virtual _ C

amplitudeC channel Virtual service service

)( _

WhereC capacity factor

Variance variance of mixed services Mean mean of mixed services

amplitude service amplitude of service i

C service number of required channel of service i

Virtual_erlang traffic of virtual servicesVirtual_channel Number of required virtual channel satisfying virtual

traffics.

Capacity Analysis Principle

With the Campbells Theorem, we can work out the required number of NodeBin the network according to the required traffic. Several primary steps ofcalculation are as follows:

1) Determine the relative amplitude of different services.

Since the influences of different services on the system load are different, wecan equalize the influence of different services to the system load according tothe following formula. The influence of voice service is used as a reference.


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voicevoicevoice

service service service service v No Eb R

v No Eb Ramplitude

*/*

*/*

Where

Rservice the service bearer rateEb/No the service quality factorvservice is the service activation factor in the physical layer.

2) Calculate the mean of mixed services uplink traffic:

service service service amplitudeerl Mean

*

3) Work out the variance of mixed services uplink traffic:

service service service amplitudeerl Variance

2*

4) Calculate the capacity factor:

Mean

VarianceC

5) Calculate the equivalent total virtual erlang:

C Mean

ealang virtual Total _ _

6) According to the reverse capacity formula, we can work out the voicechannel of each cell.

N

j

o

b j

N E v R

W f

1*

1*1

1*)1(


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Where the load factor

f the adjacent cell interference factor, usually 0.6W WCDMA chip rate, 3.84M

R bearer rate of the serviceVj the activation factorN the number of channels, it is C voice

We can work out the number of equivalent voice channels N provided byeach cell. That is C voice . Considering the soft handover, the actual number ofequivalent voice channels should be N / 1.35.

7) Calculate the virtual channel of each cell according to the followingformula:

C amplitudeC

channel Virtual voicevoice

_

8) Lookup the Erlang B-formula table, the virtual erlang supported by each cellcan be obtained.

9) Calculate the cell number:

erlang virtual Cell

erlang virtual Total number Cell

_ _

_ _ _

10) If S111 are used, the number of NodeB is (the number of cell) / 3.

11) The forward power formula is as follows:

])1[(/

)/(*1

/

)/(***

1

1

j j

N

j j

j j

N

j j

j j N

RW

No Ebv

RW

No Ebv L P

P


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WherePN the front-end noise received by the mobile station; L the average path loss;

j the average orthogonal factor;

j the average interference factor of adjacent cells.

According to the formula above, we can work out the maximal downlinkequivalent voice channel number which could be supplied by each cell.

The maximum power for Node B is usually 43dBm (20W). Generally, the DCHchannel occupies about 80% of the maximal power. The composite outputpower of the NodeB is followed and all of the power is measured at the top ofcabinet.

Downlink capacity analysis is a validation process. Based on the uplinkcapacity analysis is, we can work out the downlink traffic of each cell. We canalso work out the required channels number to support the require downlinktraffic. If this required capacity is not larger than the supplied capacity one cellallowed, we can draw the conclusion that the network scale we got in step 10from uplink is practicable. Otherwise, we should add the number of Node B instep 10 and take the validation process again until the required capacity is not

larger than the supplied capacity.

2.3.2 Coverage Planning Estimation

The first step of coverage planning is Link Estimation. Among all thecommunication propagation environments, the wireless communicationenvironment is the worst and most complex one, which is affected by slowfading and multi-path propagation in addition to the path loss of free space,thus resulting in space selective fading, time selective fading, frequencyselective fading and other symptoms, and greatly degrading theuplink/downlink received signal quality. As a result, selection of a propagationmodel close to the actual environment in the radio network design is the basisfor coverage planning and prediction emulation.


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be reused in the similar regions where the material and the structure of thebuildings are similar.

Link budget principleThe primary parameters in link budge are presented as follows:

Quantity Explanation Typical ValueTx Power: The transmission power can be consider both

in the uplink and downlink.Uplink power is for the UEDownlink power for the BTS RRU.

UE Tx power=21dBmRRU Tx power=20W5W is spared forHSDPA service

UE AntennaGain

Antenna characterization parameter 0dB

NodeBAntennaGain

The antennae can be selected according toarea features and coverage requirements.

Directional 18dBiOmni 11dBi

Body Loss: Body Losses: body losses are generallyincluded for mobile phone (handset)applications. If the target is only PCMCIAcards then this may not represent actuallosses due to a users body or head but thisshould still be included since thedirectionality and polarization of the

antenna on a laptop PC will usually not beoptimum.

Voice service 3dB,Other services 0dB

Feeder Loss: Feeder loss including all loss of feeders andconnectors between the RRU and theantenna port.

For dense urban2.5dBFor urban 2.8dB

ReceiverNoise Figure:

Noise figure is the ratio of input S/N to outputS/N.

3dB for NodeB and7dB for UE

RequiredEb/No:

Eb/No is the NodeB demodulation threshold.The value of Eb/No relates to factors liketransceiver diversity, multi-path conditionand the service type. In this planning,

Varies for differentvendors.

InterferenceMargin

Interference margin = -10*log(1- ), is cellload.

Suppose cell load is50% or 75%, sointerference marginis 3dB or 6dB.


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ReceiverSensitivity

Sensitivity = NFBS +10log(KT) + 10log(Eb/No) +10log(Rb);Where:

NFBS is the NodeB noise coefficient; K is 1.23*10-23J/K, Boltzmann constant; T is 290K, Kelvin temperature scale; Rb is the service rate.

SoftHandoverGain:

The gain overcomes slow fading. If mobileequipment locates in soft handover area,several radio link signal will be received, thusdecreases the requirement of shadow fadingmargin.

Use 3dB in linkbudget.

Power

controlheadroom

Terminals with a slow moving speed use fast

closed-loop power control to guarantee thedemodulation performance, a certain rangeof transmission power dynamic adjustmentmust be reserved for fast closed loop powercontrol.

Usually the power

control headroom is3dB

PenetrationLoss

Factor attributed to the building loss and it isused for characterizing the indoor coverage

20dB in DU and 18dBin MU

Slow fadingmargin:

Shadow fading follows logarithmic normaldistribution. Its value relates to the probabilityof calls at the edge of the sector, shadowfading standard deviation andelectromagnetic wave propagationenvironments.

Shadow fadingmargin is 8.7dB.

Table 3 Link budget parameters

Principle of Antenna Selection:Antenna is key equipment for good network quality. And for selection ofantenna model the following few points should be considered.

The antenna product should comply with the standards stipulated byconcerned authorities

The VSWR and the 3 rd order inter-modulation of the antenna must betested and 100 % approved.

The working frequency band of the selected antenna should include thefrequency band required by the protocol.


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Electronic down tilt antenna should be selected for high density areasand areas with complicated environment

65 o directional 45 degree dual polarization antenna for the urban area,highways.

2.4 Network planning outputs

Based on the combination of the coverage scale estimation and capacityscale estimation result the number of sites are different from one scale toanother. From the coverage aspect, the numbers of sites are 220 S111. But, fromthe capacity aspect, the numbers of sites are 284 S111. According to thenetwork scale estimation theory, it is normal practice to choose the larger oneas the final result. Therefore, the capital city needs 220 S111 and 32 S222 sites intotal including existing 50 sites.

Addis Ababa Coverage resultDense urban 82 (S1/1/1) 59 (S1/1/1) 32 (S2/2/2)urban 138(S1/1/1)total

Capacity result

161(S1/1/1)220 (S1/1/1) + 32 (S2/2/2)

Table 4 Network planning output

And the average downlink throughput per sector will be around 4-4.5Mbps forS111 and 8- 9Mbps for S222 based on ZTEs HSDPA+ commercial networkexperience. The average subscriber per site in DU is 1030 for S111 and 2060 forS222,


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3. ACRONYMS

STS - Statistics and Traffic measurements Subsystem

OSS - Operation and Support System

3G Third Generation

CN Core Network

CPCH Common Packet Channel

CPICH Common Pilot Channel

CPICH Ec/No Pilot channel quality energy per chip over total received power

spectral densitydB Decibel

dBc Decibels below carrier power

dBi Decibels Isotropic

dBm Decibel referenced to 1 milliwatt

DL Downlink

DTX Discontinuous Transmission

Ec/Ior Energy per bit over the total transmit power spectral density

Ec/No Energy per chip over total received power spectral density

Gbyte Gigabyte

GHz GigaHertz

GoS Grade of Service

GSM Global System for Mobiles

HO Handover


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4. ANNEX

4.1 Propagation model parameter:

DU MU

k1 153.4 146.03

k2 49.95 49.48

k3 0 0

k4 0 0

k5 -13.82 -13.82

k6 -6.6 -6.6

k7 0 0

Table 5 Propagation model

4.2 Link budget

Eb/No considered for Addis Ababa UMTS network coverage planning:

Eb/No CS 12.2k CS 64k PS 64k PS 128k PS384kUplink 4.2 2.7 1.6 1.1 0.6

Downlink 7.5 5.2 4.8 4.5 4.3

Table 6 Required Eb/No


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4.3 Sample Aircom, the Planning tool, Simulation outputs

Figure 4 RSCP simulation

Figure 5 Ec/Io Simulation


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REFERENCES

[R1] HUAWEI advanced level training manual.

[R2] Radio Network Planning [Editor in Chief: Zhao Qiyong][R3] WCDMA Expansion Proposal for ETC V18.0-20100820 [ZTE Cooperationdocument.][R4] WCDMA (UMTS) DEPLOYMENT HANDBOOK

[R5] UMTS RADIO NETWORK PLANNING, OPTIMIZATION AND QOS MANAGEMENT FOR PRACTICALENGINEERING TASKS

[R6] Wikipedia

fitsum mergia id 1096[extension digital communication assignement]

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