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NATIONAL EDITION FOR GRADES 3, 4 & 5 MARCH 2015 www.classroomready.com © 2015 Classroom Ready. All rights reserved. Science News AIRPLANES OCEANS OF THE WORLD Contents Seals 1 Questions 3 Pinnipeds 4 Oceans Of The World 6 Questions 8 The Five Oceans 9 Airplanes 11 Questions 13 The Forces Of Flight 14 Answer Key 16 SEALS

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Page 1: fl˛˝˙fl ˝˛˝˙fl Science ews ˚ ˇ€¦ · common mammals you are likely to see near coastlines around the world . Seals are furry animals with flippers instead of arms and legs

NATIONAL EdITION

FOR GRADES 3, 4 & 5

MArch 2015

www.classroomready.com

© 2015 Classroom Ready. All rights reserved.

Science News

AirplAnes

Oceans Of The WOrld

ContentsSeals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Pinnipeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4Oceans Of The World . . . . . . . 6 Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 The Five Oceans . . . . . . . . 9Airplanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 The Forces Of Flight . . . .14Answer Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16

SealS

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SealS

Imagine paddling a canoe or kayak in the salty water near Vancouver or the coast of Newfoundland . Suddenly, you see a dark, wet head popping up near you in the water . It is a seal, one of the most

common mammals you are likely to see near coastlines around the world .

Seals are furry animals with flippers instead of arms and legs . They are closely related to walruses and sea lions. They range in size from the Galapagos fur seal (1 .5 metres long and weighing 65 kilograms) to the southern elephant seal (five metres long and weighing 4,000 kilograms) . Many kinds of seals live in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic oceans around Canada’s coasts . They include harbour seals, grey seals, northern fur seals, and harp seals .

Like other semiaquatic mammals, seals live partly on land and partly in water . Mothers give birth to their babies on land or on icebergs and then feed them milk that can be up to 50 percent fat . This helps the pups to build up the layer of blubber that they need to survive in cold water . At about three to six weeks old, seal pups start eating adult food. Their most common diet is fish, but they also eat squid, birds, octopus, lobster, and other sea creatures . Leopard seals will even eat penguins and other seals .

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Kayak: A covered, narrow boat in which you sit and move through water by paddling .Flipper: One of the broad, flat limbs of a sea creature, such as a seal or a dolphin, that help it swim .Sea lion: A large member of the seal family found mostly in the Pacific Ocean. It has ears that stick out and large flippers.Semiaquatic: Living partly on land and partly in water .Blubber: The fat under the skin of a whale or seal .

Seals are great swimmers, using their front flippers for speed and their back flippers for steering. This makes them very skilled hunters, which is especially useful for those seals that eat four or five kilograms of food every day. Seals can stay in the water for weeks if necessary . They often dive 300 metres down to look for food and some types can even dive to 900 metres or more . Seals have many skills that help them to survive and thrive .

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1 . What is one of the most common mammals you are likely to see near

coastlines around the world?

2 . Seals are furry animals with instead of arms and legs .

3 . Seals range in size from the seal to

the seal .

4. What are some of the seals that live in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic oceans around Canada’s coasts?

5 . Like other semiaquatic mammals, seals live partly on

and partly in .

6 . Mothers feed their babies milk that can be up to 50 percent fat to help

the pups to build up the layer of that they

need to survive in cold water .

7 . What is the most common diet of seals?

8 . Seals are great , using their front flippers for speed and their back flippers for steering.

SealS QUeSTIONS

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PinnipedsThe word “pinniped” means fin-footed or flipper-footed. It refers to the marine mammals that have front and rear flippers. This group includes seals, sea lions, and walruses . These animals live in the ocean but are able to come on land for long periods of time .

There are many different kinds of seals, but you can always recognize them by looking at their ears and flippers. Seals have ear holes but no external ear flaps. They also have small front flippers and move on land by flopping along on their bellies. At sea, they move their rear flippers back and forth like a fish’s tail to propel them through the water.

Example: Harbor seals have spotted fur and tend to stay near shore . Males and females are about the same size, reaching a maximum of 140 kilograms .

You can recognize sea lions by their flippers and ears. They have external ear flaps. Their front flippers are large, and on land they are able to bring all four flippers underneath their bodies and walk on them. In the water, they swim using their front flippers like oars.

Example: California sea lions have brown fur, act playful, like to stay together in large groups, and sound like barking dogs . Males can weigh up to 360 kilograms, while females may weigh up to 100 kilograms .

Walruses have a combination of the traits found in seals and sea lions . Like seals, they have no external ears, but, like sea lions, they can rotate their hind flippers forward. Both males and females have tusks and vacuum-like mouths for sucking up shellfish from the ocean floor. They have air sacs in their neck that can inflate to allow them to float as if they were wearing

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life preservers. They have a bell-like call. Male walruses can weigh over 1,360 kilograms. They live in the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, in the arctic region .

Use the descriptions above to label the images below .

A .

B.

C .

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Imagine taking a million large milk jugs and filling them with water. Even then, you would still have only a small portion of the amount of water that is in the world’s oceans. The world’s five oceans contain

almost all of the water on Earth and cover more space than all of the land on Earth .

On a map, it looks like Earth has one big ocean, but there are actually five. The biggest one is the Pacific Ocean, between Canada and Asia. The Atlantic Ocean is between Canada and Europe, and the Arctic Ocean is near the North Pole . The Southern Ocean is by Antarctica near the South Pole, and the Indian Ocean is by southern Asia .

Oceans vary in many ways . For example, some are relatively warm and others are icy cold . However, they all have something in common . All of them are filled with salt water. The oceans have over one billion cubic kilometres of salt water in them, which is about 97 percent of all the water in the world . Oceans cover more than 71 percent of Earth’s surface .

Do you know what is underneath all of that water?

Oceans Of The WOrld

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Portion: A part or piece of something .Relatively: Compared with others .Cubic: Three dimensional; having the form of a cube .

You might think that the ocean floor would be smooth like a swimming pool, but it has mountains, ridges, and deep valleys . One group of underwater mountains, the mid-Atlantic Ridge, is longer than any other mountain range on Earth .

All of these mountains and valleys affect the depth of the water in the oceans . The average depth is 3,650 metres, but some parts are shallower and some are deeper .

The deepest ocean area is the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean, near the Philippines . At its lowest point, the Mariana Trench is almost 11,000 metres deep . The world’s oceans contain some amazing things, and they are worth studying .

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1 . How many oceans are there in the world?

2 . The oceans contain almost all of the on Earth .

3 . What is the biggest ocean?

4 . The Ocean is between Canada and Europe .

5 . What is one thing that all of the oceans have in common?

6 . How much water is in the oceans?

7 . The average depth of the oceans is metres, but some parts are shallower and some are deeper .

8 . What is the deepest ocean area?

Oceans Of The WOrldQUesTIOns

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The Five OceansOn the map on the following page, label each of five oceans. Use the clues below to help you .

• The Atlantic Ocean lies between North America and Europe .

• The Arctic Ocean is near the North Pole .

• The Indian Ocean is between Africa and Australia .

• The Pacific Ocean is between the west coast of North and South America and the east coast of Asia and Australia .

• The Southern Ocean is near Antarctica .

Use the map to answer the following questions .

1 . Which ocean is east of Africa?

2 . North America is between which two oceans?

3 . Which three continents border the Arctic Ocean?

4 . Which ocean is the largest?

5 . Which oceans surround Australia?

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Many people enjoy making paper airplanes to see which ones fly the farthest and best. Making a real airplane fly is much more complicated than one made out of paper, but the basic

idea is similar. All planes fly by balancing the power that they use with the upward and downward pressures in the air .

When you fly a paper airplane, you throw it to get it started. The correct shape of wing will catch the air and move the plane forward so that it can stay up . Until something slows it down and makes it fall, the plane will keep on flying.

Real airplanes work using the same idea. Four basic forces affect airplane flight: lift, weight, thrust, and drag . Many early airplanes had two or three sets of wings, but now almost all of them have only one set . Lift comes from the wings, which are set at an angle to catch upward air movements . Flaps that open up at takeoff also help with raising the airplane .

Weight depends on light materials like aluminum that manufacturers use when they build airplanes . Thrust comes from the plane’s engines . Thin wings and sleek airplane designs help reduce drag from air pushing back on the plane .

AirplAnes

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Complicated: Difficult to use or understand.Pressure: The force produced by pressing on something .Thrust: The forward force produced by the engine of a jet or rocket .Drag: The slowing force that acts on something moving through a fluid (such as air) in the direction opposite to the one in which the object is moving .

People disagree about exactly what keeps planes up in the air . Some scientists think that low-pressure, slow-moving air beneath the wings lifts the planes up while the faster-moving air above the wings pushes down. Others think that the angle of the wings helps create lift by pushing down on the air underneath .

Whatever keeps airplanes in the air, they can fly long distances with lots of people and luggage inside. When the four basic elements of flight work together well, airplanes can be a good method of travel . As researchers work on new designs, flying by airplane might become even better.

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1. All planes fly by balancing the power that they use with the

and pressures in the air .

2. What are the four basic forces that affect airplane flight?

3 . comes from the wings, which are set at an angle to catch upward air movements .

4 . Weight depends on light materials like that manufacturers use when they build airplanes .

5 . Which force comes from the plane’s engines?

6 . Thin wings and sleek airplane designs help reduce from air pushing back on the plane .

7. Some scientists think that low-pressure, slow-moving air beneath the

wings lifts the planes while the faster-moving air

above the wings pushes .

8. When the four basic elements of flight work together well, airplanes can

be a good method of .

AirplAnesQUesTiOns

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There are four forces that affect things that fly.

1 . Weight is the force of gravity . It acts in a downward direction .

2 . Lift is the force that acts at a right angle to the direction of motion through the air . Lift is created by differences in air pressure .

3 . Thrust is the force that propels a flying machine in the direction of motion . Engines produce thrust .

4 . Drag is the force that acts opposite to the direction of motion . Drag is caused by friction and differences in air pressure .

When an airplane flies, the wing is designed to provide enough lift to overcome the airplane’s weight, while the engine provides enough thrust to overcome drag and move the airplane forward .

When an airplane is flying straight and level at a constant speed, the lift it produces balances its weight, and the thrust it produces balances its drag . However, this balance of forces changes as the airplane rises and descends, as it speeds up and slows down, and as it turns .

Increasing the weight of an aircraft affects the amount of lift needed . In turn, a larger wing would provide more lift, but that would increase the amount of drag and therefore increase the amount of thrust needed . The forces of flight are connected, and a change in one affects the others .

The Forces Of Flight

What is a force?

A force is a push or a pull that causes an object to change speed, direction, or shape . A force has both magnitude (size) and direction .

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For each of the following images, the arrow represents a force that is acting on the airplane . Determine which force the arrow represents in each image .

1 .

4 . 3 .

2 .

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Answer KeySealS1 . What is one of the most common mammals you are likely to see near

coastlines around the world? A seal2 . Seals are furry animals with flippers instead of arms and legs .3 . Seals range in size from the Galapagos fur seal to the southern

elephant seal .4. What are some of the seals that live in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic oceans

around Canada’s coasts? Harbour seals, grey seals, northern fur seals, and harp seals

5 . Like other semiaquatic mammals, seals live partly on land and partly in water .

6 . Mothers feed their babies milk that can be up to 50 percent fat to help the pups to build up the layer of blubber that they need to survive in cold water .

7 . What is the most common diet of seals? Fish8 . Seals are great swimmers, using their front flippers for speed and their

back flippers for steering.

PinnipedsA . Sea LionB. WalrusC . Seal

Oceans Of The WOrld1 . How many oceans are there in the world? Five2 . The oceans contain almost all of the water on Earth .3 . What is the biggest ocean? The Pacific Ocean, between Canada

and Asia

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4 . The Atlantic Ocean is between Canada and Europe .5 . What is one thing that all of the oceans have in common? All of them

are filled with salt water.6 . How much water is in the oceans? Over one billion cubic

kilometres7 . The average depth of the oceans is 3,650 metres, but some parts are

shallower and some are deeper .8 . What is the deepest ocean area? The Mariana Trench in the

Pacific Ocean

The Five Oceans

1 . Which ocean is east of Africa? Indian Ocean2 . North America is between which two oceans? Atlantic Ocean and

Pacific Ocean3 . Which three continents border the Arctic Ocean? North America,

Asia, and Europe4 . Which ocean is the largest? Pacific Ocean5 . Which oceans surround Australia? Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean

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AirplAnes1. All planes fly by balancing the power that they use with the upward and

downward pressures in the air .2. What are the four basic forces that affect airplane flight? Lift, weight,

thrust, and drag3 . Lift comes from the wings, which are set at an angle to catch upward air

movements .4 . Weight depends on light materials like aluminum that manufacturers use

when they build airplanes .5 . Which force comes from the plane’s engines? Thrust6 . Thin wings and sleek airplane designs help reduce drag from air pushing

back on the plane .7. Some scientists think that low-pressure, slow-moving air beneath the wings lifts

the planes up while the faster-moving air above the wings pushes down .8. When the four basic elements of flight work together well, airplanes can be a

good method of travel .

The Forces Of Flight1 . Drag2 . Lift3 . Weight4 . Thrust