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Five factors that affect battery life

Batteries are the weakest link in a UPS.

Determining battery life can be a tricky business. It’s often promoted based on design life, defined as how long the battery can be expected to perform under ideal conditions.

Estimating actual battery life relies on taking into consideration the five factors that can affect it.

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To improve service life expectations and reliability, it’s important to ensure that the batteries are properly stored prior to being installed and placed into service. Storage facilities should be climate controlled with proper ventilation capabilities so batteries can be kept cool and dry. Failure to comply with proper storage leads to shortened runtimes and reduced capacity.  A rule of thumb, in terms of time, is no more than six months of storage in a properly designed storage facility. An acceptance test should be performed to determine if there are any flaws within the manufacturing process, improper storage or perhaps even hidden damage.

1. Shelf life, storage and acceptance testing

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2. Ambient temperature

The rated capacity of a lead acid battery is based on an ambient temperature of 77°F (25°C). It’s important to realize that any variation from this operating temperature can alter the battery’s performance and shorten its expected life.

For every 15°F average annual temperature above 77°F, the life of the battery is reduced by 50 percent. Ambient temperatures below 77°F may reduce the battery backup time, similar to a car battery on a cold morning.

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Positive grid corrosion has been the most common end-of-life factor for UPS batteries.

This is a result of the normal aging process due to UPS battery chemistry and involves the gradual breakdown of the inner wires of the positive grid within the battery. An example of a healthy grid

verses a corroded grid.

3. Battery chemistry

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4. Cycling

During utility power failure (brownouts and blackouts) the UPS operates on battery power. Once the utility power is restored, the battery is recharged for future use. This entire loop is called a discharge cycle. Each discharge and subsequent recharge reduces the relative capacity of the battery by a small amount. The length of the discharge cycle will determine the reduction in battery capacity.

A good analogy is a loaf of bread. It can be sliced into many thin slices, or a few thicker slices. You still have the same amount of bread either way. Similarly, a UPS battery’s capacity can be used up over a large number of short cycles or fewer cycles of longer duration.

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5. Maintenance

The most important thing is for you to maximize your UPS uptime. With proper checks and/or maintenance, the end of battery life can be estimated and replacements can be scheduled without any interruption or loss of backup power. Without regular checks/ maintenance your UPS battery may experience heat-generating resistance at the terminals, improper loading, reduced power protection and premature failure.

Even though sealed batteries are sometimes referred to as maintenance-free, they still require scheduled maintenance and service. Maintenance-free simply refers to the fact that they don’t require fluid.

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Interested in more information?

Request a free copy of theUPS battery handbook.