five years progress on waste management of fukushima

Nuclear Damage Compensation and Decommissioning Facilitation Corporation

©Nuclear Damage Compensation and Decommissioning Facilitation Corporation

Five Years Progress on Waste Management

of Fukushima-Daiichi Nuclear Accident

Shigeo NOMURA, Kazuyuki KATOH, Kenta OKANO

Nuclear Damage Compensation &

Decommissioning Facilitation Corporation (NDF), Japan

IAEA International Conference on the

Safety of Radioactive Waste Management

25 November 2016

Post-Accident Waste Management: Lessons Learned and Preparedness

1

Off-Site Activities of

Decontamination & Storage of Specified Waste

2

N

Ratio of 110mAg/137Cs

137Cs Inventory (MBq/m2)

0.011-

0.0080-0.011

0.0060-0.0080

0.0040-0.0060

0.0023-0.0040

0.0012-0.0023

-0.0012

30 10.1

10

30 km

15 km

Analysis of Released Radioactivity

1) UNSCEAR (2008), 2) Chino et al. (2011,2013), 3) Steinhauser et al. (2014)

No.1 Unit Yomiuri Press, March 13

Released Radioactivity

Nuclide Half-life Chernobyl1)

PBq

1F2)3)

PBq

Xe-133 5.25 h 6,500 14,000

I-131 8.03 d 1,760 150

I-133 20.8 h 910 146

Cs-134 2.07 y 47 11.8

Cs-137 30.1 y 85 12

Suggest independent three source terms divided by 110mAg/137Cs ratio Y. Satou et al. (Tsukuba University) European Geochemical Union General Assembly 2014

3

Long-term Predictions funded by NRA

S. Kinase et al, JAEA

Elapsed time from March 15, 2011 [y]

Am

bie

nt

dose

rate

[norm

alized]

0.005

0.01

0.1

1

0.1 1 5 10 30

Restricted residence area, other than forest

Physical decay of Cs

1/5

2/5

1/20

Long-Term Decay of Wide Spread of Cs & Lift of Evacuation Order

Nov. 2015

30 years later1)

Nov. 2011

Monitoring of radiation annual dose rate (mSv/y)

20km

>150 150~100

100~50 50~20 20~10 10~ 5

5~1 < 1

Lifted April, 2014

Lifted Oct, 2014/ June,2016

Lifted June,2016

Will be lifted March, 2017

Lifted Sep,2015

Lifted July, 2016

Completed Residential areas completed

Areas anticipated that residents will face difficulties in returning for a long time.

Implementing

As of end of September, 2016, MoE

1F

include Decontamination works & Weathering effects

Status of Special Decontamination Area

Evacuation order lifted

Decontamination status

Special Decontamination Area

4

30

20

10

0

Sp

ecif

ied

Wa

stes

(x

1,0

00

t, >

8,0

00

Bq

/kg

)

5 10 15

Elapsed year

Estimate of radioactive decay effect for specified waste in 5 prefectures

Physical decay

Cs137 & Cs134 (1:1)

Cs137

1F

500m

Futaba 5 km2

Ohkuma 11 km2

Interim Storage Facilities 16~22 Mm3 in Fukushima

Receive & Classify, Burn

Soil Storage Facility > 8 kBq/kg

Waste Storage Facility Cs > 100 kBq/kg

Image

Enter Construction phase, November, 2016

Management of Off Site Specified Wastes classified above 8,000 Bq/kg

Total amount 175,000 t registered in 12 prefectures, as of June, 2016

5.5

5

On-Site 1F Decommissioning Project

6

Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3 Unit 4

Maintain Stable Cooling Conditions and Prepare SF Retrieval

March 2011

Source： TEPCO website and photo archive

7

Clearing Rubbles with Full Remote Technology

by TEPCO & KAJIMA for SF Retrieval of Unit 3

Install cover & remote fuel handling system

Mockup test of building cover Install rad. shielding

Operation floor damaged by hydrogen explosion

Clearing off high dose rubbles Removal of large rubbles fallen down into the pool

2015

2016 2016

Sep 2011~Nov 2013

2017

8

Groundwater drain

Subdrain

Progress of Contaminated Water Management Remove source, Prevent leakage, Isolate source

Sea-side impermeable wall, completed Feb. 2016

Groundwater bypass

Seawater piping trench

Contaminated water purification ALPS


Secondary wastes ;absorbent, column, sludge etc.

Frozen wall

Refrigerant pipe for frozen soil wall

Box culvert for HIC

Rack & Box culvert for Cs absorption apparatus

9

Benign Environment Impact and Improved Working Conditions

realized by Facility Shielding and on-site Cleanup

Resulting huge amount of Low & Medium level Wastes

Movement with general workwear

Concrete facing of ground

Prepare new system

Achieve 5μSv/h


On-Site Map of Dose Rate at ground level, Oct., 2016

dose rate (μSv/h)

10

【雑固体廃棄物焼却設備】 2系統,7.2t/day/line

Safe Store

Temporary storage of used clothing

Combustible wastes

Incineration of Combustible Waste and

Safe Storage of Piled Raw Wastes

Pilled logs & rubbles

outdoor

Incinerate

indoor


11

[Before]

[After]

Forecast of Rubble Storage before/after additional Measures

▼Start incineration of used clothing

Not included wastes from debris

& demolition of RB/TB

Outdoor temporary storage volume

0

60

20

0

20

40

60

40

80

0

20

10

Sto

rage

Volu

me

(x10,0

00 m

3)

Felled trees

Used clothing

≧30mSv/h 1~30mSv/h 0.1~1mSv/h

0.005~0.1mSv/h

< 0.005mSv/h

Contaminated soil

▼2020 Start operation of volume reduction

2019 Start incineration of felled trees & clothing

▼2017 Complete No9 building

▼2020~ Stepwise construction

Source： TEPCO

12


Mid & Long-term Roadmap and Technical Strategic Plan

For plant stabilization

Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3

Nov. 2013

Dec. 2011

Dec. 2021

Cold shutdown

Start SF removal from RB pool

Identify debris retrieval Methods / Start debris removal

Decommissioning

Government Roadmap 2015 30~40 years in the future

1F project entered from ‘Emergency Response Stage’ to ‘Planned Controllable

Stage’.

2016

Strategic Plan by NDF, Japan

Risk reduction strategy for mid & long-term on-site decommissioning.

Approach to conduct activities, make decisions and set priority in achieving goals.

Key milestone on radioactive waste management is also proposed;

- Basic concept of processing & disposal for solid waste will be compiled in FY2017

-Prospects of processing & disposal method and technology related its safety is made clear by around FY2021.

13


Under sufficient safety

management

Category I

Category II

Fuels in SFPs

Fuel debris

Contaminated water in bldgs

Tentatively stored solid waste

Waste sludge

PCV internal

structures Waste

adsorption columns

Fuels in common

pool

Solid waste in

storehouse

Concentrated liquid waste

HIC slurry

Fuel in dry casks

Safety Management (log scale)

Haza

rd P

ote

nti

al

(lo

g s

cale

)

Decommissioning as Mid- & Long-Term Risk Reduction NDF Strategic Plan 2016

Risks in category I & II should be reduced preferentially to the engineered safe

conditions, realizing stable storage including “Solid wastes”

14


Five guiding principles; Safe, Proven, Efficient, Timely & Field oriented

Safe stable storage Reduce existing wastes, minimize secondary waste generation

Evaluate mid-term storage plan periodically

Stabilize stored wastes Processing & Disposal for Low & Intermediate level Wastes

Characterize typical wastes Build analytical capability, analyze samples, and evaluate inventory

Investigate waste stream for processing and disposal

Formulate safe & feasible processing and disposal concepts

Develop key technical issues, especially waste immobilization; integrity container, dehydration, cementation, vitrification, etc.

Develop solutions for final disposal of solid waste not included the existing categories.

Develop Waste Management related to Fuel Debris Retrieval

Strategy on 1F Waste Management 15


Investigation on Debris of Damaged Cores Lessons learnt from TMI, Chernobyl, Windscale & Severe Accident Programs

Doug Akers:TMI Knowledge Management System, NRC 2016

TMI 133t (UO2 94t) Chernobyl 500m3

(UO2 ~200t)

Windscale 16.3 t

ANL CCI test

Stub-shaped fuel

Debris from MCCI

Granular solidified

debris

Solid elephant

foot debris

Volcano-like debris

Agglomerated debris

S. Bozhko: NDF side event, IAEA GC 2016

MT.Cross:UKAEA/NUKEM WS 2007

C.Journeau & P.Piluso ; Comprehensive Nucl. Material 2012

Melted core composed with mixing of soft metals, loose debris, U-Zr hard ceramics,

MCCI etc. are different depending on reactor type and accident progression.

1F debris of 880t is estimated by severe accident code. (NDF Strategic Plan 2016)

16


JAEA Radioactive Material

Analysis & Research Facility

Domestic and International Collaborations

JAEA Collaboration Laboratories for

Advanced Decommissioning Science

(CLADS)

Administration building

Building No.1 for lower level wastes

Building No.2 for higher level materials

Analytical Capacity Buildings by JAEA

R&D Fundamentals & Applications for Decommissioning

Development & Securing of Sustainable Human Resources

Global collaborations are requested for 1F decommissioning

with JAEA, IRID, Domestic & International organizations & companies

17


A huge amount of off-site specified waste is planned to be managed by constructing and operating interim storage facilities. However, there still needs a lot of initiatives to recover the 1F nuclear accident.

On-site management of solid waste generated by the accident should be sustained as long-term key activities, such as safe storage, characterization, processing and disposal of various wastes.

Effective collaborations among NDF, TEPCO, IRID, JAEA, other domestic and international organizations and companies are strongly requested to tackle challenging projects on 1F decommissioning.

Conclusions 18

Appendix


Advice/

Guidance

Present

key issues

Policy making & progress management

• Approve the Roadmap

• Carry out progress management of urgent issues

such as contaminated water management

Japanese Government

R&D organizations

- International Research Institute for

Nuclear Decommissioning (IRID)

- Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA)

Implementation of decommissioning work

•Remove fuels from spent fuel pools

•Manage contaminated water

(installation of additional tanks, water purification, rainwater management)

•Store/manage rubbles, wastes, etc.

•Ensure safety/quality, improve work environment, etc.

TEPCO (D&D Engineering Company)

Nuclear Regulation Authority (NRA)

Formulation of strategy & provision of technical support 1. Develop a mid- and long-term strategy

2. Provide technical support for key issues

3. Carry out R&D planning and progress management

4. Reinforce international cooperation

NDF

Report

Issue

project grant

Share progress and issues

Progress

management

Report

Report

Report/ Submit

action plan

Supervise/

review

Relevant Organizations involved in Fukushima Daiichi Plant Decommissioning & Contaminated Water Management

Muon-tomography indicates Wide Relocation of Melted Fuel of Unit 2

(m)

five years progress on waste management of fukushima

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