flight biomimicry · flight biomimicry otto lilienthal – late 19th century – experimented...
TRANSCRIPT
-
FLIGHT BIOMIMICRY
-
FLIGHT BIOMIMICRY
Flight evolved in:– Insects–Dinosaurs• Birds
–Mammals–Reptiles– Fishes– Seeds
-
FLIGHT BIOMIMICRY
Insects– Bees, Wasps, Hornets etc.– Beetles– Butterflies,Moths–Dragonflies– Fleas– Flies, Fruit, House, etc.
-
FLIGHT BIOMIMICRY
Dinosaurs– Skin Wings• Pterosaurs
– Feathers• Archaeopteryx• Birds
-
FLIGHT BIOMIMICRY
-
FLIGHT BIOMIMICRY
Mammals– Propelled• Bats•Humans
– Unpropelled• Lemurs• Possums• Squirrels
-
FLIGHT BIOMIMICRY
Reptiles– Unpropelled• Frogs• Snakes• Lizards
Fishes– Unpropelled• Flying fishes
-
FLIGHT BIOMIMICRY
Seeds– Unpropelled• Maple seeds
-
FLIGHT BIOMIMICRY
Flight Requirements– Lift•Wings/Fans• Light Weight
– Drag• Propulsion–Energy–Streamlining
– Stability
-
FLIGHT BIOMIMICRYWings
-
FLIGHT BIOMIMICRYWings
-
FLIGHT BIOMIMICRYWings
-
FLIGHT BIOMIMICRYWings
-
FLIGHT BIOMIMICRYWings
-
FLIGHT BIOMIMICRY Weight and Size–Heaviest flying birds• African Kori Bustard - 20kg– Wing span 2.5m
•Mute Swan – 20 kg– Wing span 2m
– Biggest wing span• Albatross – 12 kg –Wing span 3.6m
–Human• 80 kg–Arm span - 2m
-
FLIGHT BIOMIMICRY
Body Temperature– Mammals• 36 -39.5°C
– Birds•Mean levels of body temperatures (Tb)
for all birds are:(resting/active phase/high activity) 38.54 ± 0.96, 41.02 ± 1.29 and 43.85 ± 0.94°C
-
FLIGHT BIOMIMICRY Heart rate (resting)– Crow – 345 bpm– Sparrow – 460 bpm– Hummingbird – 615 bpm– Human – 70 bpm
Heart weight– Hawkbuzzard – 0.57%– Sparrow – 1.68%– Hummingbird – 2.37%– Human – 0.42%
-
FLIGHT BIOMIMICRY Human Power Capabilty–
-
FLIGHT BIOMIMICRY
Leonardo Da Vinci– Studied bird anatomy– Proposed flying and helicopter devices– Most of his legacy was lost for centuries
-
FLIGHT BIOMIMICRY George Cayley – early/mid 19th century– Determined that lift and propulsion should
be separated– Built and tested man carrying gliders that
could be towed by horse - used his coachman– Did not know about da Vinci
-
FLIGHT BIOMIMICRY George Cayley – early/mid 19th century– Used sails as wings– Understood the need
for stability– Used separate tail
structure
-
FLIGHT BIOMIMICRY
Otto Lilienthal – late 19th century– Experimented extensively with man-
carrying gliders – which he flew himself– Died in a crash of one of gliders
-
FLIGHT BIOMIMICRY
Motor Powered Flight– Wright brothers and others used aerofoil
sections that were similar to birds' wings– Use of wing warping, similar to bird
feather manipulation, to control flight
-
FLIGHT BIOMIMICRY
Human-powered flight
Numerous projects from 1930's onwards
1959 - Kremer prizes established
1934 Germany – flew about 20m
-
FLIGHT BIOMIMICRY
Weybridge man-powered aircraft – Dumbo 1971
Weight 56kg Altitude 1m Distance 45m
-
FLIGHT BIOMIMICRY
Weybridge man-powered aircraft – Dumbo
-
FLIGHT BIOMIMICRY
Brooklands Museum Concorde
-
However...
-
FLIGHT BIOMIMICRY Paul Macready 1960-70s– Appreciated that conventional aircraft
structures are too heavy for human-powered flight–Used new plastic films and minimal frames to
provide aircraft structure for his Gossamer Condor–Won the first Kremer prize – 2 km Figure of 8
course + high jump
-
FLIGHT BIOMIMICRY
Gossamer CondorWeight 32kg Power 0.35hp
-
FLIGHT BIOMIMICRY
Paul Macready 1960-70s– Developed a more structural aircraft– Gossamer Albatross won the second Kremer
prize – crossing the English Channel
-
FLIGHT BIOMIMICRY
Helicopter –
-
FLIGHT BIOMIMICRY Onithopters (Flapping Wings)– Lilenthal tried one (looks a handful)–University of Toronto succeeded
in maintaining flight after a towed takeoff Weight 43kg 0.94 hp
-
FLIGHT BIOMIMICRY Deadalus 1988– Developments by Macready's successors at
MIT produced a 32kg aircraft that flew 116 km from Crete to Santorini – A Greek champion cyclist
powered the aircraft at 0.27 hp for nearly 4 hours– The record still stands
How the Romansthought it was done...
-
FLIGHT BIOMIMICRY
-
FLIGHT BIOMIMICRY The Bumble bee– “According to aerodynamic principles, the
bumble bee cannot fly – but the bumble bee doesn't know this...”– This uses the humans' generally known data
on weight and wing size for rigid wings– The bumble bee knows better and gets more
lift than rigid wings by having oscillating (buzzing) flexible wings that do not stall as soon as rigid wings– Is this the next target of biomimicry?
Slide 1Slide 2Slide 3Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16Slide 17Slide 18Slide 19Slide 20Slide 21Slide 22Slide 23Slide 24Slide 25Slide 26Slide 27Slide 28Slide 29Slide 30Slide 31Slide 32Slide 33Slide 34Slide 35Slide 36