flinders-olary naturelink plan · 2015. 4. 27. · a changing climate. naturelinks has changed our...

Flinders-Olary NatureLink Plan

VisionThe iconic landscapes of the Flinders-Olary region support healthy ecosystems, sustainable industries and vibrant communities.

Sustainability is an interest shared by all South Australians

Our environment underpins all that we do. If South Australia is to have a sustainable future, we must protect our natural environment and the unique biodiversity it supports.

South Australia’s Strategic Plan outlines our commitment to establish five biodiversity corridors across the State by 2010. We’re doing this work now so that in the future, South Australia will contain extensive corridors of healthy and diverse habitat that can best withstand the effects of a changing climate.

NatureLinks has changed our focus from conserving individual species in particular locations to protecting broad areas of habitat and entire communities of plants and animals. Conservation activities will be planned and connected on a landscape scale and applied locally.

But we are not just connecting the Government’s conservation activities. We’re also connecting the work of government, non-government and community organisations. Everybody who lives on and uses our land can make a contribution to the protection of our environment and precious biodiversity.

While it is the Government’s responsibility to lead the innovative changes that are needed to care for our environment, we can’t do it on our own. I ask every South Australian to consider what they can do to protect natural habitats and biodiversity in their area.

The Flinders-Olary NatureLink Plan sets the direction for achieving our vision for this important area of our State – a vision of a prosperous society connected to a healthy natural environment.

I am very pleased to present this Plan, and encourage you to contribute to this ambitious vision for South Australia.

Hon Jay Weatherill MP Minister for Environment and Conservation

Foreword

Contents

What is NatureLinks? 2

The Flinders-Olary NatureLink 4

Building Resilience in a Changing Climate 6

Element 1 – People in Nature 10South Australians sharing the benefits of ecological sustainability.

Element 2 – Partnerships and Integration 12Working together to meet shared conservation, social and economic goals.

Element 3 – Connectedness 14Managing ecological connections to maintain natural systems and enable native plants and animals to disperse and adapt.

Element 4 – No Species Loss 16Ensuring native plant and animal species and communities are able to survive and evolve.

The Way Forward 18

References 19

2 Flinders-Olary NatureLink Plan

What is NatureLinks?NatureLinks is a landscape-scale approach to conserving South Australia’s plants and animals by managing and restoring large areas of habitat within broad ‘biodiversity corridors’. This will provide the best opportunity for our native plants and animals to survive and adapt to environmental change across the landscape.

Protected areas alone, such as National Parks, do not ensure the conservation of South Australia’s biodiversity. NatureLinks builds on these core protected areas with a broader and more connected approach to nature conservation.

NatureLinks provides the overarching framework for Government agencies, conservation organisations, landholders and local communities to work together to restore and manage land and sea between existing conservation areas.

Why is it needed?

Functioning natural systems underpin South Australia’s social and economic well-being.

Unfortunately, many plant and animal species are threatened or endangered because their habitat has been cleared, degraded or fragmented. Climate change adds to the threat of species extinction by reducing the quality of suitable habitat, and exacerbating the impacts of fire and drought.

Restoring large areas of habitat within biodiversity corridors across the state will help native plants and animals withstand and adapt to environmental change.

Landscape-scale conservation is rapidly becoming the dominant approach for responding to the challenges of biodiversity conservation, sustainable livelihoods, and climate change throughout the world.

NatureLinks is central to the State Government’s No Species Loss strategy1, which aims to minimise the decline of our biodiversity. NatureLinks complements existing conservation efforts such as state and regional natural resource management plans2,3,4 and regional biodiversity strategies5,6.

NatureLinks focuses on managing and restoring broad areas of habitat and entire plant and animal communities.

How is it different?

In the past, nature conservation has focused on individual species or particular locations. NatureLinks focuses on integrated management and restoration of landscapes, including entire plant and animal communities.

This shift in approach is necessary if we are to meet the challenges to nature conservation that are presented by climate change.

What are we doing?

There are five NatureLinks corridors connecting public and private lands across the state: Arid Lands NatureLink; Cape Borda to Barossa NatureLink; East meets West NatureLink; Flinders-Olary NatureLink; and River Murray-South East NatureLink.

Nature conservation activities will continue to occur in areas outside these broad NatureLinks. However, any on-ground actions will be of greater benefit if they are part of an integrated landscape-scale approach.

South Australia’s economic and social well-being depends upon prudent natural resource management. Building resilience* into our environmental, economic and social systems is critical if we are to meet the State’s growth targets, and challenges such as climate change.

To succeed, NatureLinks requires the support and involvement of various partners – those with a responsibility for managing the land and sea, those with an interest in the State’s prosperity, and those with an ability to assist.

Working together, South Australians can secure a stable social, economic and environmental future. This Plan provides a starting point for all parties interested in shaping the future of the Flinders-Olary region.

* ‘Resilience’ is the capacity of an ecosystem, economy or community to undergo change and still retain its basic function and structure

3

It is an old country, very old, and it is that very age you feel in your surroundings, that spaciousness and those rugged peculiar shapes in the hills, that fascinate one, and the dry quality of the colour and the infinity of the vast distances have a fascination. You feel freer7.Sir Hans Heysen, describing the Flinders Ranges.


The Flinders-Olary NatureLinkThe Flinders-Olary NatureLink encompasses the mountainous Flinders and Olary Ranges and interlinking plains country, an area covering 6% of the State.

An Iconic Landscape

The Flinders-Olary region is an iconic landscape that is recognised by people across Australia and internationally for its rugged mountain landscapes and abundant wildlife. The region is world-renowned for its geological history, impressive fossil remains and rich Aboriginal history and culture.

The unique topography and climate of the region creates a wide variety of habitats. The area is a transition zone between arid, semi arid and temperate habitats, which has given rise to a diverse and unique mix of arid and temperate species.

A Rich and Diverse Community

The natural features of the Flinders-Olary region have supported Aboriginal communities for tens of thousands of years. The region continues to have significance to Aboriginal people, who hold strong spiritual beliefs based on dreaming stories associated with natural features. Aboriginal affiliations with the NatureLink are valued.

The Flinders-Olary region also supports a diverse community of pastoralists, agriculturalists, miners, conservationists, tourism operators and supporting businesses.

Industry and Land Use

The vast open plains and abundant minerals enticed Europeans to develop the area for pastoralism and mining in the early 1850s. Despite cycles of ‘boom and bust’, pastoral and agricultural production continues to be the main land use across the Flinders-Olary region. There is an increasing interest in mineral exploration as more mineral deposits are discovered.

The beauty of the landscape has inspired many artists, including Sir Hans Heysen, who have helped to promote the Flinders Ranges as a tourist destination. Tourism has developed significantly, and the region attracts a large number of domestic and international visitors every year.

There are several National Parks and other conservation reserves across the Flinders-Olary region, including Vulkathunha-Gammon Ranges National Park, which is co-managed with the local Aboriginal community. Private landholders and non-government organisations also manage land for conservation across the area.

The unique topography and climate of the region creates a wide variety of habitats.

Public Protected Areas Private land Indigenous Protected Areas

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Shading denotes NatureLink (Boundary indicative only, refer to ‘What is NatureLinks’)

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Conservation Areas:

The Flinders-Olary NatureLink

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Public Protected Areas Private land Indigenous Protected AreasConservation Areas:


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Conservation Areas: Public Protected Areas Private land Indigenous Protected Areas

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Climate change will force adaptation as warming and drying of an already semi-arid to arid region occurs.

Building Resilience in a Changing ClimateThe plants and animals of the Flinders-Olary region have adapted to a warm and dry environment. European settlers initially struggled to recognise the true nature of a climate characterised by long droughts and infrequent flooding rains, but slowly adapted their farming systems.

A warmer and drier climate is predicted for the Flinders-Olary region in the future8. The extent of change is difficult to predict, but we do know that climate change poses a serious threat to the conservation of native plants and animals and the productivity of farming systems. Climate change will force adaptation as warming and drying of an already semi-arid to arid region occurs.

Much of the landscape within the Flinders-Olary region is now greatly modified resulting in a loss of habitat which prevents plants and animals from being able to move, breed and evolve to suit new conditions. Climate change is expected to compound existing pressures on native plants and animals, such as fox and cat predation and competition from goats, rabbits and domestic stock.

Reductions in rainfall will affect the growth and regeneration of native vegetation and will limit the available food and shelter for animals. Surface waters will be reduced and ‘permanent’ waters may dry out in some years.

Farmers and pastoralists have already experienced prolonged droughts that have led to significant falls in the region’s agricultural and pastoral production in recent years. As the climate continues to dry, production enterprises will need to adapt. Reductions in winter and spring rainfall will place greater pressure on marginal cropping areas. It is predicted that Goyder’s line of reliable rainfall will shift southward, eventually excluding the Flinders-Olary region.

A healthy natural ecosystem is crucial for a prosperous and sustainable society. The NatureLinks initiative seeks to provide the direction required to enable plants, animals and communities to be resilient and adapt to climate change in the Flinders-Olary region. The four elements that underpin the success of NatureLinks are:

Element 1 – People in Nature

South Australians sharing the benefits of ecological sustainability.

Element 2 – Partnerships and Integration

Working together to meet shared conservation, social and economic goals.

Element 3 – Connectedness

Managing ecological connections to maintain natural systems and enable native plants and animals to disperse and adapt.

Element 4 – No Species Loss

Ensuring native plant and animal species and communities are able to survive and evolve.

7

By 2030 the climate in the Flinders-Olary region may warm by 0.6 to 1.5°C. By 2070 the increase is projected to be 1.2 to 4.7°C. Annual rainfall could decrease by 9% by 2030 and 25% by 2070. In these areas uncertainties are high, and it is possible small increases will be observed due to increased intensity of summer rainfall events9.

8 Flinders-Olary NatureLink Plan8

9

The Flinders-Olary region is a transition zone between arid, semi arid and temperate habitats, which has given rise to a diverse and unique mix of species.

9


To achieve the Flinders-Olary NatureLink vision, communities will need support to grow and prosper in a way that sustains the natural and cultural environment of the region.

Element 1 – People in NatureThe small population that resides within the NatureLink is heavily reliant on the natural landscape to provide income, through pastoral and agricultural production, tourism and mining. People will play a vital role in adaptively managing these industries so that the economy, cultural connections, biodiversity and landscapes are sustained into the future.

There are many opportunities to integrate conservation activities with production as part of normal business operations. An example is the development of nature-based tourism on pastoral properties. Tourism can provide an opportunity for land managers to diversify income from traditional industries such as pastoralism, and help offset impacts from falling commodity markets or prolonged drought.

Nature-based tourism experiences provide the opportunity for visitors to the region to connect with the natural landscapes and culture of the region. To achieve the Flinders-Olary NatureLink vision, communities will need support to grow and prosper in a way that sustains the natural and cultural environment of the region.

Outcome

Communities benefiting from the long-term environmental •sustainability of the Flinders–Olary region.

Directions

Support local communities to prosper in a manner that •sustains the unique character and natural beauty of the Flinders-Olary region.

People have the opportunity to access, explore and use •the natural resources within sustainable limits.

People are supported to care for, manage and share •knowledge about the natural resources of the region.

Businesses are supported to develop conservation-based •industries.

Landholders are supported to adopt management activities •that improve both biodiversity and production outcomes.

Tourism provides opportunities to sustain land and people

Many people within this NatureLink region have diversified their businesses to adapt to drier conditions. Tourism operators have the opportunity to learn from and care for their environment as they derive an income from showing visitors fascinating geological features or highlighting the unique native plants and animals. Tourism provides an opportunity for long-term investment in sustaining the land as well as the people.

Pastoralists such as Julie and Tony Smith at Rawnsley Park have invested in tourism to provide opportunities for their business into the future. Julie and Tony have sought to capitalise on the beauty of their property, which is situated directly south of Wilpena Pound in the Flinders Ranges. While the couple still run about two thousand sheep on their property, they have successfully diversified into high-end tourism, providing accommodation, a restaurant and four-wheel driving tours. Tony and Julie contribute to the management and protection of wildlife and habitat on their property through a Heritage Agreement that covers one thousand hectares of Rawnsley Bluff.

Diversification has been embraced in the region as other landholders identify tourism opportunities.

11

The significance of land is central to all aspects of people’s lives; at birth; play; whilst hunting, camping, travelling, celebrating, and in death. The land is known through direct storytelling and song, passed down verbally over generations.


Strong partnerships will be further developed to enable everyone to contribute to and benefit from the shared social, economic and environmental goals of the region.

Element 2 – Partnerships and IntegrationTo ensure a sustainable future for people and nature, groups are encouraged to work in partnership over the long term towards common goals.

Partners include communities and Aboriginal groups, businesses, government agencies, Natural Resource Management Boards, landholders and non-government organisations.

Partnerships foster open communication and provide support for members to achieve their individual and shared goals. By working together across all land tenures, activities can be coordinated to achieve better results. For example, managing pest animals such as goats, foxes and rabbits, and pest plants such as wheel cactus, oleander and box-thorn, is more successful when it is strategically targeted and co-ordinated across neighbouring properties at the same time.

By working together to share information and pool resources, partners can add value to individual projects and work towards wider regional outcomes.

Outcome

People working co-operatively for a sustainable environment •in the Flinders-Olary region.

Directions

Strong partnerships are further developed to enable •everyone to contribute to and benefit from the shared social, economic and environmental goals of the region, while pursuing their own individual or organisational goals.

Natural Resource Management Boards are supported to •co-ordinate effort, broker partnerships and encourage land managers to integrate natural resource management activities into their daily operations.

Idenitfy opportunities for the co-ordination of activities across •properties with different land tenure to address multiple natural resource management issues.

Regional Natural Resource Management Boards

Two regional Natural Resource Management (NRM) Boards operate in the Flinders-Olary region: the SA Arid Lands NRM Board and the Northern and Yorke NRM Board. These boards include local land managers who have an interest in and knowledge of the natural resource issues in their area. They work in conjunction with the community, government and industry to guide investment and focus activities on the core natural resource issues for the region. The NRM Boards develop partnerships between the community, government and researchers to progress important community projects.

Aboriginal partnerships with State Government

A number of partnerships have been developed between the State government and Aboriginal people in the region, including the co-management agreement between the State government and the Adnyamathanha people for the Vulkathunha-Gammon Ranges National Park. The agreement ensures the quality of the environment is enhanced and its cultural significance to Aboriginal people is recognised and protected. By working together as management partners, the Adnyamathanha people are able to pursue their cultural, social, economic and environmental aspirations in conjunction with conservation initiatives. The park was re-named Vulkathunha-Gammon Ranges National Park in 2003 to recognise the cultural significance of this area.

Working partnerships are further developed between •landholders and Government agencies, to allow land to be managed collaboratively.

Where appropriate, management actions are •co-ordinated across all land tenures to implement key conservation initiatives.


Habitat condition and connectivity in the Flinders-Olary NatureLink will be improved, sustaining wildlife and enabling its dispersal across the landscape.

Element 3 – ConnectednessIn the past, vegetation was cleared to varying degrees for development across the Flinders-Olary region. Most vegetation was cleared in the Southern Flinders Ranges, leaving patches of isolated vegetation amongst cleared agricultural land, townships and roads. Some animals cannot move easily through open land, and the distance between core areas of habitat can leave animals exposed to predation. Plant seed and pollen dispersal may also be limited by isolation.

Improving the condition of habitat patches and adding new patches (‘stepping stones’) improves the connectivity in partly-cleared landscapes, allowing animals, seeds and pollen of plants to more easily disperse. Connectivity may be improved by activities such as: de-stocking; controlling rabbits and goats to allow regeneration of vegetation; strategic revegetation; and retaining scattered trees in paddocks. Undertaking fox and cat control will improve survival of native animals so they can move across the landscape, and increase their range.

In the Northern Flinders and Olary Ranges, most areas of vegetation remain. However, grazing pressure from livestock, pest species and native animals has degraded the condition of large areas over time. Improving the condition of vegetation and ensuring long-term sustainability requires appropriate management of total grazing pressure and the control of pest and weed species.

Outcome

The condition and connectivity of habitat in the •Flinders-Olary region is improved, sustaining plants and animals and enabling dispersal across the landscape.

Directions

Improve the size and condition of core areas of habitat •by managing total grazing pressure, controlling high-risk pests, and enhancing diversity of habitats through restoration where necessary.

Continue to enhance the network of public, private •and Indigenous protected areas.

Declining Woodland Birds

The slopes of the Southern Flinders Ranges support sugar gum woodland that provides essential habitat for a range of bird species. As a result of clearance and overgrazing, the vegetation that provides food and shelter for woodland birds has become degraded and patchy. Birds Australia estimate that one in five woodland birds (e.g. the diamond firetail) are now threatened.

With the support of the Northern and Yorke Natural Resource Management Board and the Department for Environment and Heritage, local volunteers are working with Birds Australia to monitor the number and range of woodland bird species in the Southern Flinders Ranges and understand changes in numbers over time.

The Department for Environment and Heritage and Department of Water, Land and Biodiversity Conservation are also investing in ecological restoration planning, to determine the key habitat elements missing from the Southern Flinders landscape, and priority locations for restoration actions.

‘Protected Areas on Private Land’ Project

Both public and private conservation is essential to protect and connect core areas of habitat in the Flinders-Olary region. The current tools for private land conservation need to be expanded to encourage more landholders to contribute to the conservation and active management of biodiversity outside the public reserve system.

To encourage this, a more flexible approach is being developed by the Department for Environment and Heritage. The Protected Areas on Private Land project will provide additional options for conservation on private land.

Connections between core areas of habitat are enhanced •by improving the condition of natural corridors and creating new ‘stepping stone’ habitats in effective locations.


A holistic approach that combines the conservation requirements of landscapes and threatened species is required.

Element 4 – No Species LossThere is a high concentration of species that are considered rare, threatened or vulnerable in the Flinders-Olary region. Some species are naturally rare, as they inhabit unique habitats occurring nowhere else. Others that were once widespread now exist in small, isolated populations that are threatened due to habitat degradation, increased grazing pressure, and predation by introduced pest animals.

Small populations are also vulnerable to catastrophic events such as wildfire and long-term pressure from climate change.

A holistic approach that combines the conservation requirements of landscapes and threatened species is required.

Outcome

The native plants and animals of the Flinders-Olary region •survive, evolve and adapt to new conditions over the long-term.

Directions

Pest control is coordinated at a large scale to address •high-risk weeds, goats, foxes, cats and rabbits in priority habitat areas.

Grazing pressure is managed to ensure ongoing viability •of native plants, a long-term productive pastoral base, and maintenance of soil cover.

Recovery activities for individual species contribute to •the health of ecological communities as a whole.

Address key ecological knowledge gaps to inform •conservation works.

The Bounceback Program

Bounceback was developed in 1992 to aid the recovery of threatened yellow-footed rock-wallaby colonies. The yellow-footed rock-wallaby lives in small colonies in the Flinders, Olary and Gawler Ranges. Once widespread across these areas, the species is now considered Nationally Threatened – a result of hunting, predation by foxes and competition from goats and rabbits.

Department for Environment and Heritage staff, in partnership with other land managers started targeted fox baiting around selected colonies. Goat control was coordinated across properties in the Northern Flinders Ranges, where they competed for food and shelter.

The Bounceback program evolved to include restoration, repair and recovery of vegetation, threat abatement, and monitoring and evaluation of species responses. A long-term aim of the program will include the reintroduction of species that have become extinct over the past 150 years. Bounceback links conservation efforts, restores ecological processes across the region, removes major threats to biodiversity and demonstrates practical ecological management.

Bounceback’s successes to date include:

A significant increase in yellow-footed rock-wallaby •populations in areas where active management programs are in place;

An improvement in land condition, water quality of •springs, and native plant communities where grazing pressure has been reduced;

A reduction in the impacts of feral goats and foxes •through co-ordinated control programs across a range of land tenures; and

The development of good working relationships with •landholders and other partners to deliver effective landscape-scale conservation and land management programs.

17

15 mammals, 15 birds, 5 reptiles and 221 plant species that inhabit the Flinders-Olary region are considered rare, threatened or vulnerable within South Australia. This includes the iconic yellow-footed rock-wallaby, which is considered threatened across Australia.

17

The Way ForwardThe South Australian Government is committed to maintaining a strong and resilient landscape in the Flinders-Olary region. This plan provides a vision for a landscape that will sustain people, industry, culture and native species through healthy functioning ecosystems.Implementation of the Flinders-Olary NatureLink Plan will be guided by contemporary ecological science and landscape-scale conservation principles. These principles will be used to inform planning processes that shape the nature of land use, natural resource management and nature conservation.Current and future iterations of the Regional Natural Resource Management Plans3,4, the SA Arid Lands Biodiversity Strategy5, the Biodiversity Plan for the Northern Agricultural Districts of SA6 and the Conservation Action Plan for the Southern Flinders Ranges10, all play a vital role to inform implementation.This NatureLink Plan provides a starting point for all parties interested in shaping the future of the Flinders-Olary region of South Australia. It represents the first stage to focus efforts of many stakeholders toward common conservation goals that have a positive impact on the economy and social network of the region.

Flinders-Olary NatureLink Plan18

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References1. Department for Environment and Heritage (2007) No Species Loss – A Nature Conservation Strategy for South Australia 2007-2017. Department for Environment and Heritage, South Australia.2. Department of Water, Land and Biodiversity Conservation (2006) State Natural Resources Management Plan. Department of Water, Land and Biodiversity Conservation, South Australia.3. SAAL NRM Board (2009) South Australian Arid Lands Regional Natural Resources Management Plan. South Australian Arid Lands Natural Resources Management Board, Pt Augusta.4. Northern and Yorke Natural Resource Management Board (2008) Draft Northern and Yorke Regional NRM Plan: Volume B: Strategic Plan 2009-2018. Northern and Yorke NRM Board, Crystal Brook.5. Department for Environment and Heritage (2009) South Australian Arid Lands Biodiversity Strategy - Flinders and Olary Ranges Conservation Priorities. South Australian Arid Lands NRM Board, Department for Environment and Heritage, South Australia.6. Graham, A., Opperman, A. and Inns, R. (2001) Biodiversity Plan for the Northern Agricultural Districts. Department for Environment and Heritage, South Australia.7. de Berg, H. (1960) Interview of Hans Heysen, National Library of Australia [deB 27], Canberra.8. Department of Premier and Cabinet (2007) Tackling Climate Change: South Australia’s Greenhouse Strategy 2007-2010. Government of South Australia.9. Suppiah, R., Preston, B., Whetton, P.H., McInnes, K.L., Jones, R.N., Macadam, I., Bathols, J. and Kirono, D. (2006) Climate Change under Enhanced Greenhouse Conditions in South Australia: An Updated Report on Assessment of Climate Change, Impacts and Risk Management Strategies Relevant to South Australia. CSIRO for the South Australian Government.10. Berkinshaw, T.D. and Durant, M.D. (2009) Southern Flinders Ranges Conservation Action Planning Summary 2009. Greening Australia.

Photo credits

Foreword Arkaroola (SATC)

Contents Ediacaran Fossil (Lorraine Edmunds)

Page 3 Wilpena Pound, Flinders Ranges National Park (SATC)

Page 7 Tillite Gorge (Lorraine Edmunds)

Page 9 Flinders Ranges (SATC)

Page 11 Aboriginal Rock Art (SATC)

Page 13 Volunteers, Northern Flinders Ranges (Adam Bruzzone, DEH)

Page 15 Weckerts Track, Wirrabara Forest (Anne Brown, Greening Australia)

Page 17 Yellow-footed Rock-wallaby (Lynn Pedler)

Page 18 Mt Painter at Sunset (Lorraine Edmunds)

Page Heading

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Want to know more?

If you would like to know more about NatureLinks, please visit www.naturelinks.sa.gov.au or call the Department for Environment and Heritage on (08) 8204 1910.

FIS 90539 ISBN 978 1 921466 61 8

flinders-olary naturelink plan · 2015. 4. 27. · a changing climate. naturelinks has changed our...

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