five years of “adaptative” research for upland dmc based...
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Five years of “adaptative” research for upland DMC based cropping systems creation in Cambodia
Stéphane BOULAKIA (CIRAD), KOU Phâlly, SAN Sona,LENG Vira and CHHIT Kimchhorn (MAFF)
Regional workshop on Conservation AgricultureRegional workshop on Conservation Agriculture
Investing in Sustainable Agriculture:The Case of Conservation Agriculture and Direct Seeding Mulch-
Based Cropping Systems
Agence Françaisede Développement
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery
Dept of Agronomy & Agricultural Land Improvement
Centre de coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le
Développement
28th October – 1st November 2008 - Phonsavan, Xieng Khouang, Lao PDR
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11stst PARTPARTRapid highlights on climate and soils conditionsRapid highlights on climate and soils conditions
and reference plow based cropping systemsand reference plow based cropping systems
22ndnd PARTPARTProgressive design of diversified DMC basedProgressive design of diversified DMC based
cropping systemscropping systems
33rdrd PARTPARTFuture Evolutions in the next coming yearsFuture Evolutions in the next coming years
Plan
Five years of “adaptative” research for upland DMC based cropping systems creation in Cambodia
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11stst PARTPART
Rapid highlightsRapid highlightson climate and soils conditionson climate and soils conditions
and reference plow based cropping systemsand reference plow based cropping systems
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Climate of the Central plain
• Hot (average T° = 28°C) and sunny (> 2 400 hours)• 6-7 months rainy season (from + 4/15 to + 11/1 )
5-6 months dry season• abundant rainfalls (1200-1600 mm/year)
But 3 climatic hazards randomizes the rain repartition (irregularity and variable)
1st “hazard”Rains arrival
2nd “hazard”“Small dry season”
3rd “hazard”Last useful rain
1/ Rapid Highlights on climate and soil’s conditions …
1.1/ Main characteristic of the Cambodian central plain’s climate
Scattered rains Heavy-regular rains
DecDec..NovNov..OctobOctob..Sept.Sept.AoûtAoûtJuilletJuilletJuinJuinMaiMaiAvrilAvrilMarsMars DecDec..NovNov..OctobOctob..Sept.Sept.AoûtAoûtJuilletJuilletJuinJuinMaiMaiAvrilAvrilMarsMars
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1.2/ Main location of Upland cultivation on Red and Black basaltic soils
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80% CLAY
Medium to high C contain
Low to very low pHLow saturation rate by basesHigh degre of saturation by Al
Unbalanced saturation by bases : pronounced relative deficiencies in K and Ca compared to Mg
Low to high Pexch contain
Depth
% Sand% Silt% ClayC organicOrganic matterpH CaCl2H + AlAl exchangeableCa exchangeableMg exchangeableK exchangeableP exch.CTC at pH 7,0CTC effective
Sat. for bases (V) Sat. for Al (m)Sat. for CaSat. for MgSat. for K
cm 0-10 10-20 20-40 40-60 0-10 10-20 20-40 40-605,8 4,7 3,9 4,1 7,9 7,3 6,0 5,5
13,8 13,5 12,9 12,9 12,7 14,1 13,6 12,180,5 81,8 83,3 83,3 79,4 78,6 80,4 82,4
g/dm³ 26,4 20,9 16,8 13,9 16,3 14,7 11,8 8,2% 5,0 4,0 3,2 2,7 3,1 2,8 2,3 1,6
4,7 4,5 4,4 4,5 4,3 4,3 4,4 4,4cmolc/dm³ 7,11 7,36 6,95 6,59 9,12 9,32 8,34 7,88
cmolc/dm³ 0,41 0,60 0,73 0,64 1,67 1,66 1,42 1,42cmolc/dm³ 2,63 1,83 1,70 1,43 1,67 1,59 1,71 1,68
cmolc/dm³ 1,13 0,90 0,61 0,85 1,40 1,32 1,19 0,97cmolc/dm³ 0,35 0,26 0,15 0,16 0,08 0,05 0,03 0,03
mg/dm³ 7,2 5,4 4,4 6,5 27,3 26,8 31,7 37,5cmolc/dm³ 11,2 10,3 9,4 9,0 10,6 11,1 10,9 9,3cmolc/dm³ 4,5 3,6 3,2 3,1 4,8 4,6 4,4 4,1
% 36,5 28,8 25,3 25,5 53,3 43,1 27,2 54,3% 9,6 17,3 25,5 25,2 34,9 36,3 32,8 34,9
% 23,3 17,7 17,2 14,8 31,7 22,2 15,8 36,6% 10,1 8,7 6,5 9,1 20,4 20,0 11,1 16,9
% 3,1 2,5 1,6 1,6 1,2 0,8 0,3 0,8
1/ Rapid Highlights on climate and soil’s conditions …
1.3/ Key features of red basaltic oxysol (“ferralitique”)
Very high High Medium Low Very low
Low Ca containMedium to high Mg containV. low to v. high K contain
Soil 1 Soil 2
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1/1/ SesameSesame SoybeanSoybean
2/2/ Cassava MonocultureCassava Monoculturedisc
discdisc
High technical and economical randomization + soil’s degradationirregular and decreasing profit margins
progressive shifting to perennial
1/ Rapid Highlights on …reference plow based systems
1.3/ Main Plow based cropping systems on Kampong Cham’s upland
1st “hazard”Rains arrival
2nd “hazard”“Small dry season”
3rd “hazard”Last useful rain
Scattered rains Heavy-regular rains
DecDec..NovNov..OctobOctob..Sept.Sept.AoûtAoûtJuilletJuilletJuinJuinMaiMaiAvrilAvrilMarsMars DecDec..NovNov..OctobOctob..Sept.Sept.AoûtAoûtJuilletJuilletJuinJuinMaiMaiAvrilAvrilMarsMars
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22ndnd PARTPART
Progressive design ofProgressive design ofdiversified DMC based cropping systemsdiversified DMC based cropping systems
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heavy rains"scattered" rains
AugustJulyJuneMayAprilMarch Dec.Nov.Octo.Sept.
Sesame Soybeandisc disc
Bio-pump sc Eleusine c.
Bio pump Eleusine c.
or Eleusine + Cajanus, Sorghum, Millet …
SoybeanRice …Maize + Stylo, Brach. …
2/ Progressive design of diversified DMC based systems
2.1/ First DMC based, using short term biomass production
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The “bio pumps” The main crops
Sorgho pool preto at 65 DAS
Eleusine coracana
Mulch of Eleusine + Cajanus
Soja on Eleusine
Riz on Eleusine
Maize on Eleusine
Coton on Eleusine
2/ Progressive design of diversified DMC based systems
2.1/ First DMC based, using short term biomass production (Photos)
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heavy rains"scattered" rains
AugustJulyJuneMayAprilMarch Dec.Nov.Octo.Sept.
Maize + Bio-pump lc …Bio-pump sc
Maize + Stylosanthes
2/ Progressive design of diversified DMC based systems
2.2/ The “second” generation, using long term biomass productionStep 1: association of Bio-pump lc with Maize
Bio-pump lc …Year 1
Year 2 Maize + (Brach. + Cajanus)Maize + Brachiaria…Bio-pump lc
StylosanthesBrach. + CajanusBrachiaria Maize or RiceSoybeanRice or Soybean
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Year n: Soybean + Stylosanthes
Year n: Rice + Stylosanthes
2/ Progressive design of diversified DMC based systems
2.2/ The “second” generation, using long term biomass productionStep 2: association of Bio-pump lc with Rice and Soybean
Stylosanthes is oversown by no till planter at # 40 DAS
Stylosanthes or Brachiaria is broadcast sown at first Soybean’s yellow leaves appearance
Year n: Soybean + Brachiaria
Year n + 1: Rice + Stylosanthes
Year n + 1: Maize + …
Year n + 1: Soybean + …
Year n + 1: Rice + StylosanthesYear n + 1: Maize + …
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Bio-p. sc Maize + Brach.
Year 1
Brach. Soybean + Stylo. Stylo.
2/ Progressive design of diversified DMC based systems
2.2/ The “second” generation, using long term biomass production“LEGOLAND”, an unlimited possibility for permanent cropping
heavy rains"scattered" rainsAug.JulyJuneMayAprilMar. Dec.Nov.Octo.Sept. Jan. Fev.
heavy rains"scattered" rainsAug.JulyJuneMayAprilMar. Dec.Nov.Octo.Sept. Jan. Fev.
Year 2
Bio-p. sc Maize + Stylo. Stylo. Rice + Stylo. Stylo.
Bio-p. sc Maize + Stylo. Stylo. Maize + Stylo. Stylo.
Maize + Stylo. Stylo. Maize + Stylo. Stylo.
Rice + Stylo. Stylo. Rice + Stylo. Stylo.Stylo.
Soyb. + Brach. Brach. Soyb. + Brach. Brach.Brach.
Stylo.
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Soybean and maize in biSoybean and maize in bi--annual rotationannual rotation
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Maize monoMaize mono--cropping with DMC technologies : cropping with DMC technologies : «« Maize + Maize + StylosanthesStylosanthes // Maize + // Maize + StylosanthesStylosanthes »»
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Upland rice based cropping systemsUpland rice based cropping systems……..
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SEBOTA 68 on red soils, Bos khnor, 2007
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Maize Soybean Maize DMC
Activity incomes ($/ha) 5,5 T/ha 2,5 T/ha 6,5 T/ha
Sale price Maize : 200$/T ; Soybean : 450 $/T 1100 1125 1300 Activity outcomes
Labour Ploughing 25 0 0
Roller 0 0 25 Sowing 40 44 40
Weeding 100 10 10 Fertilisation 30 20 30
Harvest 40 46 50 Threshing 55 75 65
Inputs Seeds 65 95 65
Fertilizers 220 134 220 Herbicides 0 12 12 Insecticides 0 30 0
Total costs ($/ha) 575 466 517 Gross profit margin ($/ha) 525 659 783
Evolution of the GPM ($/ha) according to the cropping system (DMC/ploughing)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10
GM
($/h
a)
"Sesame/soybean"
"Maize + Brachiaria // Soybean"
Maize5,5T/ha
Soybean2,5T/ha
Soybean2,7T/ha
Maize6,5T/ha
Soybean3T/ha
Maize 7T/haSoybean3,2T/ha
Foreseen difference after 10 years : > 500 USD/ha/y i
2/ Progressive design of diversified DMC based systems
2.3/ Economical comparison between DMC Maize // Soybean rotation and Plow based Sesame / Soybean succession
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CassavaCassava veryvery attractive attractive priceprice in 2006/07 and 2007/08 (in 2006/07 and 2007/08 (likelylikely lessless in 2008/09)in 2008/09)
FarmersFarmers wishwish to continue to continue monocroppingmonocropping despitedespite fastfast soilsoil’’ss degradationdegradationDMC DMC basedbased CassavaCassava monocroppingmonocropping ??
Year 1
2/ Progressive design of diversified DMC based systems
2.4/ The case of Cassava
heavy rains"scattered" rainsAug.JulyJuneMayAprilMar. Dec.Nov.Octo.Sept. Jan. Fev.
heavy rains"scattered" rainsAug.JulyJuneMayAprilMar. Dec.Nov.Octo.Sept. Jan. Fev.
Year 2
Cassava + Stylo. Stylo. Stylo.
(in french: “le cas cassava” !)
Cassava + Stylo.
Cassava + Stylo. Stylo. Stylo.Maize + Stylo.
Cassava + Stylo. Stylo. Stylo.Rice + Stylo.
Cassava + Brach. Brach. Stylo.Soyb. + Stylo.
due to shade, dry soil’s conditions at Cassava’s harvest and early replanting in Year 2
Reduced growth of the Stylo.
Active growth of the Bio-pump lc
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Other attempt under assessment:Other attempt under assessment:alive cover of alive cover of StylosanthesStylosanthes guinanensisguinanensis
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Comparison of the yields obtained with DMC and ploughing (PHF, data 2007)
12 850
13 950
14 400
12 25012 450
13 150
11 000
11 500
12 000
12 500
13 000
13 500
14 000
14 500
15 000
F0 F1 F2 Level of fertiliser
Yiel
d (K
g/ha
) DMCPLOW
F0 : 23-0-0F1 : 69-32-60F2 : 92-90-90
Evolution of the GPM ($/ha) according to the yield
0
400
800
1200
1600
2000
2400
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
11000
12000
13000
14000
15000
16000
17000
18000 Yield
(Kg/ha)
MB
($/h
a)
Cassava x PlowCassava + Stylo
Evolution of the GPM ($/ha) according to the DMC management years
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1 2 3 4 Years
GPM
($/h
a)
PloughingDMC
1 4 6-8 10
Foreseen difference after 10 years : > 1000 USD/ha/y i
14 T/ha
12 T/ha
10 T/ha
6 T/ha
4 T/ha
After IFA World fertilizer Use manualAfter IFA World fertilizer Use manual
2/ Progressive design of diversified DMC based systems
2.4/ The case of CassavaEconomical comparison between DMC Cassava and Plow Cassava
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33rdrd PARTPART
Future orientations ofFuture orientations ofthe cropping systemsthe cropping systems’’ designdesign
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Year 1
3/ Future orientations of the cropping systems’ design
3.1/ The 2 cycles temptation
heavy rains"scattered" rainsAug.JulyJuneMayAprilMar. Dec.Nov.Octo.Sept. Jan. Fev.
heavy rains"scattered" rainsAug.JulyJuneMayAprilMar. Dec.Nov.Octo.Sept. Jan. Fev.
Year 2
Sesame Maize + Stylo. Stylo.Stylo.
V. radiata Maize + Brach Brach.Brach.
Stylo.
Brach.
Sesame
V. radiata
Maize + Stylo.
Maize + Brach
2nd “hazard”small dry season
3rd “hazard”last useful rain
ReRe--introduction of a high climatic riskintroduction of a high climatic risk
Dependence on Dependence on uncertain rainfalluncertain rainfall
SecurisationSecurisation by by soilsoil’’s water reserves water reservei.e. vs
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Year 1
3/ Future orientations of the cropping systems’ design
3.2/ Other technical evolutions
heavy rains"scattered" rainsAug.JulyJuneMayAprilMar. Dec.Nov.Octo.Sept. Jan. Fev.
heavy rains"scattered" rainsAug.JulyJuneMayAprilMar. Dec.Nov.Octo.Sept. Jan. Fev.
Year 2
Soybean sc Sorgho + Stylo Brach.Brach. Stylo. Maize + Brach.
1/ Safrinhas 2/ Livestock association
Soybean mc
Sorgho + Stylo
Brach.Brach. Stylo. Maize + Brach.
Rice sc Mil. + Stylo Stylo.Stylo. Stylo. Maize + Stylo.
Stylo. Maize + Brach. Brach. Soybean + Stylo. Stylo.
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Year 1
3/ Future orientations of the cropping systems’ design
3.3/ Medium term agronomical evolutions
heavy rains"scattered" rainsAug.JulyJuneMayAprilMar. Dec.Nov.Octo.Sept. Jan. Fev.
heavy rains"scattered" rainsAug.JulyJuneMayAprilMar. Dec.Nov.Octo.Sept. Jan. Fev.
Year 2
Soybean sc Sorgho + mix sp. Mix sp.Mix sp. Mix sp. regrowth Maize + mix sp.
Back to annual crops as Bio-pump sc
Soybean mc
Sorgho + mix sp.
Mix sp.Mix sp. Mix sp. regrowth Maize + mix sp.
Increase the sp.Increase the sp.--diversity in the cropping systems diversity in the cropping systems Integrate Integrate
““functionalitiesfunctionalities””((ecological engineeringecological engineering))
Work toward agroWork toward agro--chemicals reductionchemicals reduction
in order to &
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Conclusion
Parallel between DMC Creation and DMC Adoption sequences
STAGE 1 STAGE 2 STAGE 3
CR
EA
TIO
NA
DO
PTIO
N
BioBio--pump scpump scWeak & uncertain C inputWeak & uncertain C inputSimple managementSimple management
BioBio--pump pump lclcHigh & secured C inputHigh & secured C inputWeak diversity in the rotationWeak diversity in the rotationSimple managementSimple management
Mix annual sp.Mix annual sp.High & secured C inputHigh & secured C inputEcological Ecological engeneeringengeneeringAgroAgro--chemical reductionchemical reduction
Year 1Year 1 Year 2 to # 5Year 2 to # 5 Year 6 Year 6 ……
Transition to No TillageTransition to No Tillage
Entrance in DMCEntrance in DMCSimple management (learning)Simple management (learning)Rapid improvement of soilRapid improvement of soil’’s s condition (weeds, physical, condition (weeds, physical, chemchem))
DMC farmerDMC farmerDiversified & flexible Diversified & flexible managementmanagementHigh quality product in fully High quality product in fully protected environmentprotected environment
Limited choice of technical proposal to farmers
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Thank you for your attention
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