flax agronomy and products - · pdf fileflax agronomy and products 1 p. baraniecki, ......

Summer School, Lisbon, 26-31 July 2014 “Lignocellulosic Crops as Feedstock for Future

Biorefineries”

Flax

Agronomy and Products

1

P. Baraniecki, K. Heller Institute of Natural Fibres & Medicinal Plants, Poznań, Poland

Linum usitatissimum L.

"ussitatus" – useful

"ussitatissimus" – most useful

Integrated method of fibre flax growing CULTIVARS (acc. M. Pavelek 2012)

3

• Resistance to pathogen complex: 8 p.

• Resistance to abiotic stresses (drought,

high temp.): 5-6 p.

• Middle vegetation period;

• Yielding potential of unretted stem – 7-8 t.

ha-1;

• Yielding potential of seeds – 1.10-1.30t.ha-1

• Long fibre content potential – 22-25 %

• Total fibre content potential – 39-41 %

• Long fibre yielding potential reached In

trials: 1,25-1,40 t.ha-1;

• Total fibre yielding potential reached in

trials: 2,50-3,50 t.ha-1

• earliness (cold tolerance)

Currently registred in UE:

73 fibre flax cultivars

77 linseed cultivars

Summer School, Lisbon, 26-31 July 2014

Cultivar

The effect of forecrop on fibre flax yield (1967-2012) average

from 312 field trials

6,28

56,31

7,88

66,45

9,57

68,2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

potato sugar beet winter wheat

Yield of seed (dT/ha)

Yield of deseeded straw (dT/ha)

Place in crop rotation

- tollerant, the best for flax are cereals crops

- flax after flax – not acceptable

- good results after newly cultivated land

(meadow)

Forecrop


Fertile, medium-heavy soil, particularly humus sandy clay soils,

in good culture, that create no crust, and with regulated

water/soil/air ratio 5

Soil requirements


Liebig's Law states that

growth only occurs at the

rate permitted by the most

limiting factor

In EU region the most

limiting factor effected on

flax yields very often is the

weather conditions

(precipitations)

Water availability


//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Minimum-Tonne.svg

Resistance to drought


Water availability

Wheather conditions

8

Fibre flax should be grown in area where the

annual precipitation is at least 600-650 mm,

and where at least 110-150 mm of rainfalls in

the vegetation period

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Dry years

<100 mm

Medium humid

years (100-

300 mm)

Humid years

<300 mm

Very cold years (<13,6 C)

Cold years (13,6-15,4 C)

Medium warm years (15,5-

17,2 C)

Warm years >17,2 C


Kick-off meeting, Bologna 9

Fertilization


N:P:K ratio

1:2:3

DOSES:

30-40 kg N

60-80 kg P

90-120 kg K

Flax takes more Mg than Ca

SPLIT DOSES:

60% before sowing

20% in a fast growth stage

Sowing time

7,92

63,62

6,83

56,52

6,2

52,6

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

before 20th

April

20th April-1st

May

after 1st May


Yield of deseeded straw

(dT/ha)

sowing time – soil temp. 7-8 oC a few days after oats

sowing – when marsh-marigold (Caltha palustris L.) is

flowering Summer School, Lisbon, 26-31 July 2014

The effect of sowing time on fibre flax yield (1967-2012)

average from 312 field trials

0,0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1,0

Lin

ear m

ass

[tex

]

2200 2800 2200 2800 2200 2800 2200 2700

Artemida (PL) Modran (PL) Hermes (F) Agata (NL)

■ ■ ■ ■ BBCH 65

■ ■ ■ ■ BBCH 75

■ ■ ■ ■ BBCH 83


Sowing method and harvest date

sowing density – 24 –26 mln seeds per 1 ha which

accounts to 120-130 kg/ha

depth of planting - 2 cm

High plant population density gives high stem yields

and fibre quality, suppresing stem branching

The effect of the level of weed infestation on fibre flax yield

(1967-2001) average from 301 field trials

7,64

65,38

7,08

55,58

6,31

50,4

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Weed mass

<1 T/ha

Weed mass

1-3 T/ha

Weed mass

>3 T/ha


Yield of deseeded straw(dT/ha)


Plant protection

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Soil herbicides (applied directly after sowing of flax BBCH 00):

Linuron or mixture of Linuron and Lenacil.

When flax is 6-12 cm tall (herring bone stage BBCH 12-14):

Dicot weeds: MCPA, bentazon, chlorosulfuron, tifensulfuron methyl,

amidosulfuron, sulkotrion, bromoxynil, metsulfuron methyl,

flupyrsulfuron methyl, linuron + chlorosulfuron and chlopyralid.

Weed control


Monocot weeds: asulam, fluazyfop-P-buthyl, haloksyfop-R,

dichlofop-methyl, chizalofop-P-etyhl, trialat, TCA-Na, chletodym,

cykloksydym, EPTC, fenoksaprop-P ethyl and other

14

Disease control

Fusarium wilt (fungi of Fusarium genus).

Preventive measures (6-7 year brake in

cultivation, resistant cultivars, avoid high N,

early sowing; Seed dressing: Oxafun T,

Baytan 17,5 DS., Polyran combi, Rovlar 50

WP


Anthracnose (Colletotrichum linii) - supported by moist environment, acidic

reaction of the soil, late and dense sowing. Preventive measures (5 year brake in

cultivation, high P & K; Seed dressing: Oxafun T, Baytan 17,5 DS., Polyran combi,

Rovlar 50 WP

15

Anthracnose (Colletotrichum linii) - supported by moist environment, acidic reaction

of the soil, late and dense sowing. Preventive measures (5 year brake in cultivation,

high P & K; Seed dressing: Oxafun T, Baytan 17,5 DS., Polyran combi, Rovlar 50 WP

Polysporiosis (Polispora linii). Preventive measures destruction of

post-harvest matter of infected flax, cultivation of resistant cultivars (Nike, Belinka),

spatial insulation of flax grown on several fields. Spraying: Bayleton 25 WP, Calixin,

Saprol.

Risoctoniosis (Rhizoktonia solani). occurs mainly on sandy soils were tillage was

done in a wrong way, with acidic pH and late and too deep sowing.

Flax pasmo (Septoria linicola). Quarantine disease, seeds cannot be removed from

infected farm without permission, the organic matter left after processing and left in the

field must be burnt. Infected seeds cannot be used for sowing.

Disease control


16

Pest control

Flee beetles (Longitarsus parvulus & Aphtona

euphorbiae). Biggest losses in the initial

vegetation of flax (before plants reach 5 cm in

height). Karate 025 EC (beetle population

>5-10 beetles/m2).

Flax thrips (Trips linarius). Attacks at the stage

of fast growth. Karate 025 EC (beetle

population > 2 insects/on 10 flax plants)


Advantages natural vegetable fibres

• Renewability!!!

• Low density

• Lower price of polymer composites reinforced with natural

fibres than those reinforced with glass fibre

• Natural vegetable fibres can be used for the reinforcement of

natural polymers such as starch, lignin, hemicellulose and

india-rubber which makes possible to obtain 100%

biodegradable material,

• When burnt, natural fibre-containing polymers produce less

CO2, CO and toxic gases

• Properties comparable to those of materials reinforced with

glass fibre,

• Better elasticity of polymer composites reinforced with natural

fibres


Flax fibre - advantages

17

The application of vegetable fibres has, however, some

limitations:

• Quality and production efficiency depend on natural conditions!!!

• Preparation of fibre is time- and labor-consuming

• Changes in properties and dimensions of polymer composites

reinforced with natural fibres depend on inherent physical

properties of the latter

• They require large areas for cultivation, if big amounts of raw

material is required

• Low density of natural vegetable fibres can be disadvantageous

during processing application (fibres tend to emerge on the

surface)

• Level of understanding which are the best properties of fibre

intended for using in composites and how to modify them is still

unsatisfactionary


18

Flax fibre - advantages

Non-deseeded raw straw Biomass for bio-fuel

Deseeded raw straw Seeds

Dew-retted straw Shives & dust

Technical fiber Short fiber

scutched tows

Short fiber

matted tows

Special carded yarn

Weaving Carded yarn

Bedlinen fabrics

Decorative

fabrics

Cottonized fiber

Special carded yarn

Weaving carded yarn

Ropes

Long scutched fiber Special carded yarn Cleaning material

Combing waste fiber

Carded yarn

Bedding material Insulating matarial

Paper production

Felts

Threads

Technical and

decorative fabrics

Nets and others Ropes

Long combed

fiber Special combed yarn

Spinning waste material

Weaving carded yarn

Paper production

Bedding material

Nonwovens

Nets and other

Sowing seed

19

Source: Project 4F CROPS, http://www.4fcrops.eu/pdf/intranet-wp2/D6_TASK2.3_inf.pdf

Country 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Czech Rep. 4318 2736 824 156 145 13/4000 n/a 1/1700

France 81508 76497 75523 67688 56637 54679 60828 67760

Belgium 18670 16354 14630 12230 10350 11377 11555 11500

Lithuania 3599 1057 950 247 34 12/448 61/494 8/337

Latvia 2072 1420 220 356 39 n/a

Netherlands 4691 4366 3458 2572 2086 1900 2075 2030

Poland 6843 4225 2056 1991 547 500 400/600 500

Total EU 84070 69868 73029

Ukraine 25530 16164 12000 5760 2275 1280 1790 2184

Russia 95450 86000 75000 81000 70000 46800 52400 55000

Belarus 78500 75200 78500 78000 69000 58005 68400 63200


Products – cultvation area

20

Country

Straw yield

[t/ha]

Seed yield

[t/ha]

Long fiber

yield [t/ha]

Short fiber

yield [t/ha]

Belgium 4.99 0.93 1.13 0.55

Czech Rep. 3.11 0.51 0.41 0.51

Estonia 0.89 0.9 n/a n/a

France 7.05 0.47 1.46 0.90

Lithuania 3.15 0.39 0.33 0.50

Netherlands 5.01 0.80 1.04 0.66

Poland 4.43 0.70 0.73 0.41

Source: Project 4F CROPS, http://www.4fcrops.eu/pdf/intranet-wp2/D6_TASK2.3_inf.pdf


Products - yields

21

Well developed

fibre bundles


Products

22

Fibre Diameter [μm]

Spider Silk (Araneus diadematus) 2 – 8

Silk (Bombyx mori ) 10 – 25

Flax (Linum usitatissimum) 15 – 22

Hemp (Cannabis sativa) 17 – 24

Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) 13 – 20

Nettle (Utrica dioica) 18 – 20

Sisal (Agave sisalana) 15 – 30

Jute (Corchorus capsularis) 15 – 35

Wool (Ovis aries) 20 – 30

Summer School, Lisbon, 26-31 July 2014 23

Products

Crop Fat Protein Carbohydrates Ash Digestible fibre

Hemp 25-38 25 25 5.5 5,5

Flax 41 20 na 3.4 28

Kenaf 20 20 na 6.1 25

Chemical compositon of seed [%]


Products - seed

Squalen

Mucilage

Phytoestrogens (lignans)

24

Fatty acid Composition Content [%]

Myristinic C 14:0 0.1

Palmitinic C 16:0 5.0

Palmitoleic C 16:1 c7 0.1

Margaric C 17:0 0.1

Stearinic C 18:0 4.3

Oleic C 18:1 c9 20.7

Octadecenic C 18:1 0.6

Linoleic C 18:2 6 17.5 !

Linolenic C 18:3 3 50.9 !

Arachidic C 20:0 0.2

Eicosenic C 20:1 0.2

Eicosadienoic C 20:2 0.2

Docosanoic C 22:0 0.1

Composition of fatty acids in fresh linseed oil


Products - oil

25

Agriculture raw materials

STRAW FIBRE

Primary industrial

raw materials Secondary industrial

raw materials

Non-deseeded

straw

Deseeded

straw

Seeds

Chaffs

Biomass/biofuel

Biomass/biofuel

Pulp & paper

Sowing material,

Agro–fine-chemicals

Animal feed

Edible oil

Food

(Para)pharmaceuticals

Cosmetics

(Para)pharmaceuticals

Agro–fine-chemicals

Fiber-based

products

Chemical

products

Composite

products

Energy

products


Products Products

26

Fiber-based

products

Chemical

products

Composite

products Energy

products

Long scutched fibre Short &

Homomorphic fibre Long hackled fibre

• Carded yarn

• Technical fabrics

• Garments

• Decorative fabrics

• Cordage

• Composite materials

Hydraulic sealing

100% natural yarn

• Woven and knitted fabrics

• Garments

• Table cloth

• Bedlinen

• Decorative fabrics

• Composite materials

END PRODUCTS

Composite materials Hygiene products

Primary industrial

raw materials

Retted straw

Nonwoven


Products

27

Textiles - Garments


Products

28

29

Flaxseed


Products

Primary industrial

raw materials

Unretted straw

Decorticated fibre

Nonwoven

Insulation Composite

materials

Pulp & paper

Cordage

END PRODUCTS

Fiber-based

products

Chemical

products Composite

products Energy

products


Products

30

DISINFECTION MATS

Textiles – Non Garments


Products

31

Fiber-based

products

Chemical

products

Composite

products

Energy

products

Secondary industrial

raw materials

Shive

Insulation Particleboard Solid biofuel Composite materials

Substrate for

mushrooms

Construction

material

Animal

bedding Pulp & paper

Furfural Pectin Hemicellulose

Plant substrate


Products

32

Fibrous flax contains 25-30% of fibre, holding about 70% of celulose

Pulp and paper


Products

33

Applications

for Flax short

fibres

Flax


Products

34

German Automotive Industry – ca. 30.000 t

Natural Fibre Composites (2005)


Products

35

Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants

ul. Wojska Polskiego 71 b

60-630 Poznan

POLAND

Tel: (+ 48 61) 845 58 21

e-mail: [email protected]

www. iwnirz.pl

Thank you for your attention!!!

36

flax agronomy and products - · pdf fileflax agronomy and products 1 p. baraniecki, ......

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